ᐅᑭᐊᖅ 2015 • ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑦ ᑭᓯᑦᔪᑎᓖᑦ 108-ᒥᒃ FALL 2015 • ISSUE 108

ᐃᓚᒋᐊᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑕ Special Edition

ᐅᐱᒍᓱᓐᓂᖅ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᑦ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᑎᒻᒪᑕ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ Honouring the 40th anniversary of the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement

ᐱᑦᔪᔨᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ ᐃᓄᖏᓐᓂᒃ Serving Nunavik Inuit ᐅᐱᒍᓲᑎᑦᓴᖃᒻᒪᕆᒐᑦᑕ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᓗᐃᑦ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᑎᒻᒪᑕ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ. ᑖᒃᑯᓇᓂ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᓂ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐊᑑᑎᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓯᐅᕋᑦᓴᓕᐅᓚᖓᕗᒍᑦ. ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᐅᕋᑦᓴᑕᖃᓚᖓᔪᑦ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᖃᓲᒍᓚᐅᕐᑎᓇᒍ ᐊᑑᑎᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᑯᒪᐅᑎᑦᓴᓕᕆᔨᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᒡᒐᑕᕋᓱᐊᕐᑕᐅᓂᕕᓂᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᑎᓐᓄᑦ. ᐃᓚᒋᐊᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᑯᐊᐳᕇᓴᓐ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦᑕ ᐃᓕᑦᓯᕕᒋᓚᖓᕙᑎᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᑎᒥᖁᑎᒋᕙᖓᑦ ᑎᓕᔭᐅᒍᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᓂᐊᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓯᕗᒧᐊᑦᑎᓯᕙᓪᓕᐊᓗᓂᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᒍᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ. ᐃᓚᐅᔪᖁᑎᑐᐊᖃᕐᑐᖅ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᑉ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕈᑕᐅᓂᕕᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑌᒃᑯᓂᖓᓗ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑖᕐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᑉ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᑦ. ᓈᒻᒪᓴᖕᖏᑑᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ. ᑌᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕈᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᐃᑉᐱᒋᔭᖃᕆᐊᖃᕐᐳᖅ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑕᐅᑦᓯᐊᒪᖔᑕ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓄᓕᕆᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᐅᓯᑐᖃᓕᕆᓂᒃᑯᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑖᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᑯᑦ. ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᕐᒧᓗ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ ᑌᒃᑯᐊᓗ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒋᔭᐅᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᑎᒃ ᑐᖕᖓᕕ­ ᕿᑐᕐᖏᐅᕋᓱᐊᕐᓂᒥᓪᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐅᑎᕐᕕᐅᒍᑎᑦᓴᔭᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᒍᓐᓇᓯᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓲᖑᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ, ᐃᓄᓕᒫᑦ ᐆᒻᒪᑎᒻᒥᐅᑕᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᓲᖑᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ. ᑕᕐᕋᒥ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᐊᕐᓂᓄᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑦ ᐊᑐᐊᑦᓯᐊᓛᕐᖃᑎᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᑐᑭᓯᑎᑦᓯᒋᐊᕈ­ Makivik Corporation Makivik is the ethnic organization mandated to represent and promote the ᑎᑦᓴᓕᐊᕆᓯᒪᒐᑦᑎᒋᑦ ᐊᑑᑎᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ. ᐃᕐᖃᐅᒪᒋᐊᖃᕋᑦᑎᒋᑦ interests of Nunavik. Its membership is composed of the Inuit beneficiaries of the ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᓕᕐᑐᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᒍᑎᒋᓯᒪᒐᑦᑎᒋᑦ ᐃᓕᑦᓯᕕᒋᓗᒋᓪᓗ James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA). Makivik’s responsibility is to ensure the proper implementation of the political, social, and cultural benefits of ᐱᐅᓯᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᒍᑎᒋᓂᐊᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᒃ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᓕᐅᑦᓯᐊᕈᑎᒋᓗᒋᑦ. the Agreement, and to manage and invest the monetary compensation so as to enable the Inuit to become an integral part of the Northern economy. ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ As we mark the 40th anniversary of the James Bay and Northern Québec ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᓄᐃᑕᐅᕙᑉᐳᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᐅᑉ ᑐᓴᕋᕐᓴᓂᐊᕐᕕᖓᓄᑦ. ᑐᓂᐅᕐᖃᑕᐅᕙᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᑭᖃᕐᑎᓇᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑖᕐᑕᑐᓄᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ Agreement (JBNQA) signing, we have much to be proud of. This issue ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᑦ. ᑕᑯᓐᓇᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᐅᔪᓪᓗ ᑕᒡᒐᓂ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓴᖏᑦᑕ aims to put the JBNQA into an historical perspective. First beginning ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᙱᑕᖏᑦ. ᑐᙵᓱᑦᑎᓯᕗᒍᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᓕᕈᑦᓯ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᓕᐅᕐᑎᒧᑦ, ᑐᓴᕋᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᓂᓪᓗ, ᐊᑦᔨᖑᐊᓂᓪᓘᓐᓃᑦ. ᐊᑎᓯ, ᑐᕌᕈᑎᓯ (ᓯᓚᑏᑦ), ᐅᖄᓚᐅᑎᓯᓗ from the time before the politics and pressure from Hydro-Québec to ᐊᓪᓚᖃᓯᐅᑎᓗᒋᑦ. getting organized politically. This special edition of Makivik Magazine Makivik Magazine will inform you about JBNQA negotiations as well as those who were Makivik Magazine is published quarterly by Makivik Corporation. It is distributed opposed to this agreement. Those who negotiated this agreement as free of charge to Inuit beneficiaries of the JBNQA. The opinions expressed herein are not necessarily those of Makivik Corporation or its executive. We welcome well as those who were not in agreement with it both came from a place letters to the editor and submissions of articles, artwork, or photographs. Please of strength, which you find in the heart of all Inuit. Please read this issue include your full name, address, and telephone number. thoroughly as the aim while producing it was to give Nunavimmiut more ᒪᑭᕝᕕᑯᑦ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓴᖏᑦ information about Nunavik’s history. We must commemorate those who ᔫᐱ ᑕᕐᕿᐊᐱᒃ, ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᒪᕆᒃ ᒣᑯ ᑯᐊᑕ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᒻᒥ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᒪᕆᐅᑉ ᑐᖓᓕᖓ brought Nunavik to where it is today and learn from their experience as ᐋᑕᒥ ᑎᓖᓪ ᐊᓚᑯ, ᓄᑕᐅᓯᓕᕈᓐᓇᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᑦᓴᑕᕐᕕᓴᒥᒃ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᒻᒥ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᒪᕆᐅᑉ ᑐᖓᓕᖓ it will help guide Nunavik’s way to a brighter future. ᐋᓐᑎ ᐲᕐᑎ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᕆᔨᒻᒪᕆᒃ ᐋᓐᑎ ᒨᖃᐅᔅ, ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᑎᒻᒪᕆᖓ Makivik Executive Jobie Tukkiapik, President Michael Gordon, Economic Development Vice-President Adamie Delisle Alaku, Resource Development Vice-President ᐅᓈ ᓱᓇ? / WHAT IS THIS? Andy Pirti, Treasurer Andy Moorhouse, Corporate Secretary ᒪᑭᕝᕕᑯᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᓕᒫᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᑯᕐᓴᒪᕆᓐᓂᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᖁᔨᕗᒍᑦ, ᐊᓯᓕᒫᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᓵᓚᖃ­ᐅᑎᑖᕈᓐᓇᐳᑎᑦ/ᓵᓚᓐᓃᒍᑎᑖᕈᓐᓇᐳᑎᑦ $200.00-ᓂᒃ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᓯᓗ­ ­ᐊᑐ­ ᐱᕕᒋᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᑕᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᑐᓴᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᑕᐅᔪᑦᓴᓂᓪᓗ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᓕᐊᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᕈᕕᑦ ᐆᒥᖓ ­ᐊᑦᔨᖑ­ᐊᒥᒃ ᓇᓗᓇᕐᑐᓕᐊᖑᒪᔪᒥᒃ.­ ᑭ­ᐅᑦᔪᑎᑎᑦ ᓇᓚ­ᐅᑦᓯᒋ­ ᐱᑦᓯᐊᓯᒪᑎᑦᓯᓂᖃᓚᐅᕐᑐᓂᒃ. ᐊᕈᑎᒋᓗᒋᑦ ­ᐊᓪᓚᑕᕐᕕᑎᒍᑦ ­ᐊᐅᓪᓚᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ­ ­ᐅᕗᖓ 'ᓇᓗᓇᕐᑐᒥᒃ ­ᐊᑦᔨᖑ­ᐊᒥᒃ We wish to express our sincere thanks to all Makivik staff, as well as to all others who provided assistance and materials to make the production of this magazine ᐱᓕ­ᐅᑎᑎᑦᓯᕕᒻᒧᑦ' ­ᐊᑖᓂ ­ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓪᓚᑎᑦᓯᕕᑦᓴ­ᐅᓱᓂ ᓯᓚᑎᒧᑦ possible. ᑐᕌᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ­ᐅᕝᕙᓗᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᕆᑕ­ᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ­ᐊᓪᓚᑕᕐᕕᒃ ­ᐅᓇ ᑐᕌᕐᕕᒋᓗᒍ: ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᓕᐅᕐᑎ/ Editor [email protected]. ᑏᕓ ᒫᒃᑮ / Teevi Mackay ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᑉ ᐁᑉᐹᓄᑦ ᓄᑦᑎᕆᔨ/ Translation ᐋᓚᓯ ᕿᓐᓄᐊᔪᐊᖅ ᕿᑭ / Alasie Kenuajuak Hickey You could win $200.00 if you correctly ᐄᕙ ᐋᓗᐸ-ᐱᓗᕐᑑᑦ / Eva Aloupa-Pilurtuut guess what this mystery photo is. Mail ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᙳᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᑯᓐᓄᑦ your answer to ‘Mystery Photo Contest’ at Published by Makivik Corporation P.O. Box 179, Kuujjuaq, Quebec the address below or you can email your J0M 1C0 Canada answer to: [email protected]. ᐅᖄᓚᐅᑎᖓ / Telephone: 819-964-2925 *ᓵᓚᖃᐅᓯᐊᕋᓱᒍᑏᑦ ᑕᒃᑲᓂ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓕᖓᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ Makivik Corporation, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓂᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑕᕐᑕᑐᓄᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ. P.O. Box 179, Kuujjuaq, ᐅᑭᐊᖅ 2015 • ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑦ ᑭᓯᑦᔪᑎᓖᑦ 108-ᒥᒃ FALL 2015 • ISSUE 108 *Contest participation in this magazine is limited to Quebec J0M 1C0 Inuit beneficiaries of the JBNQA. ᓯᓚᑉᐱᐊᖓᓃᑦᑐᑦ: ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᓵᑐᕕᓃᑦ ᐊᑦᔨᖑᐊᒥᒃ ᓇᓚᐅᑦᓵᑕᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᒧᔭᐅᓛᕐᑐᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᑉ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᓄᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓄᑦ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓯᐅᕈᑕᐅᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓇᓗᓀᒃᑯᑕᓕᐊᕆᓯᒪᔭᖓ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᕕᒻᒪᕆᖓᓂ ᑎᓯᒻᐱᕆ 11, 2015-ᒥ. ᐊᑎᖓ ᑎᒍᔭᐅᕐᖄᑐᖅ ᑐᒦᑦ ᑐᓴᕋᑦᓴᓂᐊᕐᑏᑦ – ᑖᓐᓇ ᐃᓚᒋᓕᐅᑎᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓵᓚᓐᓃᒍᑎᑖᕐᑎᓗᒍ $200.00-ᓂᒃ ᓯᑕᒪᒋᐊᓪᓓᓗ ᐊᑎᖏᑦ ᑎᒍᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑕ ᓇᓗᓀᒃᑯᑕᖓᓂᒃ. ᐁᑭᑦᑐᑖᕐᑎᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᕐᓂᐊᕕᒃᑯᑦ ᑎᑭᑎᑦᓯᕕᐅᓛᕐᓗᑎᒃ.

th ᐃᓚᒋᐊᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑕ Cover: JBNQA 40 anniversary logo designed Special Edition by Tumiit Media – this design incorporates the ᐅᐱᒍᓱᓐᓂᖅ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᑦ Winners of the Mystery Photo Contest will be drawn at the Makivik head ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᑎᒻᒪᑕ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒍ Northern Quebec Inuit Association logo. ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ Honouring the 40th anniversary of the office on December 11, 2015. The first prize as noted is $200.00 and four James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement

ᐱᑦᔪᔨᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ ᐃᓄᖏᓐᓂᒃ Serving Nunavik Inuit subsequent t-shirt prizes will be mailed to the runners up.

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ISSN 1481-3041

2 04 ᐃᓗᓕᖏᑦ / CONTENTS

ᓄᓇᕕᒃ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᖃᓲᒍᓚᐅᕐᑎᓇᒍ 04 Nunavik before politics ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ 12 ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒨᓕᖓᑐᐃᓐᓇᑐᑦ Special features related to the JBNQA ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ 12 ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕈᑎᓖᑦ, ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᔪᑦ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᑕᐅᓂᖓᓗ The JBNQA negotiations, politics and signing ᐊᐱᕐᓲᑏᑦ ᑭᐅᒍᑎᖏᓪᓗ ᐱᖁᔭᓕᐅᕐᑎᒪᕆᐅᑉ 18 ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ 12 18 Q&A with Senator Charlie Watt ᐃᕐᖃᐅᒪᓂᓐ ᒫᒃ ᐅᔮᓂ ᑯᐊᑕᒥᒃ 26 Remembering Mark Ronnie Gordon ᐃᕐᖃᐅᒪᕉᑕᕆᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᓈᒻᒪᓴᖕᖏᑑᓂᕕᓂᖓᓂᒃ 34 ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ Recalling communities’ opposition to the JBNQA ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᓕᐅᕐᑕᐅᒍᑕᐅᓂᖓ 42 The making of a documentary ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᓴᖁᑎᓕᒫᖏᑦᑕ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᑦᓴᖏᑦ 46 A message from all Makivik executives 26 34 ᐅᖃᐅᓯᑦᓴᖏᑦ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᑕ, ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᒃ 58 ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᐅᑉ ᐅᖃᕐᕕᒪᕆᒻᒧᑦ, ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᑎᕕᑦ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᕕᒻᒥᑦ A message from the Premier of Quebec, Nunavik’s MP, the Kativik Regional Government and the Kativik School Board ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖏᑦᑕ ᐳᔪᖓᓂ 62 Air Inuit Propwash ᕘᔅᑎᐊᒃᑯᑦ 42 74 66 First Air ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᓕᐊᕕᓃᑦ 68 Nunavik Creations ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐱᖁᔭᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᖓᓐᓂᑦ 70 Legal Tips ᓄᓇᖃᑦᓯᐊᕋᓱᐊᕐᕕᒃ 72 Green Corner ᓂᓪᓕᐅᔨᒍᑎᖏᑦ ᓂᐋᔅᑯᑦ 74 A message from NEAS 82 89 ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔪᑦ 78 Nunavik Notes ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᑦ 82 Youth ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᖕᖑᐊᑏᑦ 88 Nunavik Players mag ­ a zine ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᑏᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᑎᕕᓂᖏᑦ 89 Nunavik Research Factsheet MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

3 ᑲᒻᐸᓂᒃᑯᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ­ᐊᑦᓰᖑ­ᐊᕐᓯᒪᓲᒍᕗᑦ “ᔩᓱᓯᖃᓚ­ᐅᕐᑎᓇᒍ ᑕᒫᓃᑦᓯᒪᔪᑦ—ᑲᒻᐸᓂᒃᑯᓄᑦ “ᑎᑭᑕᐅᕐᖄᓂᕋᒥᒃ”­ ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥ ­ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔨᓄᑦ ᑎᑭᑕ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕋᑎᒃ—ᑌᒣᒻᒪᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­ ­ᐊᓪᓚᑕ­ᐅᔪᑦ ᑌᔭᐅᒍᓯᖃᓚᕿᕗᖅ­ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖃᓚᐅᕐᑎᓇᒍ ‘­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖃᓚ­ᐅᕐᑎᓇᒍ’ ᓱᓇᒥᓪᓘᓃᑦ ᐱᔭᕆ­ᐊᑭᑦᑐᖃᖕᖏᓚᖅ. ᓱᓇᒥᓪᓘᓃᑦ ᑌᒣᓕᖓᑦᓭᓇᕐᑐ­ ᖃᖕᖏᓚᖅ. ­ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑕ­ᐅᔪᓕᒫᑦ ᐃᓚᑰᓲᒍᕗᑦ. ᑎᑭᑕᐅᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᑎᓇᒋᑦ BTA—Before ᓇᓗᓇᖕᖏᑐᖅ ­ᐊᓕ­ᐊᓇᕐᓂᓴᒻᒪᕆ­­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᓂᖓ ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥ­ᐅᓕᕐᑐᒥᓂᑦ, ­ᐊᕐᓱᕈᓐᓇᑐᒻᒪᕆ­ᐅᓯᒪᒻᒥᓱᓂ, ᐃᓕᐊᕐᕆᓇᕐᑐᑰᕐᓇᓱᓂ,­ ᑳᓐᓇᑑᑦᓱᓂ ᑐᖁᕋ­ ᐅᑎᓂᖃᕐᓱᓂᓗ. ᑎᑭᑕ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖕᖓᓂᖅ ­ᐊᓕ­ᐊᓇᕐᑐᑕᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐁᑦᑑᓯ­ The Agreement ᐊᕐᓇᑑᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂᓗ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᖁᔪᖃᕐᐸᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᑎᑭᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ­ᐊᑦᔨᒌᑦᑎᑕ­ᐅᖕᖏᓂᕐᑕᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓪᓗᖃᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᓂᖏᑦ ­ᐊᑦᔨᒋᔭ­ᐅᑎᑕ­­ᐅᖕᖏᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ­ᐅᒍᖃᑎᒥᑕ ᐃᓪᓗᖃᕐᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ,­ ᓯᑏᕙᓐ ᕿᐊᓐᑎᕆᐅᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᑕᕕᓂᖏᑦ ᑭᓯ­ᐊᓂ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᓄᑭᖃᕈᑕᐅᓂᕐᓴᒪᕆᐅᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ. By Stephen Hendrie ᑐᑭᓯᓇᕐᑎᒋᐊᑦᓯ­ ­ᐊᓗᒍ, ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ, ᑎᑭᓚ­ᐅᕐᑎᓇᒋᑦ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ [ᐃᓕᕋᓇᕐᑐᑦ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ ᖃᓪᓗᕆᑦᑐᑦ, ­ᐅᑦᑑᑎᒋᔭᒃᑲ ᓯᑳᑦᓰᑦ], ᓄᓇᕕ­ᐅᓂᕋᓕᕐᑕᕗᑦ ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒐᓴᕐᔪᐊᓂ­ ᓇᔪᕐᑕ­ ᐅᓯᒪᓕᕐᑐᖅ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᖃᑎᒌᓪᓚᕆᓲᒍᖕᖏᑐᑦ, ᓯᕿᓂᕐᒥᐅᒍᓂᕋᕐᑕ­ ­ ᐅᔪᑦ, ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᒍᓂᕋᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᑎᕕᒻᒥᐅᒍᓂᕋᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᔪᐃᓪᓗ, ᓄᓇᕐᖃ­ ᑎᒌᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᑲᑎᑎᑕᐅᖃᑎᒌᓲᒍᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᒪᐅᑎᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ ᐃᓕᕐᖁᓯᖃᑎᒌᓪᓚᕆᒻᒥᒐᑎᓪᓗ. ᓄᓀᑦ ­ᐊᑦᓯᔭ­ᐅᒍᓯᖃᓲᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓇᓃᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᓱᒋᑦ, ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᓪᓗ. ­ᐅᑦᑐᕋ­ᐅᑎᒋᑦᓱᒍ: ­ᐅᖓᕙᒥ­ᐅᑦ - ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᕆ­ᐅᑉ ᑐᑭ­ᐊᓃᑦᑐᑦ ­ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑲᖏᕙᒥ­ᐅᑦ - ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓗᐃᓕᕐᒥ­ᐅᑦ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ­ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑐ­ᐊᖏᑎᒍᑦ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭ­ ᐅᓲᖅ­ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ­ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓯᒪᓂᖓ. ­ᐅᑦᑐᕋᐅᑎᒋᑦᓱᒍ­ ᐊᓂᒌᕕᓃᒃ­ ᓇᔭᒌᕕᓃᒃ ᓯᕿᓂᕐᒥᑦ ᑕᕐᕿᒥᓪᓗ ᐱᓯᒪᓂᕋᕐᑕ­ ᐅᕘᒃ ᑭᖑᕚᖏᓪᓗ ­ᐊᕐᕕᓕᒻᒥᐅᕕᓂ­ ­ᐅᓂᕋᕐᑕᕕᓃᑦ ᐃᓄᒃᔪ­ᐊᒥ­ᐅᒍᓂᕋᕐᑕ­ ᐅᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᒧᑦ.­ “ᐃᓗᐃᓕᕐᒥ­ᐅᓂᒃ” ᐃᓄᖃᓲᒍᓂᕋᕐᑕᐅᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ­ ᖃᖏᕐᓱᒥ­ᐅᓂᒃ, 1930- ᓃᓕᕐᓱᑕ ᓯᑦᔭᒥᐅᖕᖑᓂᕐᒥᓱᑎᒃ.­ ᐆᒪᔪᖃᓕᑐᐃᓐᓇᑐᓄᑦ ᓄᓂᕚᑦᓴᖃᓕᑐ­ ᐃᓐᓇᑐᒧᓪᓗ ᓅᑦᑕᓲᕕᓃᑦ. ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ © HUDSON’S BAY COMPANY ARCHIVES, ARCHIVES OF MANITOBA, ALBUM 1/62 (N5152), J.L. COTTER J.L. (N5152), 1/62 ALBUM MANITOBA, OF ARCHIVES ARCHIVES, COMPANY BAY HUDSON’S ©

4 While Inuit nicknamed the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) “Here Inuit oral tradition passed down many stories about early life in the Before Christ”—because the HBC “arrived” in the Arctic before mission- region. For example it is said that the brother and sister who are the aries did—this piece is called BTA ‘Before the Agreement.’ origin of the sun and moon lived on the Ottawa Islands and their many Nothing is so simple. Nothing is so absolute. Nothing is so black descendants still live around Inukjuak. and white in any case. There was no doubt bliss before contact as there It is believed there were “inland Inuit” living on the shores of Payne is today, there was also extreme hardship, suffering, famine and vio- Lake, in one instance, eventually incorporated into coastal groups in lent murders. Initial contact had moments of awe and gift giving and the 1930s. Life was based on seasonal hunting and gathering which death. The post contact period continues to be marked by injustice and was based on animal migrations. unfairness in terms of the chronic gaps in living conditions between Inuit would typically meet for ceremonies, games, trading goods and Inuit and the rest of Canada, however the power dynamic has shifted matrimonial exchanges. An example of such an exchange was between significantly in favour of Inuit. an islander offering his ivory clad sled and harness to an interior hunter In slightly more detail, then, the time before contact with ­qallunaat, for a bale of skins and a complete suit of caribou clothing. (fearsome white men with bushy eyebrows, aka Scottish), the Nunavik Examples of fashionable clothing at the time included a feathered region we know today was occupied by Inuit for thousands of years. outer parka made of eider duck skins, polar bear pants, a fish skin chil- Regional groups of Inuit have been described, and mapped, such as dren’s parka, or a waterproof parka and trousers made of vertical strips the Siginirmiut, Tarramiut, and Itivimiut, each containing several local of seal gut. groups whose members intermarry and share linguistic and cultural characteristics. Distinct geographic terms existed to describe Inuit that used a net- work of camps, and human relations. Examples included: ungavamiut – Inuit who live toward the sea or the kangivamiut – Inuit who live toward the land. mag ­ a zine

ᑭᓚᓗᒐᕐᓂᐊᑎ ᐊᓐᓂᑐᕐᑐᖅ, ᕿᓚᓗᒐᕐᓯᐅᕕᒃ, 1872-ᒥ. MAKIVIK MAKIVIK A beluga hunter with his prey, Qilalugarsiuvik, 1872. 5 ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᔨᒻᒪᕆᖓ ᖃᑦᓴᓐ ᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓐᓂᐊᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑭᓪᓕᓂᕐᒥᐅᓂᒃ, 1934-ᒥ. Hudson’s Bay Governor visiting Killiniq, 1934. © CORPORAL C.K. MCLEAN FONDS/AVATAQ CULTURAL INSTITUTE/MCL-128 CULTURAL FONDS/AVATAQ MCLEAN C.K. CORPORAL © ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

6 ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑎᓲᕕᓃᑦ ᓇᓪᓕ­ᐅᓂᕐᓯ­ᐅᓇ­ᐅᓕᕐᒪᑦ, ᐱᖕᖑᐊᓂᖃᓕᕋᒥᒃ,­ Well before the purchase of Air Inuit, First Air and NEAS, ᐱ­ᐅᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᒐᕐᓂᒃ ᑕᐅᕐᓰᖃᑦᑕ­ ­ᐅᑎᓕᕋᒥᒃ ᑲᑎᑎᑕᐅᔪᖃᓕᕐᒪᓗ.­ Nunavimmiut were masters of transportation over water, land, ­ᐅᑦᑐᕋ­ᐅᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᑐᖓ ᕿᑭᕐᑕᒥ­ᐅᒥᒃ ᑐᒑᕕᓂᕐᒥᑦ ᖃᒧᓯ­ᐊᕕᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ­ᐊᓄᓂᓪᓗ and ice. Proximity to trees meant the umiaq was a common sight ᑕ­ᐅᕐᓰᖃᑎᖃᕐᑐᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᓗᐃᓕᕐᒥ­ᐅᒧᑦ ᒪᙯᑦᑎᒧᑦ ­ᐊᒥᕐᓂᒃ ᐁᑦᑐᑕ­ᐅᑦᓱᓂ along ocean coastlines and lakes. Umiaqs, qajaq and dogs were ᑐᒃᑐᔭᓕᒫᓂᓪᓗ ­ᐊᓐᓄᕌᕐᑖᑎᑕ­ᐅᑦᓱᓂ. integral modes of transport. ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ­ᐊᓐᓄᕌᑦᓯ­ᐊᒍᕙᓐᓂᒪᑕ ᒥᑏᑦ ­ᐊᒥᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᖁᓕᑦᑕᓕᐊᕕᓃᑦ,­ Tremendous ingenuity was used then (techniques still evident ᓇᓅᓪᓗ ­ᐊᒥᖓᓂᑦ ᖃᕐᓕᓕᐊᕕᓃᑦ,­ ᐃᖃᓗᕕᓂ­ᐅᓪᓗ ­ᐊᒥᖓᓂᑦ ᑲᒃᑲᓛᕐᓯ­ in the elaborate qamutik cabs seen today) with the transforma- ᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᑎᒌᑦ,­ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ­ ᐊᑎᒋᓕ­ ­ᐊᕕᓃᑦ ᓯᑦᓯᑐᓲᒍᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᖃᕐᓕᓕ­ᐊᕕᓃᓪᓗ tion of sleds into umiaqs at break-up, and the retransformation ᓇᑦᓯ­ᐅᑉ ­ᐊᕿ­ᐊᕈᖓᓂᑦ ᐃᕐᕋᕕᖏᓐᓂᓗ. into sleds at freeze-up. © FATHER JUILES DION, O.M.I/AVATAQ CULTURAL INSTITUTE/DIO-931 CULTURAL O.M.I/AVATAQ DION, JUILES FATHER © ᒪᙯᑦᑎ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᖅ, ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃ ᖃᕆᓴᖅ, ᖁᐊᕐᑕᒥ, 1963. A young hunter, Aupaluk Qarisak, Quaqtaq, 1963.

ᓂ­ᐅᕕᓚ­ᐅᕋᑎᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᕘᔅ ᐃ­ᐊᒃᑯᓂᒃ, Hunting was typically an individual activity, however it was ­ᐅᒥ­ᐊᕐᕈ­ᐊᓂᓪᓗ NEAS -ᑯᓐᓂᒃ, ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋ­ᐅᑎᖃᓲᕕᓂ­ vital to take advantage of natural migratory activity, and harvest ᐅᕗᑦ ᐃᒪᒃᑯᑦ, ᓄᓇᒃᑯᑦ ᓯᑯᒃᑯᓗ. ᓇᐹᕐᑐᓕᒻᒥ­ᐅᓗ ­ᐅᒥ­ᐊᖏᑦ ᑕᑯᑦᓴ­ᐅᓲᒍᑦᓱᑎᒃ as a collective, in order to store food for transition periods such ᓯᑦᔭᑰᕐᑐᑦ ᑕᓯᕐᒦᑐᐃᓪᓗ. ­ᐅᒥ­ᐊᑦ, ᖃᔦᑦ ᕿᒧᑦᓰᓗ ᐃᖏᕐᕋ­ᐅᑎ­ᐅᕙᓪᓗᓲᕕᓃᑦ. as the beginning of winter. A late August fishing expedition to ­ᐊᔪᐃᓐᓇᓲᒻᒪᕆᕕᓃᑦ [­ᐅᓪᓗᒥᒐᓚᒃ ᖃᒧᑏᑦ ­ᐅᓯᖃᕐᕕᓕᐅᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᓯᒪᓲᒍᕗᑦ] catch hundreds of migratory char in weirs is an example of this. ᖃᒧᑎᒥᓂᒃ ­ᐅᒥ­ᐊᖕᖑᑎᑦᓯᓲᒍᓐᓂᒪᑕ ᓯᑯᐃᕐᐸᓕᐊᓯᑐ­ ­ᐊᕐᒪᑦ, ᑌᒪ Caribou were hunted individually and collectively. As it took ᖃᒧᑎᖕᖑᑎᓂ­ᐊᓕᕐᒥᒐᒥᐅᒃ­ ᓯᑯᓯᑐᐊᕐᒥᒪᑦ.­ about 60 caribou skins to clothe a group of 30, collective hunting ᐃᒻᒥᓂᕐᓱᓱᑎᒃ ᒪᙯᕙᓪᓗᓲᕕᓃᑦ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑕᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ was needed. A group hunt at a river crossing was one such tech- ᒪᓕᒋᐊᖃᕋᒥᒃ,­ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓯᐅᑏᑦ­ ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᑦᓯᑯᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕋᓱᐊᓲᕕᓃᑦ,­ ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᑦᓴ­ᐅᓕᕐᐸᑦ nique where men would spear crossing caribou from their qajaq. ᓂᕿᑦᓴᕆᓛᕐᑕᒥᓂᒃ. ᐅᑦᑑᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᐳᖓ­ ᓴᐳᑎᓄᑦ ᐃᖃᓪᓕ­ᐊᓲᕕᓃᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᑉᐱ­ As Bernard Salladin D’Anglure has written in his article, Inuit ᖃᓕᑐ­ᐊᕐᒪᑦ ­ᐊ­ᐅᒡᒍᓯᐅᑉ­ ᓄᖕᖑ­ᐊᓂ. of Quebec, “At the time, the indispensible materials for Inuit ᑐᒃᑐᕋᓱᐊᓲᕕᓃᑦ­ ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᓯ­ᐊᓚᖓᑦᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᒥᓱᕌᓚᖓᑦᓱᑎᓪᓘᓃᑦ. were skins (for housing and bedding, boats and sled equip- ­ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᐱᖓᓲᒋᐊᖃᕋᔭᕐᒪᑕ­ ᑐᒃᑐᔦᑦ ­ᐊᒦᑦ ­ᐊᕙᑎᓪᓗ ᖁᓕᓪᓗᓄᑦ ment, clothing, cooking and food preservation) and meat and ­ᐊᓐᓄᕌᕐᑖᕆᔭ­­ᐅᓚᖓᓗᑎᒃ, ­ᐊᒥᓱᕌᕋᓱ­ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑐᒃᑐᕋᓱ­ᐊᓲᕕᓃᑦ. ᑰᒻᒥᒃ ᐃᑳᕐᑐᓂᒃ fat (for human and dog food, heating, lighting, and cooking) all ᑐᒃᑐᕋᓱᓲᒍᓐᓂᒥᔪᑦ ᐊᖑᑏᑦ­ ᓇ­ᐅᓚᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᔭᕐᑐᓱᑎᒃ. derived from wild game.” ­ᐊᑐ­ᐊᕋᑦᓴᓕ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᒪᑦ ᐱᐊᕐᓈᕐ­ ᓴᓚᑌ ᑖᖕᓘᕐ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑯᐯᒃᒥ­ᐅᑦ, He provides a description of what was used in a year, “A well- “ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ­ᐊᓯ­ᐊᓱᓐᓂᖏᑦᑐᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ­ᐊᒥᖏᓐᓂᒃ [ᑐᐱᓕ­ᐊᕆᕙᑦᓱᒋᑦ, off Tarramiut family of three adults and two children possessing ­ᐊ­ᐅᒻᒥᑎᓕᐊᕆᕙᑦᓱᒋᑦ,­ ­ᐅᒥ­ᐊᓕ­ᐊᕆᕙᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᖃᒧᑎᑦᓴᓕ­ᐊᕆᕙᑦᓱᒋᓪᓗ, a tent, a kayak, a dog team, and an umiak annually used about ­ᐊᓐᓄᕌᓕ­ᐊᕆᕙᑦᓱᒋᑦ, ᓂᕿᑦᓴᕆᕙᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᓂᕿᑦᓴᒥᓄᓪᓗ ᐴᓕ­ᐊᕆᕙᑦᓱᒋᑦ] 15 bearded seal skins, 25 ringed seal skins, and 40 caribou skins ᓂᕿᖓᓂᓪᓗ ­ᐅᕐᓱᖓᓂᓪᓗ [ᓂᕿᑦᓴᑖᓲᒍᑦᓱᑎᒃ, ᕿᒻᒥᖃ­ᐅᑎᑦᓴᑖᓲᒍᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ, (for clothing and bedding).” ᐸᕐᖄᕈᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ, ᐃᑯᒪᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ, ᐃᒐᐅᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ]­ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᑕᒥᓂᑦ.” It is fascinating to imagine what ‘first contact’ would have been ­ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓕᒫᒥ­ ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ, “ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᑦ­ ­ᐊᔪᕐᓴᖏᑦᑐᒪᕇᑦ like between Inuit and the first ship that sailed into view – seeking ᐃᓚᒌᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕇᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᓗ ᑲᒃᑲᓛᒃ ᑐᐱᓖᑦ, ᖃᔭᓖᑦ, ᕿᒧᑦᓯ­ the ‘Northwest Passage’ to China. Salladin D’Anglure includes a ᐅᑎᑦᓴᓖᑦ, ­ᐅᒥᐊᖃᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ­ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓕᒫᒥ ᖁᓕᓪᓗ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓪᓗᓂᒃ ­ᐅᑦᔫᑉ reference to a ‘first contact’ experience in 1610 on Digges Island ᕿᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑐᕈᓇᕕᓂ­ᐅᕗᑦ, ­ᐊᕙᑎᓪᓗ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓪᓗᓂᒃ ᓇᑦᓯᔭᓂᒃ, ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ with Henry Hudson. It reportedly began with “euphoria and an mag ­ a zine ­ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᓂᒃ ᑐᒃᑐᔭᓂᒃ [­ᐊᓐᓄᕌᑦᓴᒥᓂᒃ ­ᐊ­ᐅᒻᒥᑎᑦᓴᒥᓂᓪᓗ].” MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

7 ­ᐊᓕᐊᓇᕈᓇᕕᓂ­ ᐅᕗᖅ­ ᑕᑯᔪᖃᕋᔭᕐᓂᕈᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᖕᖑᐊᓱᓂ­ ‘ᑲᑎᓯᒋ­ᐊᖕᖓᑐᓂᒃ’ exchange of gifts,” and disintegrated into a “murderous assault.” The era ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᒥ­ ᐊᕐᑐᑐᓄᑦ­ ᑎᑭᑕᐅᒋ­ ᐊᖕᖓᑐᓂᒃ­ - ᓭᓇᓕ­ᐊᕋᓱᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ­ ‘ᑕᓪᓗᕈᑎᐅᑉ­ was that of ‘explorers’ flying the British, Danish or French flags. ᑕᕆ­ᐅᖓᑎᒎᕆᐊᕐᑐᕋᓱ­ ᐊᕐᑐᓂᒃ’.­ ᓴᓚᑌ ᑖᖕᓘᕐ ­ᐊᑐᐊᕋᑦᓴᓕ­ ­ᐊᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ Once it became clear the Northwest Passage was not via the Hudson ­ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑐᐊᕐᑕᖃᕐᒥᔪᑦ­ ‘ᑲᑎᓯᒋ­ᐊᖕᖓᑐᕕᓃᑦ’ ­ᐊᑑᑎᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ 1610-ᒥ Strait, explorer traffic diminished, to be replaced by fur traders. The ᕿᑭᕐᑕᓯᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᕿᐊᓐᓇᔨ­ ᖃᑦᓴᓐᒥᒃ. “­ᐊᓕ­ᐊᓇᕐᑐᒪᕆ­ᐊᓘᕐᖄᑐᕕᓂᕉᖅ British Hudson’s Bay Company, eventually established its first semi-per- ᐁᑦᑐᑑᑎᑦᓱᑎᓪᓘᓂᕋᒥᒃ”, ᑌᒪ “ᑐᖁᑕᐅᔪᖃᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂ­ ­ᐊᓕᕐᒪᑦ” ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭ­ ­ manent posts in Great Whale River in 1855, and Fort Chimo in 1830, fol- ᐅᔪᖅ. ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ‘­ᐅᒥ­ᐊᕐᑐᑏᑦ’ ᓭᒻᒪᓴ­ᐅᑎᓕᔭᓲᕕᓃᑦ ᐳᔨᑎᔅᒥ­ᐅᑦ, ᑌᓂᔅᒥᐅᑦ­ lowing overland expeditions in the previous decades, and the takeover ­ᐅᐃᒍᐃᓪᓗ ᓭᒻᒪᓴ­ᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ. of rival Northwest Company in 1821. ᖃ­ᐅᔨᑦᓯ­ᐊᑐ­ᐊᕋᒥᒃ ᑕᓪᓗᕈᑎᐅᑉ­ ᑕᕆ­ᐅᖓᑕ ᓄᕗᑎᒎᖕᖏᑑᒋᐊᖓᓂᒃ,­ The fledgling ‘Dominion of Canada’ began early explorations with ­ᐅᒥ­ᐊᕐᑐᑏᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᑐᑦ­ ᑖᕘᓈᓲᒍᒍᓐᓀᑐᕕᓃᑦ, ­ᐊᒥᕐᓂᒃ ᒥᕐᖁᓕᓐᓂᒃ a project to create five observation posts along the Hudson Strait dur- ᓂ­ᐅᕐᕈᑎᑦᓴᓯᐅᕐᑐᑦ­ ᑎᑭᑦᑕᖔᓲᒍᓯᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᑲᒻᐸᓂᖁᑎᖓ ᐳᔨᑎᓯᒥᐅᑦ,­ ing the winter of 1884-1885 to assess an Arctic shipping route for grain ᑰᑦᔪ­ᐊᕌᐱᒻᒥ ᓂ­ᐅᕐᕈᓯᕐᕕᓴᓕᐅᑫᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓯᔪᕕᓃᑦ­ ᑰᑦᔪ­ᐊᕌᐱᒻᒥ 1855-ᒥ, from western Canada to Europe from a port in Nelson or Churchill. The ᑰᑦᔪ­ᐊᒥᓪᓗ 1830-ᒥ, ᓄᓇᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᑎᑦᔭᓲᒍᓐᓂᒥᑦᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᓂ, spartan observation posts were in Port Burwell, Ashe Inlet, Stupart Bay, ᐃᓇᖐᓕᕐᓂᒥᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᕿᕋᕐᒥᓂᒃ­ Northwest Company-ᑯᓐᓂᒃ 1821-ᒥ. Nottingham Island and Digges Island. ᐱᒋᐊᕐᐸᓕ­ ᐊᑎᓪᓗᒍ­ ‘ᑳᓇᑕ’ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓴᕐᐸᓕᐊᔪᖃᓕᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ­ ᓄᐃᑦᓯᓂ­ᐊᕐᑐᓂᒃ In yet another jurisdictional “stroke of a pen” as described colour- ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓂᒃ ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᕝᕕᓴᓂᒃ ᓄᕗᒻᒥ ᐅᑭ­ ᐅᒥ­ 1884-1885-ᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ fully in numerous speeches by CBC commentator Zebedee Nungak, ­ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥ­ ᐅᒥ­ ­ᐊᕐᕈ­ᐊᑉ ­ᐊᕐᖁᑎᑦᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᓯᔪᑦᓴ­ ᐅᑉ­ ᓂᕿᑦᓴᔭᑦᓴᔭᓂᒃ ᑲᓇᑕ­ Quebec acquired the Nunavik region from the Northwest Territories in ᐅᑉ ᑲᓇᓐᓂᖓᓂᑦ ᑕᕆ­ᐅᑉ ­ᐊᑭ­ᐊᓄᑦ ­ᐅᒥ­ᐊᕐᕈ­ᐊᓕᕆᕕᒻᒥᑦ ᓂᐊᓪᓴᓐᒦᑦᑐᒥᑦ­ the 1912 Quebec Boundaries Extension Act. The provision in the Act ᑰᑦᔪ­ᐊᕌᓗᒻᒦᑐᒥᓪᓘᓃᑦ. ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᕝᕕᓭᑦ ᓇᑉᐸᑕᐅᓯᒪᒍᓗᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᕐᖁᑦ­ ᐅᑯᓇᓂ­ to “engage in treaty-making with the Aboriginal residents” was essen- ᑭᓪᓕᓂᕐᒥ, Ashe Inlet-ᒥ, ­ᐊᓂᐅᕙᕐᔪ­ ­ᐊᒥ, ᑐᑦᔮᓂᓪᓗ ᕿᑭᕐᑕᓯᓂᓪᓗ. tial to engage Quebec (notably Hydro-Québec) in the eventual James ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᒥᓄᑦ “­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᑲᓪᓚᑐᐃᓐᓇᓱᑎᒃ” ­ᐅᖄᓯᒪᒻᒥᔭᖓ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ Bay and Nothern Québec Agreement (JBNQA). ᓰᐲᓰᒃᑯᑦ ­ᐅᖄᔨᖓᑦᑕ ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓ­ᐅᑉ, ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᑖᓚ­ The life of Nunavik Inuit was documented for international audi- ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᒥᑦ­ 1912-ᒥ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᐃᓓᒋᐊᕈᓐᓇᓂᕐᒧᑦ­ ences by Robert Flaherty’s famous film Nanook of the North shot in ᐱᖁᔭᕐᒥᑎᒍᑦ. ᐱᖁᔭᖅ ᐱᕕᑦᓴᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖃᕐᓂᒪᑦ “ᐊᖏᖃᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᓂᕐᒥᒃ­ Inukjuak in the early 1920s. As with many interactions with qallunaat

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᖃᖏᓐᓂᒃ” ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ [ᑯᐯᒻᒥ ᐃᑯᒪ­ᐅᑎᓕᕆᔩᑦ] ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ - explorers, whalers, fur traders, and RCMP officers - more than just a ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᓕᕐᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ. movie was produced. ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

8 ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᖏᑦ ᐊ­­ᐅᓚᔫᓕ­ᐊᕆᔭ­ᐅᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒥ­ The early part of the 1900s was also marked by tremendous com- ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ­ᐅᔮᐳ ᕕᓕᐊᑎᒧᑦ­ ᑌᔭ­ᐅᓂᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓇᓄᖅ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ­ᐅᖅ petition between the Hudson’s Bay Company and rival Revillon Frères. ᐃᓄᒃᔪᐊᒥ­ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᓕ­ᐊᒍᑦᓱᓂ 1920 ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ­ ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂ. ᖃᓪᓗᓈᓂᒃ Trading Posts would be strategically opened in the effort to obtain ᑲᑎᒪᑦᓯᔪᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᑌᒣᓐᓇᓲᒍᒻᒪᑦ - ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓴᕐᑎᓂᒃ, ᕿᓚᓗᒐᕐᓯ­ the most furs. In some communities both companies opened posts. ᐅᑎᓂᒃ, ­ᐊᒥᕐᓂᒃ ᒥᕐᖁᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᓂ­ᐅᕕᕋᕐᑎᓂᒃ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᓪᓗ­ ᐳᓖᓯᒃᑯᖏᓐᓂᒃ In 1924 a white fox pelt was worth $39.00 (the equivalent of $546.00 - ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᔫᓪᓗ ᐱᖕᖑᑎᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑑᒥᒐᑎᒃ ᑌᑰᓇ ! in 2015 dollars). 1900 ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᖃᒥ­ ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᓕᐅᑦᔨᔪᒻᒪᕆ­ ­ᐅᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ Missionaries also moved into the region, further changing funda- ᑲᒻᐸᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᕆᕓ ᕕᕃᒃᑯᓗ. ᒥᕐᖁᓕᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᒥᕐᓂᒃ ᓂ­ᐅᕕᕐᕕᓴᒥᓂᒃ mental aspects of Inuit life, as traditional shamans were banned by mis- ᓇᑉᐯᖃᑦᑕᓂᕐᒥᔪᑦ ᐱᓕ­ᐅᑦᔨᔪᒻᒪᕆ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓇᓪᓕᖏᑦ ­ᐅᓄᕐᓂᐹᓂᒃ sionaries. Inuit were baptized into Christian beliefs. Shamans reportedly ᓂ­ᐅᕕᕈᓐᓇᒪᖔᑕ. ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᑕᒣᓐᓂᒃ ᓂ­ᐅᕕᕐᕕᑕᖃᓲᕕᓃᑦ. disappeared by 1930. 1924-ᒥ ᖃᑯᕐᑕᖅ ᑎᕆᒐᓐᓂ­ᐊᖅ ­ᐊᑭᖃᕐᓂᖁᖅ $39.00-ᓂᒃ. [$546.00 Major events such as the Great Depression, Hudson’s Bay Company ­ᐊᑭᓪᓗ­ᐊᕆᓕᕐᑕᖓ 2015-ᒥ]. store closings, and World War II caused great stress on Inuit society. The ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔩᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒨᓲᒍᓕᕐᓂᒥᔪᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᑦᔩᖃᑕ­ subsequent military installations in Fort Chimo and Inukjuak, and greater ᐅᓕᕐᒥᓱᑎᒃ, ᐱᖁᓯᑐᖃᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᖓᒃᑯᖃᖁᔨᒍᓐᓀ­ ­ᓂᕐᒪᑕ ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔩᑦ. and greater introduction of competing government services (Canada ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᑉᐱᑐᖕᖑᑎᑕ­ᐅᕙᓕᕐᑐᕕᓃᑦ. ᐊᖓᒃᑯᖃᕈᓐᓀᓂᕋᕐᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ 1930 and Quebec), as well as competing religions (Catholic and Anglican pri- ᑎᑭᑦᓱᒍ. marily) caused additional turmoil. ᐱᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᔪ­ᐊᖃᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᑮᓇ­ᐅᔭᖅ ᑲᑕᑦᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂ ᓯᓚᕐᔪ­ᐊᓕᒫᒥ, ᑲᒻᐸᓂᒃᑯᑦ Fundamental societal behaviour shifts took place as traditional prac- ᓂᐅᕕᕐᕖᑦ­ ᐅᒃᑯ­ ᐊᓂᖃᖃᑦᑕᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ,­ ᓯᓚᕐᔪ­ᐊᒥᐅᓪᓗ­ ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᓂᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ II-ᒥᒃ tices of life based on nomadic, seasonal hunting gradually shifted by ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᒐᓱ­ᐊᒻᒪᕆᓐᓇᑐᒃᑰᓯᒪᕗᑦ. ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑏᑦ ᐃᓂᓕ­ᐅᕐᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᕕᓃᑦ ᑰᑦᔪ­ᐊᒥ the 1960s into a more sedentary life in ‘permanent wooden houses’ in ᐃᓄᑦᔪ­ᐊᒥᓪᓗ, ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓗ ᐱᒍᑦᔨ­ᐅᑎᒥᒍᑦ ᐱᓕ­ᐅᑦᔨᔪᒻᒪᕆ­ᐅᓯᑦᓱᑎᒃ [ᑲᓇᑕ­ larger communities. ᐅᑉ ᑲᕙᒪᖓ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᓗ ᑲᕙᒪᖓ], ­ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔨᖃᕐᕖᓗ ᐱᓕᐅᑦᔨᓯᒻᒥᓱᑎᒃ­ Inuit began to benefit from newly developed national programs [ᑲᑐᓕᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᖕᓕᑲᒃᑯᓗ]­ ᐱᒐᓱᐊᒻᒪᕆ­ ᐅᑎ­ ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᓪᓚᒥᑦᓱᑎᒃ. such as family allowances. Thus in the early 1950s the annual individual ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱ­ᐅᓯᕐᒥᒍᑦ ­ᐊᓯᑦᔨᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᓯᔪᕕᓃᑦ ᐱ­ᐅᓯᖃᕐᓯᒪᒐᒥᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ income of an Inuk in Arctic Quebec was $90.00 ($908.00 in 2015). The ᓇᔪᕐᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓅᑦᑕᓲᕕᓂ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ‘ᐃᓪᓗᕈᐊᓂᒃ­ ᕿᔪᒻᒥᑦ ᓴᓇᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ’ estimated population of Nunavik in 1951 was 2,244 (over 10,000 in 2015). ­ᐊᓇᕐᕋᖃᓲᒍᓯᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᔪᕕᓃᑦ 1960-ᓃᓕᕐᓱᑕ ᑕᕝᕙᓂᑦᓭᓈᑐᐃᓐᓇᓲᒍᓯᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ Inuit were granted the right to vote in federal elections in 1950, ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᒋ­ᐊᑦᑑᓂᕐᓴᓂ. though for all practical purposes this was useless as electoral ballots

ᐊᐅᐸᓗᒃ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᑐᖅ ᖃᒧᕌᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᖃᔭᓕᐅᕐᑐᒥᒃ, ᖁᐊᕐᑕᒥ, 1963-ᒥ. Aupaluk watching over Qamuraaluk making a qajaq, Quaqtaq, 1963. © FATHER JUILES DION, O.M.I/AVATAQ CULTURAL INSTITUTE/DIO-9889 CULTURAL O.M.I/AVATAQ DION, JUILES FATHER © mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

9 ᐱᐊᓪ ᒍᐃᓪᒫᑦ 10-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐅᓐᓄᑐᒃᑯᑦ ᓯᕿᓂᖅ ᓂᐱᓯᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᔪᓓᒥ ᐃᓄᒃᐸᑯᑦ ᐃᓚᒌᑦ ᐊᐅᔭᕐᓯᐅᕕᖓᓂ, 1958-ᒥ. Bill Willmott at 10 p.m. sunset in July at Inukpuk camp, Inukjuak, 1958. © FATHER JUILES DION, O.M.I/AVATAQ CULTURAL INSTITUTE/DIO-9889 CULTURAL O.M.I/AVATAQ DION, JUILES FATHER ©

ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑖᕐᐸᓕ­ᐊᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᑖᓂᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᔭ­ᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ, 1960-ᓃᓕᕐᓱᑕ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᑎᒍᑦ­ ­ᐅᑦᑐᕋ­ᐅᑎᒋᑦᓱᒍ ᑲᒃᑲᓛᕐᓯ­ᐅᑏᑦ. 1950-ᓃᑦᑐᑦ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᒃ ­ᐊᓯᑦᔨᕙᓪᓕ­­ᐊᓂᕐᒦᓯᔪᕕᓃᑦ. ᐹᓪ ᐳᓭᕐ 1995-ᒥ ­ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ, ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᓯᖅ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂᒥᐅᖅ­ ᑮᓇ­ᐅᑦᔭᓲᕕᓂᖅ $90.00-ᓂᒃ [$908.00 1960-ᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᖓᒍᑦ, ᑕᕐᕋᖅ ᐃᓱᒫᓗᒋᔭᐅᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖅ,­ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­ ᑯᐯᒻᒥ ᓈᒻᒪᖁ­ᐊᖏᑦ 2015-ᒥ]. ᒥᑦᓴ­ᐅᓵᕐᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ 1951-ᒥ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ­ᐅᓄᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᑎᒍᑦ­ ᐃᓅᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓕᕐᖁᓯᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᐊᓯᑦᔨᑐᕐᓂᒪᕆᖃᓯᑎᓪᓗᒍ,­ 2,244 [10,000 ­ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ ᓈᒻᒪᖁ­ᐊᖏᑦ 2015-ᒥ]. ᐃᓱᒪᓗᒋᔭ­ᐅᓯᑦᓴ­ᐅᑎᒋᔪᕕᓂᖅ. [ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ] ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᓯᓯᔪᕕᓃᑦ ­ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓂᕈ­ᐊᕈᓐᓇᑐᖕᖑᑎᑕᕕᓃᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᑦ ᓂᕈ­ᐊᕐᓂᖃᓕᕐᐸᑕ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᒥᓂᒃ. ᑎᓕᔭ­ᐅᒍᑎᑖᕐᑎᓱᒋᑦ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ­ᐅᒍᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᑖᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᑕᕐᕋᒨᕆ­ ᓂᕈ­ᐊᕈᓐᓇᓱᑎᒃ 1950-ᓃᑦᓱᑕ, ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ ᐊᑑᑎᖃᓪᓗ­ ­ᐊᑑᔮᕐᓂᕋᓂ ᓂᕈᐊᕈᑏᑦ­ ᐅᕐᑐᑦ, ᐅᐃᒍᐃᑦ,­ ᐃᓅᓱᑦᑑᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᑦᓱᙰᑦᑐᒪᕆᐅᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ,­ ᐱᑦᔪᑎᖃᓪᓚᕆᑦᓱᑎᒃ: ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᐊ­ᐅᓪᓚᑎᑕ­ ᐅᒋ­ ­ᐊᖕᖓᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᐅᑭ­ ­ᐅᕐᑕᑑᑉ ᐅ­ᐊᓕᓂᖓᓃᑦᑐᓄᑐ­ ­ᐊᖅ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᒋ­ᐊᕐᑐᓂᕐᒥᒃ.” 1962-ᒥ ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᑦ ᓂᕈ­ᐊᕐᓂᖃᕐᑎᓯᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂ­ᐅᑉ ᓯᕗᓂ­ᐊᓗ­ᐊᒍᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᓯᐊᕌᓗᐃᑦ­ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᑕᒪᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᑕᑯᑦᓱᒋᑦ 2015-ᒦᓕᕐᓱᑕ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᕆᐊᑦᓯ­ ­ᐊᓇᓕᕐᖁᖅ ᓱᔪᖃᕐᓂ­ ᓄᐃᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᕗᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᑑᖕᖏᑲᓗᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ­ ᑌᔭᒃᑲ ᑖᒧᓯ ᖁᒪᖅ, ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ,­ ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᐱᔭᕆ­ᐊᑐᔪᒃᑰᕈᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂ. ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓᖅ, ᔮᓂ ᐱᑕ, ᒫᒃ ᑯ­ᐊᑕ, ᒥ­ᐊᔨ ᓭᒪᓐ, ᓰᓚ ᒍ­ᐊᑦ ᑯᓘᑦᓭ. ᐱᔭᕆᐅᑐᔪᒃᑰᕈᑎ­ ᐅᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒍ­ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᒍᒪᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓕᐅᑦᔨᒍᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᓂᖓ­ ᑖᒃᑯ­ᐊᑕᒐ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᓂ, ᑲᓇᑕᓕᒫᒥ ᓯᓚᕐᔪ­ᐊᓕᒫᒥᓪᓗ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎ­ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᑕ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᓗ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᑕ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­ᐅᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᕐᒨᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᑖᒧᓯ ᖁᒪᕐᓗ ᒫᒃ ᑯᐊᑕᓗ­ ᕿᒪᑦᑎᒋᓯᒪᓕᕐᑕᕗᑦ ᓲᑭᐊᒍᒐᓗ­ ᐊᖅ.­ ­ᐊᓪᓚᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᓃᒻᒪᑦ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᔨᒻᒪᕆᖃᕐᕕᒧᑦ ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑎ­ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᑖᕆᐊᖃᓕᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ­ᐊᓪᓓᓗ ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ 1939-ᒥ; ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᑦ­ ᐳᓖᓯᒃᑯᖏᑦᑕ ᑯᔩᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᑎᒍᑦ­ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᔭᕆ­ᐊᕐᐸᓕᓯᓐᓂᒪᑕ, ᓱᑲᑦᑐᒥᓪᓗ ᕿᒻᒦᔦᓂᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ 1950-ᓃᑦᓱᑕ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᒥᓂᑦ ᓄᑦᑎᖁᔨᒐᑎᒃ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᖃᑕ­­ ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖃᓯᑦᓱᑎᒃ [ᐊᕐᕌᒎᒃ­ ᒪᕐᕈᑐᐃᓐᓈᒃ ᒥᑦᓯᑎᒍᑦ]. ᕿᒻᒦᔦᓚᕿᑦᓱᑎᒃ; ᐃᓄᐃᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᑦᔪ­ᐊᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᒥᑦᓯᒪᑕᓕᒻᒥᐅᓗ­ ᖁᑦᓯᑐᒧᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᓴᒡᒐᕈᑎᐊᓗᐃᑦ­ ­ᐅᑕᕐᕿᒪᑕ ! ᑲᓇᑕ­ᐅᑉ ᑲᕙᒪᖓ ᓄᑦᑎᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᖃᐅᓱᐃᑦᑐᒧᑦ­ ­ᐊ­ᐅᔪᐃᑦᑐᒧᓪᓗ 1950-ᓃᑦᑐᑦ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ­ᐊᑐᓕᕐᑎᓯᑦᑌᓕᓯ­ᒪᔪᕕᓂᐅᓂᕋᕐᑕᖅ­ ᐱᖁᔭᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂᒃ ᐊ­­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᒍᑎᒋᒍᓐᓇᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᓄᖕᖑᐊᓂ­ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᓄᑦ­ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕐᑖᕆᔭᐅᖁᔨᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ ᖁᑦᓯᑐᒥᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ; [ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᓅᑦᑕᑐᑦ, ᐃᒪᕐᓯᐅᑏᑦ­ ᐆᒪᔪᐃᑦ, ᑰᑦ ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­ ᐅᒍᓪᓖᑦ,­ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ­ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ­ᐊᕕᑦᑎᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᕿᑐᕐᖓᕆᔭ­ᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓚᒥᓂᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᕆ­ᐊᕐᑎᑕ­ ᐃᒪ­ᐅᑉ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ], ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᒍᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᖃᕆ­ᐊᖃᓯᑦᓱᑎᒃ. ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᖁᐊᕐᓵᖓᓇᕐᑐᑰᕐᓯᒪᒍᑎᒋᑦᓱᒍ­ ᐊᓪᓚᑕ­ ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᓃᒻᒪᑦ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᓱᓕᔪᒥᒃ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᑯᒪᓐᓂᐊᑎᖁᑎᓕᕕᓃᑦ — ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᓚᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᓭᒻᒪ­ᐅᑎᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᒃ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓴᕐᑏᑦ ᑐᓴᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᓕ­ᐊᕕᓂᖏᓐᓂ. — ᐊᖏᖃ­ᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᑎᒋᓯᑦᓱᒋᑦ­ [ᑕᑯᔭᐅᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᐱᖃᕐᓂᕋᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᑑᖕᖏᑑᒐᓗᐊᑦ,­ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­ ᑐᑭᓯᒍᑎ­ᐅᕗᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕈᑎᓕᓐᓄᑦ]. ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᑦ ­ᐅᓚᐱᑕ­­­­­ᐅᓯᒪᓪᓚᕆᒋ­­­ᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓅᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᓄᑦ, ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᓗ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎ­ᖏᓐᓃᕋ­ᑕᕐᓂᖏᑦᑐᑦ ! ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑏᑦ ᐃᒻᒥᓂᒃ ᓴᐳᒻᒥᒐᓱᐊᕆ­ ᑲᕙᒪᖓ ᑲᒪᒍᒪᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᓯᔪᕕᓂᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ­ᐅᓂᒃ - ᐅᑭ­ ­ᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥ ᐱᑦᓴᖑᕈᓐᓇ­ ᐊᖃᓯᔪᕕᓃᑦ ᑌᒣᓕᖓᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᑐᕐᑕᖃᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ 1960-ᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᓂᖏᓐᓂ 1970-ᓃᑦᑐᓗ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᓯᑦᓱᑎᒃ.

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ‘ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­ᐅᑎᖏᑦ’ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᑎᑦᓯᒍᑕᐅᕙᓪᓕ­ ­ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ ᓄᐃᖕᖏᓗ­ᐊᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᓄᐃᑕ­ ᐊᓯᔪᕕᓃᑦ, ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­ᐅᑎᖏᑦ’ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒥ­ ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᓂ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ, ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒥᓪᓗ­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᕝᕕᖏᑦ.

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᑐᓴᕐᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᓪᓚᕆᒐᑎᒃ. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓ ᓯᕗᓕᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ­ 10 ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱ­ᐊᕐᑐᓂᒃ. ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ “ᐃᓚᒌᓴᒃᑯᑦ” ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᓐᓂᒥᔪᑦ ­ᐊᕕᑦᓯᒪᓂᖃᖕᖏᓂᕐᓴ­ᐅᒐᔭᕐᖁᓕ, ᐃᓕᕐᖁᓯᕐᒨᓕᖓᓂᕐᓴᐅᒐᔭᕐᓱᓂᓗ.­ ᑕᑯᒋ­ 1967-ᒥ. ᑲᓇᑕᒥᑦᑕᐅᖅ,­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᓴᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ 1971-ᒥ ᓄᐃᑕ­ ᐊᑦᓯᐊᓱᒍ­ ᑌᒣᒍᓐᓇᕋᔭᕐᑑᔮᕐᓂᖏᑦᑐᖅ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­ ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥ, ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᑦᓴᖃᓕᕐᓱᑕ ᐅᓐᓂᒥᔪᑦ [ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓚᔭ­ᐅᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ],­ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᒍᖃᑎᒌᑦ­ ᐅᖃᒻᒪᕆ­ ᐅᑎᓕ­ ­ᐊᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ­ ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥ­ᐅᓕᒫᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᔪ­ᐊᖓ 1977-ᒥ ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᑎᑕᕕᓂ­ᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᓂ­ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᐃᒻᒪᖄ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᔨᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᖃᕐᓂᕗᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᒥ­ ­ ᐊᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ­ᐅᓂᒃ, ᑲᓛᓯᒥ­ᐅᓂᒃ, ­ᐊᓛᔅᑲᒥ­ᐅᓂᒃ ­ᐅᔭᓴᒥ­ᐅᓂᓪᓗ ᐅᒍᖃᑎᑦᑕ ᐃᓱᒻᒪᓯᖏᑎᒎᓪᓗᐊᖏᓐᓂᓴ­ ­ᐅᓕᕋᔭᕐᑐᑦ, ᐱᓇᓱ­ᐊᕐᐸᓕ­ᐊᓯᑎᓪᓗᑕ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᒥ­ ᐅᒍᖃᑎᒌᑎᒍᑦ­ [ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᒥᐅᒍᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᓚᔭᐅᓕᕐᑐᑦ­ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᐃᓅᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᑦᔨᒌᑦᑎᑕ­ ­ᐅᓂᓕᒻᒥᒃ. ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥ]. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᕿᓄᐃᓵᕐᓯᒪᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᑦ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᐱᓇᓱ­ ᐃᓘᓐᓈᒍᑦ ᐃᓱᒻᒪᓯᖓ ‘ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᕐᓂᒧᑦ’ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᐊᕐᑕ­ᐅᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ, ‘ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ’. ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᕐᑕᑐᖅ ᑕᒐᑕᒐ ᓯᕗᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂ­ᐅᑉ, ᑲᓇᑕᒧᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᕕᑦᓴᑖᕆᔭ­ᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ, ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᓯᑐᐃᓐᓇ­ᐅᖏᑦᑐᒥᓪᓗ ­ᐊᑦᔨᐅᖏᓐᓂᓴᓪᓚᕆ­ ᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ.­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᓂᖃᓪᓚᕆᓐᓂ­ ᐊᓕᕐᒪᑕ­ ᓄᓇᒥᓂ, ‘­ᐊᖏᖃ­ᑎᒌᒍᑎᓕᐅᕐᓯᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ’­­ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ­ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇ­ᐅᕗᑦ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᔩᑦ ᓄᐃᑦᓯᒋ­ᐊᖃᓚᕿᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇ­ᐅᑉ ­ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­ᐅᒍᓯᑦᓴᖓᓂᒃ, ᐃᓐᓄᑕ­ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎ­ᐅᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓱᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᑎᒎᖃᑦᑕᕋᓗ­ᐊᕋᒥᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᑐ­ ᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ᐃᓄᓐᓄᓗ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭ­ᐅᓂᐊᕐᑐᓂᒃ­ ᐱᖓᓱᐃᓚᕿᖓᔪᓂᒃ ‘ᓄᓇ­ᐅᑉ ᐃᓐᓇᓲᒍᓂᕐᒥᓄᑦ ᐱᒡᒐᑕᕋᓱᐊᕐᓯᑎ­ ­ᐅᓂᕐᒥᓄᓪᓗ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᕐᒥᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­ᐅᓂᑦᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ’. ᐃᓕᕐᖁᓯᕐᒥᓂᓪᓗ ᐱ­ᐅᓕ­ᐊᕈᑦᔨᓗᑎᒃ ᑭᖑᕚᕆᓚᕐᑕᒥᓂᒃ. ᐃᓱᓕ­ᐅᑎᒋᓗᒍ, ­ᐊᐱᕐᓲᑎᑦᓴᒥᒃ ᓄᐃᔪᖃᕐᐳᖅ ᓱᒧᑦ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᔩᑦ [“ᓯᓚᕐᔪ­ ᐊᒥ­ᐅᒍᖃᑎᕗᑦ”], ᑌᑦᓱᒨᓇ ᐃᓱᒪᖃᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑑᒋᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ ‘ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ’

were only first sent to communities in the Eastern Arctic in the 1962 under its control (migratory birds, marine mammals, navigable rivers, federal election. and the Canada Water Act), essentially agreeing with Quebec demands. Looking at this period from the vantage point of 2015 it is possi- Quebec meanwhile essentially had Hydro-Québec - the developer ble to observe major events that have caused immense suffering to – as a main negotiator (unseen in comprehensive claims negotiations). Nunavik Inuit. Aboriginal rights in the Canadian Charter did not yet exist. The Inuit These include the highly offensive jurisdictional battles between leaders were left to fend for themselves in these conditions leading to Canada and Quebec relating to Nunavik Inuit as the JBNQA. illustrated in the Supreme Court Decision RE: Eskimo The years immediately leading to the 1939; the RCMP dog slaughters of the 1950s moti- signing of the JBNQA also coincided with vated to keep Inuit in communities; the relocation the creation of regional, national, and of Inuit from Inukjuak and Pond Inlet to the High International Inuit organizations. In Nunavik Arctic communities of Resolute Bay and Grise Fiord the Northern Quebec Inuit Association in the late 1950s in order to assert Canadian sov- (NQIA) lead the James Bay negotiations. ereignty; and the separation of Inuit children from Meanwhile the “Fédération des cooper- families to attend residential schools with the result- atives du Nouveau Québec” (FCNQ) was ing traumas as chronicled in the recent Truth and launched in 1967. At the national level, the Reconciliation Commission Final Report. Inuit Tapirisat of Canada formed in 1971

This is not an exhaustive list, but serves to indi- A INSTITUTE/TAN CULTURAL TANNER/AVATAQ ADRIAN © (now Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami), and the Inuit cate the extreme disruption to Inuit society as the ᑖᒥ ᐸᓕᓴ ᓯᒃᑮᔪᖅ ᖁᑭᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᖁᕕᐊᓱᕝᕕᒥ ᕿᒧᑦᓯᑐᑦ Circumpolar Conference was created in 1977 province of Quebec and Canada began to swing ᓱᑲᓕᐅᑎᓯᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐃᓄᒃᔪᐊᒥ 1958-1959-ᒥ. to represent Inuit from Canada, Greenland, their attention northward – to the bountiful riches of Tommy Palliser firing a gun to start the Christmas dog Alaska, and Russia at the international level team race, Inukjuak 1958-1959. the Arctic. In the late 1960s and early 1970s notions (now Inuit Circumpolar Council). of ‘Aboriginal rights’ domestically were in their infancy, and ‘Indigenous When you consider the whole concept of ‘land ownership’ among Rights’ at the international level were virtually unheard of. Inuit in the decades leading to the JBNQA, it was radically different. This Furthermore, the Quebec context in the early 1960s was nothing contributed to deep divisions among Inuit in the region, eventually, as short of revolutionary. As Paul Bussières wrote in 1995, “prior to 1960, these notions were intrinsic to the Crown’s absolute need for establish- the North had never been a concern, but with the nationalist fervor ing land use, occupation, and Inuit owned lands in three different cat- awakened by the Quiet Revolution, the job was done in double quick egories of ‘land use.’ time. [Quebec] started to dispatch civil servants by the handful. Their As a concluding thought, one has to ask why the Crown (essentially main mandate was to occupy the territory. These newcomers, franco- “Western Society”) could not, at the time, ever contemplate concepts phones of course, were young and enthusiastic, and their intentions of ‘ownership’ that would be less horribly divisive, and more culturally were candid: they had come to conquer.” appropriate. In hindsight it appears an impossibility, but today, with Exceptional Inuit leaders emerged in Nunavik during the decades instruments such as the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of before the Agreement. The list includes Tamusi Qumaq, Charlie Watt, Indigenous Peoples in place, perhaps future relations with the Crown Zebedee Nungak, Johnny Peters, Mark R. Gordon, Mary Simon, Sheila will be less absolutely tilted towards Western thought concepts, on the Watt-Cloutier. These are Inuit who have gone on to regional, national, road towards a country that will be truly based on social justice. and international leadership positions. Sadly, Mr. Tamusi Qumaq and Nunavik Inuit have proven great patience in the years leading toward Mark R. Gordon are no longer with us. ‘the agreement.’ In many respects the Arctic is now Canada’s new fron- Nunavik needed exceptional leaders because the stakes at the time tier and with more than one ‘agreement’ under its belt, Nunavik Inuit were massively against Inuit and Cree heading into the litigation, and are poised to reap the benefits with characteristic resilience and deter- mag ­ a zine very quick negotiations (less than two years). Bulldozers were waiting. mination all the while preserving language and culture for generations

Canada reportedly avoided enforcing areas of constitutional jurisdiction to come. MAKIVIK 11 ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᑐᑕᓖᑦ ᓄᕕᐅᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓱᓪᓗᖁᕐᓱᒋᑦ - ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᖃᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᔦᒥᔅᐯᑉ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓᐅᑉ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑕᖏᑦ Through Loops of Pain – Inuit in the JBNQA By Zebedee Nungak

ᐊᑎᓕ­­ᐅᖃᑕ­­ᐅᓯᒪᔫᑦᓱᖓ ᔦᒥᔅᐯᑉ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ᖃᖓᓗᓐᓃᑦ ᓈᒻᒪᓴᓕᓚ­­ As one of the signatories of the James Bay Agreement, ᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᓚᖓ ᐱᐅᔫᓗ­­ ᐊᕐᑎᑖᓘᑦᓱᓂ­­ ­­ᐅᓂᒃᑳᑕ­­ᐅᓕᑐᐊᕐᒪᑦ­­ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖅ­­ ᐃᒫᒃ ᐋᕐᕿᑕ­­ I’ve never accepted glowing descriptions of the Agreement ᐅᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᓕᒫᓂ ᐱᓪᓚᕆᐅᓂᕐᐹᖑᑎᑕ­­ ᐅᒃᒐᕋᓱ­­ ­­ᐊᓕᕐᓱᓂ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᑲᕙᒣᑦ as the greatest achievement in government/Aboriginal ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᐃᓪᓗ. ᐃᓪᓗᐊᒍᖔᕐᓗ­­ ᑖᓐᓇ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖅ­­ ᐱᔪᖃᕈᑕᐅᓚ­­ ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᓕᒫᓂ relations. Neither do I regard the Agreement, as many have, ᐱᐅᖕᖏᓂᕐᐹᓯ­­ ­­ᐊᒍᑎᒍᓐᓇᒥᓇᒍ, ­­ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᑌᒣᓕ­­ᐅᕈᑕ­­ᐅᓯᒪᒐᓗ­­ᐊᕐᒪᑦ, ­­ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᓪᓗ as the worst event in history, whereby the Cree and Inuit ᐱᐅᓯᒻᒪᕆᑐᖃᒥᓂᒃ­­ ᓂ­­ᐅᕐᕈᑎᖃᕐᑐᕕᓂᐅᓂᕋᕐᑕ­­ ­­ᐅᒍᑎᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ, ᑕ­­ᐅᕐᑎᖄᐱᑐᐃᓐᓇᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ sold out their heritage for the equivalent of some modern “ᓱᓇᒐᓚᖕᖑ­­ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᒃ” ­­ᐅᓪᓗᒥ­­ᐅᓕᕐᑐᓯᐅᑎᓂᒃ­­ (ᓂᐳᕐᑎᕈᑎᓂᒃ ᓲᕐᓗ). ᐃᒫᒃ ’trinkets.’ I can say this: the James Bay Agreement was ­­ᐅᖃᕈᓐᓇᑐᙰ: ᔦᒥᔅᐯᒥᓐᓇ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓ ᐱᔭᕆᔭ­­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ­­ᐊᓂᒍᐃᒍᑕ­­ᐅᑦᓱᓂ achieved through many loops of pain, some of which were ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᑐᑕᓖᓐᓇᓂᒃ ᓄᕕ­­ᐅᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᓱᓪᓗᖁᕆᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ,­­ ᐃᓚᖏᓪᓗ ᑕᒪᒃᑯ­­ᐊ conceived decades before its inception, but reverberate ᓱᓪᓗᖁᕈᑕ­­ᐅᒋᐊᓕᕕᓃᑦ­­ ᐱᖕᖑᑎᑕᕕᓂ­­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ­­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ­­ᐊᒥᓱᑲᓪᓛᓗᐃᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᐊᓗᖓᓂ­­ right to this day. ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᓂᐊᑦᔭᑎᓐᓇᒍ,­­ ᑌᒫᓪᓗ ­­ᐊᑯᓂᓂᑕ­­ᐅᒐᓗ­­ᐊᕋᒥᒃ ᐱᔪᖃᕈᑕ­­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐃᒥ­­ᐊᔪᕐᑎᑑᕐᓱᑎᒃ ­­ᐅᓪᓗᒥᒧᑦ.

ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓᖅ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᓕᒃ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ, ᑯᐯᒃ ᓯᑎᒥ, 1975-ᒥ. Zebedee Nungak signing the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement, Quebec City, 1975. © MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK © ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

12 ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐹᖅ ᓱᓪᓗᖁᕆᐊᓕᑦ­­ ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᑐᑕᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᓴᕐᕿᑕ­­ ᐅᔪᕕᓂᖅ 1912-ᒥ ᑳᓇᑕ ­­ᐊᑑᑎᖃᕈᑖᓂ ­­ᐅᖓᕙ­­ᐅᑉ ᓄᓇᖓᓂᒃ (UNGAVA DISTRICT) ᓄᓇᑦᓯ­­ᐊᒥ (Northwest Territories) ᐱᑦᓱᒍ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᖃᕐᕕᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᑖᕆᔭ­­ ᐅᑎᑦᓱᒍ. ᑌᓐᓇ ᑌᒣᓕᒍᑎᕕᓂᖅ ᐃᑕᒍᓱᖕᖏᓯᐊᕐᑐᓄᑦ­­ ᑲᒪᒃᑯᑎᖃᖕᖏᑐᓄᑦ ­­ᐊ­­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᑐᐃᓐᓇᓄᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᕐᓱᕈᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᓇᓱ­­ᐊᕐᑕᕕᓂᖅ, ᐃᓚ­­ᐅᑎᑕ­­ᐅᑦᔭᑎᓐᓇᖏᑦ ­­ᐊᖏᕐᒪᖔᑕᓗ ­­ᐊᑕᓐᓂᐅᑕ­­ ᐅᑦᔭᑎᓐᓇᒋᑦ­­ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐃᓅᕕᒋᑦᓱᒍ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᓇᓂ ᓄᓇᓂ ᐁᑦᑑᑕ­­ᐅᔪᕕᓂᕐᓂ. ­­ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒋ­­ᐊᓪᓚᓗ, ᑯᐯᒃ ᓄᐃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕕᖃᕐᓂᔭᖏᑦᑐᖅ­­ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᑖᕆᓯᒪᓕᕐᑕᒥᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ­­ 52 ᓈᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᑕᒪᐅᖓ­­ ᑎᑭᓕᑌᓐᓇᓴᕋᑕᕐᓱᑎᒃ 1964-ᒥ ᑭᓯ­­ᐊᓂ ᑲᕙᒪᖏᓐᓂ ­­ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃᐅᖃᑕ­­ ­­ᐅᔪᖅ ᓄᓇ­­ᐅᑉ ᐱᑦᓴᑕᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑲᒪᔨ­­ᐅᕕᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᕆᓂ ᓕᕕ­­ᐊᒃ (René Lévesque) ᐳᓛᕆ­­ ᐊᕈᑖᓂ Fort-Chimo-ᒧᑦ ᑰᒃᔪᐊᒧᑦ.­­ ᑌᓐᓇ ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᐱᑖᕆᔭᐅᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᕕᓂᖅ­­ ᐱᑕᖃᓚᐅᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ­­ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᒥᒃ ᐃᑯᓪᓚᖏᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᑐᒪᕆᑦᑕᖃᕈᒫᕐᓂ­­ᐊᑐᒥᒃ ­­ᐅᓂ­­ᐅᕐᑕ­­ᐅᕕᖃᕈᒫᕐᑎᓇᒍ ᖃᒥᑎᕆᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ­­ ᓴᒃᑯᓯᑎᑕ­­ ᐅᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­­ᐅᑎᒥᓂᒃ, ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­­ᐅᑎᓕᕆᓂᖅ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᒋ­­ ­­ᐊᓯᕋᑕᕐᓂᐸᑦ ᑖᕙᓂ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴ­­ ᐅᒍᒫᕐᑐᒥ, ᖃᖓᐅᒐᔭᕐᒪᖔᑦ­­ ᑌᔭᐅᒍᓐᓇᓂᖕᖏᑐᒥ.­­ ᑕᒪᑐᒪ CORPORATION MAKIVIK © ᑌᒣᑦᑐᓴᓕᐊᒍᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᒃ­­ ᑲᕙᒣᑦ ᐋᕐᕿᑕ­­ᐅᒌᓚ­­ᐅᕐᑐᕕᓃᑦ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᐅᓂᖓ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᑉ ᑯᐯᒃ ᓯᑎᒥ, 1975-ᒥ. ᖃᓪᓕᕌᕐᓂᑐᐃᓐᓇᑐᑦᓴᓕ­­ᐊᒍᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ, Signing of the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement in Quebec City, 1975. ᑖᒃᑯ­­ᐊ ᓱᓇ­­ᐅᓪᓗ­­ᐊᖏᑦᑐᓴ­ᒫᒍᓯᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ­­ᐊᖏᕈᑕᐅᒪᔪᑎᒍᑦ­­ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᖃᑎᖃᓯᕋᑕᕐᓂᐸᑕ ᑲᕙᒪᓂᒃ. ᐁᑉᐸᕆᓕ­­ᐅᑎᔪᖅ ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᑐᑕᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᓱᓪᓗᑯᕆ­­ᐊᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᑎᑭᑕ­­ᐅᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒋᕗᖅ­­ ᑯᐯᒃ The first loop of pain was established in 1912, when Canada ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂ­­ ᔦᒥᔅᐯᒥ ᑰᓐᓂᐊᓂᕐᒥᒃ­­ 1971-ᒥ. ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ transferred Ungava District of the Northwest Territories to the ­­ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᑦ Robert Bourassa New York-ᓕᐊᓚ­­ ­­ᐅᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᕐᑎᑕ­­ ­­ Province of Quebec. This was a ruthless colonial act, done with- ᐅᒍᑎᑦᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑕ­­ ­­ᐅᖁᔭᒥᑕ ᕿᓂᕆ­­ᐊᕐᓱᓂ ­­ᐊᑎᖃᕐᑎᓴᒻᒪᕆᑦᑕᖓ “ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ­­ out the participation and consent of Aboriginal people who 100-ᓂ ᐱᓪᓚᕆ­­ᐅᓂᕐᐹᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱ­­ᐊᒐ­­ᐅᔪᓕᒫᓂ”, ᑰᓐᓂ­­ᐊᓂᖅ ᐃᑯᒪ­­ᐅᑎᓕ­­ᐅᕈᑎᑦᓴᓂᒃ happened to live in the transferred lands. Furthermore, Quebec ᑲᑦᓱᙰᑐᐅᑦᓱᓂ­­ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᑎᑕᒻᒪᕆ­­ ­­ᐅᓕᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᑯᑭᓕᐊᓗᓐᓄᑦ­­ ᓄᓇᓕᕆᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ, was absent from its territorial gain for 52 years, arriving on scene ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᖄᔪᓄᑦ ᖄᕐᑎᓯᖃᑦᑕᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓱᓇᒥᓪᓗᓃᑦ ᑲᒪᒃᑯᑎᖃᑦᔭᒐᑎᒃ ­­ᐅᓕᑦᓯᓕᕇᕐᓱᑎᒃ only in 1964, when Natural Resources Minister René Lévesque, ᔦᒥᔅᐯᑉ ᑰᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ­­ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᓄᓇᓕ­­ᐅᒐᓗᐊᑦ­­ ᑌᒣᓕᐅᕐᕕ­­ ᐅᓯᔪᒥᒃ­­ ᑐᓴᕐᑎᑕᐅᒍᑎᑐᐃᓐᓇᒥ­­ ­­ visited Fort Chimo. ᐅᓐᓃᑦ ᑭᓪᓕᖃᕐᕕᐅᔭᑎᓐᓇᒋᑦ.­­ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑫᔨᖁᑎᒋᓕᕐᑕᖏᓪᓗ­­ ᑰᓐᓂ­­ᐊᑏᑦ The territorial transfer contained a future loop of extreme pain, ᓱᓇᒥᓪᓗᓃᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᖃᑦᔭᖏᑦᑐᑦ ᒥᓯᒋᑦᑕᖏᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓂ­­ᐊᒧᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­­ which required extinguishment and surrender of Aboriginal rights ᐅᑎᖃᕐᕕᖃᕐᓯᓇᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ­­ ᒪᑯᓇᓂ ᓄᓇᓂ. whenever the issue of rights was addressed in the vague future. ᑕᕝᕙᓂ ᓱᓪᓗᖁᕆ­­ᐊᓕᒻᒥ ᓴᕐᕿᔮᕐᓂᖃᒻᒪᕆᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ­­ ᐊᒥᒐᖕᖏᒪᕆᑦᑐᒥᒃ­­ ᓱᓇ­­ In this equation, governments were automatically positioned as ᐅᑦᓴᕋᓱᐊᖕᖏᓂᕐᒥᒃ­­ ᓇᓚᙰᕝᕕᖃᕐᓂᒥᓪᓗ ­­ᐊᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᓗ. ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᖏᑦ superior to Aboriginal people, who were predetermined to be ᑰᓐᓂ­­ᐊᑐᖁᑎᒋᑦᓱᒋᓪᓗ ᐃᓕᒋᓕᕐᑕᖏᑦ ᓇᓗᓇᖕᖏᑐᒻᒪᕆᐊᓗᑎᑦᓯᓚ­­ ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ inferior in any defined, formal relationship with governments. ᐃᒣᓕᖓᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ: ᐱᑦᓴᑐᓂᖃᕐᕕᖃᕐᐳᒍᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᕐᓱᑕᓗ ᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᓄᓇᒥᒃ 1898-ᒥᓂᑦ The second loop of pain was delivered through the Quebec 1912-ᒥᓂᓪᓗ. ᐱᓇᓱ­­ᐊᕈᓐᓇᐳᒍᑦ ᐱᒍᒪᓕᑐᐃᓐᓇᑕᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᒣᓐᓇᕿᑦᓯ­­ᐊᓗᑕ! ᐱᓇᓱ­­ government’s instigation of the James Bay Project in 1971. After ᐊᓚᖓᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᓯᒪᔭᕗᓪᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᒻᒪᕆᐅᓛᕐᓂ­­ ­­ᐊᑐᑦ ᑯᐯᒃᒥᐅᑦ­­ ᐃᓄᖏᑦᑕ Premier Robert Bourassa went to New York to obtain financing ­­ᐅᓄᒋᐊᓐᓂᔪ­­ ­­ᐊᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­­ᐅᑎᖃᑦᔭᖏᓪᓚᓯ! ᓄᕐᖃᑎᑦᓯᒍᓐᓇᔭᖏᓪᓚᓯ ­­ᐅᕙᑦᑎᓂᒃ!” for his “Project of the Century,” hydroelectric development went ᑭᓇᓖ ᑌᒪ ᓇᐸᒍᓐᓇᓚᖓᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕙ ᐃᒫᓪᓗᑐ­­ᐊᓗᒃ ­­ᐅᓇᒻᒥᓀᑦᑑᓱᑎᒃ ᓂᑲᒋᔭᖄᐱᒐᑎᒃ full steam ahead to bulldoze, dynamite, and steamroll into James ­­ᐅᓕᑎᕆᓕᕇᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᓱᓇᓕᒫᓂᒃ? Bay’s rivers. The Cree inhabitants of the territory were not even ᑖᕙᓂ ᓱᓪᓗᖁᕆᐊᓕᒻᒦᑎᓪᓗᑕ­­ ᓄᐃᔪᕋᑕᐅᔪᖃᓚ­­ ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓴᖕᖐᑐᒻᒪᕆᐊᓘᓂᖓᓂᒃ­­ issued a courtesy notice. The government and its development ­­ᐊᓐᓇᑐᐃᓂᒐᓱ­­ᐊᕐᑐᓴᕐᑑᔮᕐᑑᑉ ­­ᐊᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᓗ: ᑕᒐ ᑲᓇᑕ­­ᐅᑉ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᓂᒃ partners had no regard whatsoever for the concept of Aboriginal ­­ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᓇᓗᓀᒃᑯᑕᓕᒃ Section 91 (24)-ᒥᒃ ᑲᓇᑕ­­ᐅᑉ ᐱᖕᖑᑎᑕ­­ᐅᒍᑎᕕᓂᖓᑕ people having rights on these lands. ᐱᖁᔭᖓᓂᒃ British North America Act-ᒥᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ­­ ᑲᕙᒪᖓ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓂᖃᕐᕕᓕ­­ This loop contained plentiful displays of cavalier, arrogant ᐅᕐᑕ­­ᐅᓚ­­ᐅᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᐯᕐᓯᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᕋᕐᑕ­­ ­­ᐅᓱᓂ “­­ᐊᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᓗ ­­ᐊᓪᓓᑦ: attitudes toward the Cree and Inuit people. The Government of 1970-ᒥᓕ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ­­ ᑲᕙᒪᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᓕᕐᑐᑕᐅᒪᓂᖓ­­ ᐱᑕᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᑦᔭᖏᑦᑐᖅ­­ Quebec and its development cronies made themselves very clear, ᑖᑦᓱᒪᓂ ­­ᐊᓯ­­ᐊᓂᒃ ᐱᑦᓴᓯᕕᒋᒍᓐᓇᓗᒍ ­­ᐊᓐᓇ­­ᐅᒪᒍᑎᒋᒍᓐᓇᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ. “We have jurisdiction and ownership over this land since 1898 ᑳᓇᑕᐅᑉ­­ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᕐᔪᐊᖓᑕ­­ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᐹᑦ ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑎᕕᓂᖓ ᐃᓄᓪᓚᕇᑦ ᒥᑦᓵᓄᑦ, and 1912. We can do whatever we damn well please! Our plans ᑌᔭᐅᔪᖅ­­ In RE: Eskimo, ᓄᐃᑕᕕᓂᖅ 1939-ᒥ ᑌᔭ­­ᐅᓂᕐᑖᕆᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓂᖁᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ will benefit the great majority of Quebec’s population. You have ᑯᐯᒃᒥ­­ᐅᓂᒃ “­­ᐊᓪᓚᐅᓂᕋᕐᓱᒋᑦ”­­ ᐱᖁᔭᓂ ᑌᒣᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓇᓗᓀᒃᑯᑕᖃᕐᐸᓂᐊᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ.­­ no rights! You cannot stop us!” Who could stand against such ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑐᑭᖃᕈᑕᐅᓕᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ­­ ᑳᓇᑕ ᓵᑕᐅᒍᑎᑦᓴᕆᓗᒍ­­ ᐱᔭᑦᓴᖃᕐᓂᕋᕐᑕᐅᓕᕐᓱᓂ­­ withering, merciless forces? ᓴᐳᑦᔨᓯᒪᒋ­­ᐊᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ ­­ᐊᓪᓚᓂᒃ (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒐ ᐱᖃᓯ­­ᐅᑦᔭ­­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ) ᓱᒐᓗᓗ­­ᐊᕐᑐᒥᒃ This loop also revealed the weakness of the only other ᓵᓚᕐᖄᖑᓗ­­ᐊᑦᓴᐸᑕ ᐃᓱᐃᑦᑐᓕᕕ­­ᐅᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᓱᒃᑯᔨ­­ᐊᒍᓗ­­ᐊᑦᓴᐸᑕ. ᑕᒃᑰᒍᓘᕐᓯᒪᒐᓗ­­ᐊᕐᐳᖅ party, which might have come to the defense of the Cree and mag ­ a zine ᑳᓇᑕ ᐱᕐᖃᔭᖕᖏᒧᓪᓗᑭ­­ᐊᖅ ᓱᒍᒪᓪᓗᐊᖏᒧᓪᓗᑭ­­ ­­ᐊᖅ ᐱᓪᓚᕆᒐᓱ­­ᐊᕈᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᓯᒪᖕᖏᒪᑦ Inuit: the Government of Canada. Section 91 (24) of the British

ᑌᒣᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱ­­ᐊᕐᑐᓴ­­ᐅᓂᕋᓗ­­ᐊᒥᓂᒃ. ­­ᐊᑕ­­ᐅᓯᕕᓪᓗᒐᓘᓐᓃᑦ ­­ᐊ­­ᐅᓚᔨᖕᖏᓚᖓ ᑳᓇᑕ North America Act gave the federal government authority over MAKIVIK 13 “Indians,” and lands reserved for Indians.” In 1970, the nation’s political framework contained no provision other than this for Aboriginal people. The Supreme Court decision, in RE: Eskimo, handed down in 1939, had classified Inuit in Quebec as ‘Indians’ for the purposes of legal defi- nition. In the logical order of legalities and politi- cal definitions, the Cree and Inuit of Quebec could have expected support and protection from the federal government, as their rights were egre- giously violated by hydroelectric development. Canada held a ‘fiduciary responsibility’ for Indians and Inuit. This meant that Canada had a duty to protect Indians (Inuit included) from blatant exploitation and unjust treatment. Unfortunately, Canada was unable, or unwilling, to take this role seriously. I don’t remember a sin- gle instance of Canada standing up to Quebec or its development super-agencies, to say, “No! Wait a minute! You are violating section 2 (c) of the 1912 Boundaries Extension Act, by ignoring

© MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK © legal obligations to first settle Aboriginal rights ᑖᒥ ᑫᓐ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᓕᒃ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ, ᑯᐯᒃ ᓯᑎᒥ, 1975-ᒥ. in these lands!” Tommy Cain signing the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement, Quebec City, 1975. My most distinctive memory of Canada dur- ing the court proceedings, and later, in nego- tiations for James Bay, is that of the proverbial ᓂᑯᕕᕝᕕᖃᕐᓂᒪᖔᑦ ᑯᐯᒃᒥᒃ ᑎᒥᒻᒪᕆᐊᓗᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᓘᓐᓃᑦ­­ ᑰᓐᓂ­­ᐊᑐ­­ᐊᓗᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᒫᒃ 98-pound weakling, having sand kicked in its face ­­ᐅᖃᕐᕕᖃᕐᓗᓂ “­­ᐊ­­ᐅᑲᓕ! ᓯᐊᕈᐁ!­­ ᓯᖁᑦᑎᕆᓕᕐᖁᓯ ᐱᖁᔭᓃᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓇᓗᓀᒃᑯᑕᓕᒻᒥ by the juggernaut steamrolling the James Bay Project at section 2 (c)-ᒥ 1912-ᒥ ᑯᐯᒃ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖓᑕ ­­ᐊᖏᓕᒋᐊᕐᑕ­­ ­­ᐅᒍᑎᒋᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂ­­ all costs. This was not so much a loop of pain; it was a loop ᑲᒪᑦᔭᖏᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂᓯᒍᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᕆ­­ᐊᖃᓪᓚᕆᓐᓂᕋᕐᑕ­­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᒥ ᐋᕐᕿ­­ of sad disappointment to see our only possible protector, ᐅᑎᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕ­­ᐅᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂ­­ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­­ᐅᑎᖃᕐᓂᖏᑕ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓇᓂ ᓄᓇᓂ Canada, being so passive. ᑌᒣᑦᑐᓕᕆᕕᐅᔪᓂ!”­­ The third loop of pain was, having to work alongside the ­­ᐊ­­ᐅᓚᔨᓗᐊᕐᓂᐹᖃᕐᑐᖓ­­ ᑳᓇᑕᒧᑦ ᐱᓂ­­ᐊᕐᓂᕆᔭ­­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒦᑐ­­ Cree people. This was not due to the Cree being difficult to ᐊᓘᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓯᐊᕈᒋ­­ ᐊᕐᓗ­­ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ­­ ᔦᒥᔅᐯ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᓴᖓᓂᒃ­­ ᑳᓇᑕ work with. Nor was it Cree objectives being detrimental to ᑌᓐᓇᒍᓘᓱᒍᔭᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᓴᓪᓗᕋᔮᒍᑦᓱᓂ ᓴᖕᖐᓂᒃᑯᑦ 98-ᐸᐅᓐᒍᑦᓱᓂ­­ ᓵᓚᕐᖄᖅ ᓯᐅᕋᕐᒥᒃ­­ Inuit objectives. We were basically in the same boat, wres- ᐃᑎᒻᒦᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᑐᖅ­­ ᑮᓇᕐᒥᒍᑦ ᓱᓇᐅᒋᔭ­­ ­­ᐅᖕᖏᒧᑦ ᑲᒪᒃᑯᑌᕈᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓂᕐᑎᑕᐅᕖᕈᑦᑐᓄᑦ,­­ tling with the same shock-and-awe series of fast-moving ᔦᒥᔅᐯᒥᒃ ᑰᓐᓂ­­ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓯᔪᓄᑦ ᐸ­­ᐅᑦᓲᑎᖃᕈᓐᓀᓱᑎᒃ ᓇᐅᓂᒃ­­ ­­ᐊᕝᕕ­­ᐊᕋᓱ­­ᐊᕐᑐᓕᒫᓂᒃ. events, from the launch of the court case, right through to ᑖᑦᓱᒪᓕ ᓱᓪᓗᖁᕆ­­ᐊᓕᑦᑕᖓ ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᑐᑕᓕᑐᐃᓐᓇ­­ᐅᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖅ; ᐱᑕᖃᓚ­­ the signing of the Agreement. ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᓕᒫᓂᒃ ᐊᓕ­­ ᐊᓇᖕᖏᑑᓪᓚᒥᓗ­­ ᖁᓅᒻᒥᓇᕐᑐᒥᒃ, ᑌᒫᒃ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᓗᑐᕐᑐᖃᕋᒥ ᐅᕙᑦᑎᓂᒃ­­ The pain here was battling the swirling currents of being ᓯᕐᓈᕆᐊᕐᑐᓴᑐ­­ ­­ᐊᖅ ᑳᓇᑕ ᓱᖁᑎᑦᓴᑑᔭᕋᓂ ᓴᖕᖐᓕᓵᑐᐃᓐᓇᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑕᑯᒥᓇᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᒪᑦ... a peripheral, secondary party by default in the whole pro- ᐱᖓᔪᐊᑦ­­ ᓱᓪᓗᖁᕆ­­ᐊᓕᒃ ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᑐᑕᖃᕐᓱᓂ ­­ᐅᓇ­­ᐅᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᖃᑎᖃᕆ­­ ­­ cess. The Cree were the main primary, front-and-centre ᐊᖃᕐᓂᕗᑦ ­­ᐊᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᓴᓂᕌᓂᕝᕕᒋᑦᓱᒋᓪᓗ ᓲᕐᓗ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐋᓐᓂᖃᕈᑎᖃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖅ party. Their lands, their rivers, their trap lines, and their ­­ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᐱᓇᓱ­­ᐊᖃᑎᒋᓗᒋᑦ ­­ᐊᔪᕐᓇᑑᒐᓱ­­ᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ­­ᐊᒻᒪᓘᓐᓃᓗ ­­ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᑐᕌᕋᓱ­­ very existence were under direct, clear, and present dan- ᐊᕐᑕᖏᑦ ᐸᑦᔭᓗᖓᐅᑎᖃᑎᖃᓚ­­ ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒐᑎᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᒐᓱᐊᕐᓱᒋᑦ­­ ᑐᕌᕐᒥᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ger. The Cree people were under extreme pressure. Inuit ­­ᐊᑦᔨᒌᒐᓚᑐᐃᓐᓇ­­ᐅᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒐᑦᑕ ᐹᓐᓂᒋᐊᓖᓐᓇ­­ ­­ᐅᓱᑕ ᑕᒪᒃᑕ ᖁᐊᕐᓵᖓᓇᕐᑐᑕᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ­­ felt that pressure from close by their side. ­­ᐅᐃᒍᓕᕇᓂᒃ ­­ᐊᑑᑎᖃᑦᑕᓂᖏᑦ ᓱᑲᑦᑐᐹᓗᓐᓂᒃ, ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒦᓯᓂᑦᑎᓂᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ­­ Inuit had gained entry into the court action against the ᑎᑭ­­ᐅᑎᑐᐃᓐᓇᕋᑕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᒃ­­ ­­ᐊᑎᓕ­­ᐅᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᑎᓐᓄᑦ. Project, through two rivers in Inuit territory being included ᑕᒪᑐᒪᓕ ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᓂ­­ᐊᓗᖓ ᒪᓐᓇ­­ᐅᓗ­­ᐊᖕᖑ­­ᐊᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐱᑦᓴᕋᓱᐊᖏᓐᓇᓕᒫᒋ­­ ­­ in development plans. Inuit leaders inside this loop consid- ᐊᖃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒐᑦᑕ ᓴᓂᕐᕙᑕ­­ᐅᓂ­­ᐅᔭᖀᓐᓇᑐᔮᕐᓱᑕ ᓱᓪᓗ­­ᐊᖏᓐᓂᓴᖁᑕ­­ᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᒥᑭᓂᕐᓴ­­ ered the alternative possibility of striking out on their own, ᐅᑎᑕ­­ᐅᓂ­­ᐅᔭᖀᓐᓇᓱᑕ ᐱᓇᓱ­­ᐊᕐᑐ­­ᐊᓗᖃᕐᓂᓕᒫᖓᓂ. ­­ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᐱᓪᓚᕆ­­ᐅᓂᕐᐹᒍᑎᑕ­­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ Inuit-only track. They had to weigh the merits of extract- ᓵᖕᖓᔭ­­ᐅᓂᕐᐹᒍᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ. ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᑰᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᒥᑭᒋ­­ᐊᕐᓂ­­ᐊᕕᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᒡᒍᑎᒋᒐᓱ­­ ing themselves from the Cree orbit, to seek negotiations ᐊᕐᑕᓕᒫᖏᓪᓗ ᓱᑌᕐᑕ­­ᐅᓗᑎᒃ ᓱᒃᑯᑕᐅᓂ­­ ­­ᐅᔭᕐᓇᑐᒥ ­­ᐅᓗᕆ­­ᐊᓇᕐᑐᒦᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ­­ᐊᓪᓓᑦ devoted to addressing Inuit issues exclusively. ­­ᐊᑦᓱᕈᕐᓇᓂᕐᐹᓄᑦ ᐊᑦᑐ­­ ­­ᐊᔭ­­ᐅᓪᓚᕆᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᑦᓯᐅᒪᑦᓯᖃᑕ­­ ­­ᐅᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­­ We saw up close that a separate, Inuit-only track was ­­ᐊᕐᓱᕈᕐᓇᑐᕐᔪᐊᑰᕈᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ­­ ᓴᓂᕌᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᖃᑐᐃᓐᓇᓱᑎᓪᓕ ᐊᓪᓚᓂᒃ.­­ not practical. The whole dynamic of everything was com- ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᑎᓚᕿᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒧᑦ ᑐᕐᖁᑕ­­ᐅᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᑰᓐᓂ­­ᐊᑐᐃᑦ pletely James Bay-driven. A separate, better opportunity ᐱᓚᕿᒍᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑰᓐᓂᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᓐᓃᑑᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᒥᑦᑐᑕᐅᖃᑕ­­ ­­­ᐅᒍᒫᕐᓂ­­­ for Inuit-specific negotiations, not connected to the Great ᐊᑐᖃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᑰᓐᓂ­­ᐊᑏᑦ ᐱᓇᓱ­­ᐊᕈᒫᕐᓂᐊᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ.­­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖏᑦ Rush of James Bay, was highly unlikely. Besides, we saw

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᑖᑦᓱᒪ ᓱᓪᓗᖁᕆ­­ᐊᓕ­­ᐅᑉ ᐃᓗ­­ᐊᓂᖃᑕ­­ᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᑦᓴᓯ­­ᐅᕈᑎᐅᕐᖃᕆ­­ ­­ᐊᖃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ how ruthless Quebec and its development attachés were, ­­ᐊᓯ­­ᐊᒎᕐᑐᒥᒃ ­­ᐊᕐᖁᑎᖃᕋᓱ­­ᐊᕐᖓᑐᕐᑕ­­ᐅᒻᒪᖔᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᑑᓗᑎᒃ ᓵᖕᖓᔭ­­ as they ‘hard-charged’ to get their way.

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᐅᕕᒋᓗᒍ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᓂᕆᒐᔭᕐᑕᖓᓂᒃ.­­ ᓇᐅᑦᓯᑐᕆ­­ ᐊᖃᓚ­­ ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᐅᓂᕐᓴ­­ ­­ᐅᒐᔭᕐᒪᖔᑦ 14 ­­ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᓵᖕᖓᔭ­­ᐅᕕᖓᓐᓂᑦ ᐲᕐᓗᑎᒃ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᖃᕋᓱ­­ᐊᖔᕐᑐᓴᐅᒻᒪᖔᕐᒥᒃ­­ ᐃᓄᓐᓅᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᑖᒃᑯᓂᖓᑐ­­ᐊᖅ ­­ᐅ­­ᐊᕈᑎᖃᖕᖏᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒐᑐ­­ ­­ᐊᕆᔭ­­ ᐅᑎᑦᓯᒋᐊᕐᓗᑎᒃ.­­ ᑕᑯᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᒍᓪᓕ ᖃᓂᒧᑦ ᐃᒻᒥᒎᕐᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᑭᓯ­­ᐊᓂ ᐃᓕᖓᔪᒥᒃ ­­ᐊᕐᖁᑎᖃᕆ­­ᐊᕋᓗ­­ᐊᕈᑦᑕ, ᑌᒣᑦᑑᑉ ­­ᐊᑐᕐᓴᑕᖃᓗᐊᖕᖏᓂᖓᓂᒃ.­­ ᓱᓇᓱᐊᓚᕿ­­ ­­ ᐅᑕᐅᔪᓕᒫᑦᓯ­­ ­­ᐊᑦ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᓯ­­ᐊᑎᒃ ᔦᒥᔅᐯᒥᒃ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­­ ­­ᐊ­­ᐅᓚᑦᔭᓚᕿᒍᑎᖃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ. ᐃᒻᒥᒎᕐᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᕕᑦᓴ­­ᐅᒐᔭᕐᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᐅᓂᕐᓴ­­ ­­ᐅᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᑭᓯ­­ᐊᓂ ᐃᓕᖓᔫᓗᓂ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᓂ­­ ­­ᐅᒐᔭᕐᑐᒥᒃ ­­ᐊᑦᑐ­­ᐊᒐᓛᒍᓐᓗᓂ ᔦᒥᔅᐯᑉ ­­ᐅᐃᒪᔮᕈᑎ­­ᐊᓘᓕᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᕕᑦᓴᖃᑦᓯ­­ᐊᖑ­­ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᒐᓛᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᒪᑦ. ­­ᐊᒻᒪ ᑕᑯᖃᑦᑕᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᑦᓱᑕ ᓱᓇᒐᓛᒥᓪᓘᓃᑦ ᓂᑲᒍᓲᑎᖃᖕᖏᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᑰᓐᓂᐊᑎᖁᑎ­­ ­­ ᐊᓗᖏᑕᓗ, ᐱᒍᒪᓪᓚᕆᑦᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᑫᒥᑦᓯᓯᒋᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᒃ ­­ᐊᕝᕕ­­ᐊᕆ­­ᐊᕐᑑᒐᓗ­­ᐊᑦ ᓵᓚᒋᑦᓭᓇᕐᑕᓱᒋᑦ... ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖏᑦ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᑎᖁᑎᖏᓪᓗ­­ ᑐᑭᖃᕆ­­ᐊᑦᓯ­­ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓕᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᕕᓕᒫᒥᓄᑦ ᐱᒐᓱ­­ᐊᒻᒪᕆᒍᑦᔨᓴᕋᓱ­­ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᐱ­­ᐅᓂᕐᐹᒦᖕᖏᑐᐹᓗᒐᓗ­­ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ “ᓴᓂᕋᕐᓯ­­

ᐅᓂ­­ᐅᔭᕿᓐᓇᑎᑕᐅᓂᖓᑦ”­­ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱ­­ ᐊᕐᑐᓂ.­­ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ CORPORATION MAKIVIK © ᑕᐸᓀᑦᑑᓕ­­ᐅᒥᔮᕋᓗ­­ᐊᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᐋᓐᓂᓇᓕ­­ᐅᒥᔮᖏᓐᓇᓱᓂᓗ, ᐳᑐᓕᒃ ᐸᐱᑲᑦᑐᖅ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᓕᒃ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ, ᑯᐯᒃ ᓯᑎᒥ, 1975-ᒥ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᓕᑕᕐᓯᒪᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ­­ Putulik Papikatuq signing the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement, Quebec City, 1975. “ᐃᑭᒪᒋ­­ᐊᖃᕐᑐᕆᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᓕᕐᑑᑉ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᕕ­­ ­­ ᐅᔫᑉ ᖃᒧᑎᒋᓐᓂ” ᓗᑎᒃ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­­ ­­ᐅᔪᕆᓕᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓖᒍᓐᓇᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᒐᓱᐊᕐᓗᑎᒃ­­ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕕᒻᒥᒍᑦ, ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑕ­­ ­­ᐅᓂᖓᓗᖓ ᑕᒪᑐᒪ “ᓄᕐᖃ­­ Inuit leaders and negotiators made a determination to ᐅᔭ­­ᐅᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂ­­ᐅᔭᖏᑐᒥᒃ” ᐱ­­ᐅᓯᖃᓕᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ. ᓇ­­ᐅᒃᑯᓘᓐᓃᓗ ᑕᙯᕐᓯᑫᓐᓇᕕᑦᓴᖃᕋᓂ… do their best for their constituents in the very imperfect ᓯᑕᒪᒋᔭ­­ᐅᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓱᓪᓗᖁᕆ­­ᐊᓕᓐᓂ ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᑐᑕᓕᓐᓂ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᓕ­­ᐊᕆ­­ᐊᖃᕐᓂᖅ arrangement of almost being a ‘side party’ in the negotia- ᓄᕐᖃᑎᑦᓯᒍᒪᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᔦᒥᔅᐯᒥ ᑰᓐᓂ­­ᐊᑐᓂᒃ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ­­ᐅᓂ­­ᐅᕐᕖᕈᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ­­ ᑭᓇᒥᓪᓗᓃᑦ tions. However hard and painful this was at certain times, ᑳᓇᑕ­­ᐅᑉ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ­­ᐊ­­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᕕᒻᒦᑐᖁᑎᖏᓐᓃᑐᓂᒃ ᓂᑯᕕᑦᑐᑕᖃᕈᓐᓇᓚ­­ they recognized that ‘riding this sled’ was something they ᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᒪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ­­ᐊᓪᓚᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᑦᓯ­­ᐊᕕ­­ᐅᖁᔨᒍᓐᓇᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ­­ had to do, to gain whatever they could from a process that ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔫᓂᕐᒥᓄᑦ ᓲᓱᒋᔭ­­ᐅᖁᔨᒍᓐᓇᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᓅᓯᖏᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­­ ᑯᑦᔭᖓᖔᕐᑎᑕ­­ moved in ‘overdrive,’ without any period of rest. ᐅᓚᕿᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᑰᓐᓂ­­ᐊᑐ­­ᐊᓗᐃᑦ ᐱᓇᓱ­­ᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ… The fourth loop of pain was, having to go to court to ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᓕ­­ᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᓴᐳᑦᔨᒪᒐᓱᐊᕐᓂᒧᑦ­­ ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­­ᐅᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᓱᖏ­­ seek an injunction against the James Bay Project. This was ᐅᓐᓀᑑᓂᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ­­ ­­ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᓪᓗ ᐱ­­ᐅᓯᒻᒪᕆᖏᑦ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᒨᕐᓂ­­ ­ made unavoidable by nobody in the nation and the prov- ᑕᖃᑦᔭᖏᒻᒪᑕ. ᓵᖕᖓᐅᑎᖃᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓯᓂᕗᑦ­­ ᑰᓐᓂ­­ᐊᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᒃᑫᒐᓱᐊᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᓂᒃ­­ ince’s power structure standing for the principle that the ᐃᓚᒋᔭ­­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᐱᐅᓕ­­ ­­ᐊᓕᓪᓂᓪᓗ ᓯᕐᓂᒋᔭᓖᑦ ᐃᑯᓪᓚᖏᑦᑐᒥᒃ Cree and Inuit had to be treated fairly, with their rights as ᑕᐸᓀᑦᑐᑕᖃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ, Aboriginal people given due respect, as their lives were ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᑦᓯᐊᕋᓱ­­ ­­ᐊᕐᓂᕗᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᑦᓯᐊᕋᓱ­­ ­­ᐊᕐᓂᕗᓪᓗ ᓇᓪᓕ­­ᐊᓄᑦ ᐃᓪᓗᕙᕐᑎᑌᓕᒋ­­ turned upside down by the Project. ᐊᖃᓚᕿᑦᓱᒍ. ᐱᒐᓱ­­ᐊᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂᐹᖃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓗ ᑰᓐᓂ­­ᐊᑎᒃᑯᓗ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒥ Going to court to defend our rights was foreign enough ᓱᓕᔪᕆᔭ­­ᐅᓕᕐᑎᓯᒐᓱ­­ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᑐᖃᕆᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᕈᓐᓀᓂᕃᒃᒐ­ in itself to Cree and Inuit ways. Facing the proponents of ᑕᕋᓱ­­ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᒫᒃ, ­­ᐊᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᓗ ᓂᕿᑐ­­ᐊᖃᕐᓂᕃᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓂᐅᕕᕐᕕᒥᓂᑕᕐᓂᒃ­­ development, along with their governmental benefactors ᖃᓪᓗᓈᕐᓂᑕᓂᒃ, ᓂᕿᑐᐃᓐᓇᑐᔫᒍᒍᓐᓀᓕᕐᓂᕋᕐᓱᒋᑦ. and protectors, was an extreme challenge to our sense ­­ᐊᑭᕋᕐᑑᑎᒋᔭᕗ ᑦᐱᒐᓱᐊᒻᒪᕆᒍᑎᖃᓚ­­ ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓱᓕᔪᕆᔭᐅᑎᑦᓯᕋᑕᕋᓱ­­ ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ­­ ­­ᐊᓪᓓᑦ of order and common sense. The main thrust of govern- ᐃᓄᐃᓪᓗ “­­ᐊᓯᓃᑦᑎ­­ᐅᒍᓐᓀᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ” ᒪᙯᕝᕕᒦᑦᑎᑐᐃᓐᓇ­­ᐅᒍᓐᓀᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᐱᔭᖃᕋᓱ­­ ments’/developers’ objective in court was trying to prove ᐊᓪᓗᑐᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᕐᕿᑎᑦᓯᒐᓱ­­ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓄᓇ­­ᐅᓪᓗ ­­ᐊᕙᑎ­­ᐅᓪᓗ ᓱᓇᓕᒫᖏᑦ ᓱᒃᑯᑕ­­ᐅᒐᓗᐊᕐᐸᑕ­­ that Aboriginal traditional life no longer existed; that, we ᓱᕐᕃᓂᐅᔭᖕᖏᓂᕋᕐᓱᒋᑦ­­ ᓂᕆᕙᑦᑕᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓅᓯᕆᕙᑦᑕᑎᓐᓂᓗ. ᓱᓇᒍᓗᐊᐱᑐᐃᓐᓇ­­ ᐅᔮᑦᓯ­­ ­­ now lived exclusively on store-bought food and not any ᐊᑐᓂᒃ ­­ᐊᐱᕐᓲᑎᖃᕐᑌᓕᕙᓚ­­ᐅᖕᖏᑐᑦ. ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕆᒃ ­­ᐊᓪᓛᑦ ­­ᐊᐱᕐᓱᑕ­­ᐅᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᓱᓇᓂᒃ longer on ‘country food.’ ­­ᐅᓪᓛᕈᒻᒥᑕᓲᒍᒻᒪᖔᑦ, ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕆᒃ ᑖᓐᓇ ᓱᓈᐱᒻᒥᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᕐᑎᑕᒥᒃ ᓂᕆᓐᓂᐸᑦ Our adversaries went to great lengths in their efforts ­­ᐅᓪᓛᕈᒻᒥᑕᕐᓗᓂ ᖃᓄᐃᒋᔭ­­ᐅᒋ­­ᐊᖃᖕᖏᑑᔭᓕᕋᔭᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑰᓐᓂᐊᑐᐃᑦ­­ ᓱᒃᑯᐃᒐᓗᐊᕐᐸᑕ­­ ᑖᑦᓱᒪ to prove that Cree and Inuit no longer lived ‘off-the-land.’ ᒪᙯᕝᕕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᒥᑭᒋᐊᕐᓂ­­ ­­ᐊᕕᖏᓐᓂᓘᓐᓃᑦ… They were determined to prove that wholesale destruction ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᓂᖓᑕ ᐃᑉᐱᓇᕐᓂᕆᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᖓ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒦᓂᐅᑉ­­ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᒥ ᓵᓚᖃᕋᑕ of the ecology and environment would have no effect on ᓄᕐᖃᑎᑦᓯᒐᓱ­­ᐊᕐᓂᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᔦᒥᔅᐯᒥ ᑰᓐᓂ­­ᐊᑐᓂᒃ, ᑌᒪ ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ ᐱᓇᓱ­­ᐊᕈᓯᖅ ­­ᐊᑕ­­ᐅᓯᖅ what we ate, or how we lived. No question was too trivial. ᓈᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓵᓚᐅᖔᓕᕐᒥᓱᑕ,­­ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᔨᐅᑉ­­ ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑎᕕᓂᖓ ᒧᒥᑎᑕᐅᒻᒪᑦ­­ ᐊᑭᒪᔪᒋ­­ ᐊᕐᑕ­­ ᐅᒐᒥᒃ­­ A Cree elder was asked, “What do you eat for breakfast?” If ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒥ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓴᒥ. ᑐᑭᑖᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᕗᑦ­­ ᓵᓚᐅᒍᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ­­ ᐊᑭᒪᔪᒋ­­ ­­ᐊᕈᑎᖃᕐᑐᓴ­­ᐅᒻᒪᖔᑦᑕ this elder ate anything ‘civilized,’ it was as if it would then be ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒧᑦ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᐹᒧᑦ ᑐᕐᖁᑕ­­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑕᐸᓀᑦᑐᕋᑕ­­ᐅᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᖃᓄᕐᑑᕈᑎᒋᒋ­­ᐊᖓ. acceptable to carve up his hunting and trapping grounds. ­­ᐊᓐᓂᕆᔦᕈᑦᑐᓴᐅᕕᑖ­­ ᓱᓇᓕᒫᓂᒃ, ᓵᓚᐅᓪᓚᕆᓪᓗᑕ­­ ᓵᓚᐅᓚᕿᓐᓂᕋᓗ­­ ᐊᕈᑦᑕ­­ ­­ᐊᑭᒪᔪᑦᑕ­­ᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ The tangible pain of going through court was, first, win- mag ­ a zine ᑕᑦᓰᑎᑦᓯᒍᒪᓂᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᓂᒃ ᑰᓐᓂ­­ᐊᑎᖁᑎᒋᑦᓱᒋᓪᓗ ᐃᓕᒋᓕᕐᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ? ning the injunction that stopped the work on the James

Bay Project, then, losing this win one week later, upon the MAKIVIK 15 ᑳᓇᑕᒥ ᐱᖁᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓕᕆᔭ­­ ᐅᒍᑎᖏᑕ­­ ᐃᒣᓐᖓ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ­­ judge’s decision being overturned on appeal. Having to ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓂᕆ­­ᐅᒋᔭᑦᓴᓯ­­ᐊᕌᓗᑦᑕᖃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖅ ᓵᓚᖃᕐᓂ­­ᐊᖒᕈᑎᒋᓇᕐᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒃᑰᓂᖅ decide whether to appeal the decision to the Supreme ᑌᒣᑦᑐᖅ ­­ᐊᑐᕐᓗᒍ. “­­ᐅᐱᓐᓇᖁᕐᑐᕕᓂ­­ᐅᕙᓪᓓᔪᒍᑦ” ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᔨᒥᒃ Malouf-ᒥᒃ Court was a hard decision to wrestle with. Should we risk ­­ᐅᑉᐱᕆᔭᖃᓚᖀᓐᓂᕋᑦᑕ ᓄᕐᖃᑎᑕ­­ᐅᔪᑦᓴᖁᑎᖃᕐᓱᑕ ᔦᒥᔅᐯᒥ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑕ­­ ­­ᐅᔪᒥᒃ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­­ ­­ everything, including an outright loss, in an attempt to ᐊᓗᓪᓕ ᐃᓱᒪᒍᓯᖏᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᔩᑦ ­­ᐊᓯᖏᑕ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕖᑦ ­­ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂ force the hand of the Quebec government and its devel- ᓇᓚ­­ᐅᑦᓵᓯ­­ᐊᕐᓯᑎ­­ᐊᓘᒐᓗ­­ᐊᓄᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᓕᕆᔩᓪᓗ ᐱᓯᑎ­­ᐅᓂᕐᐹᕋᓗ­­ᐊᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᓚ­­ᐅᓪᓗᒋᑦ opment allies? ᐃᒣᑦᑑᓛᕐᓂᖏᑦ ­­ᐅᖃᕐᑕ­­ᐅᒍᓐᓇᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᓱᕐᖁᐃᓗᒋᑦ, ᓇᓗᓇᓚᕿᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ… The country’s legal Aboriginal rights landscape was not ᑕᒪᑐᒪ ᓇᓪᓕ­­ᐊᓅᕆ­­ᐊᕐᕕᓴ­­ᐅᓂᖓᑕ ᓇᓗᓇᕐᓂᖓ ᑐᑭᑖᕐᑕ­­ᐅᓕᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᐱᓪᓚᕆ­­ a source of any great hope for winning this type of case. ᐊᓘᑎᑕ­­ᐅᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᔨ­­ᐅᑉ Malouf ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑎᕕᓂᖓᑕ. ᒧᒥᑎᑕᐅᓐᓂᕋᓗ­­ ­­ᐊᕋᒥ We had apparently hit a ‘lucky strike’ by convincing Judge ­­ᐊᑭᒪᔪᒋ­­ᐊᕐᑕ­­ᐅᕕ­­ᐅᑉ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᖓᓂ, ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑎᕕᓂᖏᑦ ᑌᑦᓱᒪ ᓵᓚᖃᒃᑫᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ­­ᐊᓪᓚᓂᒃ Malouf of the merits of our case for stopping the work in ᐃᓄᓐᓂᓗ; ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᔨ­­ᐅᑉ ᐃᒣᒋ­­ᐊᖃᕐᓂᕃᓂᖓ ᓄᕐᖃ­­ᐅᔭ­­ᐅᒋ­­ᐊᖃᕐᓂᕃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᔦᒥᔅᐯᒥ James Bay. The attitudes and bearings of other judges in ᐱᓇᓱ­­ᐊᕐᑕ­­ᐅᔪ­­ᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ. ᑌᒣᓕᔪᕐᑕᖃᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ­­ᐊᖏᑦᓴᓗᑎᒃ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­­ ­­ᐅᓕᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔫᒃ ᑯᐯᒃᓗ other courts was something that the best guesswork by ᑳᓇᑕᓗ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᖃᕋᓱ­­ᐊᖁᔭ­­ᐅᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ­­ᐊᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᓗ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ ᐃᓂᕐᓯᒐᓱ­­ the best legal experts could not predict with certainty. ᐊᖃᑎᒋᓗᒋᑦ ᑖᒃᑯ­­ᐊ. This dilemma was resolved by the weight accorded to ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᖕᖑᑎᑦᓯᒍᑕᐅᓕᓚ­­ ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᐅᒍᑎᖓᓂᒃ­­ ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᑐᑕᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓱᓪᓗᖁᕆ­­ Judge Malouf’s decision. Although overturned on appeal, ᐊᓖᑦ ᔦᒥᔅᐯ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑕ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕈᑕ­­ ­­ᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ. ­­ᐊ­­ᐅᓚᔫᓕ­­ᐊᒍᓯᒪᔪᓂ its findings favoured the Cree and Inuit; the judgment ᔦᒥᔅᐯᓕᕆᔪᓂ ᓄᐃᑕᔪᖓ ᐊᑯᓂᓂᑕᕐᓂᒃ­­ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᐊ­­­­ᐅᓚᔫᓕ­­ᐊᕕᓂᕐᓂᕐᒃ ᐅᖃᒻᒪᕆᑦᑎᓗᖓ­­ ordered work on the Project to be stopped. This forced ᐃᒣᓕᑦᓱᖓ: “ᐃᓱᒪᑦᑎᓂᓪᓕ ᖁᓚᒐᓛᑦᔭᖏᑦᑐᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᓇᒻᓂᖃᕐᓂᑎᓐᓂᒃ. the governments of Quebec and Canada to negotiate a ­­ᐊᕐᓱᕈ­­ᐊᓪᓛᓚᖓᑦᔭᖏᑦᑐᒍᓪᓗᓃᑦ ᓱᕐᖁᐃᒋᔭ­­ᐅᑎᑦᓯᒐᓱᐊᕐᓗᑕ­­ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᕐᓂᑎᓐᓂᒃ. ᑌᒃᑯ­­ treaty with the Cree and Inuit. ᐊᓕ ᑌᒪ ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᐃᑖᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭᐅᖕᖏᓂᕃᓗᑎᒃ­­ ­­ᐅᕙᑦᑎᓄᑦ This created the fifth loop of pain, the negotiations ­­ᐊᑦᓱᕈ­­ᐊᓪᓚ­ᖁ­ᑎᖃᕆ­­ᐊᓕᑐᐋᑦ!” ­­ᐅᖃᓪᓗᕆᑦᑎᑕᕕᓂ­­ᐅᔪᖓ ᓇ­­ᐅᒥᓪᓗᓃᑦ ᐃᕐᓯᒋᔭᖃᖕᖏ­ for the James Bay Agreement. In a documentary film on ᑑᕈᑕᕆᑦᓱᖓ ­­ᐅᕕᒐᕉᑕᕆᒐᒪ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ­­ᐊᑦᔨᓕ­­ᐅᕐᑕ­­ᐅᒍᑎᒐᓂ ᑭᓇᒧᑭ­­ᐊᖅ ᑌᒣᓕ­­ᐅᕐᑎᓗᖓ. James Bay, I appear in archival footage making this dec- ᑭᓯ­­ᐊᓂᓕ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᓂᖅ­­ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ­­ ᑕᒪᑐᒪ ­­ᐊᑦᔨᒋᖕᖏᓯᐊᕐᑕᖓᓂᒃ­­ laration, “We have no doubt in our mind that we own the ᐱ­­ᐅᒐᓛᖕᖏᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᓪᓗᑐᕈᑕᐅᓂᖃᕐᓱᓂ.­­ ᑲᕙᒣᑦ ᖁᕝᕙᓯᓂᕐᐹᓯᐊᒍᓯᒪᔪᑦ­­ ᓱᓇᓕᒫᓂᒃ land. We’re not going to go around trying to prove that we ᖃᓪᓕᕌᕐᓂᓱᑎᒃ. ᑎᒍᓯᐊᕐᑐᑐ­­ ­­ᐊᒍᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᑎᒎᕈᑎᓂᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᓕᕆᓂᕐᑎᒎᕈᑎᓂᓪᓗ. own it. It’s up to the people who are invading it, to try to ᐋᕐᕿᓱᕐᓯᒪᕙᒌᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᓄᐊᓵᕆᔭ­­ ­­ᐅᓯᒪᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᑌᒪᖕᖓᓂᑦ ᑕᕆ­­ᐅᑉ ­­ᐊᑭ­­ᐊᓂᒥ­­ᐅᑦ disprove our ownership!” I was a brash, fearless young man ­­ᐊ­­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᑐᐃᓐᓇᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᓂᑦ ­­ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­­ ᑲᕙᒣᑦ ᐃᓕᕋᓇᕐᓵᓗᑎᒃ ᒪᓕᑦᑕ­­ when somebody with a camera recorded me saying this. ᐅᖏᕝᕕᖃᖕᖏᑐᓂᒃ ­­ᐊᖏᕐᑕ­­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­­ ­­ᐅᑎᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᓕᐅᕆᓚ­­ ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ However, the negotiations were premised on an alto- ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᓴᒥᒃ ᑲᕙᒣᑦ ᓵᓚ­­ᐅᑦᑌᓕᒍᑎᖃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓵᑕ­­ᐅᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐱᒋ­­ᐊᓕᕐᕿᑐᕋᕐᕕ­­ gether different and harsh reality. The governments were ᐅᑌᓕᒍᑎᑦᓴᒥᓂᒃ, ᑐᑭᑖᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᑖᕗᖓᓕᒫᖅ ᐊᑕᖁᔨᑦᓱᑎᒃ.­­ supreme. They held all the legal and political cards, pre-de- signed and accumulated since colonial times. They would

ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᓴᓂᑭᓗᐊᒥ ᑲᑎᒪᔪᑦ, 1977-ᒥ. Makivik board of directors meeting in Sanikiluaq, 1977. © MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK © ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

16 ᐱᔭ­­ᐅᒋᒃᑯᓯᕐᑐᓯᒪᒍᒪᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ­­ ᑖᕙᓂ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᒥ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒥ dictate the main terms and conditions of the Agreement. ᓵᑕᐅᒋ­­ ­­ᐊᓕᕐᕿᑕᕐᐸᒍᒪᒐᑎᒃ ᓇᓪᓕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓈᒻᒪᓴᓐᓂᖏᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ­­ ᐋᕐᕿᐅᑎᒍᑕ­­ ­­ Governments were determined to attain legal finality. They ᐅᔪᕕᓂᕐᓂᒃ. wanted to avoid future lawsuits from Aboriginals taking ᑌᒣᒃᑲᒥᓪᓕ ­­ᐊᑐᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᑕᐸᓀᓐᓂᐹᒥᒃ “ᑲ­­ᐅᑖᓗᒻᒥᒃ” ᓱᑌᕐᓂᒌᕐᑐᒥᒃ issue with what was settled in this Agreement. ­­ᐊᑭᒪᔪᒐᓱ­­ᐊᕐᐸᒍᒫᕐᑐᓂᒃ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᒃ. ᓗᑎᒃ ᑭᓯᒥᐅᑎᑦᓯᓱᑎᒃ­­ ­­ᐊᖏᕐᑎᓯᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ­­ Thus, they used an extreme ‘sledgehammer’ to prevent ­­ᐊᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᓗ ᑖᕗᖓᓕᒫᖅ ᐃᓱᖃᖕᖏᑐᒧᑦ ­­ᐊᑕᓚᖓᔪᒥᒃ ᖃᒥᑎᕆᑎᑦᓯᓱᑎᒃ all possible future challenges to the Agreement. They forced ᓴᒃᑯᓯᑎᑦᓯᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔫᓂᕐᒥᓄᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­­ᐅᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᕕᓂᕐᒥᑕ ᓄᓇᒐ ᐱᓪᓗᒍ, the Cree and Inuit to forever extinguish and surrender their ᑌᒣᓕᓂᖓ ᑕᐅᕐᑎᖃᕐᓂ­­ ᐊᑎᓪᓗᒍ­­ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓂᒃ­­ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᓱᓇᐅᓂᖏᑦ­­ ᑌᔭ­­ᐅᒪᔪᓂᒃ Aboriginal rights to their ancestral lands, in exchange for ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥ, ᑌᒣᑦᑐᑰᕐᑎᑕᐅᓂᖅ­­ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᒐᓱᐊᕆ­­ ᐊᖓ­­ ᐊᔪᓐᓇᑐᑲᓇ­­ ᐅᓚ­­ ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ.­­ ᑭᓯ­­ the rights and benefits enumerated in the Agreement. This ᐊᓂᓗᓪᓕ ᓂᑲᒋᔭ­­ᐅᓂᕐᑕᖄᐱᖕᖏᑐᒥᒃ ᐋᕐᕿᒋ­­ᐊᕐᑕ­­ᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᑲᕙᒪᓄᑦ ᐃᓕᕋᓇᒻᒪᕆᒍᑕ­­ᐅᑦᓱᓂ was a hard pill to swallow. But the brutal fix dictated by ᐃᒣᑦᑑᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ: ᓴᒃᑯᓯᓂᕐᑕᖃᕐᓂ­­ᐊᖏᑉᐸᑦ, ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᑕᖃᕈᓐᓇᖏᓪᓚᖅ. government was: no surrender, no agreement. ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱ­­ᐊᕐᓃᑦ ᓱᓪᓗᖁᕐᑕ­­ᐅᓂᖏᑕ ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᑐᑕᖃᕐᓂᖓ ᑖᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᐱᑕᖃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ The negotiations’ loop of pain included, i) a require- i) ­­ᐊᑐᕐᓗᒍ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­­ ­­ᐅᑎᑕᐅᓂᖏᑦ­­ ­­ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᓪᓗ “ᖃᒥᑎᕆᓗᑎᒃ ᓴᒃᑯᓯᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­­ ment for the Cree and Inuit to “extinguish and surrender ᐅᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᒨᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ” ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕈᑕ­­ ­­ᐅᔪᓂᒃ; ii) ᒥᑭᔪᐊᑦᔪ­­ ­­ᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᑖᕐᓂᖅ, their rights in and to lands” being negotiated over; ii) a ᓄᓇ­­ᐅᑉ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᓕ­­ ­­ᐊᓗᖓᑕ ᐃᓓᓐᓇᒪᕆᐊᐱᖓᓂᒃ­­ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭᐅᓂ­­ ­­ᐊᕐᑎᓗᒍ (ᑲᑎᑯᔨ tiny fraction of the total landmass to be held in ownership I-ᒥ ᓄᓇᑖᒍᓯᒪᔪᑦ); ­­ᐊᒻᒪ iii) ᐱᔭᕆᔭᑑᑦᓱᓂ ᓄᓇᕕᓕᒫᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᑉ­­ ᑲᕙᒫᐱᖓᑎᑑᕐᑐᖅ (Category I lands); and iii) attainment only of a regional ᐱᒐᓱᐊᕐᓯᒪᒐᓗ­­ ᐊᕐᑎᓗᑕ­­ “ᑲᕙᒪᓪᓚᕆᒻᒥᒃ” ᐱᑦᓴᑐᓂᖃᕈᓐᓇᑐᒥᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᑎᑐᑦ. ᐱᕆᔭᑐᐊᖃᓚ­­ ­­ municipality, and not the real ‘government’ we had pur- ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᒍᑦ ᐃᒻᒥᓂᒃ ᓱᓇᓱᐊᕋᑦᓴᑎᓐᓂᒃ­­ ᐯᕐᓯᒍᓐᓇᓂᑐᐃᓐᓇᒥᒃ ᐱᔪᒪᔭᕐᓱᓗᑕ ᐃᒻᒥᓂᒃ sued. We attained mere self-administration, not self-de- ­­ᐊ­­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᑕᖃᓪᓚᕆᖕᖏᑐᒥᒃ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯ­­ᐊ ᐃᒣᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᑭᓯᒦᓚᒍᑕᐅᔪᐃᑦ­­ ᑖᕐᑐᒥᒃ termination. These conditions cast a dark shadow over ᑕᕐᕋᓕᓂᖃᓚᕿᔪᕐᑎᑑᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓱᓇᓂᒃ ᑌᑰᓇ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑖᕆᔭᕋᓗᐊᑦᑎᓂᒃ.­­ whatever was gained. ᐱᖓᓲᔪᕐᑖᑦ ᓱᓪᓗᖁᕆᐊᓖᑦ­­ ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᑐᑕᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᔦᒥᔅᐯᑉ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑕ­­ ᑌᒣᓚᕿᑎᑕᖓ The sixth loop of pain generated by the James Bay ᐱᓪᓗ­­ᐊᒍᓂᕐᐹᒍᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭᒧᓪᓗ ᐋᓐᓂᓇᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂ­ᐹᒍᑦᓱᓂ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᑦᓯ­­ Agreement was the most profound and most person- ᐊᓯᒪᓂᖓ ᐃᑐᑦᑎᓯ­­ᐊᕐᓱᓂ ᓯᖁᒥᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ­­ ᐅᓄᒋ­­ ­­ᐊᑲᓪᓛᓗᐃᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓴᖑᒍᑎᒋᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂ­­ ally painful. Inuit harmony was completely shattered by ᐅᔭᖕᖏᑕᒥᓂᒃ ­­ᐊᖕᖔᖏᑦᑑᒍᑎᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ­­ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᒣᓪᓗᓂ ᑭᓯᒦᓚᓐᓂᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ a sizable portion of the Inuit population having intracta- ­­ᐊᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᓗ. ᑲᕙᒣᑦ - ᓚ­­ᐅᔪᖓ ­­ᐊᑕ­­ᐅᓯ­­ᐅᖕᖏᑐᒥᒃ ᑐᑭᖃᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᑳᓇᑕ ble objections to the conditions imposed by the govern- ᑌᒣᖁᔨᑐᐃᓐᓇᖃᑕ­­ᐅᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᐱᔪᒥᓇᖕᖏᑐ­­ᐊᓘᑉ ᓴᒃᑯᓯᓂ­­ᐅᑉ ­­ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­­ᐅᖁᔭ­­ᐅᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ments upon the Cree and Inuit. I say governments in plural, ᑌᒣᓕᖓᓂᑦᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᐋᕐᕿᓱᐃᖃᑕ­­ᐅᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓂᕋᒥ 1912-ᒥ. because Canada was in acquiescence with the draconian ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᒃ ᓈᒻᒪᓴᖕᖏᑐᐃᑦ ­­ᐊᖕᖔᖏᑦᑑᒍᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᓚᖃᓚᖀᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ extinguishment measures, having had a hand in design- ᐃᒻᒥᓄᑦ ­­ᐅᓇᑕ­­ᐅᑎᔪᕐᑎᑑᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ­­ᐅᖃ­­ᐅᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᑭᐅᒪ­­ ­­ᐅᑎᕐᔪ­­ᐊᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᑌᒣᓗᕆ­­ᐅᑎᓂᕐᓗ ing these in 1912. ᓱᒃᑯᖃᑦᑕᐅᑎᒐᓱ­­ ­­ᐊᕐᓂᒧᑦ ᑎᑭ­­ᐅᑎᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂ, ᐃᓄᓐᓂᐊᖃᑦᑕ­­ ᐅᑎᓂᕐᓄᓗ­­ ᑯᑦᓴᓇᕐᓵᖃᑦᑕᓂᕐᓗ The dissidents’ objections to the Agreement resulted in ­­ᐊᑐᕐᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚᕿᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.­­ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂᒋ­­ᐊᒻᒪᕆᒻᒥ ᐊᖓᒃᑯᓂ­­ ᐊᓲᖑᓂᕐᒦᖏᓐᓈᓂᕈᑦᑕ,­­ ᐊᒥᓱᕕᑦᑐᓂᒃ­­ an Inuit-upon-Inuit war of words, which degenerated into ᑑᕐᖏᒐᓱᐊᕐᓂᓂᒃ­­ ­­ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­­ᐅᔪᖃᕋᔭᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᐱ­­ᐅᖕᖏᑐᒧᑦ ᑭᓪᓕᖃᕐᑎᑕᐅᒐᓱ­­ ­­ᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ exchanges of personal attacks and threats. Had we still been ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᑐᑐᑦ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᓪᓗ ­­ᐊᑭᕋᕐᑐᑐᑦ. ᑲᑎᑐᐃᓐᓇᕕᑦᓴᒥᒃ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­­ in the shamanistic period, many a conjuring would have ­­ᐊᐴᒪᐅᑎᔫᒃ­­ ᕿᑎᖓᓃᒐᔭᕐᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖅ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓪᓗᑯᒍᑎᑦᓴᒥᓪᓗ­­ ᐃᓱᒪᓇᓪᓗ­­ taken place to curse the entrenched positions of support- ᐊᖏᑦᑐᑯᑦ ᕿᓂᕋᓱᐊᕐᕕᓴᕐᑕᖃᕋᓂ.­­ ᑌᒫᓪᓗᑐ­­ᐊᓗᒃ ᐃᑎᔪᒥᒃ ᖃᒧᖓᐅᓕᔪᒥᒃ­­ ᑖᕗᖓᓕᒫᕐᓗ ers of the Agreement and of those who opposed it. There ­­ᐊᑕᓚᖓᔪᒥᒃ ­­ᐊᕕᓚᕿᒍᑎᒥᒃ ᐃᓚᒌᑦᓯ­­ᐊᕈᓐᓀᓚᕿᒍᑎᒥᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᓐᓂ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᓂ ᐱᑕᖃᓚ­­ was no middle ground, or room for arbitration. Such deep, ᐅᕐᓯᒪᓐᓂᖏᑦᑐᖅ ᑌᑦᓱᒪ ᓯᕗᓂᖓᓂ… and long-lasting, divisions among Inuit had never been ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᕐᒥ­­ᐅᕕᓂ­­ᐅᒐᒪ ᓇᔪᕐᑎᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖓ­­ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ­­ ᐆᒥᓲᑎᒍᑕᐅᔪᑦ­­ ᐃᑯᓪᓚᖏᓐᓂᓗ­­ known before. ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᖕᖏᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ­­ᐅᖁᒣᓐᓂᓗ­­ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᖕᖏᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ… Being originally from Puvirnituq, I carried a dispropor- ­­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ 39 ­­ᐊᓂᒍᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂ­­ᐅᑉ ­­ᐊᑎᓕ­­ᐅᕐᕕ­­ᐅᓚ­­ᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓᑕ tionate share of these animosities. ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ, ᒪᑦᔨ 2014-ᒥ, ᐃᓅᖏᓐᓈᑐᐃᑦ ᖁᓕᐅᖕᖏᒐᕐᑑᖏᓐᓈᕋᓗ­­ ᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ­­ Thirty-nine years after the James Bay Agreement was ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ­­ᐊᑎᓕ­­ᐅᖃᑕ­­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᕐᑐᑦ­­ ᐁᓯᒪᓚᐅᔪᕗᑦ­­ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ­­ ᑎᒥᒻᒪᕆᖁᑎᖓᑕ signed, in March 2014, eight out of nine surviving Inuit sig- ᑲᑎᒪᓂᒻᒪᕆᖓᓂ ­­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᕐᓯ­­ᐅᑎᒥ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥ. ­­ᐊᑐᓂᑦ ᑖᒃᑯ­­ᐊ ᓀᓈᕐᑎᑐᓂᒃ ᐃᕐᖃ­­ natories attended the Makivik Corporation annual general ᐅᒪᔭᒥᑕ ᐱᓪᓚᕆᐅᓂᓗ­­ ᐊᖕᖑ­­ ­­ᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓚ­­ ᐅᔪᕗᑦ­­ ᐱᓇᓱ­­ᐊᖃᑕ­­ᐅᓂᕕᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ­­ meeting in Ivujivik. Each of them shared brief recollections ᐁᓯᒪᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᑌᒣᑦᑐᓕᕆᔪᓂ. ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᑐᑕᓕᓐᓂ ᓱᓪᓗᖁᐃᒍᑎᕕᓂᕐᓂᒥᒃᓂ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᑎᒃ of their most compelling memories of the work they had ­­ᐊᓂᒎᑎᑎᑦᓯᒐᓱᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ­­­ ᑖᑦᓱᒥᖓ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᒃ­­ ᐆᒪᔨᐊᓕᐹᓘᕉᑕᕆᓕᓚ­­ ­­ᐅᔪᔪᑦ. ᑭᓯ­­ᐊᓂᑦᑕ­ taken direct part in. The loops of pain they had all endured ­ᐅᖅ ᑌᒃᑰᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᑎᓐᓂᒥᓐᓂ ­­ᐅᖃᒻᒪᕆᒍᑎᖃᓚ­­ᐅᔪᔪᐃᓐᓀᑦ ᐱᓪᓚᕆ­­ᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᐱᔭᕇᕐᒣᑑᑦᓱᓂ to accomplish this Agreement became very alive. But as ᐱᔭᕆᐊᓕᖁᑎᒋᔭᒥᓂᒃ…­­ a group, they also proclaimed a great, outstanding task. ᐃᑉᐱᓇᕐᑐ­­ᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᑐᑦᓯᒪᓇᕐᑐᑕᖃᓕᓚᐅᔪᕗᖅ­­ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᑎᒃ ­­ᐊᑎᓕ­­ᐅᖃᑕ­­ᐅᔪᕕᓂᓕᒫᑦ Tangible emotion was in the air as all the signatories, ­­ᐊᑕ­­ᐅᑦᓯᑳᕐᑎᓱᑎᒃ ­­ᐅᖃᒻᒪᕆᑦᑐᐃᓇ­­ᐅᓕᕐᒪᑕ ­­ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­­ᐅᖁᔨᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᒪᒥᓴᕐᓂᒥᒃ in turn, called for healing, forgiveness, and reconciliation ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔪᓐᓀᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᒃ ᐃᓚᓕ­­ᐅᖃᑎᒌᒋ­­ᐊᑦᓯᐊᓂᕐᒥᓗ,­­ ᑌᒣᒍᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ­­ ᓱᒃᑯᖃᑦᑕᐅᑎᓯᒪᒍᑏᑦ­­ from the wounds caused by the JBNQA among the Inuit ᔦᒥᔅᐯᑉ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑕ ᑌᒣᓕᐅᕆ­­ ­­ᐅᑎᓚᕿᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ.­­ ᑖᒃᑯ­­ᐊ of Nunavik. They called for this to be deliberately pur- ᑎᓕ­­ᐅᕆᓚ­­ᐅᔪᔪᑦ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᐱᓪᓗᑐᕋᓱᐊᕈᑕ­­ ­­ᐅᖁᔨᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᖃᒻᒥ­­ᐅᒍᓐᓇᕕᓕᒫᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᓇᓱ­­ sued, soon. ᐊᕐᑕ­­ᐅᑲᐱᓪᓗᓂ. Such an undertaking would serve to ‘bury the hatchet’ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᓇᓱ­­ᐊᕐᑕᐅᓯᑉᐸᑦ­­ ᐊᑑᑎᖃᓕᕋᔭᕐᑐᖅ­­ “ᐅᕐᓕᑑᑎᖃᑦᑕ­­ ᐅᑎᒍᑎᕕᓃᑦ”­­ ᓴᒃᑯᑕᐅᑦᓯ­­ ­­ᐊᓗᑎᒃ among individuals who had become enemies during those ᓂᐹᕐᓂᑎᑕ­­ᐅᒋ­­ᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ­­ᐊᑐᓂ­­ᐅᑦᑎᑐᑦ ­­ᐊᑭᕋᕇᓕᓚᕿᒍᑎᕕᓂᖏᑦ ᑌᒃᑯᓇᓂ years. Genuine reconciliation would pave the way for tack- ­­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ. ᓱᓕᔪᒥᒃ ᐃᓚᓕ­­ᐅᖃᑎᒌᒋ­­ᐊᑦᓯ­­ᐊᓂᖅ ­­ᐊᕐᖁᑎᑦᓴᖑᕋᔭᕐᑐᖅ ᓵᖕᖓᓯ­­ᐊᓕᕐᒥᓗᒍ ᐱᒐᓱ­­ ling the unfinished business of attaining self-government, ᐊᒻᒪᕆᐅᑕ­­ ᐅᓕᕋᔭᕐᒥᓂᖓᓄᑦ­­ ᑲᕙᒪᑖᕋᓱ­­ᐊᕐᓂᐅᑉ­­ ᓴᐳᒻᒥᔭ­­ᐅᒍᑎᑦᓴᓯ­­ᐅᕐᑕᐅᓂᖓᑕᓗ­­ ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑑᕐᑑᑉ and seeking protection for Inuktitut language, culture, and mag ­ a zine ­­ᐅᖃᐅᓯ­­ ­­ᐅᑉ ᐱᐅᓯᑐᖃ­­ ᐅᓪᓗ,­­ ᐃᓕᑕᕐᓇᕈᑎᖏᑕᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖃᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᑕᒪᑐᒪ ᐱᓇᓱ­­ identity, from a base and foundation of renewed unity

ᐊᕐᑕᐅᓂᖓ­­ ᓄᑕᐅᓯᓕᒋ­­ ­­ᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᒋ­­ᐊᑦᓯ­­ᐊᕈᑎᒋᒍᓐᓇᑕᖓᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­­ᐅᑦ… among the Inuit of Nunavik. MAKIVIK 17 ᐱᖁᔭᓕᐅᕐᑎᒪᕆ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ ᑕᑯᒋᐊᑦᓯᐊᓂᖓ, ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᑕᒐᑕᒐᓗ ᐃᓴᐱᐊᓪ ᑐᐳᐊ ᐊᓪᓚᑕᕕᓂᖏᑦ Senator Charlie Watt Reflecting on the JBNQA, then and now

By Isabelle Dubois © MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK ©

ᑎᓕᔭ­ᐅᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂ ᐱᖁᔭᓕᕆᕕᒻᒧᑦ 1984-ᒥ ᑲᓇᑕ­ᐅᑉ ­ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᓄᑦ ᐱ­ᐊᕐ ᐃ­ᐊᓕ­ᐊᑦ ᑐᕉᑐᒧᑦ, ᓵᓕ ᒍ­ᐊᑦ, ­ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑑᖃᑕ­ᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᐱᖁᔭᓕᐅᕐᑎ­ ­ᐅᖃᑕ­ᐅᓐᓂᖁᖅ ᑌᑰᓇ. 39-ᓂ ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᖃᓕᕐᓱᓂ, ᐱᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱ­ ᐊᓕᓂᑐᖃ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ, ᐃᓚ­ᐅᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᓃᑦ­ ­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᕐᑕ­ᐅᓂᖓᓗ ᓄᓇᑖᕐᓂᒧᑦ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᑉ­ ᑲᓇᑕ­ᐅᑉ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ: ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ. ᑖᓐᓇ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ­ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᐱᓇᓱ­ᐊᕐᑕ­ᐅᓚᖓᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᓄᑖᓂᒃ ᓄᐃᑦᓯᒍᑕᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ­ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓅᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ­ ᑌᒪᖕᖓᓂᓪᓗ ᐃᑦᔭᕋᑦᓴᑖᕆᔭ­ᐅᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂ ­ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᖃᕐᓄᑦ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ­ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᓂ ­ᐊᓂᒍᕐᑐᓂ.

18 © MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK © © MAKIVIK CORPORATION X2 CORPORATION MAKIVIK ©

Appointed to the Senate in 1984 by Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau, Charlie Watt, was one of the youngest senators to be appointed at the time. But at 39 years of age, his career in politics was already far along, including the negotiation and signing in 1975 of the first major comprehensive land claims agreement in northern Canada: the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA). This historic treaty brought upon a new era in terms of Aboriginal rights and has since served as a model for many Aboriginal groups over the past 40 years. mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

19 © IDA WATT COLLECTION/AVATAQ CULTURAL INSTITUTE/WT-36 CULTURAL COLLECTION/AVATAQ WATT IDA ©

ᑎᓕᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᒐᓱᐊᒻᒪᕆᑦᑐᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᖃᑎᖃᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᑯᒪᓐᓂᐊᑎᓕᕆᔨᖏᓐᓂᒃ. Delegates hard at work negotiating between the Northern Quebec Inuit Association and Hydro Quebec.

ᖃᓄᖅ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᔪᓄᑦ­ ᐃᓚᐅᕙᓪᓕ­ ᐊᓯᓐᓂᕿᑦ­ ? How did you become involved with politics in the first place? ­ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᒪᕆᐅᑦᓱᖓ­ ᓱᓕ ᐱᓇᓱ­ᐊᕈᒪᓯᒪᕗᖓ ᐊᑑᑎᖃᑦᓯ­ ­ᐊᑐᓂᒃ. ᑰᑦᔪᐊᑐᖃᕐᒥ­ My dream in terms of wanting to do something meaningful started ᐱᕈᕐᓴᓯᒪᔪᖓ, ᑲᒻᐸᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᓂ­ᐅᕕᕐᕕᖃᕐᕕᖓᓂ, ᐱ­ᐊᕃᑦ ­ᐊᒥᓲᓗ­ᐊᕋᑕᕐᑎᓇᒋᑦ, at a very young age. Growing up in Old Fort Chimo, around the Hudson ᐃᓱᒪᑦᓴᓯ­ᐅᕐᕕᓴᑦᓯᐊᒍᓯᒪᔪᖅ­ ­ᐅᕙᓐᓄᑦ. ᐃᓱᒪᑦᓴᓯ­ᐅᕈᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᖓ Bay Company’s trading post, where there were not too many kids ᐃᓅᑦᓱᑕ ᓱᓇᒥᒃ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᖃᕐᒪᖔᑦᑕ. ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᒥᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᒐᓱᐊᕐᓯᑎ­ ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᖓ, around at the time, I had a lot of time to think. I put a lot of thought ᒪᙯᓕᕋᓗᐊᕋᒪ­ ᖃᔭᕆᐊᕐᑐᓕᕋᓗ­ ᐊᕋᒪ­ ᑌᒪᖕᖓᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᖃᓕᒫᕐᓱᖓ, ᓱᓇᓂᒃ into what should become of us as Inuit. I guess I was a dreamer, even ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᓕ­ᐅᕈᑎᑦᓴᖃᕐᒪᖔᕐᒪ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ ᓴᐳᑦᔨᒍᑎᑦᓴᓂᒃ later. Whether I was out hunting or in the canoe, I never stopped think- ᖃᓄᕐᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑐᓴᕆᒻᒪᖔᒃᑭᑦ.­ ing, visualizing what kind of instrument I needed to put into place to defend Inuit rights and how. ᖃᖓ ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᑉᐸᓕ­ᐊᓯᓐᓂᕿᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦᑕ­ ᓴᐳᒻᒥᔭ­ᐅᒋ­ ᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ? When did you realize something needed to be done to defend 1964-ᓃᓕᕐᓱᑕ, ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓ ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᕙᓪᓕ­ ­ᐊᓯᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᕆᓃ ᓕᕕ­ᐊᒃ, Inuit rights? ᑐᕐᖃᑕᕐᕕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐱᑦᓴᖑᕈᓐᓇᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ, ᑰᑦᔪ­ᐊᕈᓯᓕ­ᐊᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᑲᑎᓯᒋ­ Around 1964, when the Quebec government started coming in, ᐊᕐᑐᓱᓂ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ­ᐊᑦᔨᒋᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ­ᐊᑭᒡᒋ­ᐅᔮᓗᕕᓂᕐᓂᒃ ‑René Lévesque, who was the minister of Natural Resources at the time, ᐁᑦᑐᑐᐃᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᓈᒻᒪᒋᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑕᕋᓕ, ­ᐊᕿᖃᓚᖓᑎᓪᓗᒍ came to Fort Chimo to meet with representatives from the various com- ᑭᓯ­ᐊᓂ ᐁᑦᑐᐃᒍᒪᓂᖓ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᓯᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒐᒃᑯ. ­ᐊᓱᐃᓛᒃ, ᐱᓇᓱᕝᕕᖓᓂ munities. He was also handing out turkeys. That didn’t stick too well ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑏᑦ ᑰᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᓯᓯᒪᒌᕐᑐᕕᓂᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᐃᑯᒪ­ᐅᑎᑦᓴᓕᐅᕐᕕᓴᓂᒃ,­ with me, because that could only imply that he wanted something in ᖃ­ᐅᔨᑦᓴ­ᐅᑎᒋᑐᐃᓇᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖓ­ ᓱᓇᓱᐊᕐᒪᖔᑕ.­ ­ᐊᑯᓂᓕᑦᓯᓗ­ᐊᓚ­ᐅᕐᑎᓇᒍ return. As a matter of fact, rivers with potential to produce electricity ᑲᔪᓯᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆ­ᐊᖃᓯᓚ­ᐅᔫᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑐᓴ­ᐅᒪᔭ­ᐅᑎᒋᐊᖃᕐᓯᒪᔭᕋ.­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ had already been identified by his department, so it did not take me ᓂᐸᖃᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖃᓕᓚ­ᐅᔪᕗᑦ ᑕᒫᓃᑦᑐᑦ. ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᑌᒫᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᐱᓇᓱ­ very long to know what they were up to. It was just a matter of time ᐊᓯᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᓐᓇᖏᒻᒪᑕ. 1912-ᒥ, ᓯᕗᓕᕗᑦ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᑎᑕ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᑎᓐᓇᒋᑦ, before they were going to do something. This could not be kept under ᑯᐯᒃ ᓄᓇᖓ ­ᐊᖏᓕᒋᐊᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᑕᕐᕋᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᒥᒃ. 1912 ᓄᓇᒥᒃ the lid. Somebody had to speak for the people up here. The government ­ᐊᖏᓪᓕᑎᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᐅᑉ­ ᐃᓗᐊᒍᑦ,­ ᐱᕕᑦᓴᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᑕᖃᕐᓂᖁᖅ ᐱᒻᒪᕇᑦ could not just move in like this. Back in 1912, without our ­forefathers ᐱᓇᓱ­ᐊᕐᑕᐅᓯᒋ­ ­ᐊᓚ­ᐅᕐᑎᓇᒋᑦ, ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᑎᑕ­ ᐅᕐᖄᕆ­ ­ being consulted, the Quebec territory was extended north. Within this

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᐊᖃᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ. 1912 Extension Act, there were provisions to the effect that before any major development could go ahead, the Aboriginal people living in the

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ territory had to be consulted. 20 ᑕᒪᓐᓇᑕᒑ ᐃᓱᒪᑖᕈᑕ­ᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᔪᕕᓂᖅ­ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ Is this how the idea came about to form the Northern Quebec ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑕ ᓄᐃᑕ­ᐅᓂᑦᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᓵᖓᓯᒍᑎᑦᓴᐅᓂ­ ᐊᕐᓗᓂ­ Inuit Association (NQIA) to confront the government with their ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᑦᓴᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ? responsibility towards Inuit? ᐋ­ᐊ, ᑌᒣᑦᓯᒪᔪᖅ, ᑭᓯ­ᐊᓂ ­ᐊᑯᓂ­ᐊᓗᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ That was the background of it, yes, but it was a long time coming, ᐱᕕᑦᓴᑖᓕᕋᑕᕐᓱᑎᒃ 1971-ᒥ, ᑯᐯᒻᒥᐅᑦ­ ­ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓ ᕈᐯ ᐳᕌᓴ until the opportunity came around, in 1971, when Quebec Premier ­ᐅᖃᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ­ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇ­ᐅᓂᕋᕐᓱᓂ ᐱᓕᐊᓂᒃ­ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ­ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᕐᑐᕈ­ ­ Robert Bourassa made the announcement that they were already pre- ᑎᑦᓴᖃᕐᓂᕋᕐᓱᓂ ᑰᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᒥᑦᑐᐃᒍᑎᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᐃᑯᒪᐅᑎᑦᓴᓕ­ ᐅᕐᕕᓂᒃ.­ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ pared to spend billions of dollars to dam the rivers for their hydroelectric ᐱᓇᓱ­ᐊᕆ­ᐊᕐᓯᒪᓕᕇᕐᑐᕕᓃᑦ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ, ᖃᐅᔨᑎᑕ­ ­ᐅᖕᖏᒌᕐᒥᑎᓪᓗᑕ. project. The Quebec government had already made a move, and again, ᐱᒍᓐᓇ­ᐅᑎᖃᕐᓃᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓂᓪᓕᕈᑕ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕋᑕᕐᑎᓇᒋᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇᑕᒐ ᐃᓘᓐᓈᓂᒃ we were not consulted. The question of rights had not even come up. ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᔦᒍᑎ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᓕᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ. ­ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖃᕐᑐᕆᑦᓯᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖓ That’s what triggered the whole thing. I felt that there were many issues ᖃᓄᐃᓕᒍᑕ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖃᕐᑐᕆᑦᓯᓱᖓᓗ . ­ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᓖᑦ ᓄᐃᖃᑦᑕᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ that needed to be addressed and dealt with in the form of litigations in ᑲᒪᒋᔭ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖃᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᖁᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᔭᕆ­ ᐊᕐᓂᑯᑦ­ ᓄᑭᑖᕆᐊᓪᓚᕈᑎᑦᓴᕆᓂ­ ­ order to try to establish a bit more leverage on our side. So that’s when ᐊᕐᑕᕗᑦ. ᑕᒐ ᐃᓱᒪᑖᕆᓯᒪᔭᕋᓂᒃ ᓄᐃᑦᓯᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖓ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ I went ahead with my idea and created NQIA, in 1972, with the help of ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ, 1972-ᒥ, ᐃᑲᔪᕐᑕ­ᐅᓱᖓ ᒫᕐ ᐅᔮᓂ­ ᑯᐊᑕᒧᑦ,­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ Mark R. Gordon, who was still a student at the time. ᐊᑎ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᒧᑦ ᑌᑰᓇ. What did you anticipate the outcome would be when you took ᓱᓇᒥᒃ ᓂᕆᐅᓐᓂᖃᕐᓂᕿᑦ­ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓂᒃ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒨᑎᑦᓯᓱᑎᑦ ? the government to court? ­ᐅᑉᐱᕆᔭᖃᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖓ ᑌᒫᒃ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᔭᕆ­ᐊᖕᖏᑯᑦᑕ ᑌᑰᓇ, ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥ My honest belief is that if we did not make that move at the time that ­ᐊᑐᓕᕐᑕᑎᓐᓃᒐᔭᖕᖏᑑᓂᑦᑎᓂᒃ. ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᔨ ᒪᓘᕝ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᒥ ᓵᓚᖃᕐᑎᓗᑕ we did, we would not be where we are today. In the fashion that Justice ᑯᐯᒃ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒪᕆᖓᓂ, ᐱᖁᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᓄᕐᖃᖓᑎᑦᓯᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ Malouf laid it out when we first won the case at the Quebec Superior ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑕ­ ᐅᒍᒪᔪᒥᒃ­ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ­ ᐊᑐᕐᓱᑕ,­ ᑌᑰᓇᑕᒐ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᐱᒍᓐᓇ­ Court, granting us an interlocutory injunction halting the James Bay ᐅᑎᖏᑦ ­ᐊᑐᓕᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᓯᓐᓂᖁᑦ, ᓲᑭᐊᒍᒐᓗ­ ­ᐊᖅ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ­ ᐱᖁᔭᑎᒍᑦ Project on the basis of our rights, that’s when the question of Aboriginal ᓄᕐᖃᖓᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᕗᑦ ­ᐊᑕᔪᒥᒃ ­ᐊᑑᑎᔪᑦᓴᔭ­ᐅᓐᓂᖏᓪᓚᖅ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᓄᓪᓗ rights started to become a reality. Unfortunately, it was not a ­permanent ᑯᐯᒃ ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑎᖓ ᓄᖑᑎᕐᑕᐅᓱᓂ­ ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᑦ ᑐᑭᑖᕆᕕᖓᓂ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ­ injunction and the Government of Quebec overturned his ruling in the ᓂᑦᔮᐸᓪᓕ­ᐊᕈᑎᑦᓴᑖᕆᓯᒪᔭᕗᑦ. Court of Appeal, but it allowed us to break the ice.

ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑕ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᕐᕕᑕᕐᑐᑦ, ᑲᖏᕐᓱᒧᑦ, 1975-ᒥ. Northern Quebec Inuit Association field trip, Kangirsuk, 1975. © MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK © mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

21 ᓱᓇᓂᒃ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᒋ­ᐊᕈᑎᑦᓴᖃᓕᕐᓂᕿᓯ ᐊᖏᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᖏᒻᒪᑦ ᕿᓄᒍᑎᓯ ? What were your options after the ruling in your favour was over- ᓇᓪᓕᑳᕈᓐᓇᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᒍᑦ: ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ­ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᕐᔪᐊᖓᑎᒎᕈᑎᒋᓗᒍ­ turned? ­ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᕿᓄᒍᑎᒋᒋ­ᐊᓪᓚᓗᒍ ᐱᖁᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᓄᕐᖃᖓᑎᓂ­ᐊᕐᓗᒍ, We had a choice: either we took it to the Supreme Court of Canada ᑭᓯ­ᐊᓂ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᖔᓯᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᒍᑦ. ᐱᕕᑦᓴᖃᓕᕋᑦᑕ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ to try and overturn the appeal and get a permanent injunction, but we ­ᐅᓄᕐᓯᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᓪᓗ ᑭᖕᖒᒪᒋᔭᖃᕐᐸᓕ­ᐊᓯᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᒃᑯᑦ, ended up negotiating instead. Given the circumstances, with an increas- ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᐊᕈᑎᑦᓴᖃᑦᓯ­ ­ᐊᕋᑕᓗ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᑕ ᑌᑰᓇ, ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᐃᓱᐊᕐᓂᐸ­ ᐅᔪᕆᑦᓯᓚ­ ­ ing population and the growing social needs of the communities, which ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᒍᑦ, ᐱᕕᑦᓴᑖᕋᑦᑕ, ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᓂᖃᑦᓴᓂᑦᑎᓂ,­ ᓄᑭᖃ­ᐅᑎᖃᑦᓯ­ were all in bad shape economically at the time, we felt that it was the ᐊᓂᑦᑎᓂ. best thing for us to do, an opportunity for us, while we were still in a bargaining position, before we lost any more leverage. ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱ­ ­ᐊᖃᑎᖃᕆ­ᐊᒥᒃ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑑᓯᒪᕙ ? ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑭᑦᑑᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖅ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᖃᑎᖃᕐᓱᓂ,­ How was it negotiating with the government? ᐃᑭᓐᓂᓴᒻᒪᕆᐅᓯᒪᒐᑦᑕ ᐱᒋᐊᓚᐅᕋᑕᓘᓐᓃᑦ. ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂᒃ It was not easy to negotiate with the government because we were ᐱᓇᓱᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᖏᑦᑐᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᖃᕋᓱᐊᑦᓴᕈᑦᑖᑎᓪᓗᑕ outnumbered even before we began. They had so many resources, ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᓯᐊᖏᓐᓂᓴᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᓐᓇᑐᓂᒃ. ᑌᒪᖕᖓᑦ ᐃᑉᐱᒌᓐᓇᕆ­ while on our side, we had to rely on a number of non-native people to ᐊᖃᕐᓯᒪᔭᕗᑦ ᓱᓇᓱᐊᓕᕐᒪᖔᑕ, ᓱᓕᑦᓯᐊᕋᓱᐊᕐᒪᖔᑕ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐱᑦᓯᐊᑐ­ complement what we were missing in certain fields that we were less ᐃᓐᓇᑐᕆᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖓ, ᐃᑭᑦᑑᒐᓗᐊᕐᓱᑕ. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ knowledgeable in. So we constantly had to double-check their inten- ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑐᒪᕆᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᐊᕐᕕᑕᕐᑎᖃᕐᓱᑕ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᑎᑦᓯᒋᐊᕐᑐᖃᑦᑕᑐᓂᒃ,­ tions, their sincerity. But I think we did well, even with the limited num- ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓈᓚᒋᐊᕐᑐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ, ᐃᓱᒪᒋᓕᐅᑎᔭᐅᑦᓯᐊᖁᑦᓱᒋᑦ. ber of people that we had. Nunavik Inuit were very much engaged. We had field workers communicating with every community, hearing their ᓈᒻᒪᓴᓚᐅᔪᕕᑦ­ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱ­ᐊᕈᑎᓖᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱ­ ­ᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᔦᒥᓯ concerns, to make sure they were taken into consideration. ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖅ ­ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᑕ­ ᐅᓛᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ­ ? ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᖃᑎᐅᑦᓱᖓ, ᓈᒻᒪᓈᑐᐃᓐᓇᑐᕆᓯᒪᔪᖓ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᐊᒍᑦ Were you satisfied with the result of the negotiations, leading to ᐃᓱᒪᖃᕋᓗᐊᕐᒥᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᐊᑦᔨᐅᖏᓐᓂᓴ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᓂᕋᓗᐊᕈᑦᑎᒍ, the signing of the JBNQA? ᑌᑰᓇ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᒐᔭᕐᑐᕆᓐᓂᖏᑦᑕᕋ.­ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᐸᓕᐊᓯᑦᓱᑕ ᓱᓇᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯ­ As a negotiator, I thought we did the right thing, even though there ᒪᖕᖏᑐᒍᑦ; ᐃᓪᓗᔪᐊᖃᑦᓯᐊᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖅ, ᐃᓪᓗᕆᔭ­ᐅᔪ­ᕕᓂᕐᓂᒃ were some other people that had a different view. But if we could have

ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᐅᓚᐅᕐᑎᓇᒍ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ, ᑯᐯᒃ ᓯᑎᒥ, ᓄᕕᒻᐱᕆ 1 1975-ᒥ – ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ. Before the signing of the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement in Quebec City, November 1, 1975 – the Inuit side seen here. © MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK © ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

22 © MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK ©

ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑕ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖏᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᖓ ᑲᖏᕐᓱᒥ – ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ ᐅᖄᔪᖅ. Northern Quebec Inuit Association meeting in Kangirsuk – Charlie Watt seen here speaking.

ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕕᖃᕐᐸᓚᐅᕐᑐᒍᑦ, ᐃᓅᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᑕ­­ done something different, I don’t think it ᐅᒍᑎᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᔪᑦᓴᖁᑎᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦᑐᖅ. ᐅᓪᓗᒥ was available at the time. In the begin- ᐱᒋᓕᕐᑕᕗᑦ, ᐅᐱᒍᓲᑎᑦᓴᕆᕙᕗᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ning of our movements, we had noth- ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ. ᑕᒐᑕᒐ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕕᖃᓕᕐᑐᑦ ing; there were hardly any houses, we ᐱᖕᖑᐊᕕᖃᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ; ᐋᓐᓂᐊᕕᖃᓕᕐᑐᒍᑦ; had shacks as schools, there were no ᐃᓪᓗᐃᓂ­ᐊᕐᑐᒪᕆᐅᖏᓐᓈᕋᓗᐊᕐᓱᑕ, ᐅᓄᕐᓂᓴᐅᓕᕐᑐᐃᓕ social programs. A lot of what we have ᐱᒋᐊᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒐᑦᑕᓂᑦ. ᓄᓇᕘᕐᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑕ ᐊᑦᔨᖏᓐᓂᒃ today, we can be thankful for because ᑕᑯᒋᐊᕋᔭᕈᑦᑕ, ᐅᑦᑐᕋᐅᑎᒋᑦᓱᒍ, ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑐ­ of the JBNQA. Now we do have schools ᒪᕆᐅᕗᑦ ᐃᓱᕐᕉᑎᑦᓴᖃᕐᓂᑯᑦ. ᐅᑉᐱᕆᔭᖃᕐᑐᖓ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ and gymnasiums in every community; ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᓯᒪᓂᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᑦ ᐊᖏᖃ­ we have hospitals; and even though ᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕈᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᑦᑎᓂᑦ, ᐃᓕᑕᕆᔭᐅᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᓗ there are still a high number of houses ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦᑕ, ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᖏᑦᑐᖅ, needed, there is a lot more than there ᑲᓇᑕᒥᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᖏᑦᑐᖅ, ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒥᓪᓕ ᐅᑦᑐᕋᐅᑎ­ were to start with. And if you look at sim- ᐅᕙᓪᓗᓲᒍᒻᒪᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᒥᐅᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᖃᕐᓄᑦ, ᐊᔅᑐᕇᓕᐊᒧᑦ ilar communities in Nunavut, for exam- ᑎᑭᑦᓱᒍ. ᐃᓘᓐᓈᒍᑦ, ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓯᓯᒪᔪᒍᑦ ᐊᖏᔪᒻᒪᕆᒻᒥᒃ, ple, I see Nunavik way ahead in terms ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓯᒋᐊᓪᓚᕕᖃᕐᑐᒍᑦ ᐊᖏᔪᒋᐊᓪᓚᒥᒃ ᓱᓕ. of infrastructure. So I believe there are a great deal of benefits that stem from that ᐃᓘᓐᓈᒍᑦ, ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ agreement we negotiated, not to men- ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎ­ᐅᑉ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᒃ­ ᑌᒪᖕᖓᓂᑦ tion the recognition of the Aboriginal

ᓈᒻᒪᓴᑉᐱᑦ ? CORPORATION MAKIVIK © peoples’ rights, not only in Nunavik, not ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᑦ ᓈᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᓄᑦ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᒍᑦᓱᓂ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ even only in Canada, but also interna- ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑭᑦᑑᓯᒪᖕᖏᓚᑦ, ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒃ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᐊᖏᔪᒻᒪᕆ­ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒥ, 1974-ᒥ, ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ tionally, as the JBNQA is used as a model ᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᑦᓴᖃᕐᓯᒪ­ ᑎᓪᓗᒍ,­ ᐱᓇᓱᓕᓂᕆᓯᒪᖕᖏᑕᒥᓂᒃ. ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᐅᓛᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖓᓂ. by Aboriginals everywhere in the world,

Charlie Watt as president of the Northern Quebec Inuit mag ­ a zine ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯ­ᓯᐊᑐ­ ᐃᓐᓇᓯᒪᔪᕆᒻᒥᔭᒃᑲ,­­ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑕ­ Association in Kuujjuaq, 1974, one year before the all the way to Australia. All in all I would ᐅᒋᐊᓖᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑕᐅᑦᓯᐊᒪᖔᑕ­ ᐃᑉᐱᒋᔭᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ. ᐃᓱᐃᓗᑕ­ signing of the JBNQA. say that we have achieved quite a bit,

ᐅᓂᕐᐸᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᑲᕙᒪᑎᒎᕐᑐᑦ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᕕᑦᓱᑎᒃ but we can still achieve a lot more. MAKIVIK 23 Overall, are you satisfied with the way the JBNQA has been implemented since then? The last 40 years have not been easy for Inuit leaders, for Makivik to assume this huge amount of responsibilities, for which they didn’t have the necessary track records for. But I think they have done very well, actually, making sure the implementation takes place. Where the real problem has been is on the government’s side. Even tough Inuit have brought up a number of times some issues that needed to be addressed by the government, more often than not they remained totally ignorant of their obligations towards Inuit. And it seems to me like they’re operating in a fashion as though it was negotiated once and that is it, there’s no more after that. To me, because things change over time, and rightfully so, as the population grows, it should constantly be subject to renegotiation. © IDA WATT COLLECTION/AVATAQ CULTURAL INSTITUTE/IWT-48 CULTURAL COLLECTION/AVATAQ WATT IDA ©

ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓ ᐱᐊᕐ ᑐᕈᑑ (ᕿᑎᖓᓃᑦᑐᖅ) ᑐᖕᖓᓱᑦᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒥ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᕐᓂᐊᕕᒻᒥ, ᑕᓕᕐᐱᐊᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ, 1975-ᒥ. Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau being greeted (centre) at the Kuujjuaq airport, on the right is Charlie Watt, 1975.

ᔪᓓ ᕿᑎᖓᓂ, 1983-ᒥ, ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓ ᐱᐊᕐ ᑐᕈᑑ ᐃᕐᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᓯᓕᒫᒥ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥ ᕿᑲᕆᐊᕐᑐᓯᒪᔪᕕᓃᑦ, ᓄᕐᖃᑫᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᖏᕐᓱᒧᑦ, ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒧᓪᓗ. ᑕᓕᕐᐱᐊᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᑐᕈᑑ ᓂᑯᕐᕋᔪᖅ ᑲᖏᕐᓱᒦᑦᓱᑎᒃ. In mid-July, 1983, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau and his three sons took a one-week vacation in the Arctic, including stops in Kangirsuk and Kuujjuaq. Here you see Trudeau standing on the right in Kangirsuk.

ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᒍᒋᐊᖕᖓᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑯᐯᑉ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐅᖄᖃᑎᓕᒃ ᐄᓓ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᕕᒻᒥᓃᑦᓱᓂ ᒪᓐᑐᕆᐊᒥ (1970-ᓃᑦᓱᑕ). Charlie Watt, who was the first president of the Northern

Quebec Inuit Association, talks with Eli Aullaluk at the CORPORATION MAKIVIK © Makivik office in Montreal in the 1970s. © IDA WATT COLLECTION/AVATAQ CULTURAL INSTITUTE/WT-06 CULTURAL COLLECTION/AVATAQ WATT IDA © ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ © MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK © ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

24 © MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK ©

1975-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᓕᕕᓃᑦ. ᐅᖓᓪᓕᐹᑦ (ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂ-ᑕᓕᕐᐱᐊᓄᑦ): ᐅᔮᐱ ᑐᑲᓗᒃ, ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓᖅ, ᔮᔨ ᖁᖏᐊᖅ, ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ, ᔮᓂ ᐅᐃᓕᐊᒻ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐳᑐᓕᒃ ᐸᐱᑲᑦᑐᒃ. ᓵᖓᓂᕐᓰᑦ (ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᓕᕐᐱᐊᓄᑦ) ᓵᔪᐃᓕ ᐅᐃᑖᓗᒃᑐᖅ, ᒫᒃ ᐊᓇᓈᖅ, ᐲᑕ ᐃᓄᑉᐸᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓵᓕ ᐋᕐᖓᖅ. ᐊᑦᔨᓕᐅᕐᑕᐅᖃᑕᐅᓐᓂᖏᑦᑐᖅ: ᑖᒥ ᑮᓐ. The 1975 JBNQA signatories. Back Row (L-R): Robbie Tookalook, Zebedee Nungak, George Koneak, Charlie Watt, Johnny Williams and Putulik Papigatuk. Front Row (L-R): Sarolie Weetaluktuk, Mark Annanack, Peter Inukpuk and Charlie Arngak. Missing in this picture: Tommy Cain.

ᐅᖃᕐᓯᒪᓕᕋᓗᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᓐᓀᓗᑕᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓄᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᒋᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ, What do you suggest remains to be done for the necessary ᑲᖐᓱᓪᓗᐊᓲᒍᖕᖏᓚᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᒍᑦᔨᐅᑎᒋᒋᐊᓕᒥᓂᒃ. ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᖃᕐᑐᕆᔭᒃᑲᓕ actions to take place, to ensure the future of Nunavik Inuit ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐊᕐᓱᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕈᑎᕕᓂᐅᔮᕐᑎᓗᒍ, ᑭᖑᓂᖃᕐᓯᒪᑎᓐᓇᒍ. ᐅᕙᓐᓄᓕ, is secured for forthcoming generations? ᐊᓯᑦᔨᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᖃᓲᒍᒻᒪᑕ ᓱᓇᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ, ᑌᒣᑦᑐᓴᐅᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᓄᕐᓯᕙᓪᓕᐊᒪᑕ, We have to make ourselves heard. If we want to get something, ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᓂᖃᕆᐊᓪᓚᑖᕈᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕆᐊᖃᕐᐳᑦ. it can’t just be all talk. We have to pinch them where it hurts. The only protections we have are legal protections. So if we want to ᖃᓄᕐᓕ ­ᐊᐅᓚᑦᔭᕆ­ ᐊᖁᔨᒐᔭᕐᕿᑦ,­ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᓕᐅᑦᓯ­ ᐊᖁᓗᒋᑦ­ obtain what they were supposed to implement in the first place, ᑭᖑᕚᕆᓛᕐᑕᒥᓂᒃ ? perhaps it’s time to go back to court and deal with it, law-by-law, ᑐᓴᕐᑕᐅᑎᒋᐊᖃᕐᐳᒍᑦ. ᐱᒍᒪᔭᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓯᒍᒪᒍᑦᑕ, ᐅᖃᐅᓯᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᒋ­ ­ sector-by-sector. After 40 years, I believe it’s time to go back and ᐊᖃᖕᖏᓚᖅ; ᑭᓪᓕᒍᑎᒋᐊᖃᕐᐳᒍᑦ ᐋᓐᓂᓇᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ᓴᐳᑦᔭᐅᒍᑎᑦᓴᑐᐊᖃᕋᑦᑕ demand that the governments live up to their obligations. ᐱᖁᔭᓂᒃ. ᑕᒐ ᐱᒍᒪᒍᑦᑕ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᒥ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᒋᐊᖃᕐᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᐃᒻᒪᖄ With the new ruling from the Supreme Court in regards to the ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᑎᒎᕆᐊᓪᓚᑐᑦᓴᐅᔪᒍᑦ, ᐱᖁᔦᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᓈᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ, ᐱᓇᓱᕝᕖᑦ question of territory and Aboriginal title here in Canada, there ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᓈᕐᑎᑐᓗᒋᑦ. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᑦ ᓈᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ, ᐅᑉᐱᕆᔭᖃᕐᖁᖓ is a new opportunity for Nunavimmiut and other Inuit alike to ᐅᑎᕐᕕᖃᕆᐊᖃᓕᕐᓂᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᓂᒃ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᑦᓴᕆᒋᐊᓕᕕᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᑲᒪᒋᐊᖃᕐᒪᑕ. advance our case. Not only that but we also have to look at the ᓄᑖᒍᓕᑎᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᒪᓕᒉᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒪᕆᒻᒥ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᓂᒨᓕᖓᔪᑦ bigger picture, at the international level. With global warm- ᓄᓇᓕᑐᖃᕐᓅᓕᖓᔪᐃᓪᓗ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ, ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐱᕕᑦᓴᑖᕆᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓗ ing opening new routes and new ways to access raw materials ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑌᒫᑦᓭᓇᖅ ᓯᕗᒻᒧᕆᐊᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑕᑎᓐᓂᒃ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇᑑᒐᓂᓗ, through the continental shelf at the bottom of the oceans and ᐃᓘᓐᓈᓅᓕᖓᔪᒥᒃ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕆᐊᖃᕐᒥᔭᕗᑦ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ, ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒨᓕᖓᑎᓪᓗᒍ. threatening our lifestyle, the question of Arctic sovereignty also ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᒥ ᓯᓚᐅᑉ ᐅᕐᖂᓯᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓄᑖᑦ ᐊᕐᖁᑎᑦᓭᑦ ᐱᑕᖃᓕᕐᒪᑕ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᑖᑦ has to be raised. ᐱᑦᓴᖑᕈᓐᓇᑐᑦ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᔭᐅᒍᓐᓇᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᑉ ᓯᑦᔭᖓᒍᑦ, ᐃᒪᕐᐲᓗ ᐃᕐᖃᖓᓂᑦ, With all this in mind, I believe the time has come to settle the ᐃᓅᓯᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᑲᑉᐱᐊᓇᕐᓯᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ, ᐊᐱᕐᓲᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕆᐊᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑑᑉ question of rights once and for all, for the benefit of future gen- ᐃᒻᒥᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᒍᓐᓇᓂᖓ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊᓕᒫᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᓗᒋᑦ, ᑭᐅᒍᑕᐅᒋᐊᖃᕐᑐᕆᑦᓯᓕᕐᖁᖓ erations, for Inuit to be recognized and have more say in what ᐊᐱᕐᓲᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐅᑏᑦ, ᑭᖑᕚᑦᓴᕗᑦ ᐱᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ happens to them in terms of development, the environment ᐃᓕᑕᕆᔭᐅᓂᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᓂᓪᓕᕕᑦᓴᖃᕐᓂᓴᐅᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᔪᖃᕐᑎᓗᒍ and wildlife and things of that nature, rather than just being an ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓂᐊᕐᒪᖔᕐᒥᒃ, ᐊᕙᑎᒥᓂᓪᓗ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂᓗ, ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓄᖓᐅᓕᖓᔪᓂᓪᓗ observer within their homeland. mag ­ a zine ᑕᑯᓐᓇᑎᒍᓗᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᒍᓐᓀᓗᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᒥᓂ. MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

25 © MARK RONNIE GORDON RONNIE MARK ©

ᓯᓚᑐᔫᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕆᐅᒐᓂ The Wise Young Man

ᐊᓪᓚᑕᕕᓂᖏᑦ ᓯᑏᕙᓐ ᕿᐊᓐᑕᕆ By Stephen Hendrie

2015 - ᒥ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᑦ ᓈᓕᕐᒪᑕ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕌᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ, ᐅᐱᒋᔭᑦᓴᖃᕐᐳᒍᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ, ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ, ᐃᓛ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓪᓗ. ᒪᒃ ᐅᔮᓂ ᑯᐊᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᑲᑎᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒍᑦᓯᐅᒃ ᐃᓄᑦᓯᐊᒍᓯᒪᔪᖅ, ᐊᓕᐊᓇᕐᑑᓱᓂᓗ. ᐃᔪᕐᓵᓲᒍᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ, ᓯᓚᑐᔫᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᐊᓕᐊᒋᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᐅᕕᒐᕐᓂᓴᐅᓕᕐᑐᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᑦᓯᐊᖁᓇᕐᑐᖅ. ᒪᒃ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᑐᖃᕐᒥ ᐃᓅᓕᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᒫᑦᓯ 30, 1953-ᒥ. ᑰᑦᔪᐊᑐᖃᖅ ᓄᓇᒋᔭᐅᕐᖄᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᓅᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᑎᓇᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᖕᖑᑎᑕᐅᔪᒧᑦ 1950-ᒥ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᑉ ᐊᑭᐊᓄᖔᖅ ᑕᒐᑕᒐ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒥᒃ ᐊᑦᓯᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᒧᑦ. ᓄᓇᒋᔭᐅᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᑐᖃ­ ᐅᓂᕋᕐᑕᐅᓕᕐᑐᖅ ᐊᐅᓪᓛᓯᒪᕕᐅᓲᒍᓕᕐᑐᖅ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒥᐅᓄᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓄᑦ. ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕌᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ, ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᓯᒪᖃᑕᐅᔪᖅ, ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᕆᓯᒪᔭᖓ, ᓰᐲᓰᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᖄᔨᐅᓲᖅ ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓᖅ ᐅᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ, “ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᐅᓯᕆᑐᐃᓐᓇᓱᒍ ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᓯᑎᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᕗᑦ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᒫᒃ ᐅᔮᓂᐅᑉ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᓕᓴᕈᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᖓ. ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᑎᑎᑐᑦ ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᑦᓯᐊᓲᒍᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᒫᒃ 1970-ᓃᑦᓱᑕ ᐃᓕᓵᒍᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᑉ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ ᐊᑐᒑᓕᐊᕐᓱᓂ ᐁᓯᒪᔭᖓ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᑎᐅᖃᑕᐅᓚᖓᑎᓪᓗᒍ. “ᓯᕗᓪᓕᒥ ᐃᓕᓴᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᖁᓯᒪᔭᕋ. ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᑐᒑᓕᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᖓ ᐱᒡᒐᑕᕋᓱᐊᕐᓱᒍᓗ ᒫᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒋᒋᐊᕐᑐᕈᒪᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᕋ. ᒪᓐᑐᕆᐊᒥ ᐃᓪᓗᒥᐅᖃᑎᒌᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᒍᒃ ᐊᑦᑕᑐᐊᓂ ᓄᓐᓄᑭᓐᓂᓴᕐᓂ ᐊᓇᕐᕋᕆᔭᐅᓲᓂ. NDG-ᒥ, ᕕᕐᑕᓐᒥ ᓚᓵᓪᒥᓪᓗ - ᐊᑭᑭᓐᓂᓴᕐᓃᒐᓱᐊᕐᓱᑕ; ᒫᑕᓗ, ᒫᒃ ᐊᕐᓇᖓ,

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᑦᓯᐹᖁᑎᖓᓪᓗ, ᐱᑦᑑᕆᐊ.” ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

26 © MARK RONNIE GORDON RONNIE MARK ©

ᒫᒃ ᐅᔮᓂ ᑯᐊᑕᐅᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᑕᕕᓂᖏᑦ ᓄᐃᑕᔪᑦ ᑐᖓᓕᖏᓐᓂ ᑕᕐᕋᓕᒃ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᓂ, 1976 – ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᑦᓯᐊᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᓕᐅᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᓕᒻᒥᒃ. Mark Ronnie Gordon’s artwork in the 2nd issue of Taqralik magazine, 1976 – he was very helpful in the production of this magazine.

As 2015 marks the 40th anniversary of the signing of the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement, it is with due respect that we honour a man who gave much of his life to the negotiation of this agreement, to Makivik, ultimately to Nunavik and all Inuit. This man is the late Mark Ronnie Gordon. Those who knew him had the privilege of meeting some- one who had a friendly, lighthearted personality. He loved to joke around and his charisma and wit drew many to him. It is important for the younger generations to know of him and about him. Mark was born in Fort Chimo on March 30th, 1953. Fort Chimo was the original community before it was moved in the late 1950s across the river to the present location, which was renamed Kuujjuaq. The old community now called Old Fort Chimo is now used as a youth camp for Kuujjuaq’s children. JBNQA signatory, former Makivik President, and current CBC Radio commentator, Zebedee Nungak, remarked, “Inuit were artists naturally, but Mark R went to school for it. He had an artist’s sensibility.” ᒫᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᓯᒪᔭᖓ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ ᐊᑦᔨᖑᐊᖓᓂᒃ Mark was at school in the early 1970s when NQIA President Charlie Watt went to Ottawa to bring him ᑕᑯᓐᓇᓱᓂ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ on board for the James Bay negotiations. “Previously I encouraged Mark to continue with his studies. ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ ᐱᓪᓗᒍ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᒋᐊᕐᑐᕕᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ. With the negotiations underway I went to Ottawa and practically had to beg to get Mark to come and

An illustration Mark drew from a picture of mag ­ a zine work for me. We lived together in various apartments in Montreal – NDG, Verdun, and LaSalle – to save Charlie Watt during the JBNQA community money with Martha, his wife, and their firstborn child, Victoria.” consultations. MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

27 “ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᑎᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᓴᕐᓂᒥᑦ ᐱᑦᓱᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᑎᖑᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ,” “ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᐃᑯᒪᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᔩᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᕕᖓᓄᑦ ᐁᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᒍᑦ Place ᐅᖃᕐᑐᖅ ᔦᐱᑎ. “ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑑᓱᓂ ᐊᖑᑎᒃ, ᐊᕙᑎᓪᓗ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᓗᓂᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᖃᕐᓱᓂ, Dupuis-ᒥ. ᓇᑎᖓ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᕐᑕᒥᒃ ᓇᑎᓕᐅᕐᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒧᑦ, ᐱᖁᔭᓕᕆᔩᓪᓗ ᐅᒦᔭᕆᐊᖕᖓᓯᒪᕋᑕᕋᓂᓘᓐᓃᑦ. ᓯᓚᑐᔫᑦᓱᓂ, ᓲᖑᔫᑦᓱᓂᓗ. ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕆᐊᒥᒃ ᒫᒃ ᐊᓐᓄᕌᕐᓯᒪᑦᓯᐊᑐᒻᒪᕆᐊᓗᐃᑦ ᐁᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᒫᒃ ᐃᑎᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑑᓱᓂ ᐱᓯᑎᖕᖑᑐᒻᒪᕆᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐅᐱᓐᓇᑐᒻᒪᕆᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᐊᐅᔭᕐᓯᐅᑎᑦᓴᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᓈᖏᑦᑐᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂ, ᕿᑐᒪᕐᓵᓴᔭᕐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖓᓂᒥᐅᒍᑦᓱᓂ ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑑᕈᓐᓇᖏᕐᑐᕕᓂᐅᑦᓱᓂ, ᐅᓐᓄᐊᓭᓐᓇᐅᔮᕐᑐᖅ ᖃᕐᓕᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂ, ᐅᓕᑲᑦᑕᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂ ᖃᕐᓕᓕᐊᑦᓴᔭᐅᓲᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖁᕐᓱᑕᒥᒃ ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑑᕈᓐᓇᓯᒋᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᖅ.” ᐁᑭᑦᑐᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂ. ᓄᔭᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᑐᕐᔫᒍᒐᓛᖕᖏᑐᓂᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᐱᑯᑖᖃᕐᓱᓂᓗ. “ᖃᐅᔨᒻᒫᕆᒐᑦᓴᓯᐊᒍᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᒫᒃ,” ᐅᖃᕐᑐᖅ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ,” ᐃᔪᕐᑕᔫᑦᓱᓂ ᓇᓗᕐᖁᑎᖕᖏᑐᑦᓯᐊᒍᒍᓇᐅᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᐱᓱᒍᓯᒐᓚᖓ. ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒥᓂᓪᓗ ᐊᓕᐊᑦᑎᓯᓯᑎᐅᑦᓱᓂ. ᑐᖕᖓᓱᑦᑎᓯᑦᓯᐊᓱᓂ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒥᓂᒃ.” ᐊᑦᔨᐅᖏᓪᓚᕆᑦᓱᓂ ᐃᑯᒪᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᔩᓪᓗ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ “ᐱᒍᓐᓇᑕᒥᓅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ,” ᐅᖃᕐᑐᖅ ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓᖅ. “ᖃᐅᔨᑦᓴᐅ­ ᐊᑭᑐᔪᐊᓗᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᓐᓄᕌᑦᓯᐊᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ.” ᑎᒋᓯᑎᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᓱᓀᑦ ᐊᑦᑕᓇᕐᓯᒍᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᒪᖔᑕ. ᐅᐃᕖᕐᕆᔭ­ᐅᒐᓱᐊᕈᑦᑕ ᒫᒃ ᐊᑦᔨᒋᔭᐅᖕᖏᓂᕐᓴᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᐃᒻᒥᓂᕿᓕᓂᐅᑦᓱᓂ, ᐃᓄᑦᓯᐊᒪᕆᐅᑦᓱᓂ, ᐊᒥᓱᐊᓗᓐᓂᓗ ᑲᑎᕐᓱᐃᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂ ᐅᖄᔫᑉ ᓂᐱᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᒪᕐᕉᓂᒃ ᐊᓴᓗᐊᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᐊᑐᕐᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᒃᑰᕈᑎᖃᕐᓱᓂ Honda 450 motorcycle. “ᕿᐱᓗᑦᑕ­ᐅᒍᒪᓲᒍᓐᓂᖏᑦᑐᖅ”, ᓲᓱᒋᔭᕐᑖᕆᔭᐅᓯᒪᓕᕐᓱᓂᓗ ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑎᒋᒋᐊᖃᓲᑦᑎᓄᑦ.­ ᐅᑦᑐᕋᐅᑎᖃᓚᖓᔪᖓ ᓯᓚᑐᔫᓂᕆᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᕐᑎᓱᑕ ᑲᑎᓯᓂᑦᓴᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐹᒥ ᑐᕐᖃᑕᕐᕕᓂᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᐱᖁᔭᖏᑦ ᐱᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᒫᒃ ᑭᐅᓐᓂᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐳᔨᑎᔅ ᑲᓚᒻᐱᐊᒥᐅᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᒪᕆᖏᑦᑕ ᐃᓚᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᓪᓗᒍᒥᑕᕐᓇᐅᒌᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᐊᐱᕐᓲᑎᖃᕐᑎᓗᒍ “ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ” ᐃᒫᒃ ᐊᐱᕐᓱᑕᐅᒐᒥ, “ᐆᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᓪᓗᑐᕐᑐᕆᕕᓯ ?” ᒫᒃ ᑭᐅᔪᖅ,

© MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK © “ᓱᒧᑦ ᓭᒍᖃᕐᑎᓯᓲᒍᕕᓯ ᐱᕈᕐᓰᕕᑦᓯᓂᒃ ?” ᐃᑎᕐᓯᒪᔪᓕᒫᑦ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᕐᓯᐅᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᔪᕐᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᓯᔪᕕᓃᑦ. ᑲᑎᒪᓂᒻᒪᕆᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᖁᐊᕐᑕᒥ. “ᓈᒻᒪᓴᖕᖏᕙᓪᓛᓯᑎᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ,” ᐅᖃᕐᑐᖅ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ. ”ᑭᓯᐊᓂ The board of directors at the Makivik ᐃᔪᕐᑎᓯᓲᒍᒻᒥᓱᓂ. ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔪᖓ ᓲᓱᒋᔭᐅᓕᕐᓯᒪᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᐊᕆᒪ annual general meeting in Quaqtaq. ᑰᑦᓲᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᔮᓐ ᓯᐊᑦᓯᐊᒧᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᐃᑯᒪᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᕕᐅᑉ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖓᓄᑦ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᓗ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᑕ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖓᓄᑦ. ᒫᒃᒥᒃ ᑌᒣᓕᖓᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᑎᖃᓲᒍᒐᓂ. ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᓯᐊᓱᓂ - ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᓇᓪᓕᒍᓱᒋᐅᕐᓂᐅᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔫᒃ.” ᐊᑭᓴᕐᑐᓯᑎᐅᑦᓱᓂ.” ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕌᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᐅᓯᒪᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᑉ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕈᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᐊᒥᓲᓕᕐᑐᓂ ᒫᒃ ᐊᑦᔨᒌᖕᖏᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᑦᓴᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔨᒍᑕᐅᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᐊᖃᕐᓯᒪᕗᖅ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᐱᓇᓱᕝᕕᖃᖃᑦᑕᓱᓂ ᓄᐃᑕᐅᕐᖃᒥᒻᒥ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓗ ᑲᓲᑎᓯᒪᖕᖏᓗᑐᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ. “ᐃᓘᓐᓈᒍᑦ ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᑯᔩᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᓂ ᑲᒪᔨᒻᒪᕆᐅᑦᓱᓂ, ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᒧᑦ ᑐᖓᓕᐅᑦᓱᓂ, ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑏᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᓇᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓵᖓᓯᒋᐊᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᓕᓂᑐᖄᓗᓐᓂᒃ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒧᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᕆᔭᐅᑦᓱᓂ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦᑕ ᐊᖕᖔᔭᐅᑐᐃᓐᓇᓕᓂᕐᓂᒃ. 300-ᒍᒐᔭᕐᐸᑕ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᑭᓐᓂᓴᒻᒪᕆᐊᐱᐅᓐᓂᖁᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᓄᑦ ᑐᖓᓕᕆᔭᐅᑦᓱᓂ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ,” ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓᖅ ᐅᖃᕐᑐᖅ. ”ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᑯᔩᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᓪᓗ ᒫᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᓯᒪᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᖅ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᒃ ᓄᐃᑕᐅᒐᓱᐊᕐᑎᓗᒍ. ᐃᑭᓐᓂᓴᐅᒐᓗᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓯᐊᓂᒃ ᕿᑦᑌᖓᑦᓯᐊᑐᓂᒃ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖃᕐᓂᖁᑦ.” 1976-ᒥ, ᐃᒫᒃ ᐅᖃᕐᓯᒪᓂᕋᕐᑕᐅᔪᖅ “ᐊᒥᓲᕗᑦ ᐊᔪᕐᓴᕈᑎᑦᓭᑦ ᑯᔦᒃ ᕕᔅ, ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᐅᓕᕐᑐᖅ ᔫᓅᒥ, ᐊᓛᔅᑲᒥ, ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᓕᕐᑐᖅ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᒥ, ᑐᑭᓯᒪᔭᐅᒋᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᑐᑭᓯᒪᑎᑕᐅᑦᓯᐊᖏᓐᓂᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᑎᒪᕆᐅᖃᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᔪᕐᓴᓇᕐᑑᖃᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᓯᓚᑎᑦᑎᓂᑦ ᐱᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑐᑭᑖᑐᐃᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑌᑰᓇ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᒫᒃᒥᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᖃᑕᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᓱᓀᑦ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᒻᒪᖔᑕ ᐊᐱᕐᓲᑎᑦᓴᓕᒫᓂᓪᓗ ᐊᐱᕐᓲᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᓗᑎᒃ, ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑐᒥᒃ. ᐊᐅᓚᔨᔪᖅ ᒪᓐᑐᕆᐊᓕᐊᕐᓱᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᓕᐊᕐᓱᓂ. ᐱᓐᓀᓗᑕᕆᔭᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐋᕐᖀᓱᐃᒍᓐᓇᓂᐊᖕᖏᓚᒍᑦ.” ᒫᒃ ᐅᖃᕐᓂᒥᔪᖅ, © ALEC GORDON ALEC © CORPORATION MAKIVIK ©

ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓ ᐳᔦᐊᓐ ᒪᓪᕉᓂ ᐃᓐᓂᐊᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒧᑦ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᕐᓯᐅᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᒻᒪᕆᖓ ᐅᒥᐅᔭᕐᒥ, 1987-ᒥ. 1985-ᒥ, ᒫᒃ ᐅᔮᓂ ᑯᐊᑕ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᓄᑦ Makivik annual general meeting in Umiujaq, 1987. ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᑐᖓᓕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. Prime Minister Brian Mulroney visiting Kuujjuaq in July 1985,

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ while Mark Ronnie Gordon was Makivik first vice-president.

28 ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓴᖏᑦᑕ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦᑕᓗ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᖓ ᐅᒥᐅᔭᕐᒥ, 1987-ᒥ. CORPORATION MAKIVIK © Makivik executives and board of directors in Umiujaq, 1987.

“He went straight from art school to the negotiations,” says Zebedee. very few,” says Zebedee Nungak. “But what the Cree and Inuit lacked in “A young man, 21 years old, not quite past his first shave. He was very numbers we made up with youthful energy.” sharp, a force to be reckoned with. It was awesome to observe Mark Greg Fisk, now the mayor of Juneau, Alaska, was NQIA senior nego- blossom into a competent young man. He had lost his Inuktitut in the tiator at the time working alongside Mark who was chief negotiator for South, but regained it almost overnight.” the Inuit. He recalls going to the negotiations in Montreal. “We would “He was a remarkable person,” says Charlie Watt, “Always laughing go to the James Bay Energy offices in Place Dupuis. The place had plush and making people feel good about themselves. He had the ability to carpeting, and was full of lawyers in suits. Mark would walk in wearing pull people in, rather than pushing them out.” Indian sandals, leather suede pants, jean jacket and a yellow t-shirt. He “He was in his element,” noted Zebedee Nungak. “A very quick study had stringy hair and a goatee. He had a swagger. It was such a contrast at what was at stake. He didn’t take crap from people who tried to pull with government and Hydro negotiators in expensive suits.” the wool over our eyes. He had a very accurate sense of who he was Mark’s style was unique. He was street smart, urbane, with a huge representing – a one man battering ram.” record collection. He drove a blue second hand Honda 450 motorcycle. The stakes were high in the few years of the JBNQA negotiations. He didn’t like “no” for an answer, and gained the respect of his adver- The contrast between the Inuit team and government was incredible. saries across the table. “On the whole the Cree and Inuit leadership were very young facing a Just one example of his quick wit came during prep meetings for bunch of old geezers who always had their way. It was like 300 against First Ministers meetings on the Constitution. Mark shot back at a senior

ᒫᒃ ᐅᔮᓂ ᑯᐊᑕᓗ ᐹᓪ ᐅᕿᑦᑐᖅᓗ 1988-ᒥ. Mark Ronnie Gordon and Paul Oqituk, 1988. mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK © MAKIVIK CORPORATION CORPORATION MAKIVIK © 29 © MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK ©

ᒫᒃ ᐅᔮᓂ ᑯᐊᑕᓗ ᑖᒥ ᑫᓐᓗ, ᐊᖓᔪᑦᓯᖅ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᓇᓗᓀᒃᑯᑕᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᑦᔭᓯᒐᓱᐊᖕᖑᐊᑑᒃ, ᑕᓯᐅᔭᕐᒥ ᒫᑦᓯ 1988-ᒥ. Mark Ronnie Gordon and Tommy Cain Sr. pretending to be the Makivik logo, Tasiujaq, March 1988.

“ᑐᑭᓯᒪᑎᑕᐅᒍᓐᓀᓗᑕ ᓱᓇᐅᖕᖏᓚᒍᑦ ᓄᑭᖃᕋᑕᓗ ᑐᑭᓯᒪᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᐊᑑᑎᖃᕐᑎᓯᑦᓯᐊᓱᑎᒃ. ᒫᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᒃᑯᐃᓯᒍᒪᑦᓱᓂ ᓱᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᒃ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᑦᔩᒋᐊᕈᑎᑦᓴᓂᒃ.” ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᕕᓕᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᑦᑕᓗ ᓯᓂᑦᑕᕕᑦᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᒪᓐᑐᕆᐊᒥ. ᒫᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓄᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓚᑎᑦᓯᕕᐅᓲᒍᓯᒪᔪᖅ “ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᓇᓗᓀᒃᑯᑕᑦᓴᖓ ᑕᕐᕋᓕᒃ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᓂ ᐅᖃᕐᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᓐᓂᒥᔪᑦ, “ᑌᒪᖕᖓᑦ ᐱᓕᐅᑦᔨᒍᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ” 1976-ᒥ. ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᑎᐅᓯᒪᒐᒥ ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᓈᒻᒪᒋᔭᐅᖕᖏᕙᓪᓛᕋᑦᑕ ᐃᓚᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᕐᑖᑎᑦᓯᓯᐊᓲᒍᖕᖏᓇᑦᑕ, ᑕᑯᒍᒪᓲᒍᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᐊᓪᓚᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᖓ ᒥᐆᑭ ᒫᑦᓱᓰᑕ ᐊᐅᓚᔨᔪᖅ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᑦᓯᐊᕆᐊᕈᑎᒋᒐᓱᐊᕐᓯᒪᔭᕗᑦ. ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᑖᖃᑦᑕᓚᖓᕗᒍᑦ ᐊᓕᐊᒋᔭᖃᕐᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ. “ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᓲᒍᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓇᓂᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ; ᓄᓇᑦᑎᓂᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᓐᓇᓯᐊᕐᑐᖃᑐᐊᕐᐸᑦ.” ᓯᕿᓂᖕᖑᐊᓂᒃ, ᑎᒻᒥᐊᖑᐊᓂᒃ, ᒪᓕᖕᖑᐊᓂᒃ ᐃᖃᓗᖕᖑᐊᓂᓪᓘᓃᑦ.” ᒫᒃ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᒍᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒧᑦ ᔪᓓ 1985-ᒥ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᕕᒋᓯᒪᔭᖓ, ᑐᒦᑦ ᑐᓴᕋᑦᓴᓕᕆᕕᒋᓕᕐᑕᖓᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒥ, ᐊᓪᓚᖑ­ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓ ᐳᔦᐊᓐ ᒪᓪᔫᓂ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᓕᐊᕐᑎᓗᒍ. ᐃᓚᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᕐᑕᖃᓲᒍᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᔪᕐᓇᑐᓕᐊᒍᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᓇᓂᓕᒫᕐᑐᓂᒃ.” ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᓂᒃ, ᐱᖁᔭᓕᐅᕐᑎᒪᕆᒻᒥᒃ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦᒥᒃ, ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒥ ᒫᒃ ᐊᓕᐊᒋᔭᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐃᔪᕐᓇᑐᓕᐊᒍᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ, ᑲᑎᒪᔨᐅᖃᑕᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᑎᒃᑭᓕᒃ ᑲᓓᔅᒥᒃ, ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᑦᔨᒌᑦᑎᑕ­ ᐱᓗᐊᕐᑐᖅ National Lampoon ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᓂᒃ ᐊᓕᐊᒋᔭᖃᕐᓱᓂ. ᐅᖕᖏᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ “ᐊᔪᕐᓴᖏᑦᑐᑦ” ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓯᕿᓂᕐᒥᐅᑦ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ “ᐊᔪᕐᓴᑐᑦ” ᐊᒥᓱᓕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐃᔪᕐᓇᑐᓕᐊᒍᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᐅᒍ­ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᑦ. ᓵᓕ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᖄᒍᑦᔨᔪᕕᓂᖅ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᑕᐅᒋᐊᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ­ ᒪᓕᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᖕᖑᐊᓂᓪᓗ­ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᓂᑦ ᐱᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᐊᑭᓐᓇᒨᕐᙯᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᖏᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑕᖏᑦ ᐊᑦᔨᒌᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᕕᒻᒥᓂ, ᐊᓯᒥᑕ ᑕᑯᒐᑦᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᓕᐊᒋᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓄᓗ ᐱᑦᔪᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ “ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᓅᓕᖓᑎᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᖏᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ” ᒫᒃ ᑭᑎᑦᓯᒍᑕ­ ᐃᕐᓯᒋᔭᐅᔪᓂᒃ. ᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᓇᑦᓴᓯᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ, ᑐᑭᓯᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᒥᓂᒃ 60%-ᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑕ ᓄᐃᑕᐅᓚᕿᐅᑎᕕᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᖕᖏᑑᒋᐊᖏᑦᑕ, ᐃᓄᐃᓪᓗ ᐅᓄᕐᓯᒋᐊᕐᓂᕆᒐᔭᕐᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐳᐃᒍᕐᓂᐅᔭᑲᓵᑦᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖅ - ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᓂᐱᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑕᐅᒋᐊᖃᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ. ᒪᕐᕈᕕᓪᓗᐊᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ᓈᑉᐸᑕ. ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᓂ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᑏᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑮᓇᐅᑦᔭᓴᐅᑏᑦ ᐊᑦᔨᒌᑦᑎᓯᒍᑕᐅᖕᖏᑑᒋᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒃ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᐅᓯᒪᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᒫᒃ ᑕᒐ ᓂᐸᖃᕐᑎᓯᓲᒍᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ. ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᑐᕕᓂᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᕐᓅᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᓂ. ᑐᒃᑐᐃᑦ 10,000 ᐃᒫᕐᑐᕕᓂᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑳᓂᐊᐱᔅᑲᐅᑉ ᑰᖓᓂ 1984-ᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᒍᑕᐅᓐᓂᖁᖅ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᓂᑦ ᐱᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᐊᑦᔨᓭᓐᓇᖓᓂᒃ ᒫᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓂᐱᒋᔭᐅᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᒪᕆᖃᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᒥᐅᓕᒫᓂᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᑦ ᐱᓯᒪᔫᑉ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖓᑕ, ᐊᑦᔨᒌᓂᒃ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓂᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ, ᑐᓴᕐᑎᓯᑦᓱᓂ. ᑮᓇᐅᑦᔭᓴᕐᓂᓴᐅᒋᐊᖓᓂᒃ 115%-ᓄᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑖᕐᑕᓂᕐᓴᐅᓱᓂᓗ. ᒫᒃ ᒫᒃ ᓂᐱᖃᕐᑎᓯᑦᓯᐊᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᓱᓂ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᕐᒥ ᑕᑯᒍᒪᒐᔭᕐᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᕐᓂᖁᖅ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᓄᑦ, ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᐅᑎᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᑏᑦ ᑭᓪᓕᓯᓂ­ “ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᒍᒋᐊᒥᒃ ᐅᐱᒋᔭᖃᕐᐳᑦ ᐊᑭᓕᕐᑐᐃᔨᐅᖃᑕᐅᒍᒪᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᐊᕐᓂᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒥ. ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᑎᓂᒃ ᑐᑭᓯᑎᑦᓯᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᓚᕆᐅᒋ­ ᑲᓇᑕᓕᒫᒥ.” ᐊᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᒋᐊᒥᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᒦᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭᐅᔪᒥᒃ 100%- ᒫᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᕕᑦᓱᓂ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒧᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ. ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᓕᕆᓂᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᖏᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᓯᓚᑖᓄᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕆᐊᕐᑐᓱᓂ. ᑎᓕᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᒫᙰᓚᔨᐅᓂᐊᕐᓗᓂ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖃᕐᓂᒧᑦ. ᐃᓅᑦᓱᑕ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᕐᓱᑕᓗ ᐊᑐᕐᑎᐅᓱᑕᓘᕋᑦᑕ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᒋᐊᕐᑐᔨᐊᖃᖁᔭᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᒍᖓᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᖓ

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁ­ᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ, ᖄᖏᕐᓂᑯᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᒍᒪᓯᒪᒐᒥᐅᒃ, ᖄᖏᕐᓂᑯᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᐱᒨᓕᖓᔪᖅ ᑲᑎᒪᒍᑕᐅᒋᐊᕐᑐᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓂᐅ ᔪᐊᒃᒥ ᐁᕆᓕ 1977-ᒥ. 30 © MAKIVIK CORPORATION/KEN JARARUSE CORPORATION/KEN MAKIVIK ©

ᒫᒃ ᐅᔮᓂ ᑯᐊᑕ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᖄᔪᖅ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᒥ, 1985-ᒥ. Mark R. Gordon speaking to the Makivik board of directors in Puvirnituq, 1985. official from British Columbia who returned from lunch over-refreshed Mark never lost the essential purpose of the NQIA, which was to and questioned one aspect of “Aboriginal rights” asking, “Do you think increase the voice of the people of the North – to become the voice you actually own the animals?” Mark shot back, “Why do you fence in of Inuit. In so many forums following the signing of the JBNQA Mark your vegetables?” The room exploded in laughter. became that voice. “He was very capable to criticize,” says Charlie Watt, “But in the end he When 10,000 caribou drowned on the Caniapiscau River in 1984 also made you laugh. I know he gained the respect of Armand Couture Mark was the Inuit voice who articulated the tragedy to media around and John Ciaccia of the James Bay Energy Corporation and the Quebec the world. government. They learned to love Mark.” Mark was just as eloquent when speaking on behalf of Makivik and In the years following the signing of the JBNQA Mark served in many Air Inuit at a Canadian Transport Commission hearing held in Kuujjuaq. roles in Inuit politics, working at times for the newly formed Kativik He enlightened the commissioners on the realities of operating an Arctic Regional Government as general manager, Makivik Corporation as based airline owned 100% by Inuit. The issues went well beyond merely first vice-president, and eventually Makivik president, as well as ICC operating an air transportation service. As Inuit were both the owners vice-president. and the customers of the airline, they had a vested interest in ensur- Mark was instrumental in the creation of the Nunavik Research Centre. ing the airline operated profitably and the profits were used wisely for He was quoted in 1976, saying, “There are many ways to be poor but in the good of the community. Mark spoke of opening a transient house today’s world, not having the right kind of information represents a cer- in Montreal for the benefit of Inuit patients and their families when tain kind of poverty. As long as outsiders decide what is important and obtaining health care. In Taqralik Magazine he was quoted, “We are are in a position to ask all of the questions, we will never be able to solve under constant criticism by our members for not hiring enough Inuit, our own problems.” Mark also said, “Without information we are noth- but we are definitely trying to improve this area. We will hire anyone ing at all and have no power to understand things or to change our life.” qualified from the region.” He was the guy Nunavik Inuit sent their Makivik logo contest entries Mark was President of Makivik Corporation in July 1985 when Prime to in 1976. As an artist he loved to see the designs. His former executive Minister Brian Mulroney visited Kuujjuaq. He was among Inuit leaders, secretary Miyuki Matsushita recalls his love of artwork. “There wasn’t alongside Senator Charlie Watt, and Kuujjuaq councillor Tikilie Kleist, a surface of paper that wasn’t alive with his drawings and doodles; a who articulated the fundamental unfairness between the “haves” in sun, bird, waves or fish.” His office, which was in the building where the southern Canada, and the “have nots” in the North. Charlie spoke out for Tumiit Media is now in Kuujjuaq, was covered in cartoons.” Inuit who were falling through the cracks partly because government Mark loved cartoons, especially the National Lampoon magazine. He’d programs for one reason or another “couldn’t be applied to the North.” mag ­ a zine photocopy cartoons and fake ads from the magazine and post them Mark brought statistics, noting over 60% of Inuit were unemployed, and

around the office, to the amusement of some and the horror of others. the population was expected to double within five years. He informed MAKIVIK 31 ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᒪᓂᕋᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ “ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑕᐅᓯᐊᕐᓂᐊᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᓄᑦ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦᑕ ᓴᒃᑯᑕᕕᓂᐅᒋ­ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᒍᑎᓄᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᐱᒥᒃ ᓴᐳᑦᔨᒍᑎᐅᑦᓱᑎᓪᓘᑐᓂᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑑᑉ ᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭᐅᓲᒥᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥ “ᐃᒐᓕᒻᒥ ᖁᓕᐅᖕᖏᒐᕐᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᖓᓂ.” ᐳᔮᕕᓐᓰᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖏᑦᑕ ᑲᑎᒪᑦᓯᓂᕕᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᓂᒃ.” ᓵᓕ ᒫᒃ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑕᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥᐅᑦ ᐅᖄᓚᕕᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓂᐅᕙᐅᓐᓛᓐᒦᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕆᐊᕐᑐᖃᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᒪᕆᖓ (ᑌᔭᐅᓲᒍᓕᕐᑐᒧᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ). ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐱᓐᓀᓗᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥᒃ ᐊᑐᒑᒧᑦ 1980-ᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᐸᓕᐊᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥᐅᑦ ᐅᑎᑦᓴᐅᑎᒋᓚᕿᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐅᓐᓅᕿᔪᒻᒪᕆᐅᑦᓱᓂ. ᓵᓕ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᕐᑎᕆᓯᒪᔪᕕᓂᖅ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦᑕ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓴᖏᑦᑕ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᒋᐊᖃᑦᑕᓂᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᓪᓛᒪᕆᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᐊᕐ ᑐᕈᑑᒥᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᑦᓯᒍᒪᑦᓱᓂ. ᑕᐱᕇᓴᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ (ᑌᔭᐅᓲᒍᓕᕐᑐᒧᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ) ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᕕᑦᓴᑖᕐᑎᑕᐅᒋᐊᓪᓚᕈᒪᓐᓂᕋᒥᒃ ᑐᕈᑑᒧᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᓯᓕᒫᒥᒃ ᐱᕕᑦᓴᑖᕐᑎᑕᕕᓃᒃ. ᔮᓂ ᐊᒪᕈᐊᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᒋᐊᖃᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓱᓂ. ᑲᑎᒪᓃᑦ ᐃᓚᖓᓐᓂ ᒫᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᓐᓇᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦᑕ ᐅᑎᕐᑎᑕᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᑦᑐᕋᕐᑕᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᑕᑕᒥᒍᑎᖃᕐᕙᓛᑦᓱᓂ, ᓵᓕ ᐅᖃᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ, “ᖄᑭᕐᓂᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᖃᑦᑕᒥᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᒪᓐᑐᕆᐊᒥ ᖄᑭᕐᕕᒥ. ᐅᒥᐊᕐᕈᐊᑰᕐᑎᑕᐅᒍᒪᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐅᕐᓱᐊᓗᑦᓴᒥᒃ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᓅᕐᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᐊᓪᐳᑕᒥᐅᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖓ ᐱᑕ ᓛᖀᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᔭᐅᖁᔨᓕᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᓂᐅᕐᕈᑎᑦᓴᐅᓂᐊᕐᓗᓂ Davis Strait-ᑯᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᓪᓗ ᐊᑯᑭᑦᑑᓗ ᐊᑯᓐᓂᖓᒎ­ “ᐱᑕᖃᓕᕐᑐᖅ” ᓈᒻᒪᓈᕆᑦᓯᐊᓱᓂ. ᕋᔭᕐᑐᒧᑦ. ᓂᐱᖃᕈᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᖃᓪᓚᕆᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓂᕆᐅᓐᓇᖏᑦᑐᑯᑦ, ᒫᒃ ᐅᔮᓂ ᑯᐊᑕ ᐃᓅᒍᓐᓀᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᐅᑌᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᑦ ᓱᕐᕋᑕᐅᓂᕆᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᐊᓕᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᐁᕆᓕ 7, 1989-ᒥ. ᐃᓅᓯᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᑭᐱᓯᑦᓱᓂ. ᐊᓈᓇᙯᓐᓈᓱᓂ, ᑲᔅᑏᓇᒥᒃ, ᐊᕐᕕᑕᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᖅ Argentina-ᒧᑦ South America-ᒦᑦᑐᒧᑦ ᑕᑯᓂᐊᕐᓱᓂ ᑲᑕᖕᖑᑎᖃᕐᓱᓂᓗ: ᐋᓕᒃ, ᐋᓚᓐ, ᓕᑦᑕᒥᓪᓗ, ᐊᕐᓇᙯᓐᓇᓱᓂᓗ, ᒫᑕᒥᒃ, ᑑᐸᓯᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᐊᕗᐃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓄᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᑦᓯᒋᐊᕐᑐᓱᓂ ᓵᒥᓂᒃ. ᕿᑐᖕᖓᙯᓐᓈᓱᓂᓗ: ᕕᑦᑑᕆᐊᒥᒃ, ᔫᑎᒥᒃ ᐅᔮᓂᒥᓪᓗ. ᐊᑦᔨᒌᖕᖏᓂᖃᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᕕᓃᑦ ᑕᑯᓂᐊᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ. ᐃᓕᕐᖁᓯᖃᑎᒌᒐᑎᒃ “ᐃᓘᓐᓇᓯᐊᑕ ᐊᑦᑐᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᒍᑦ,” ᐅᖃᕐᑐᖅ ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓᖅ. ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᕐᖁᓯᕐᒥᓂᓪᓗ ᑕᐅᕐᓰᖃᑎᒌᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂ­ “ᓯᓚᑐᔫᑦᓱᓂ ᐊᖑᑎᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ, ᓈᓚᒐᑦᓴᓯᐊᒍᑦᓱᓂ. ᕿᒪᑦᑎᒋᒐᑦᑎᒍᑦ ᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᑎᑦᓯᖃᑎᒌᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ. ᐊᓕᐊᓇᖕᖏᓚᕆᑦᓯᒪᔪᖅ.”

ᒫᒃ (ᑐᖑᔪᕐᑕᑲᑦᑐᖅ ᕿᕐᓂᑕᒃᑲᓱᓂᓗ) ᓂᕆᒻᒫᓚᖓᔪᓂ ᐅᑕᕐᕿᔪᖅ ᐃᓄᒃᔪᐊᒥ 1989-ᒥ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᕐᓯᐅᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᒻᒪᕆᖓᓂ. Mark (in blue and black) waiting in line at an Inukjuak feast, 1989, during a Makivik annual general meeting.

ᒫᒃ, ᐊᕐᕕᑕᖃᑎᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐱᖁᔭᓕᕆᔨᒋᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᔨᐊᓪ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᕈᓐᓇᓯᓯᒪᓂᕋᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᒫᒃᒥᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᑦ ᑳᓀᒥᒃ ᐅᑭᐊᑦᓴᒥ 1988-ᒥ ᑕᑯᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕘᒃ ᐊᔪᕐᓴᑐᓂᒃ ᑑᐸᓯᓂᒃ ᕗᒨᓴ ᓈᒻᒪᑕ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ, ᑌᒫᓪᓗᑐᖅ ᐊᑦᑐᑕᐅᒍᑎᒋᓐᓂᕋᒥᐅᒃ. “ᖃᑕᖕᖑᑎᒌᑦᓯᒪᔪᒍᑦ, ᐳᔮᕕᓐᓯᖓᓂ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ Argentina-ᐅᑉ. ᐊᔪᕐᓴᑐᓃᒐᓗᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᓂᑕᕇᓪᓚᕆᑦᓱᓄᑦ. ᓄᑲᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᓇᒪ ᓄᑲᕆᔫᔮᑐᐃᓐᓇᓯᒪᔭᕋ. ᐃᓅᖃᑎᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᕈᒪᒋᐊᓪᓚᓚᕿᑦᓱᓂ. ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᑦᓯᐊᖁᔭᕋ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᑦᓴᕆᖔᔭᕐᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᖕᖏᖔᕐᓱᓂ ᐅᑎᕋᒥ ᐃᒫᒃ ᐅᖃᕐᓯᒪᓂᕋᕐᑕᕕᓂᖅ, “ᐅᓐᓂᓗᒍᑎᖃᕐᑐᖃᕐᐸᑦ ᖃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᓯᐊᖅ… ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓᖔᖅ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᓂᖓ, ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᓯᒪᑦᓯᐊᓱᓂᓗ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓂᒃ ᐅᓐᓂᓘᑎᑦᓴᓯᐊᒥᒃ ᐅᓐᓂᓗᒍᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᕆᐊᖃᓕᕐᖁᑦ.” ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᓱᓂ. ᓯᓚᑐᔫᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᖑᑎᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑑᓱᓂ. ᓵᒦᑦ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂᒥᐅᑦ ᓄᐊᕗᐃᒥᐅᑦ, ᓯᕗᐃᑕᓐᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᕕᓐᓚᓐᒥᐅᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᔪᐊᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᓯᓯᒥᐅᑦᓂ, ᐱᒻᒪᑕ, ᐊᑦᔨᒌᒃᑰᖃᑎᒋᓂᕐᐹᕆᓯᒪᕙᕗᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓐᓀᓗᑕᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐊᑯᑭᑦᑐᒥ ᑕᕐᖀᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᓈᓯᒪᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓅᒍᓐᓀᑐᕕᓂᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᒫᒃ ᓵᒦᑦ, ᐅᑦᑑᑎᒋᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᐃᑯᒪᓐᓂᐊᑎᓄᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᕕᐅᓂᖓ ᐅᔭᕋᕐᓂᐊᕕᓐᓄᓗ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓ ᔮᓂ ᐊᒪᕈᐊᓕᒃ ᐅᖄᔪᕕᓂᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᒫᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᐱᕇᓴᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓈᒻᒪᖁᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑦᑐᑕᐅᓐᓇᑐᒪᕆᒻᒥᒃ ᑎᓕᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᑦ, ᐊᑯᑭᑦᑐᒥᑦ, ᐱᑕᖃᖕᖏᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓵᒦᑦ, ᐃᓂᓪᓚᖓᑎᑕᐅᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᑐᒃᑐᓂᒃ ᐅᖑᔨᔩᑦ ᐊᓛᔅᑲᒥᑦ ᐅᔭᓴᒥᓪᓗ. ᐅᖃᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᐃᒫᒃ, “ᐊᐅᓚᔨᕙᒃᑲ ᓄᐊ ᑑᒪᓯ, ᔦᑯ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ. ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔪᒻᒪᕆᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᖑᔨᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᒨᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ, ᓵᒣᓪᓗ ᑎᑭᕕᒃ, ᓄᐊ ᐃᑦᓚᐅᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒫᒃ ᐅᔮᓂ ᑯᐊᑕ. ᕿᐊᒍᑎᒋᓯᒪᕙᒃᑲ.” ᒪᔪᕋᕐᕕᖏᑦᑕ ᓴᐳᒻᒥᔭᐅᒍᑎᑦᓴᖏᓐᓅᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ. ᒫᒃ ᓂᑦᔮᕈᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᖅ ᐱᔭᑦᓴᖃᕐᓇᑐᒻᒪᕆᐅᕗᖅ. ᓂᕈᐊᕐᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᓪᓗ ᓵᒦᓪᓗ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓯᐅᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖃᖁᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᒥᓂᒃ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑏᑦ ᓲᕐᓗ ᓂᕈᐊᕐᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᒥᓄᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭ­ ᐃᓕᑦᓯᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᐊᕋᒥᒃ. ᐅᔫᔮᓲᒍᕗᑦ. ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ 24/7, 365-ᓂ ᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᑦ. ᒪᒃ ᐃᓅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓄᐃᑕᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᑎᒍᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅ­ ᐃᓛᓐᓂ ᓂᕈᐊᕐᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑏᑦ ᐊᕐᓱᕈᓐᓇᑐᒃᑰᑐᒻᒪᕆᐅᓲᑦ. ᐃᓄᓐᓂᑦ ᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᓪᓗ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒥ. ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᐃᓱᐊᕐᓂᓴᒧᑦ ᐱᒍᑦᔨᓯᐊᕈᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᑲᑦᓱᙰᑦᑑᒍᑎᖃᕐᓇᑑᓲᖅ. ᒫᒃ ᐱᒍᑦᔨᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᑦᔨᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᔪᕕᓂᖅ - ᓱᒃᑫᑐᒻᒪᕆᐅᒐᓗᐊᒥᒃ - ᓄᓇᓕᑐᖃᕐᓄᑦ. ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᒫᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᒍᑦᔭᐅᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᐸᐅᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᑌᑰᓇ. ᑕᑯᓐᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖏᑦᑕ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᖓᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᐱᖁᔭᖏᑦ ᐳᐃᒍᕐᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᓂᐊᖕᖏᑐᖅ. ᐱᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᓯᓚᓗᑦᑎᓗᒍ ᐁᕆᓕ 17, 1982-ᒥ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦᒥᒃ

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑕᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐅᐱᒋᔭᐅᓂᕆᒐᔭᕐᑕᖓ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᐱᖁᔭᖏᑦᑕ ᑲᓇᑕᒨᕐᑕᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᕆᓛᕐᑕᖏᑦᑕ. ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

32 the prime minister of the salary injustices revealed in a Makivik study for the better – albeit slowly – for Indigenous Peoples. In Canada Mark on jobs in the region. It showed that a southerner holding the same observed First Ministers meetings on the Constitution. He assisted Charlie job as a northerner, with the same qualifications, earned 115% Watt in the days leading up to the patriation more than the local person, and received more benefits. Mark ceremony of the Canadian Constitution on a ended on a visionary note to the Prime Minister, saying, “Inuit are rainy April 17, 1982. proud Canadians and want to be paying partners in this country.” Charlie Watt tells the story that the sec- Mark represented Nunavik Inuit outside of the region on many tion on Aboriginal rights was dropped dur- occasions. He was appointed special advisor to the Canadian del- ing the famous “kitchen meeting with nine of egation to attend the United Nations Law of the Sea Conference the provinces and the prime minister.” Charlie in New York in April 1977. He said he wanted to “work at form- called Mark who was in Newfoundland work- ing a way of getting the views of the Inuit represented properly ing on a project with the Inuit Committee on in the laws that govern the seas and that protect the animals in National Issues and Makivik and came back to the Arctic waters.” Ottawa right away, arriving very late at night. Mark was involved in the early years of the Inuit Circumpolar Charlie had arranged for an early morning

Conference (ICC, now the Inuit Circumpolar Council). In the early X3 CORPORATION MAKIVIK © meeting with Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. 1980s he attended ICC Executive Council meetings with Inuit They asked for more time, and Trudeau gave Tapirisat Canada (now Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami) President John Amagoalik. them a week. They managed to work their networks to reinstate the At the time one of the issues Mark raised the alarm over was the Arctic Aboriginal rights section. Charlie said, “There was some hockey diplo- Pilot Project, an initiative to transport liquefied natural gas using super- macy involved at the Montreal Forum. Alberta Premier Peter Lougheed

(ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂᑦ-ᑕᓕᕐᐱᐊᓄᑦ)ᒫᒃ ᐅᔮᓂ ᑯᐊᑕ ᓄᕐᖃᓱᓂ ᐁᑦᑐᑕᕕᓂᖅ (ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᑕ ᐃᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓂᕈᐊᕐᑕᐅᒋᐊᓪᓚᕋᓱᐊᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖅ), ᑖᒥ ᑫᓐ ᐊᖓᔪᑦᓯᖅ,ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ, ᔮᑭ ᖁᖏᐊᖅ, ᑕᓯᐅᔭᕐᒥ, 1988-ᒥ. (L-R) Mark Ronnie Gordon accepting his parting gift (he did not run again for the position of Makivik president), Tommy Cain Sr., Charlie Watt, Jackie Koneak, Tasiujaq, 1988.

tankers through the Davis Strait between Canada and Greenland en suggested the addition of the word “existing,” and it worked. route to southern markets. He voiced the strong concerns Inuit had on Tragically, Mark Ronnie Gordon passed away on April 7, 1989. He the potential effects on marine mammals. took his own life. He is survived by his mother, Christina, siblings: Alec, His many travels included voyages to Argentina in South America to Allen and Linda, his wife, Martha, and children: Victoria, Judy and Ron. visit the Toba Indians and northern Norway to exchange with the Sami. “We were all very saddened,” says Zebedee Nungak. “He was such a The contrasts between the visits were stark. Both included knowledge brilliant man, someone worth listening to. It was a terrible loss, a very and cultural exchanges, and fundamental political communications. deep loss.” Mark, travelling with former Makivik lawyer Gilles Gagné in the fall of Charlie Watt said he could not even talk about Mark until the past five 1988 encountered poverty and squalor among the Tobas in the Formosa years, it was that difficult for him. “We were cousins, very close. He was province of northern Argentina. But despite the obvious poverty he like the brother I never had. It’s important to recognize that he made connected deeply with the Chief on a human level and emerged re-en- sacrifices and tremendous accomplishments on behalf of all Inuit. He ergized to serve Nunavik Inuit. He was quoted on returning home, “If I was a wise young man.” hear anyone complain about anything…it better be good.” At the ICC General Assembly in Sisimiut, Greenland a few months fol- Among the Sami in northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland, there lowing Mark’s passing ITC President John Amagoalik delivered a mov- was much greater similarity with the contemporary development issues ing speech to the delegations of Inuit from Canada, Greenland, Alaska, faced by the Sami, such as large hydro and mineral developments. He and Russia. He said, “I remember Noah Thomasie, Jayko Tikivik, Noah observed that the Sami did not have the equivalent of Inuit Tapirisat Idlout, and Mark R Gordon. I have shed a million tears.” Canada (ITC), and were organized by their reindeer herding associations. The political process is all consuming. Elected political leaders in a They did have a lot of expertise on herd management, and Salmon run sense belong to the people who put them in office. The work is 24/7, protection. Mark advocated knowledge exchange between Inuit and Sami 365 days a year. Sometimes the price elected leaders pay is very heavy. so that both groups could benefit from gaps in each other’s expertise. The most beautiful motivation to do the work is a natural response to mag ­ a zine Mark lived at a remarkable time of emerging political rights for Inuit the call of social justice. Mark clearly responded to this call at a critical

and Indigenous peoples around the world. The world was changing time for Nunavik Inuit. He will never be forgotten. MAKIVIK 33 ᐊᐅᓚᔨᔭᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐊᑭᕋᕐᑐᓂᕆᓯᒪᔭᖓᓐᓂᒃ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ Recalling Communities’ Opposition to the JBNQA

ᐋᑕᒥ ᖃᓕᖒᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᑕᖏᑦ By Adamie Kalingo

ᐱᒻᒪᕆ­ᐅᓂᖃᕐᐳᖅ ᐃᒻᒪᖃ ­ᐊᓪᓛᑦ ᐱᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖃᕐᐳᖅ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᑕᖃᕐᓂᖅ It is important and perhaps essential to educate those Inuit who ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᒃ ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᖃᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ 50-ᓂᒃ ᑖᒃᑯᓇᖕᖓᓗ ᓄᑲᕐᓯᓂᒃ ­ᐅᓂᒃᑲ­ᐅᔨᓗᒋᑦ are now 50 years of age and younger about what was happen- ᓱᔪᖃᕐᓂ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖅ 1975-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­ ing in Nunavik in 1975, which was a time when they were barely ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓅᓱᑦᑐᒪᕆ­ᐅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᐃᓚᖏᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᐃᓅᓱᓗᐊᒧᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᒪᓂ­ᐅᔭᕐᑐᕕᓂ­ old enough to grasp the depth of Inuit politics in the face of the ᐅᔪᒃᓴ­ᐅᒐᑎᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᒍᑎᒋᓕᕐᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ ­ᐅᖃᕐᑕ­ᐅᔪᒥᒃ “ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑕ­ ­ “Project of the Century” that was introduced by the then Premier ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᓕᒫᓂ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ 100-ᓂ ­ᐊᖏᓂᕐᐹᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᖃᓯᓂᖅ” ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑎᑐᑦ of Quebec, Robert Bourassa. Those of us that were adults at that ­ᐅᖃᕐᑕ­ᐅᓱᓂ ᑌᒫᒃ ᑐᑭᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᑖᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᑐᓴᕐᑕ­ᐅᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᒋᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ time who recall the events that took place in our villages owe a ­ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃᕆᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᖓᑕ, ᕈᐯᕐ ᐳᕋᓴᐅᑉ.­ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕆ­ᐅᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᒍᑦ great deal of information to them and to those that are younger. ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᔨᔪᒍᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᓱᔪᖃᕐᓂᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ­ ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑎᓂ ᐅᓂᒃᑲ­ ᐅᔨᒋ­ ᐊᖃᕐᐳᒍᑦ­ ᑖᒃᑯᓂᖓ My family had moved to Salluit, then called Sugluk, in 1958 by ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓅᓱᑦᑐᓗ­ᐊᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒐᒥᒃ ᐊ­­ᐅᓚᔨᓪᓚᕆᖕᖏᑐᓂᒃ. boat. It was then that I got enrolled into a federal day school run ᐃᓚᒌᖑᑦᓱᑕ ᓴᓪᓗᓄᑦ ᐊᐅᓪᓛᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᒍᑦ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᓄᑦ by the federal government. The school was the first one in the ­ᐊᑦᓯᕋ­ᐅ­­ᑎᖃᕐᑎᑕᐅᖏᓐᓈᑎᓪᓗᒍ­ ᓴᒃᓚᒃᒥᒃ ᐅᒥ­ ­ᐊᒃᑯᑦ 1958-ᖑᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᐊ­­ᐅᓪᓛᕕᒋᑦᓱᒍ. village and had two classrooms, its grades limited to no higher ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᑕᒐ ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕕᑦᑖᑎᑦᓯᒋᐊᕈᑎᐊᓐᓂ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᖕᖑᑎᑕ­ than grade five. No councils existed that I was aware of, but there ᐅᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖓ ᒪᕐᕉᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᓯᕕᓕᒻᒥ,­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖏᑕ­ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᖏᑦ was an administrator in charge of an office that recorded all Inuit ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᒧᑦ 5-ᒧᑦ ᑎᑭ­ᐅᑎᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᖃ­ᐅᔨᒪᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᖃᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖅ, citizens, especially when Inuit were just getting used to receiving ᑭᓯ­ᐊᓂ ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᑦ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᓕᕆᔨᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ­ᐊᓪᓚᕕᓕᒻᒥ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᒃ family allowances. The administrator also had the task of looking ­ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᖁᑎᓕ­ᐅᕆᓲᒥᒃ, ᐱᓗᐊᕐᑐᒥ­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱ­ᐅᓯᕐᑖᖃᒻᒥᐸᓪᓕᐊᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ­ after a warehouse, the powerhouse, the teachers’ houses, his res- ᕿᑐᕐᖓᖃᕐᓂᒥᓄᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᓂᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ­ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᑕ­ᐅᒍᑎᑕᕐᑕᓂᕐᒥᒃ. ᑌᓐᓇ idence, his office building and a two-tracked wheeled snowmo- ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᑦ ᐊ­­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᓕᕆᔨᖓᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᖃᕐᓱᓂᓘᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐱᖁᑎᖃᐅᑎᒥᒃ,­ ᐃᑯᒪᓕ­ bile called a Muskeg. A bathhouse was later built. The only means ᐅᕈᑎᓂᒃ, ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᓯᔨ­ ­ᐅᑉ ᐃᓪᓗᖓᓂᒃ, ᐃᓪᓗᒥᓂᒃ, ­ᐊᓪᓚᕕᒻᒥᓗ ᒪᕐᕉᓂᓪᓗ of fast communication was through a two-way radio-telephone ᑯᑭᓕᑲᓪᓚᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᒃᑯᔫᒥᒃ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑎᑐᑦ “ᒪᔅᑭ­ᐊᒃ”-ᒥᒃ ᑌᔭ­ᐅᔪᒥᒃ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓗᓐᓇᓂ­ owned by the Roman Catholic Mission. Its buildings were ware- ᐊᕐᕕᓴᖓ/ᑎᒥᓐᓂᐊᕕᑦᓴᖓ­ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᓕᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ. ᓱᑲᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᑐᓴᖃᑦᑕᐅᑎᒍᑎᑐ­ ­ houses and a little hall where 16-millimeter celluloid films were ᐊᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᒍᑦ ᑲᑐᓕᒃᑯᑦ ᓈᓚᐅᑎᖓᓐᓂᒃ­ ᐅᖃᓕᒪᒍᑎ­ ᐅᒍᓐᓇᓱᓂᓘᕐᑐᒥᒃ.­ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­ ᐃᓪᓗᔪ­ featured once or twice a week for those rich enough to afford the ᐊᖁᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᖁᑎᖃᐅᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ­ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᕆ­ᐊᒻᒪᕆᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᓕᔮᒐᕐᓂᒃ 10-cent admission fee, which later increased to 25 cents. There ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᔫᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᑦᓴ­ᐅᑎᑦᓯᕕᒋᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᒥᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᓯᕐᒥ­ ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᓯᕕᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗᓃᑦ was really no Catholic congregation as all of the villages’ Inuit ᒪᕐᕈᕕᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗᓃᑦ ᑭᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ­ ᐊᒥᒐᕐᓯᖏᑦᑐᓄᑦ­ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᑕᐅᕙᑦᑎᓗᒋᑦ­ ᐃᑎᕈᑎᖃᕐᑎᓯᕙᓚ­ were devout Anglicans attending the Sunday and Wednesday ᐅᕋᒥᒃ 10¢-ᒥᒃ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ­ ­ᐅᓄᕐᓯᒋᐊᓕᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᒥᒃ 25¢-ᖑᓱᓂ. ᑲᑐᓕᖃᓪᓚᕆ­ services at the new church. The rest of the buildings of the whole ᐊᓗᑦᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ ᐋᖕᓕᑲᒃᑯᓂᒃ ᒪᓕᒻᒪᕆᑦᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᑐᑦᓯ­ᐊᕆ­ᐊᕐᐸᓱᑎᒃ town, in 1958, belonged to the Hudson’s Bay Company store, yet ᑐᑦᓯ­ᐊᕕᑦᑖᖃᒻᒥᒧᑦ ­ᐊᓪᓕᑐᓂᓗ ᐱᖓᔪ­ᐊᓐᓂᓗ. ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥ ᐃᓪᓗᔪ­ᐊᑦ ­ᐊᓯᓕᒫᖏᑦ Inuit, by then likely felt they were rich in owning materials that ᐱᒋᔭ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᖃᑦᓴᓐ ᐯ ᑲᒻᐸᓂᒃᑯᓄᑦ, ᑌᒣᒐᓗᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ­ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ the previous generation never had and yet the rest of the world ­ᐊᔪᕐᓴᖏᑦᑐᔪᕆᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᐅᓕᓂ­ ᐊᒐᖃᓕᕋᒥᒃ­ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᒥ ᐱᒋᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᓐᓂᖏᑦᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ no doubt looked at the village people as living in a third world. ᑌᒣᓕᕋᓗᐊᕐᓱᑕ­ ᓯᓚᕐᔪ­ᐊᒥ­ᐅᖑᖃᑎᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᑕ­ᐅᔪᑦᓴ­ᐅᓂᕐᖁᒍᑦ ᓱᓕ ᓲᕐᓗ Having passed all grades, the powers that be recommended, in ­ᐊᔪᕐᓴᑐᒻᒪᕆ­ᐅᖏᓐᓈᑎᓪᓗᑕ. 1964, that I go to Ottawa while my older peers went to Churchill, ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᑕᐅᒍᑏᑦ­ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᓕᒫᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᕇᕋᒪ, ­ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃ­ᐅᑎᑦᑐᑦ ᐃᒣᓕᖓᒋ­ Manitoba. By then, the federal government had pretty well estab-

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᐊᖃᓕᕐᖁᓰᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᑦᓱᒋᑦ 1964-ᒥ, ᑐᑭᑖᕐᑕᐅᓕᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒋᕗᖓ ᐋᑐᒑᒧᑦ lished its Inuit housing program in the village and the family ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᕆ­ᐊᓛᓕᕐᑎᓗᖓ ­ᐅᕙᓐᓂᑦ ­ᐊᖓᔪᑦᓰᑦ ᑰᒃᔪᐊᕌᓗᖕᒧᑦ­ ᒫᓂᑑᐸ­ᐅᑉ igluit became obsolete. As it turns out, I continued to return to ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

34 © GÉRALD MCKENZIE, PUVIRNITUQ, 1975 PUVIRNITUQ, MCKENZIE, GÉRALD ©

ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖓᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓐᓂᒧᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᔫᖃᑎᒌᑦ: ᓇᖏᕐᑐᑦ (ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂᑦ-ᑕᓕᕐᐱᐊᓄᑦ): ᑐᓪᓚᐅᒐᖅ ᓴᕕᐊᕐᔪᒃ, ᓴᓪᓗᒥᐅᖅ; ᐃᑦᑐ ᐁᓇᓕᒃ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥᐅᖅ; ᓄᑕᕌᓗᒃ ᐃᔦᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥᐅᖅ; ᔫᓯ ᐁᓇᓕᒃ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥᐅᖅ; ᖃᕐᖄᔪᒃ ᖃᕐᖄᔪᒃ ᓴᓪᓗᒥᐅᖅ; ᐸᐅᓗᓯ ᑲᓇᔪᖅ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ; ᒫᒃ ᐊᓛᓱᐊᖅ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ. ᐃᑦᓯᕙᔪᑦ (ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᓕᕐᐱᐊᓄᑦ): ᖁᑉᐸ ᑕᔭᕋᖅ ᓴᓪᓗᒥᐅᖅ; ᑖᒧᓯ ᖁᒪᖅ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ; ᐁᓴ ᓯᕗᐊᕌᐱᒃ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ. ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᒥ 1975-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ. Inuuqatigiit Tunngavingat Nunamini Group: standing (L-R): Tullaugak Saviadjuk of Salluit; Ittuk Ainalik of Ivujivik; Nutaraaluk Iyaituk of Ivujivik; Jusi Ainalik of Ivujivik; Qaqqaajuk Kakayuk of Salluit; Paulusie Kanayuk of Puvirnituq; Mark Alasuaq of Puvirnituq. Sitting, (L-R): Qupaq Tayara of Salluit; Tamusi Qumaq of Puvirnituq; