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Archaeological Excavation Report Archaeological The RoRoyalyal HosHospitalpital GGreenwichreenwich LLondonondon Archaeological Excavation Report o a August 2007 Client: Mount Anvil Issue No: 1 OA Job No: 3535 NGR: TQ 3850 7760 Client Name: Mount Anvil Client Ref No: Document Title: The Royal Hospital Greenwich Document Type: Archaeological Excavation Report Issue Number: 1 National Grid Reference: TQ 3850 7760 Planning Reference: OA Job Number: 3535 Site Code: KWK99 Invoice Code: KWKPX Receiving Museum: Museum of London Museum Accession No: KWK99 Prepared by: Ceridwen Boston Position: Assistant Head of Heritage Burial Services Date: 25th August 2007 Checked by: Dr Louise Loe Position: Head of Heritage Burial Services Date: 18th September 2007 Approved by: Dr Louise Loe Signed……………………. Position: Head of Heritage Burial Services Date: 16 October 2007 Document File Location server21b/projects3/KWK Devonport Buildings Graphics File Location \\Servergo\invoice codes i thru q\K_codes\KWKPX Illustrated by Amy Tiffany Hemingway, Georgina Slater and Markus Dylewski Disclaimer: This document has been prepared for the titled project or named part thereof and should not be relied upon or used for any other project without an independent check being carried out as to its suitability and prior written authority of Oxford Archaeology being obtained. Oxford Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for the consequences of this document being used for a purpose other than the purposes for which it was commissioned. Any person/party using or relying on the document for such other purposes agrees, and will by such use or reliance be taken to confirm their agreement to indemnify Oxford Archaeology for all loss or damage resulting therefrom. Oxford Archaeology accepts no responsibility or liability for this document to any party other than the person/party by whom it was commissioned. Oxford Archaeology © Oxford Archaeological Unit Ltd 2007 Janus House Osney Mead Oxford OX2 0ES t: (0044) 01865 263800 e: [email protected] f: (0044) 01865 793496 w: www.oxfordarch.co.uk Oxford Archaeological Unit Limited is a Registered Charity No: 285627 Devonport Buildings, King William Walk, Greenwich, London KWK99 Excavation report LIST OF CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Project background 1 1.2 Location and geology 1 2 Archaeological and historical background 2 2.1 Introduction 2 2.2 Pre-cemetery archaeology and history 2 2.3 The burial ground 5 2.4 Social history of the Greenwich pensioners 8 2.5 Life of in-pensioners in the Hospital 18 2.6 Women and children at the Royal Hospital 20 3 Project aims 22 3.1 Archaeological desk-based assessment October 1999 22 3.2 Archaeological evaluation November 1999 23 3.3 Archaeological watching brief student accommodation and substation January-March 2000 23 3.4 Archaeological excavation Areas 1 and 2 June-September 2001 24 4 Fieldwork methodology 24 4.1 Introduction 24 4.2 Archaeological watching brief July 1999 25 4.3 Archaeological evaluation November 1999 25 4.4 Archaeological watching brief student accommodation and substation 25 4.5 Archaeological excavation Areas 1 and 2 June-September 2001 26 5 Results of the excavations 27 5.1 Introduction 27 5.2 Watching brief July 1999 27 5.3 Archaeological evaluation November 1999 28 5.4 Archaeological watching brief (Conference Facility) January- March 2000 33 5.5 Archaeological excavation (Phase 1- the electrical substation) January 200033 5.6 Archaeological excavation Phase 2- Areas 1 and 2 -June-September 2001 34 6 Human skeletal remains 37 6.1 Introduction 37 6.2 Osteological methodology 38 6.3 Preservation and completeness 42 6.4 Palaeodemography 43 6.5 Stature estimation 46 ©Oxford Archaeology August 2007 i Devonport Buildings, King William Walk, Greenwich, London KWK99 Excavation report 6.6 Skeletal pathology 50 6.7 Dental pathology 94 6.8 Discussion 101 6.9 Conclusion 104 7 Coffins and coffin fittings 104 7.1 Introduction 104 7.2 Historic background 105 7.3 Coffin construction and decoration 106 7.4 Discussion 109 8 Conclusion 110 9 Bibliography 111 10 Acknowledgements 119 APPENDIX 1 Gazetteer of Archaeology within study area 120 APPENDIX 2 Poem by G. Hewens 129 APPENDIX 3 Trafalgar veterans who died in the Royal Hospital Greenwich 131 APPENDIX 4 Grave catalogue 138 APPENDIX 5 Skeletal catalogue 164 APPENDIX 6 Coffin fittings 204 APPENDIX 7 Pottery 214 APPENDIX 8 Clay pipes 217 APPENDIX 9 Ceramic building material 219 APPENDIX 10 Metalwork and textile 220 APPENDIX 9 Glass 226 APPENDIX 11 Animal bone 227 APPENDIX 12 Research projects undertaken on the assemblage 229 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Devonport Buildings- Phases of archaeological work Table 2 Age-at-death categories used in the osteological analysis Table 3 Skeletal completeness (N = 107) Table 4 Bone preservation (N = 107) Table 5 Summary of age and sex distribution in the total assemblage (N =107) Table 6 Distribution of male stature in the Greenwich assemblage (N = 88) Table 7 Stature estimates from seven