Una Spia Nazista a Narvik: Marina

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Una Spia Nazista a Narvik: Marina UNA SPIA NAZISTA A NARVIK MARINA LEE RICCARDO DE ROSA Nata in Russia, a San Pietroburgo, Marina Lee studiò per diventare ballerina anche quando si trasferì in Scandinavia, nel 1917, dopo la morte dei genitori per mano dei bolscevichi. Nel corso della Seconda guerra mondiale fu considerata una pericolosa spia tedesca: poliglotta, abile e seducente, riuscì, tra l’altro, a infiltrarsi nell’alto comando inglese di Tromsø (Norvegia), carpendo informazioni di rilievo sui piani strategici e sugli spostamenti delle truppe. Della ‘bellissima spia bionda’ non si hanno fotografie e le notizie che la riguardano si fermano al 1947, quando fu identificata, per l’ultima volta, da un agente britannico al Ritz Hotel di Madrid. arina Lee è una figura alquanto insolita nell’ampio e variegato mondo dello spionaggio internazionale. Nata nel 1902 a San Pietro- burgo, durante la Rivoluzione del 1917 perse entrambi i genitori, trucidati dai rivoluzionari bolscevichi. Del suo periodo giovanile si conosce molto poco: fu battezzata con il nome di Marina Alexeevna Me, una volta rimasta sola, si rifugiò in Scandinavia dove studiò come ballerina per vari anni. Dopo aver fissato la residenza in Norvegia, sposò l’ingegnere Einer Andreas Lee e fece una brillante carriera nel mondo dello spettacolo divenendo, in pochi anni, Di- rettrice della Scuola di danza di Oslo. L’intelligence inglese, commettendo un errore di valutazione che tranquillizzò il con- trospionaggio norvegese – che, infatti, dopo le rassicurazioni giunte da Londra, revocò il controllo dei movimenti della donna – la identificò come una simpatizzante filoco- munista, mentre invece da tempo parteggiava per la Germania di Hitler. RIVISTA ITALIANA DI INTELLIGENCE 159 RICCARDO DE ROSA UNA SPIA NAZISTA A NARVIK. MARINA LEE Sedotta, come milioni di europei, dalla personalità carismatica del I principali scontri della sanguinosa campagna erano volti ad acquisire Führer, nel 1935 venne contattata dall’Abwehr di Canaris proprio per il controllo della strategica zona di Narvik dove, tra aprile e giugno 1940, l’esaltazione manifestata, tale da stupire gli stessi dirigenti dell’Or- fu impiegato un contingente terrestre composto da truppe francesi, po- ganismo informativo tedesco. Nei colloqui con i funzionari incaricati lacche, norvegesi e britanniche, coadiuvato da forze navali assicurate di vagliarne il profilo in vista di un suo eventuale reclutamento, di- da questi ultimi due paesi. Durante le due battaglie navali (10 e 13 mostrò di aver appreso pienamente i fondamenti ideologici del na- aprile) e i diversi scontri terrestri, le truppe tedesche, inferiori a quelle zionalsocialismo; soprattutto, colpì la sua profonda conoscenza del contrapposte, furono costrette alla difensiva, riuscendo per varie setti- Mein Kampf, di cui aveva assimilato i princìpi. L’MI5 inglese, quindi, mane a mantenere a stento le posizioni, mentre l’arrivo dei rifornimenti dovette rapidamente mutare opinione sul suo conto tanto che, negli era ostacolato dal blocco aeronavale. Sugli insuccessi tedeschi pesò anni immediatamente successivi, in documenti riservati, la definì «a molto l’esiguità delle truppe schierate nella zona, composte da un reg- highly valued and experienced German agent». Da quel momento le gimento di fanteria da montagna – a organico incompleto – che avrebbe informazioni che si andavano raccogliendo su di lei divennero sempre dovuto fruire dell’appoggio di unità d’artiglieria fatte invece colare a più minuziose. Fra i tanti frammenti, ad esempio, emerse che la picco dagli inglesi il 9 aprile, assieme alla nave che le trasportava. donna «was famous for her passion for telling fortunes by cards». Quella che il nemico dovette fronteggiare a Narvik era quindi una fan- Dalle descrizioni che ne sono state offerte, «blonde, tall, with a be- teria improvvisata, raccolta dal comandante tedesco tra i sopravvissuti autiful figure and languid in manner», Marina appare un agente ido- all’affondamento delle navi che li trasportavano, chiaramente non ad- neo alle missioni più delicate e impegnative. Oltre a parlare destrata al combattimento terrestre. Profilandosi un buon successo per correntemente sei lingue, era infatti dotata di notevoli capacità nel- le armi dell’Impero, Churchill – che il 10 maggio era subentrato a Ne- l’assumere con spigliatezza identità diverse. Lei, che era vissuta in ville Chamberlain nella carica di Primo ministro – d’accordo con i con- Germania tra il 1935 e il 1937, vi si recava frequentemente, servendosi siglieri militari decise di inviare sul posto il Tenente Generale Claude ufficialmente di un permesso speciale per malattia ma, in realtà, per Auchinleck, che nel corso dei primi anni di guerra lo avrebbe deluso ri- esservi addestrata a compiti di