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An Inventory of the Significant Natural Areas of Polk County, North Carolina

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An Inventory of the Significant Natural Areas of Polk County, North Carolina AN INVENTORY OF THE SIGNIFICANT NATURAL AREAS OF POLK COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA David Campbell Inventory Biologist July 2018 Funding provided by Conserving Carolina and the Polk County Community Foundation Cover photo by William S. Moye Back cover photo, of Ostin Creek, by Glenn Brady Interior photographs by Keith Bradley, David Campbell, William S. Moye, and Pam Torlina, as noted ISBN-13: 978-1729628133 ISBN-10: 1729628133 Published by Conserving Carolina (formerly Pacolet Area Conservancy & Carolina Mountain Land Conservancy) 847 Case Street, Hendersonville, NC 28792 828.697.5777 www.conservingcarolina.org Printed by CreateSpace, an Amazon.com company Printed in the United States of America ABSTRACT This inventory of the significant natural areas, ecological communities, and rare species of Polk County was funded by the Pacolet Area Conservancy (now Conserving Carolina) and the Polk County Community Foundation. Dr. James F. Matthews also graciously provided initial funding (along with much critical advice and mentorship) for botanical inventory work prior to the inception of this formal study. This report identifies Significant Natural Heritage Areas (SNHAs) in Polk County, North Carolina. Background information is provided on the county, including descriptions of 32 Significant Natural Heritage Areas (SNHAs), comprising two of national significance, fifteen that are state significant, and fifteen regionally significant sites. Individual site reports include information relating to location, significance, community types, rare species, management needs and in some cases, comments. Field work for this inventory was initiated in 2011, with major portions taking place during 2015-2017. Voucher specimens collected during this study have been deposited at the Mecklenburg County Herbarium (UNCC) and the Herbarium of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (NCU). This report is intended in part, to provide guidance for land use decisions undertaken by private landowners, conservation and land management agencies as well as officials in county government. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS During the course of this inventory, many agencies, organizations, and individuals contributed to the planning, progress, and completion of the work. The following individuals are thanked for their assistance with various aspects of this survey: Carole Bartol, Karri Blackmon (Habitat Assessment Restoration Professionals), Helen Blomeley, Donald and Helen Bradley, Keith Bradley, Kevin Bradley, Misty Buchanan (North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP)), Dixie Damrel (Clemson University Herbarium), Debra Hansborough, Dennis Herman, Jerry Johnson, Wesley Knapp (NCNHP), Harry LeGrand (NCNHP), Catherine Luckenbaugh (Mecklenburg County Park and Recreation), Janie Marlow (NameThatPlant.net), Dr. James Matthews (University of North Carolina at Charlotte (UNCC)), Carol Ann McCormick (University of North Carolina-Herbarium), Dr. Larry Mellichamp (UNCC), William Moye, Robert Placier, Laura Gadd Robinson (NCNHP), Kelly Ruff and family, Dr. Brad Ruhfel (Eastern Kentucky University), Mike Schafale (NCNHP), Babs and Bob Strickland, Christel and Manfred Walter, and Dr. Alan Weakley (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). I am also grateful to the numerous private landowners who permitted access to their lands during the course of this survey. I duly acknowledge, with grateful thanks, photographs provided herein by botanists Keith Bradley and William Moye. Finally, a very special thank you for Pam Torlina, Southeast Stewardship Manager for Conserving Carolina (formerly Pacolet Area Conservancy), without whose hard work and unflagging support this county inventory would not have been possible. Any errors or omissions are the sole responsibility of the author. David Campbell, Botanist June, 2018 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................... 1 OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................... 1 METHODS ......................................................................................................................... 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA ...................................................................................... 3 STUDY AREA ................................................................................................................... 3 CLIMATE........................................................................................................................... 3 TOPOGRAPHY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY ........................................................................ 3 GEOLOGY ......................................................................................................................... 3 LAND USE ........................................................................................................................ 4 THE BIODIVERSITY OF POLK COUNTY .............................................................................. 10 NATURAL COMMUNITY DESCRIPTIONS ................................................................ 13 FLORA AND FAUNA ..................................................................................................... 25 EXPLAINATION OF RANK CODES FOR NATURAL COMMUNITIES ............................... 41 NORTH CAROLINA RANK............................................................................................ 41 GLOBAL RANK ............................................................................................................... 41 EXPLAINATION OF STATUS AND RANK CODES FOR PLANTS ....................................... 42 NORTH CAROLINA STATUS – PLANTS ..................................................................... 42 U.S. STATUS – PLANTS ................................................................................................. 43 NORTH CAROLINA RANK – PLANTS ........................................................................ 44 GLOBAL RANK – PLANTS ............................................................................................ 46 EXPLAINATION OF STATUS AND RANK CODES FOR ANIMALS .................................... 47 NORTH CAROLINA STATUS – ANIMALS .................................................................. 47 U.S. STATUS – ANIMALS .............................................................................................. 48 NORTH CAROLINA RANK – ANIMALS ..................................................................... 50 GLOBAL RANK – ANIMALS ......................................................................................... 51 PROTECTION PRIORITIES ........................................................................................................ 53 AREAS FOR FURTHER STUDY ................................................................................................ 54 BIOLOGICAL SURVEY AND ENDANGERED SPECIES LAWS ........................................... 55 FEDERAL LAW ............................................................................................................... 55 STATE LAW ..................................................................................................................... 56 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 57 SITE DESCRIPTIONS .................................................................................................................. 61 v BUCK MOUNTAIN/CEDAR CLIFF ........................................................................................... 62 COLUMBUS RARE PLANT SITE .............................................................................................. 66 COVE CREEK/BRADLEY FALLS ............................................................................................. 70 EDGARTON ROAD TRACT ....................................................................................................... 75 GREEN RIVER GORGE .............................................................................................................. 79 GREEN RIVER RARE PLANT SITE .......................................................................................... 85 HUGHES CREEK ......................................................................................................................... 89 KROSS KEYS LOW ELEVATION SEEP ................................................................................... 94 LANDRUM ROAD BOG TURTLE SITE .................................................................................... 98 Magnolia virginiana SITE NEAR COLUMBUS ........................................................................ 102 MELROSE MOUNTAIN ............................................................................................................ 105 MILL SPRING SLOPES AND RIDGES .................................................................................... 109 MILLS BRIDGE AREA RARE PLANT SITE ........................................................................... 113 MORGAN CHAPEL RARE PLANT SITE ................................................................................ 117 NEW HOPE LOW ELEVATION SEEP ..................................................................................... 121 NORTH PACOLET RIVER RARE PLANT SITE (NORTH PACOLET RIVER VALLEY). 125 OSTIN CREEK ALLUVIAL FLATS AND ADJACENT SLOPES AT LAKE ADGER .......... 130 PACOLET
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