contemporary assemblages in England ©Oxford Archaeology August 2007 ii Devonport Buildings, King William Walk, Greenwich, London KWK99 Excavation report Table 6 Distribution of male stature in the Greenwich assemblage (N = 88) Table 7 Stature estimates from seven contemporary assemblages in England Table 8 Crude prevalences (CPR) of pathology in the adult assemblage (N = 105) Table 9 True prevalence of fractures by element (N = 105) Table 10 Summary of the prevalence of elements showing periostitis (N = 105) Table 11 Summary of skeeltons with periostitis on multiple elements (n = 54); L - left; R- right; numbers refer to the number of elements involved. Table 12 Prevalence of extra-spinal osteoarthritis by joint in adults (N = 105) Table 13 Pathology present in 12 adult males displaying bony modification of the sphenoid consistent with scurvy (n = 12) Table 14 Summary of skeletons with rickets or possible rickets (n = 10) Table 15 Summary of congenital anomalies (n = 11) Table 16 Dental caries prevalence Table 17 Comparison of dental pathology rates per tooth or socket in seven contemporary English assemblages Table A1.1 Gazetteer of known archaeological significance within the Study Area Table A3.1 Summary of a sample of 100 seamen and marines who fought at Trafalgar and who were buried at Greenwich Hospital before 1858 Table A6.1 Catalogue of the coffin fittings and nails Table A7.1 Quantities of pottery in each feature type Table A7.2 Quantities of ware types present Table A8.1 Summary of clay pipe fragments Table A11.1 Number of bones according to feature type and species LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Site location Figure 2 Archaeological features known from the NMR and SMR within 500 m of the Study Area Figure 3 Map of the Hundred of Blackheath (1778) Figure 4 Ordinance survey 1st edition 25" Map (1865) with the area of proposed development outlined Figure 5 Location of excavation, evaluation and watching brief trenches Figure 6 Area 1- plan showing graves and piling trenches Figure 7 Area 2- plan showing graves and piling trenches Figure 8 Area 1- west-facing section through baulk Figure 9 Area 2- east-facing section through baulk Figure 10 Trench 15: plan of burials 1565 and 1572 Figure 11 Test pit 20: plan of burial 2005 Figure 12 Stature distribution of the Greenwich pensioners taken from left femoral lengths (in feet) ©Oxford Archaeology August 2007 iii Devonport Buildings, King William Walk, Greenwich, London KWK99 Excavation report Figure 13 Age and sex distribution in the Greenage assemblage (N = 107) Figure 14 Distribution of stature by percentage of males with measurable left femora, N = 88 Figure 15 Stature distribution of the Greenwich pensioners, from left femoral lengths (in feet) Figure 16 Stature distribution of marines collated from Marine Description Books, in feet (taken from Ayshford and Ayshford 2004) Figure 17 Location of fractures in male skeletons by element (N = 97) Figure 18 True prevalence (TPR) of periostitis by element in adult male sample (N = 97) LIST OF PLATES Plate 1 The Royal Hospital Greenwich. Note the Greenwich pensioners in the foreground. Plate 2 The dining hall of the Royal Hospital Greenwich Plate 3 Greenwich pensioners Plate 4 Greenwich pensioners Plate 5 Greenwich pensioners Plate 6 Greenwich pensioners Plate 7 Greenwich pensioners Plate 8 ‘The Way of the World'- Severely disabled pensioners in the Helpless Ward Plate 9 ‘Ah, the Navy is not what it was!'- Greenwich pensioners Plate 10 Idealised Victorian representation of three Greenwich pensioners Plate 11 'A Milling Match between Decks'- The lower deck of a man-of-war in port. Note the two black sailors, the fistfight and the many prostitutes on board. Plate 12 Royal Marine Discharge Paper of Corporal George Ellis (1798) Plate 13 Admissions Register of the Royal Hospital Greenwich (1802) Plate 14 Skeleton 6056: Osteomyelitis of the left femur and tibia Plate 15 Skeleton 3045: Amputation and secondary osteomyelitis of the right femur Plate 16 Skeleton 3061: Below knee amputation of the right tibia and fibula Plate 17 Skeleton 3061: Radiograph showing demineralisation of the amputated stump from lack of use Plate 18 Skeleton 3098: Pott's disease (tuberculosis of the spine). Note the crush fractures and the collapse of the vertebrae Plate 19 Skeleton 3103: Poorly reduced but well healed nasal fracture Plate 20 Skeleton 3164: Poorly reduced fracture of the tibial shaft with considerable overlap and shortening of the element. Plate 21 Skeleton 3202: Marked exostosis formation on the right femoral shaft secondary to soft tissue injury. Plate 22 Skeleton 3229: Bilateral fractures and secondary osteomyelitis of the femoral shafts (possibly compound fractures) ©Oxford Archaeology August 2007 iv Devonport Buildings, King William Walk, Greenwich, London KWK99 Excavation report Plate 23 Skeleton 3229: Radiograph showing overlap of the fractured bone and associated osteomyelitis and callus formation. Arrow indicates the sinus for draining of infected material from marrow cavity.
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