A Critical Review of Currently Used Single-Dose Rodenticides

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Critical Review of Currently Used Single-Dose Rodenticides Bull. Org. mOnd. Santd 48, 469-477 Bull. Wld Hlth Org.f 19739 A critical review of currently used single-dose rodenticides NORMAN G. GRATZ1 The introduction of the anticoagulants in the early 1950s, with their much greater safety to nontarget animals, resulted in a general decline in the use of single-dose rodenticides. However, the appearance of rodent resistance to the anticoagulants, first in the United Kingdom, later elsewhere in Europe, and still more recently in the USA, has revived interest in the use of single-dose rodenticides. Unfortunately, owing to their danger to nontarget mammals, the use of several of these compounds must be restricted; others, despite their long use, are now recognized to be unsatisfactory because of their poor accep- tance or reacceptance by rats and mice. Thus, only very few compounds of this type are available for unrestricted use and there is an urgent needfor the development of effective alternatives. Virtually any mammalian poison can be considered duals in their response to the single-dose rodenticides. as a potential rodenticide; there are, however, certain In addition, the effectiveness of even the best rodenti- highly selective criteria that must be applied to any cides will be negated if they are offered in an un- candidate compound that quickly eliminate all but attractive or repellent bait, or if they are presented a few of the enormous number of available chemical in a manner that does not allow full expression of and biological products. The number of single-dose the efficacy of the compound-e.g., at too low a rodenticides in common use, and the length of time dosage. that these compounds have been in use, shows that With the introduction of the anticoagulant roden- the situation is surprisingly stable, especially com- ticides in the early 1950s, the use of single-dose pared with that for other pesticides, particularly rodenticides declined to some extent. Since most ofthe insecticides. This does not mean that the available latter are toxic to a broad spectrum of warm- rodenticides are completely satisfactory; each of blooded animals, there is almost always a risk of them has certain shortcomings and, in fact, none accidental poisoning of man, his domestic animals, will give satisfactory control of even a single species or desirable wild species. In addition, the frequent in all circumstances. development of bait shyness to several single-dose The ideal characteristics of an acute rodenticide toxicants also favoured the use of anticoagulants in would be a high degree of toxicity to rodents, a very many circumstances where either group of com- ready acceptability, the failure to induce " bait pounds could be utilized. There are however, many shyness" when sublethal quantities are consumed situations where rodenticides applied in a single dose or, in other words, a high degree of reacceptance, (as opposed to the multiple dosing required with and as high a degree as possible of specificity to anticoagulants) may be used to advantage. Many rodents. The relative importance of other character- large-scale rodent control campaigns against field istics, such as persistence in baits, solubility, cost, or domestic rodent species are expensive in labour availability, ease of use, etc. would vary from one and baiting materials and the costs of multiple set of circumstances to another. rebaiting may prove excessive, especially in the There are considerable variations among rodent developing countries. In the case of outbreaks of populations, between sexes, and often among indivi- disease, where immediate rat control is required, the use of single-dose toxicants will usually provide 1 Scientist/Entomologist, Vector Biology and Control, a more rapid reduction in the rodent population. World Health Organization, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland. In epidemics of plague, rodent control should, of 3032 - 469- 470 N. G. GRATZ C w 0 d) U) 0 co r i Z.o C Z Wg'Z E E c o E .0- E o =CD k- 0 E m0. E ,. 0- 0 0 00 0C 0. E ~~ 0 0 C 0C ~~~~~ ~~~3 ~~= ~~4 00C (a U) 0 oc , C 0mC .- ._ c 0co W ~ 4, N *= N 0 .0 C'). U)0 rD=. w E0 0 0.Uc co j<-° coE ' co°> 0 U. >0 0~ ._0 r- .0 ~0W.. 0 0e o E- je 0 <t E C o 0. E CDO ~0C 0. D_ @ 00 E E ~ 0 00 CD0 E E EED E E C - w &D0 ° °5c _ 0) E .6 0 0 .0 .0 . 0- C 31 3. 0 co 0 0 c)0 0 C C 0 0 0 0 co 0 0 0 0 >. >. .)d _)' c 00 C C 0 0CU o-0 o0 0 16 C CD0 0 .' 0 0. 0- - -*0U 0 0 0 a 0 0 0 . 0. 0 g 0 0.0 0 0 ._ ._ CL CL 0) 0) U) cm 0 *. _ E 00 0 0 C0. 0. '. 'a 0 . 0 0 0 ra6 ra i6~ ~~ 0 -cE ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 0 cm 0 C0 0. o-.- o *!= *5L 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o0 0 0 0 C) -* * 0 0 4) 00 co Co 0O U) cm 0. CDDOU) 0 -~~~~ 0 Co 0)C a) 0 0 cD 0 N N E co --° C0 N N CD 1 0 Cl) X a, CUCD Ea Coc N IT CO N L) U) CD C0 N N . Ch w coO cyi 0 4) 0 0 0 N 00 Us O C _ C.) 0 >4)- 0 0- N O Q0 .c oo4 N OD .0 0 U Co0 000 OC 0.C C ,0 , o EDN Lo | oD -UCJ> o q0 I 1~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~1 0 CY) 0 >.CD 0 r, co mE o -U .0 0 E N1 u 0 0 0 0) 0 0._.2 Cfl<<Z-Ju.c U (D co 0-C~ ~~ N3 SINGLE-DOSE RODENTICIDES 471 course, follow the use of insecticides to control the been prepared for red squill powder by WHO ectoparasites. (Specification No. WHO/SRT/4) reading as follows: The appearance of rats resistant to the entire gamut of anticoagulant rodenticides in areas of The material shall consist essentially of the dry, powdered, fleshy inner-bulb scales of the red variety Denmark and the United Kingdom, however, has of Urginea maritima, fortified when necessary with the virtually excluded the use of this group ofcompounds alcohol-soluble extract of the same... in these places. Anticoagulant resistance has also appeared in the Netherlands but the resistant popu- A description then follows of the chemical, physical, lation appears to have been eliminated by the rapid and biological requirements.2 use of a single-dose rodenticide-fluoroacetamide- Perhaps the main reason for the continued use of in the town in which the resistance had appeared red squill in Norway rat control has been its limited (Ophof & Langeveld 1). More recently, resistance to acceptance by animals other than rodents. It will the anticoagulant rodenticides has appeared in cause vomiting in many animals but it is effective Rattus rattus in the Liverpool dock area of England against rodents since they cannot vomit and thus (Wkly epidem. Rec., 1971) and has been detected eliminate the material. However, cases have been for the first time in the USA, in North Carolina, reported of poisoning of cattle, sheep, chickens, and in R. norvegicus (Jackson et al., 1971). There is, dogs. Red squill is extremely irritating to the skin therefore, most decidedly a place for the single-dose and rubber gloves should be worn when preparing rodenticide in modern rodent control campaigns. baits from this material. In this paper only those single-dose rodenticides A serious limitation to the use of red squill is its whose use is widespread or that are likely to be comparative ineffectiveness against R. rattus; much available to anyone considering the use of one of higher doses are necessary to achieve a kill of this this group of compounds have been reviewed; some species and these high concentrations are not readily have almost completely fallen out of use or are accepted by the roof rat or the mouse. Its use is used only in limited areas and, therefore, have not therefore restricted to Norway rat populations. An been considered. Chemosterilants have not been additional limitation is the fact that individual rats discussed since they have been reviewed by Howard that have ingested a sublethal dose of red squill will & Marsh (1972). The characteristics of the most develop an aversion or bait shyness that is likely to important of the compounds reviewed are sum- last for several weeks. marized in Table 1. Koren & Good (1964) have described a community programme in Philadelphia, USA, where red squill rat RED SQUILL was widely used for control: 10% by weight of fortified red squill powder was mixed with 27% Red squill is the oldest of the rodenticides in of rolled oats and 63 % of mixed cracked corn and current use. Its rodenticidal properties were known cornmeal; corn oil was added as a binder instead in the Mediterranean area in mediaeval times and of water and it was found that this prevented baits it was recommended for rodenticidal use in a number from becoming mouldy for 2-4 weeks. In a test of eighteenth and early nineteenth century publica- comparing red squill with an anticoagulant, pindone, tions. Despite this long history, it did not come into the authors concluded that the red squill formulation, large-scale use until the late nineteenth century which required 1 visit per station only as opposed (Chitty, 1954). The slowness with which it was to 3 for the anticoagulant, was considerably cheaper adopted may well have been due to the very consider- in material and labour and even more effective than able variations in the potency of the different the anticoagulant.
Recommended publications
  • 1080 Sodium Fluoroacetate
    Wild dog facts 1080-Sodium fluoroacetate 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) is used to control wild The owner must ensure that signs are put up dogs, feral pigs, foxes, cats and rabbits in immediately before any 1080 baits are put out Queensland. It occurs naturally in a number of on the property. native plant species including Acacia georginae The signs must be placed at all entrances to (Georgina gidgee) and members of the the property and at the extremities of property Gastrolobium and Oxylobium genera. Sodium boundaries that front a public thoroughfare. fluoroacetate is a fluffy white material at room This must be done even if the adjoining temperature, which forms colourless solutions property is carrying out 1080 baiting. with water and is normally odourless. Signs must remain in place for a period of 4 weeks after baits are laid and permanent How to access 1080 signs are required for on-going or extended baiting program. Only authorised persons can supply 1080 baits to landholders.The use of 1080 is subject to strict Toxicity of 1080 regulatory control according to which: Dogs and foxes are highly susceptible to Minimum distances 1080, and the small amount required to No baits are to be laid within 5 m of a fenced target these species poses a minimal threat boundary. to non-target species. Feral pigs and rabbits No baits are to be laid within 50 m of the are also susceptible, although higher doses centre line of a declared road. are required. Table 1 compares the No baits are to be laid within 20 m of susceptibility of different animals to 1080.
    [Show full text]
  • Calarp) Program
    California Accidental Release Prevention (CalARP) Program Administering Agency Guidance January 31, 2005 Preface This document provides general guidance to help Administering Agencies (AAs) implement and enforce the California Accidental Release Prevention (CalARP) Program. The intent is to identify the elements of the Program applicable to each regulated business, and assist AAs with oversight of the CalARP Program statutes and regulations. This document is not a substitute for the CalARP Program regulations; it does not impose legally binding requirements. About This Document This document follows the format of the California Code of Regulations, Title 19, Division 2, Chapter 4.5: California Accidental Release Prevention (CalARP) Program. The regulatory sections are presented in parentheses for ease of reference. Acknowledgements The California Emergency Management Agency (Cal EMA) would like to thank the following people for their valuable assistance in the preparation of this document: Howard Wines, Hazardous Materials Specialist, City of Bakersfield Fire Department Robert Distaso P.E., Fire Safety Engineer, Orange County Fire Authority Randall L. Sawyer, Supervisor, Accidental Release Prevention Programs, Contra Costa County Health Services Department Beronia Beniamine, Senior Hazardous Materials Specialist, Stanislaus County Environmental Resources Department Angie Proboszcz, Risk Management Program Coordinator, USEPA Region 9 Jon Christenson, Senior Environmental Health Specialist, Merced County Department of Public Health Teresa
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Law and Vertebrate Pest Control
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Proceedings of the 1st Vertebrate Pest Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings Conference (1962) collection February 1962 FEDERAL LAW AND VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL Justus C. Ward Director, Pesticides Regulation Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpcone Part of the Environmental Health and Protection Commons Ward, Justus C., "FEDERAL LAW AND VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL" (1962). Proceedings of the 1st Vertebrate Pest Conference (1962). 25. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpcone/25 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings collection at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the 1st Vertebrate Pest Conference (1962) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. FEDERAL LAW AND VERTEBRATE PEST CONTROL By: Justus C. Ward, Director, Pesticides Regulation Division, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture Presented at the Vertebrate Pest Control Conference, Sacramento, California, February 6 and 7, 1 962 Shortly after the passage of the Federal Insecticide Act of 1910> mammal control specialists in the Bureau of Biological Survey began to consider a similar law to cover the chemicals with which they were concerned. Work on the project went slowly a nd spasmodically, but reached the point of having a Federal Rodenticide Act available for study and possible revision in 1928. At this time, the mammal control chemicals in use were limited to strychnine -- alkaloid and sulphate -arsenic, barium carbonate, th allium sulphate, phosphorus, s odium and calcium cyanide, carbon disulphide, and red squill.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Guidance Notes for Implementation of Regulation (EC)
    1.3.2011 EN Official Journal of the European Union C 65/1 IV (Notices) NOTICES FROM EUROPEAN UNION INSTITUTIONS, BODIES, OFFICES AND AGENCIES EUROPEAN COMMISSION COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TECHNICAL GUIDANCE NOTES FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF REGULATION (EC) No 689/2008 Publication made in accordance with Article 23 of Regulation (EC) No 689/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 concerning the export and import of dangerous chemicals (2011/C 65/01) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1. INTRODUCTION . 3 2. THE ROTTERDAM CONVENTION . 5 3. REGULATION (EC) No 689/2008 . 6 3.1. Article 1: OBJECTIVES . 7 3.2. Article 2: SCOPE . 7 3.3. Article 3: DEFINITIONS . 7 3.4. Article 4: DESIGNATION OF NATIONAL AUTHORITIES . 8 3.5. Article 5: PARTICIPATION OF THE EUROPEAN UNION IN THE CONVENTION . 8 3.6. Article 6: CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO EXPORT NOTIFICATION, CHEMICALS QUALIFYING FOR PIC NOTIFICATION, AND CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO THE PIC PROCEDURE . 8 3.7. Article 7: EXPORT NOTIFICATIONS FORWARDED TO THIRD COUNTRIES . 9 3.8. Article 8: EXPORT NOTIFICATIONS FROM THIRD COUNTRIES . 11 3.9. Article 9: INFORMATION ON EXPORT AND IMPORT OF CHEMICALS . 11 3.10. Article 10: PARTICIPATION IN THE PIC NOTIFICATION PROCEDURE . 12 3.11. Article 11: INFORMATION TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE PIC SECRETARIAT ON CHEMICALS NOT QUALIFYING FOR PIC NOTIFICATION . 12 3.12. Article 12: OBLIGATIONS IN RELATION TO IMPORTS OF CHEMICALS . 12 3.13. Article 13: OBLIGATIONS IN RELATION TO EXPORTS OF CHEMICALS OTHER THAN EXPORT NOTIFICATION . 13 C 65/2 EN Official Journal of the European Union 1.3.2011 Page 3.14.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Microencapsula Tion of Rodenticides
    STUDIES IN MICROENCAPSULA TION OF RODENTICIDES P. B. CORNWEL,.L, Director of Research, Rentokil Laboratories ltd., Felcourt, E. Grinstead, Sussex, England ABSTRACT: Warfarln, zinc phosphide, norbormlde and alphachloralose have been mlcroencapsu­ lated by the technique of coacervatlon and fed to laboratory rats (R. norveglcus) and mice (H. mU$CUlus). Results are given of experiments In which the concentration of rodentlclde, wall material and phase ratio have been varied separately and in combination. Experiments are also repot'ted In which normal and encapsulated rodentlclde have been fed together In the same test diet. Hlcroencapsulatlon can Increase the Intake of rodentlcldes, appreciably, whether or not alternative food is simultaneously available. Nevertheless, significantly higher kills from higher Intakes of poison have not been achieved, Indicating difficulties In optimising the characteristics of the capsule wall to achieve the desired release of Ingested active In­ gredient. INTl\ODUCTION Hlcroencapsulatlon can be defined as a chemical process by which minute amounts of solids or liquids are enclosed within a thin wall of suitable material to prevent their reaction with some component of the environment. The properties of the wall are so designed to keep the reactive materials apart until they are required to mix. Hlcroencapsulatlon, as an Industrial process, has been developed for many applications by the Natlon~l Cash Register Co. These Include carbonless copying paper, drugs with design­ ed release characteristics, as well as uses In the perfumery, adhesive and food Industries (Gordon, 1965) . The costs vary from 40 U.S. cents to $4 per kg. of encapsulated material (Watson, 1970) and many future applications have been proposed.
    [Show full text]
  • Studies in Microencapsulation of Rodenticides
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings Conference (1970) collection March 1970 STUDIES IN MICROENCAPSULATION OF RODENTICIDES P. B. Cornwell Rentokil Laboratories Ltd., Sussex, England Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpcfour Part of the Environmental Health and Protection Commons Cornwell, P. B., "STUDIES IN MICROENCAPSULATION OF RODENTICIDES" (1970). Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970). 18. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpcfour/18 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Vertebrate Pest Conference Proceedings collection at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Proceedings of the 4th Vertebrate Pest Conference (1970) by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. STUDIES IN MICROENCAPSULATION OF RODENTICIDES P. B. CORNWELL, Director of Research, Rentokil Laboratories Ltd., Felcourt, E. Grinstead, Sussex, England ABSTRACT: Warfarin, zinc phosphide, norbormide and alphachloralose have been microencapsulated by the technique of coacervation and fed to laboratory rats (R. norvegicus) and mice (M. musculus). Results are given of experiments in which the concentration of rodenticide, wall material and phase ratio have been varied separately and in combination. Experiments are also reported in which normal and encapsulated rodenticide has been fed together in the same test diet. Microencapsulation can increase the intake of rodenticides, appreciably, whether or not alternative food is simultaneously available. Nevertheless, significantly higher k i l l s from higher intakes of poison have not been achieved, indicating difficulties in optimising the characteristics of the capsule wall to achieve the desired release of ingested active in- gredient.
    [Show full text]
  • Assessing the Sustainability of Anticoagulant-Based Rodent Control for Wildlife Conservation in New Zealand
    Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Assessing the sustainability of anticoagulant-based rodent control for wildlife conservation in New Zealand A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Conservation Biology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand SUMAN PREET KAUR SRAN 2019 1 I dedicate this thesis to My Grandmother, Baljinder Kaur Sran who has loved and supported me unconditionally 2 Table of Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... 7 Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Glossary of Key Terms related to Anticoagulant Resistance ...................................................... 11 CHAPTER 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 13 Rodents in New Zealand ......................................................................................................... 14 Rattus rattus ........................................................................................................................... 14 Mus musculus .........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Programme Des Nations Unies Pour L'environnement Plan D'action Pour
    PROGRAMME DES NATIONS UNIES POUR L’ENVIRONNEMENT PLAN D’ACTION POUR LA MÉDITERRANÉE MED POL INVENTAIRE DES PCB ET DE NEUF PESTICIDES No. 156 de la Série des rapports techniques du PAM PNUE/PAM Athènes, 2004 Note: Les appellations employées dans ce document et la présentation des données qui y figurent n'impliquent de la part du PNUE/PAM aucune prise de position quant au statut juridique des pays, territoires, villes ou zones, ou de leurs autorités, ni quant au tracé de leurs frontières ou limites. Ce document a été établi dans le cadre du Projet FEM ‘’Détermination d’actions prioritaires pour la poursuite de l’élaboration et de la mise en œuvre du Programme d’actions stratégiques pour la mer Méditerranée’’ sous la coordination de M. Ante Baric, PhD, Directeur de projet. MED POL (Dr. Fouad Abousamra, Chargé de Programme MED POL) est responsable de la conception et de la préparation de ce document. M. Yves Guilbert a établi l’avant-projet du document qui a été revu par les experts du MED POL. Le document révisé a été envoyé aux pays pour observations et à nouveau revu par une réunion d’experts désignés par les gouvernements. Le document révisé a été approuvé par la réunion des coordonnateurs nationaux pour le MED POL, tenue à San Gemini (Italie) du 27 au 30 mai 2003. © 2004 Programme des Nations Unies pour l'environnement (PNUE/PAM) B.P. 18019, Athènes, Grèce. ISSN 1011-7148 paper. ISSN 1810-6218 online Le texte de la présente publication peut être reproduit en tout ou en partie à des fins pédagogiques et non lucratives sans autorisation spéciale de la part du détenteur du copyright, à condition de faire mention de la source.
    [Show full text]
  • The List of Extremely Hazardous Substances)
    APPENDIX A (THE LIST OF EXTREMELY HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES) THRESHOLD REPORTABLE INVENTORY RELEASE QUANTITY QUANTITY CAS NUMBER CHEMICAL NAME (POUNDS) (POUNDS) 75-86-5 ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN 500 10 1752-30-3 ACETONE THIOSEMICARBAZIDE 500/500 1,000 107-02-8 ACROLEIN 500 1 79-06-1 ACRYLAMIDE 500/500 5,000 107-13-1 ACRYLONITRILE 500 100 814-68-6 ACRYLYL CHLORIDE 100 100 111-69-3 ADIPONITRILE 500 1,000 116-06-3 ALDICARB 100/500 1 309-00-2 ALDRIN 500/500 1 107-18-6 ALLYL ALCOHOL 500 100 107-11-9 ALLYLAMINE 500 500 20859-73-8 ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE 500 100 54-62-6 AMINOPTERIN 500/500 500 78-53-5 AMITON 500 500 3734-97-2 AMITON OXALATE 100/500 100 7664-41-7 AMMONIA 500 100 300-62-9 AMPHETAMINE 500 1,000 62-53-3 ANILINE 500 5,000 88-05-1 ANILINE,2,4,6-TRIMETHYL- 500 500 7783-70-2 ANTIMONY PENTAFLUORIDE 500 500 1397-94-0 ANTIMYCIN A 500/500 1,000 86-88-4 ANTU 500/500 100 1303-28-2 ARSENIC PENTOXIDE 100/500 1 THRESHOLD REPORTABLE INVENTORY RELEASE QUANTITY QUANTITY CAS NUMBER CHEMICAL NAME (POUNDS) (POUNDS) 1327-53-3 ARSENOUS OXIDE 100/500 1 7784-34-1 ARSENOUS TRICHLORIDE 500 1 7784-42-1 ARSINE 100 100 2642-71-9 AZINPHOS-ETHYL 100/500 100 86-50-0 AZINPHOS-METHYL 10/500 1 98-87-3 BENZAL CHLORIDE 500 5,000 98-16-8 BENZENAMINE, 3-(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)- 500 500 100-14-1 BENZENE, 1-(CHLOROMETHYL)-4-NITRO- 500/500 500 98-05-5 BENZENEARSONIC ACID 10/500 10 3615-21-2 BENZIMIDAZOLE, 4,5-DICHLORO-2-(TRI- 500/500 500 FLUOROMETHYL)- 98-07-7 BENZOTRICHLORIDE 100 10 100-44-7 BENZYL CHLORIDE 500 100 140-29-4 BENZYL CYANIDE 500 500 15271-41-7 BICYCLO[2.2.1]HEPTANE-2-CARBONITRILE,5-
    [Show full text]
  • RRAC Guidelines on Anticoagulant Rodenticide Resistance Management Editor: Rodenticide Resistance Action Committee (RRAC) of Croplife International Aim
    RRAC guidelines on Anticoagulant Rodenticide Resistance Management Editor: Rodenticide Resistance Action Committee (RRAC) of CropLife International Aim This document provides guidance to advisors, national authorities, professionals, practitioners and others on the nature of anticoagulant resistance in rodents, the identification of anticoagulant resistance, strategies for rodenticide application that will avoid the development of resistance and the management of resistance where it occurs. The Rodenticide Resistance Action Committee (RRAC) is a working group within the framework of CropLife International. Participating companies include: Bayer CropScience, BASF, LiphaTech S. A., PelGar, Rentokil Initial, Syngenta and Zapi. Senior technical specialists, with specific expertise in rodenticides, represent their companies on this committee. The RRAC is grateful to the following co-authors: Stefan Endepols, Alan Buckle, Charlie Eason, Hans-Joachim Pelz, Adrian Meyer, Philippe Berny, Kristof Baert and Colin Prescott. Photos provided by Stefan Endepols. Contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 2. Classification and history of rodenticide compounds ..............................................................................................3 3. Mode of action of anticoagulant rodenticides, resistance mechanisms, and resistance mutations ......................................................................................................6
    [Show full text]
  • Sodium Fluoroacetate
    United States Prevention, Pesticides EPA 738-R-95-025 Environmental Protection And Toxic Substances September 1995 Agency (7508W) Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) Sodium Fluoroacetate UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460 OFFICE OF PREVENTION, PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES CERTIFIED MAIL Dear Registrant: I am pleased to announce that the Environmental Protection Agency has completed its reregistration eligibility review and decisions on the pesticide chemical sodium fluoroacetate. The enclosed Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) contains the Agency's evaluation of the data base of this chemical, its conclusions of the potential human health and environmental risks of the current product's use, and its decisions and conditions under which this use and products will be eligible for reregistration. The RED includes the data and labeling requirements for products for reregistration. It may also include requirements for additional data (generic) on the active ingredients to confirm the risk assessments. To assist you with a proper response, read the enclosed document entitled "Summary of Instructions for Responding to the RED". This summary also refers to other enclosed documents which include further instructions. You must follow all instructions and submit complete and timely responses. The first set of required responses are due 90 days from the date of this letter. The second set of required responses are due 8 months from the date of this letter. Complete and timely responses will avoid the Agency taking the enforcement action of suspension against your products. If you have questions on the product specific data requirements or wish to meet with the Agency, please contact the Special Review and Reregistration Division representative Frank Rubis at (703) 308-8008.
    [Show full text]
  • High Hazard Chemical Policy
    Environmental Health & Safety Policy Manual Issue Date: 2/23/2011 Policy # EHS-200.09 High Hazard Chemical Policy 1.0 PURPOSE: To minimize hazardous exposures to high hazard chemicals which include select carcinogens, reproductive/developmental toxins, chemicals that have a high degree of toxicity. 2.0 SCOPE: The procedures provide guidance to all LSUHSC personnel who work with high hazard chemicals. 3.0 REPONSIBILITIES: 3.1 Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) shall: • Provide technical assistance with the proper handling and safe disposal of high hazard chemicals. • Maintain a list of high hazard chemicals used at LSUHSC, see Appendix A. • Conduct exposure assessments and evaluate exposure control measures as necessary. Maintain employee exposure records. • Provide emergency response for chemical spills. 3.2 Principle Investigator (PI) /Supervisor shall: • Develop and implement a laboratory specific standard operation plan for high hazard chemical use per OSHA 29CFR 1910.1450 (e)(3)(i); Occupational Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals in Laboratories. • Notify EH&S of the addition of a high hazard chemical not previously used in the laboratory. • Ensure personnel are trained on specific chemical hazards present in the lab. • Maintain Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for all chemicals, either on the computer hard drive or in hard copy. • Coordinate the provision of medical examinations, exposure monitoring and recordkeeping as required. 3.3 Employees: • Complete all necessary training before performing any work. • Observe all safety
    [Show full text]