DOCSLIB.ORG

Risk Groups: Viruses

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Risk Groups - Viruses BL indicates the Biosafety Level; RG indicates the Risk Group BL RG RG RG RG RG 2 Absettarov, TBE Flaviviridae/ Flavivirus 4 4 4 implied 3 3 4 (Grp B Arbovirus) 3 Acute haemorrhagic Picornaviridae taxonomy 2 2, conjunctivitis virus different Entero- (AHC) virus 70 4 Adenovirus Adenoviridae 2 2 (incl. animal) 2 2 (human, all types) 5 Aino X-Arboviruses 6 Akabane X-Arboviruses 7 Alastrim Poxviridae Restricted 4 8 Aphthovirus Picornaviridae 2 4, Foot-and- mouth disease viruses 9 Araguari X-Arboviruses 10 Astroviridae Astroviridae (feces of 2 2 children and lambs) 11 Avian leukosis virus Viral vector/ 1 3 (ALV) Animal retrovirus (wild strain) 12 Avian sarcoma virus Viral vector/ 1 3, Animal retrovirus (Rous sarcoma virus, RSV wild strain) 13 Baculovirus Viral vector/ 1 Animal virus 14 Barmah Forest Togaviridae/ Alphavirus 2 (Grp A Arbovirus) 15 Batama X-Arboviruses 16 Batken X-Arboviruses 17 Bebaru virus Togaviridae/ Alphavirus 2 2 2 2 (Grp A Arbovirus) 18 Bhanja X-Arboviruses Risk Groups - Viruses BL RG RG RG RG RG 19 Bimbo X-Arboviruses 20 Bloodborne hepatitis Unclassified 2 implied 2 implied 3 (**) D 3 viruses not yet viruses identified 21 Bluetongue X-Arboviruses 22 Bobaya X-Arboviruses 23 Bobia X-Arboviruses 24 Bovine Viral vector/ 3 (wild strain) immunodeficiency Animal retrovirus virus (BIV) 25 Bovine leukemia Viral vector/ 1 3, Bovine virus (BLV) Animal retrovirus lympho- sarcoma virus wild strain 26 Bovine papilloma Papovavirus/ 1 2 virus Animal virus vector 27 Bovine spongiform Unconventional agents, 2 3 encephalopathy prions (BSE) 28 Buenaventura X-Arboviruses 29 Buffalopox virus: 2 Poxviridae 2 implied 2 2 implied 2 2 viruses (1a vaccinia variant) 30 Bunyamwera virus Bunyaviridae/ Bunyavirus 2 2 2 2 2 Group 31 Bunyavirus Bunyaviridae/ Bunyavirus 2 Group 32 Cabassou X-Arboviruses 33 Cache valley X-Arboviruses 2 see arbovirus table 34 California Bunyaviridae/ Bunyavirus 2 2 see 2 2 3 human, encephalitis Group arbovirus table (incl 2 animal virus LaCrosse, Lumbo and snowshow hare) Risk Groups - Viruses BL RG RG RG RG RG 35 Camel pox virus Poxviridae 2 implied 2 2 implied 3 36 Cardiovirus Picornaviridae 2 all isolates 2 Encephalo- myocarditis Group 37 Central European Flaviviridae/ Flavivirus 4 4 3 V (**) Tick-borne (Grp B Arbovirus) encephalitis virus, TBE 38 Chick embryo lethal Viral vector/ orphan CELO Animal virus 39 Chikungunya virus Togaviridae/ Alphavirus 2, high 3 arbovirus 3 3 3 (**) 3 (Grp A Arbovirus) passage table arbovirus table (recent strains;vaccine isolates) strain131/25 40 Chim X-Arboviruses 41 Cocal X-Arboviruses 42 Coltiviruses Reoviridae 2 2 2 (incl. Colorado Tick Fever) 43 Congo Crimean Bunyaviridae/ 4 4 (Crimean 4 4 4 4 haemorrhagic fever Nairoviruses -Congo) TBE 44 Coronavirus Coronaviridae 2 2 2 2 human (human, bovine) 45 Cowpox virus Poxviridae 2 V 2 2 implied 2 2 46 Coxsackie Picornoviridae/ 2 2 2 2 2 Enterovirus (Types A and B) 47 Creutzfeldt-Jacob Unconventional 2 3 3 3 (**) D 3 2 C,G disese agents/prion 48 Cytomegalovirus Herpesviridae/ 2 2 2 2 2 (HH5) 2 (CMV) Betaherpesviridae all isolates Genus HHV5 Lymphocryptovirus 49 Dengue virus Flaviviridae/ Flavivirus Type 1-4 2 2 2,Types 1-4 3, type 1-4 3 2 (Grp B Arbovirus) (Types 1-4), Risk Groups - Viruses BL RG RG RG RG RG 3 50 Dhori X-Arboviruses 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus table 51 Dog sarcoma Viral vector/ Animal virus 52 Dugbe X-Arboviruses 53 Eastern equine Togaviridae/ Alphavirus 2 V 2 V 3 3 V 3 3 encephalomyelitis (Grp A Arbovirus) (EEE) 54 Ebola virus Filoviridae 4 4 4 4 4 4 55 Echoviruses Picornoviridae/ 2 2 2 2 2 Enterovirus 56 Ectromelia Orthopoxvirus (mousepox) 57 Elephantpox virus Poxviridae 2 2 implied 2 2 (variant of cowpox) 58 Entero Picornoviridae/ 2 2 Enterovirus 59 Epstein-Barr virus Herpesviridae/ Gamma- 2 2 2 implied, 2 2 2, (EBV) herpesviridae HH4 Lympho- cryptoviru s (EB- like) 60 Everglade virus Togaviridae/ Alphavirus 3 arbovirus 3 3 (**) 3 (Grp A Arbovirus) table arbovirus table 61 Feline leukemia Viral vector/ 1 3 wild strain virus, FeLV Animal retrovirus 62 Feline sarcoma Viral vector/ 1 3 wild strain virus, FeSV Animal retrovirus 63 Flanders-Hart Park Rhabdoviridae from 2 arbovirus 2 virus mosquitoes table arbovirus table (see Zinsser, pg 777) and birds, human sx 64 Gammaherpes Herpesviridae / Gamma- 3 herpesvirinae 65 Ganjam X-Arboviruses (USDA permit) Risk Groups - Viruses BL RG RG RG RG RG 66 Garba X-Arboviruses 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus table 67 Germiston X-Arboviruses 3 3 see arbovirus table 68 Gerstmann- Unconventional agents, 2 implied 3 implied 3 (**) D (d) 3 2 C,G Straussler- prions Scheinker syndrome 69 Getah X-Arboviruses 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus table 70 Gibbon leukemia Viral vector/ 1 virus (GaLV) Animal retrovirus 71 Gordil X-Arboviruses 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus table 72 Guanarito Arenaviruses 4 4 4 4 73 Guaratuba X-Arboviruses 2 arbovirus 2 table arbovirus table 74 Guinea pig herpes Viral vector/ 1 Animal virus 75 Hamster leukemia Viral vector/ 1 Animal virus 76 Hantaan (Korean Bunyaviridae/ see also sin 3 3 3 3 3 3 haemorrhagic fever) Hantaviruses nombre virus 77 Hanzalova,TBE Flaviviridae/ Flavivirus 4 4 4 implied 3 3 4 (Grp B Arbovirus) 78 Hart Park virus Rhabdoviridae 2 arbovirus 2 (see Zinsser, pg 777) table arbovirus table 79 Hazara virus Bunyaviridae/ 2 arbovirus 2 2 2 4 Nairoviruses table arbovirus table 80 Hepatitis A virus, Picornoviridae/ 2 V 2 2 2 V 2 2 human enterovirus Hepatovirus all type 72 hepato- viruses 81 Hepatitis B virus Hepadnaviridae 2 V 2 2 (includes 3 (**) V, D 3 2,G.V Delta agent, HDV) 82 Hepatitis C Togaviridae/ Pestivirus (hepatitis non- 2 2 2 3 (**), D 3 2 Risk Groups - Viruses BL RG RG RG RG RG (Canada) A,non-B) (unclassif ied) 83 Hepatitis D Hepadnaviridae Delta, only 2 2 3 (**) V, D 2 (Delta) virus (b) pathogenic with (unclassif HBV inf. ied) 84 Hepatitis E virus Calciviridae 2 2 2 3 (**) 3 2 unclassified 85 Herpes saimiri Herpesviridae/ 3 2 Rhadinovirus 86 Herpes simplex Herpesviridae/ Alpha- Type 1 and 2 2 2 (types 1 and 2) 2 2 2 2,E viruses herpesviridae (EC) (HHV 1 (types 1 and 2) and 2) 87 Herpesvirus ateles Herpesviridae/ 1 3 Rhadinovirus 88 Herpesvirus saimiri, Herpesviridae/ Animal 1 Genus Rhadinovirus virus vector 89 Herpesvirus simiae Herpesviridae/ Alpha- 3/4 4 4 3 3 human, 2 4 (B virus) herpesviridae animal 90 Herpesvirus zoster Herpesviridae/ Alpha- 2 2 2 2 2 2,E (Varicella) herpesviridae (VZV, HHV3) 91 Human B lympho- Herpesviridae 2 HHV 6 2 2 tropic virus (Herpes types 6 (HBLV- and 7) HHV6) 92 Human Retroviridae/ Lentiviridae 1, 2 (AIDS 2/2+/3 3 2 or 3 3 (**) D 3 2 G, E Immunodeficiency virus causing) (Types 1 and 2) (HIV) Types 1 and 2 Oncornavirus C 93 Human T-cell Retroviridae/ Types 1-3 (EC 2/3 3 3 3 (**) D, 3 2,G,E lymphotropic viruses Oncovirinae/ 1 and 2) (Types 1 and 2) types 1 Types I (HTLV) Genus and 2 and II Oncornavirus C 94 Hypr,TBE Flaviviridae/ Flavivirus 4 4 4 implied 3 3 4 (Grp B Arbovirus) 95 Ibaraki X-Arboviruses 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus table 96 Influenza virus Orthomyxoviridae vaccine strains: 1 Risk Groups - Viruses BL RG RG RG RG RG (vaccine strain) A/PR8/34, A/WS/33 97 Influenza virus, Orthomyxoviridae Types A,B, and 2 2 (types A,B, C) 2 2, 2 human, 2,V Types A-C C (EC) V for 3 animal recent types A, B (types A, B, isolates only C) 98 Inhangapi X-Arboviruses 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus table 99 Inini X-Arboviruses 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus table 100 Israel Turkey Mening. X-Arboviruses 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus table 101 Issyk-Kul X-Arboviruses 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus table 102 Itaituba X-Arboviruses 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus table 103 Japanese B Flaviviridae/ 3 arbovirus 3 3 3 V 3 3 encephalitis Flavivirus (Grp B table arbovirus table Arbovirus) 104 Japanese Flaviviridae/ 2 encephalitis, Flavivirus (Grp B Nakayama Arbovirus) 105 Junin virus Arenaviruses 3V/4 4, 3 (v) 4 4 4 4 106 Kairi(x) X-Arboviruses i 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus table 107 Khasan, Koutango X-Arboviruses 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus table 108 Kokobera Flaviviridae/ Flavivirus (Grp B Arbovirus) 109 Kumlinge,TBE Flaviviridae/ Flavivirus I 4 4 4 implied 3 3 (Grp B Arbovirus) 110 Kunjin Flaviviridae/ Flavivirus 2 arbovirus 2 2 2 (Grp B Arbovirus) table arbovirus table 111 Kuru Unconventional 2 3 3 3 (**) D (d) 3 2 C,G agents/prion 112 Kyasanur Forest, Flaviviridae/ Flavivirus 4 4 4 3 (**) V 3 4 TBE (Grp B Arbovirus) Risk Groups - Viruses BL RG RG RG RG RG 113 Kyzylagach X-Arboviruses 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus table 114 LaCrosse virus X-Arboviruses 2 arbovirus 2 table arbovirus table 115 Langat virus X-Arboviruses 2 arbovirus 2 table arbovirus table 116 Lassa fever virus Arenaviruses 4 4 4 4 4 4 117 Lentivirinae , except Retroviridae 2 HIV-1 and HI 118 Looping ill , TBE Flaviviridae/ Flavivirus 3 arbovirus 3 4 implied 3 (**) 3 (Grp B Arbovirus) table arbovirus table 119 Lucke (frog) virus Viral vector/ Animal virus 120 Lymphocytic Arenaviruses neurotropic 2/3 3 3 3, 3 3 choriomeningitis strains neurotropic (neurotropic) virus 121 Lymphocytic Arenaviruses other 2 2 2 2, 2 choriomeningitis viscerotrophic CDC- virus (Canada:lab viscero- adapted) trophic 122 Machupo virus Arenaviruses 4 4 4 4 4 4 123 Marburg virus Filoviridae 4 4 4 4 4 4 124 Marek's disease Herpesviridae/ Animal 1 (vector) 3 (birds) virus virus vector 125 Mason-Pfizer Viral vector/ 1 monkey virus Animal retrovirus 126 Mayaro virus Togaviridae/ Alphavirus 3 arbovirus 3 3 3 (Grp A Arbovirus) table arbovirus table 127 Measles virus Paramyxoviridae/ 2 2 implied 2 V 2 2,V Morbillivirus 128 Middelburg X-Arboviruses 3 arbovirus 3 table arbovirus
Recommended publications
  • Recognition TLR7 Signaling Beyond Endosomal Dendritic Cells

    Recognition TLR7 Signaling Beyond Endosomal Dendritic Cells

    Flavivirus Activation of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Delineates Key Elements of TLR7 Signaling beyond Endosomal Recognition This information is current as of September 29, 2021. Jennifer P. Wang, Ping Liu, Eicke Latz, Douglas T. Golenbock, Robert W. Finberg and Daniel H. Libraty J Immunol 2006; 177:7114-7121; ; doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7114 http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/10/7114 Downloaded from References This article cites 38 articles, 21 of which you can access for free at: http://www.jimmunol.org/content/177/10/7114.full#ref-list-1 http://www.jimmunol.org/ Why The JI? Submit online. • Rapid Reviews! 30 days* from submission to initial decision • No Triage! Every submission reviewed by practicing scientists • Fast Publication! 4 weeks from acceptance to publication by guest on September 29, 2021 *average Subscription Information about subscribing to The Journal of Immunology is online at: http://jimmunol.org/subscription Permissions Submit copyright permission requests at: http://www.aai.org/About/Publications/JI/copyright.html Email Alerts Receive free email-alerts when new articles cite this article. Sign up at: http://jimmunol.org/alerts The Journal of Immunology is published twice each month by The American Association of Immunologists, Inc., 1451 Rockville Pike, Suite 650, Rockville, MD 20852 Copyright © 2006 by The American Association of Immunologists All rights reserved. Print ISSN: 0022-1767 Online ISSN: 1550-6606. The Journal of Immunology Flavivirus Activation of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Delineates Key Elements of TLR7 Signaling beyond Endosomal Recognition1 Jennifer P. Wang,2* Ping Liu,† Eicke Latz,* Douglas T. Golenbock,* Robert W. Finberg,* and Daniel H.
  • MDHHS BOL Mosquito-Borne and Tick-Borne Disease Testing

    MDHHS BOL Mosquito-Borne and Tick-Borne Disease Testing

    MDHHS BUREAU OF LABORATORIES MOSQUITO-BORNE AND TICK-BORNE DISEASE TESTING MOSQUITO-BORNE DISEASES The Michigan Department of Health and Human Services Bureau of Laboratories (MDHHS BOL) offers comprehensive testing on clinical specimens for the following viral mosquito-borne diseases (also known as arboviruses) of concern in Michigan: California Group encephalitis viruses including La Crosse encephalitis virus (LAC) and Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), Eastern Equine encephalitis virus (EEE), St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLE), and West Nile virus (WNV). Testing is available free of charge through Michigan healthcare providers for their patients. Testing for mosquito-borne viruses should be considered in patients presenting with meningitis, encephalitis, or other acute neurologic illness in which an infectious etiology is suspected during the summer months in Michigan. Methodologies include: • IgM detection for five arboviruses (LAC, JCV, EEE, SLE, WNV) • Molecular detection (PCR) for WNV only • Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) is also available and may be performed on select samples when indicated The preferred sample for arbovirus serology at MDHHS BOL is cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), followed by paired serum samples (acute and convalescent). In cases where CSF volume may be small, it is recommended to also include an acute serum sample. Please see the following document for detailed instructions on specimen requirements, shipping and handling instructions: http://www.michigan.gov/documents/LSGArbovirus_IgM_Antibody_Panel_8347_7.doc Michigan residents may also be exposed to mosquito-borne viruses when traveling domestically or internationally. In recent years, the most common arboviruses impacting travelers include dengue, Zika and chikungunya virus. MDHHS has the capacity to perform PCR for dengue, chikungunya and Zika virus and IgM for dengue and Zika virus to confirm commercial laboratory arbovirus findings or for complicated medical investigations.
  • Intracellular Trafficking of HBV Particles

    Intracellular Trafficking of HBV Particles

    cells Review Intracellular Trafficking of HBV Particles Bingfu Jiang 1 and Eberhard Hildt 1,2,* 1 Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, D-63225 Langen, Germany; [email protected] 2 German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU Hepatitis, Marburg-Gießen-Langen, D63225 Langen, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +49-61-0377-2140 Received: 12 August 2020; Accepted: 2 September 2020; Published: 2 September 2020 Abstract: The human hepatitis B virus (HBV), that is causative for more than 240 million cases of chronic liver inflammation (hepatitis), is an enveloped virus with a partially double-stranded DNA genome. After virion uptake by receptor-mediated endocytosis, the viral nucleocapsid is transported towards the nuclear pore complex. In the nuclear basket, the nucleocapsid disassembles. The viral genome that is covalently linked to the viral polymerase, which harbors a bipartite NLS, is imported into the nucleus. Here, the partially double-stranded DNA genome is converted in a minichromosome-like structure, the covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). The DNA virus HBV replicates via a pregenomic RNA (pgRNA)-intermediate that is reverse transcribed into DNA. HBV-infected cells release apart from the infectious viral parrticle two forms of non-infectious subviral particles (spheres and filaments), which are assembled by the surface proteins but lack any capsid and nucleic acid. In addition, naked capsids are released by HBV replicating cells. Infectious viral particles and filaments are released via multivesicular bodies; spheres are secreted by the classic constitutive secretory pathway. The release of naked capsids is still not fully understood, autophagosomal processes are discussed. This review describes intracellular trafficking pathways involved in virus entry, morphogenesis and release of (sub)viral particles.
  • A Preliminary Study of Viral Metagenomics of French Bat Species in Contact with Humans: Identification of New Mammalian Viruses

    A Preliminary Study of Viral Metagenomics of French Bat Species in Contact with Humans: Identification of New Mammalian Viruses

    A preliminary study of viral metagenomics of French bat species in contact with humans: identification of new mammalian viruses. Laurent Dacheux, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez, Ghislaine Guigon, Jean-Michel Thiberge, Mathias Vandenbogaert, Corinne Maufrais, Valérie Caro, Hervé Bourhy To cite this version: Laurent Dacheux, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez, Ghislaine Guigon, Jean-Michel Thiberge, Mathias Vandenbogaert, et al.. A preliminary study of viral metagenomics of French bat species in contact with humans: identification of new mammalian viruses.. PLoS ONE, Public Library of Science, 2014, 9 (1), pp.e87194. 10.1371/journal.pone.0087194.s006. pasteur-01430485 HAL Id: pasteur-01430485 https://hal-pasteur.archives-ouvertes.fr/pasteur-01430485 Submitted on 9 Jan 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution| 4.0 International License A Preliminary Study of Viral Metagenomics of French Bat Species in Contact with Humans: Identification of New Mammalian Viruses Laurent Dacheux1*, Minerva Cervantes-Gonzalez1,
  • Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana

    Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana

    Sampling and Testing Guide for Common Viral Diseases of Animals in Louisiana Please click on the species of interest: Cattle Deer and Small Ruminants The Louisiana Animal Swine Disease Diagnostic Horses Laboratory Dogs A service unit of the LSU School of Veterinary Medicine Adapted from Murphy, F.A., et al, Veterinary Virology, 3rd ed. Cats Academic Press, 1999. Compiled by Rob Poston Multi-species: Rabiesvirus DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 1 Cattle Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 2 Deer and Small Ruminants Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral disease Respiratory viral disease Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 3 Swine Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 4 Horses Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Neurological viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Abortifacient/neonatal viral diseases Viral infections affecting the skin Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v. B2 5 Dogs Please click on the principle system involvement Generalized viral diseases Respiratory viral diseases Enteric viral diseases Reproductive/neonatal viral diseases Back to the Beginning DCN LADDL Guide for Common Viral Diseases v.
  • Discovery of a Highly Divergent Hepadnavirus in Shrews from China

    Discovery of a Highly Divergent Hepadnavirus in Shrews from China

    Virology 531 (2019) 162–170 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Virology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/virology Discovery of a highly divergent hepadnavirus in shrews from China T Fang-Yuan Niea,b,1, Jun-Hua Tianc,1, Xian-Dan Lind,1, Bin Yuc, Jian-Guang Xinge, Jian-Hai Caof, ⁎ ⁎⁎ Edward C. Holmesg,h, Runlin Z. Maa, , Yong-Zhen Zhangb,h, a State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China b State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases; Department of Zoonoses, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing, China c Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China d Wenzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China e Wencheng Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wencheng, Zhejiang Province, China f Longwan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Longwan District, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China g Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia h Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center & Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Limited sampling means that relatively little is known about the diversity and evolutionary history of mam- Hepadnaviruses malian members of the Hepadnaviridae (genus Orthohepadnavirus). An important case in point are shrews, the Shrews fourth largest group of mammals, but for which there is limited knowledge on the role they play in viral evo- Phylogeny lution and emergence.
  • Arbovirus Discovery in Central African Republic (1973-1993): Zika, Bozo

    Arbovirus Discovery in Central African Republic (1973-1993): Zika, Bozo

    Research Article Annals of Infectious Disease and Epidemiology Published: 13 Nov, 2017 Arbovirus Discovery in Central African Republic (1973- 1993): Zika, Bozo, Bouboui, and More Jean François Saluzzo1, Tom Vincent2, Jay Miller3, Francisco Veas4 and Jean-Paul Gonzalez5* 1Fab’entech, Lyon, France 2O’Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University Law Center, Washington, DC, USA 3Department of Infectious Disease, Health Security Partners, Washington, DC, USA 4Laboratoire d’Immunophysiopathologie Moléculaire Comparée-UMR- Ministère de la Défense3, Institute de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier, France 5Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Disease, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA Abstract The progressive research on yellow fever and the subsequent emergence of the field of arbovirology in the 1950s gave rise to the continued development of a global arbovirus surveillance network with a specific focus on human pathogenic arboviruses of the tropical zone. Though unknown at the time, some of the arboviruses studies would emerge within the temperate zone decades later (e.g.: West Nile, Zika, Chikungunya). However, initial research by the surveillance network was heavily focused on the discovery, isolation, and characterization of numerous arbovirus species. Global arboviral surveillance has revealed a cryptic circulation of several arboviruses, mainly in wild cycles of the tropical forest. Although there are more than 500 registered arbovirus species, a mere one third has proved to be pathogenic to humans (CDC, 2015). Indeed, most known arboviruses did not initially demonstrate a pathogenicity to humans or other vertebrates, and were considered “orphans” (i.e. without known of vertebrate hosts). As a part of this global surveillance network, the Institut Pasteur International Network has endeavored to understand the role played by arboviruses in the etiology of febrile syndromes of unknown origin as one of its research missions.
  • The Clinical Features of Smallpox

    The Clinical Features of Smallpox

    CHAPTER 1 THE CLINICAL FEATURES OF SMALLPOX Contents Page Introduction 2 Varieties of smallpox 3 The classification of clinical types of variola major 4 Ordinary-type smallpox 5 The incubation period 5 Symptoms of the pre-eruptive stage 5 The eruptive stage 19 Clinical course 22 Grades of severity 22 Modified-type smallpox 22 Variola sine eruptione 27 Subclinical infection with variola major virus 30 Evidence from viral isolations 30 Evidence from serological studies 30 Flat-type smallpox 31 The rash 31 Clinical course 32 Haemorrhagic-type smallpox 32 General features 32 Early haemorrhagic-type smallpox 37 Late haemorrhagic-type smallpox 38 Variola minor 38 Clinical course 38 Variola sine eruptione and subclinical infection 40 Smallpox acquired by unusual routes of infection 40 Inoculation variola and variolation 40 Congenital smallpox 42 Effects of vaccination on the clinical course of smallpox 42 Effects of vaccination on toxaemia 43 Effects of vaccination on the number of lesions 43 Effects of vaccination on the character and evolution of the rash 43 Effects of vaccination in variola minor 44 Laboratory findings 44 Virological observations 44 Serological observations 45 Haematological observations 46 1 2 SMALLPOX AND ITS ERADICATION Page Complications 47 The skin 47 Ocular system 47 Joints and bones 47 Respiratory system 48 Gastrointestinal system 48 Genitourinary system 49 Central nervous system 49 Sequelae 49 Pockmarks 49 Blindness 50 Limb deformities 50 Prognosis of variola major 50 Calculation of case-fatality rates 50 Effects
  • Characterization of the Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protease Domain and Its Cleavage Site

    Characterization of the Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protease Domain and Its Cleavage Site

    JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, July 1996, p. 4707–4713 Vol. 70, No. 7 0022-538X/96/$04.0010 Copyright q 1996, American Society for Microbiology Characterization of the Rubella Virus Nonstructural Protease Domain and Its Cleavage Site 1 2 2 1 JUN-PING CHEN, JAMES H. STRAUSS, ELLEN G. STRAUSS, AND TERYL K. FREY * Department of Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30303,1 and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 911252 Received 27 October 1995/Accepted 3 April 1996 The region of the rubella virus nonstructural open reading frame that contains the papain-like cysteine protease domain and its cleavage site was expressed with a Sindbis virus vector. Cys-1151 has previously been shown to be required for the activity of the protease (L. D. Marr, C.-Y. Wang, and T. K. Frey, Virology 198:586–592, 1994). Here we show that His-1272 is also necessary for protease activity, consistent with the active site of the enzyme being composed of a catalytic dyad consisting of Cys-1151 and His-1272. By means of radiochemical amino acid sequencing, the site in the polyprotein cleaved by the nonstructural protease was found to follow Gly-1300 in the sequence Gly-1299–Gly-1300–Gly-1301. Mutagenesis studies demonstrated that change of Gly-1300 to alanine or valine abrogated cleavage. In contrast, Gly-1299 and Gly-1301 could be changed to alanine with retention of cleavage, but a change to valine abrogated cleavage. Coexpression of a construct that contains a cleavage site mutation (to serve as a protease) together with a construct that contains a protease mutation (to serve as a substrate) failed to reveal trans cleavage.
  • Validation of the Easyscreen Flavivirus Dengue Alphavirus Detection Kit

    Validation of the Easyscreen Flavivirus Dengue Alphavirus Detection Kit

    RESEARCH ARTICLE Validation of the easyscreen flavivirus dengue alphavirus detection kit based on 3base amplification technology and its application to the 2016/17 Vanuatu dengue outbreak 1 1 1 2 2 Crystal Garae , Kalkoa Kalo , George Junior Pakoa , Rohan Baker , Phill IsaacsID , 2 Douglas Spencer MillarID * a1111111111 1 Vila Central Hospital, Port Vila, Vanuatu, 2 Genetic Signatures, Sydney, Australia a1111111111 a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 a1111111111 Abstract Background OPEN ACCESS The family flaviviridae and alphaviridae contain a diverse group of pathogens that cause sig- Citation: Garae C, Kalo K, Pakoa GJ, Baker R, nificant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Diagnosis of the virus responsible for disease is Isaacs P, Millar DS (2020) Validation of the easyscreen flavivirus dengue alphavirus detection essential to ensure patients receive appropriate clinical management. Very few real-time kit based on 3base amplification technology and its RT-PCR based assays are able to detect the presence of all members of these families application to the 2016/17 Vanuatu dengue using a single primer and probe set. We have developed a novel chemistry, 3base, which outbreak. PLoS ONE 15(1): e0227550. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0227550 simplifies the viral nucleic acids allowing the design of RT-PCR assays capable of pan-fam- ily identification. Editor: Abdallah M. Samy, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University (ASU), EGYPT Methodology/Principal finding Received: April 11, 2019 Synthetic constructs, viral nucleic acids, intact viral particles and characterised reference Accepted: December 16, 2019 materials were used to determine the specificity and sensitivity of the assays. Synthetic con- Published: January 17, 2020 structs demonstrated the sensitivities of the pan-flavivirus detection component were in the Copyright: © 2020 Garae et al.
  • Functional Studies of the Coronavirus Nonstructural Proteins Yanglin QIU and Kai XU*

    Functional Studies of the Coronavirus Nonstructural Proteins Yanglin QIU and Kai XU*

    REVIEW ARTICLE Functional studies of the coronavirus nonstructural proteins Yanglin QIU and Kai XU* Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China. *Correspondence: [email protected] https://doi.org/10.37175/stemedicine.v1i2.39 ABSTRACT Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV, have caused contagious and fatal respiratory diseases in humans worldwide. Notably, the coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly in early 2020 and became a global pandemic. The nonstructural proteins of coronaviruses are critical components of the viral replication machinery. They function in viral RNA transcription and replication, as well as counteracting the host innate immunity. Studies of these proteins not only revealed their essential role during viral infection but also help the design of novel drugs targeting the viral replication and immune evasion machinery. In this review, we summarize the functional studies of each nonstructural proteins and compare the similarities and differences between nonstructural proteins from different coronaviruses. Keywords: Coronavirus · SARS-CoV-2 · COVID-19 · Nonstructural proteins · Drug discovery Introduction genes (18). The first two major ORFs (ORF1a, ORF1ab) The coronavirus (CoV) outbreaks among human are the replicase genes, and the other four encode viral populations have caused three major epidemics structural proteins that comprise the essential protein worldwide, since the beginning of the 21st century. These components of the coronavirus virions, including the spike are the epidemics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome surface glycoprotein (S), envelope protein (E), matrix (SARS) in 2003 (1, 2), the Middle East respiratory protein (M), and nucleocapsid protein (N) (14, 19, 20).
  • Taxonomy of the Order Bunyavirales: Update 2019

    Taxonomy of the Order Bunyavirales: Update 2019

    Archives of Virology (2019) 164:1949–1965 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00705-019-04253-6 VIROLOGY DIVISION NEWS Taxonomy of the order Bunyavirales: update 2019 Abulikemu Abudurexiti1 · Scott Adkins2 · Daniela Alioto3 · Sergey V. Alkhovsky4 · Tatjana Avšič‑Županc5 · Matthew J. Ballinger6 · Dennis A. Bente7 · Martin Beer8 · Éric Bergeron9 · Carol D. Blair10 · Thomas Briese11 · Michael J. Buchmeier12 · Felicity J. Burt13 · Charles H. Calisher10 · Chénchén Cháng14 · Rémi N. Charrel15 · Il Ryong Choi16 · J. Christopher S. Clegg17 · Juan Carlos de la Torre18 · Xavier de Lamballerie15 · Fēi Dèng19 · Francesco Di Serio20 · Michele Digiaro21 · Michael A. Drebot22 · Xiaˇoméi Duàn14 · Hideki Ebihara23 · Toufc Elbeaino21 · Koray Ergünay24 · Charles F. Fulhorst7 · Aura R. Garrison25 · George Fú Gāo26 · Jean‑Paul J. Gonzalez27 · Martin H. Groschup28 · Stephan Günther29 · Anne‑Lise Haenni30 · Roy A. Hall31 · Jussi Hepojoki32,33 · Roger Hewson34 · Zhìhóng Hú19 · Holly R. Hughes35 · Miranda Gilda Jonson36 · Sandra Junglen37,38 · Boris Klempa39 · Jonas Klingström40 · Chūn Kòu14 · Lies Laenen41,42 · Amy J. Lambert35 · Stanley A. Langevin43 · Dan Liu44 · Igor S. Lukashevich45 · Tāo Luò1 · Chuánwèi Lüˇ 19 · Piet Maes41 · William Marciel de Souza46 · Marco Marklewitz37,38 · Giovanni P. Martelli47 · Keita Matsuno48,49 · Nicole Mielke‑Ehret50 · Maria Minutolo3 · Ali Mirazimi51 · Abulimiti Moming14 · Hans‑Peter Mühlbach50 · Rayapati Naidu52 · Beatriz Navarro20 · Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes53 · Gustavo Palacios25 · Anna Papa54 · Alex Pauvolid‑Corrêa55 · Janusz T. Pawęska56,57 · Jié Qiáo19 · Sheli R. Radoshitzky25 · Renato O. Resende58 · Víctor Romanowski59 · Amadou Alpha Sall60 · Maria S. Salvato61 · Takahide Sasaya62 · Shū Shěn19 · Xiǎohóng Shí63 · Yukio Shirako64 · Peter Simmonds65 · Manuela Sironi66 · Jin‑Won Song67 · Jessica R. Spengler9 · Mark D. Stenglein68 · Zhèngyuán Sū19 · Sùróng Sūn14 · Shuāng Táng19 · Massimo Turina69 · Bó Wáng19 · Chéng Wáng1 · Huálín Wáng19 · Jūn Wáng19 · Tàiyún Wèi70 · Anna E.