spionaggio. E tutto ciò conservando petutamente, con l’obiettivo di assicurare al corpo di spedizione uno la preziosa copertura che il lavoro in Norvegia le garantiva. Stato Maggiore in grado di dirigere le operazioni con una visione stra- Subito dopo lo scoppio della Seconda guerra mondiale, la Lee si at- tegica rispetto a quella dei comandanti sul campo. L’alto ufficiale arrivò tivò per sostenere le mire naziste sulla Scandinavia e, in particolare, a Narvik il 13 maggio, mantenendo fede al suo stile di comando ener- sulla Norvegia, la cui occupazione era considerata vitale per instal- gico. A questo punto per i tedeschi, che sin dall’inizio delle operazioni larvi basi aeree per la Luftwaffe e porti per gli U-Boot della Kriegsma- a Narvik avevano brancolato nel buio sia riguardo all’effettivo spiega- rine, al fine di mettere in ginocchio le rotte atlantiche della Gran mento delle forze alleate sul campo che alle reali intenzioni del nemico, Bretagna. Canaris, colpito sin dall’inizio dalle capacità della Lee, le divenne impellente poter disporre di informazioni aggiornate sui piani affidò un ruolo nevralgico in Norvegia e, a giudicare dai risultati, non avversari. Considerata la critica situazione delle proprie forze terrestri, sembra abbia mai avuto ragione di pentirsene. Allorché la Wehrmacht Hitler affidò così il difficile compito a Canaris che, oltre ad altri agenti attaccò il paese, Marina non perse tempo ottenendo significativi ri- in Norvegia, ordinò alla Lee di adoperarsi al massimo per conoscere sultati in favore delle forze germaniche. L’invasione (Operazione We- celermente le progettualità avversarie. La donna, intuendo la gravità serübung), iniziata il 9 aprile 1940 – prima dell’attacco alla Francia e del momento, era già entrata in azione riuscendo a infiltrarsi, avvalen- con il corpo di spedizione inglese ancora in Europa – si rivelò tuttavia dosi anche del proprio fascino, nell’alto comando inglese a Tromsø per più lunga e complicata del previsto: nonostante l’immediata caduta tentare di carpire ogni informazione utile al comandante tedesco, il ge- della Danimarca, per l’industria bellica nazista il controllo dei porti nerale Eduard Dietl. Questi, alle prese anche con gravi problemi logi- norvegesi era essenziale per poter ricevere i rifornimenti di ferro, stici e organizzativi, era convinto dell’impossibilità di volgere a proprio senza contare il valore di basi militari come la Sola Air Station di Sta- favore l’esito degli scontri, anche in ragione della sovrastima delle forze vanger, indispensabile per garantire con i suoi idrovolanti il supporto anglo-norvegesi. Circostanze, queste, che lo avevano indotto a ventilare alle navi tedesche lungo quelle coste. a Berlino l’ipotesi di una ritirata, mandando su tutte le furie Hitler. 160 GNOSIS 1/2018 RIVISTA ITALIANA DI INTELLIGENCE 161 RICCARDO DE ROSA UNA SPIA NAZISTA A NARVIK. MARINA LEE Non è chiaro come la Lee sia riuscita ad accedere a questi docu- delle truppe anglo-norvegesi. L’informazione si rivelò utilissima menti, considerando anche il fatto che la Marina britannica al- quando, il 27 maggio, le truppe alleate lanciarono un poderoso l’epoca non aveva ancora sviluppato un rapporto sinergico con attacco di alleggerimento, al quale i tedeschi – sebbene ancora l’Esercito, pari a quello delle ultime fasi del conflitto; i coman- in inferiorità numerica nonostante i rinforzi giunti da poco – sep- danti ai più alti livelli erano restii a condividere i propri piani. È pero reagire con determinazione, rallentandone l’avanzata. probabile, pertanto, che abbia avuto conoscenza soltanto di Gli scontri si svolsero con alterne vicende anche se, alla fine, fu- quelli relativi alle forze di terra anglo-norvegesi e abbia fatto ri- rono gli inglesi a dover cedere. Un furibondo Auchinleck fu co- corso a ogni risorsa disponibile pur di acquisire i piani di Auchin- stretto a reimbarcarsi agli inizi di giugno con tutto il contingente leck. Il generale britannico ebbe modo di accorgersi presto, e a inglese e gran parte di quello norvegese, mentre un altrettanto proprie spese, che molto era trapelato dal suo Quartier Generale adirato Churchill fece di lui un comodo capro espiatorio facen- a vantaggio dei tedeschi, dato che nelle fasi finali degli scontri dolo trasferire, a titolo punitivo. Se l’Esercito e la Marina rimasero furono proprio le truppe sotto il suo comando ad avere la peggio. disorientati dagli avvenimenti norvegesi, anche l’MI5 brancolò Già il 3 maggio il contingente che difendeva Namsos era stato nel buio per molto tempo riguardo alla responsabilità della fuga costretto a ritirarsi rapidamente a causa dei furiosi attacchi por- di notizie a Narvik. Gli inglesi intuirono che v’era stata un’azione tati da un nutrito contingente germanico appena sbarcato, che spionistica da parte tedesca, ma
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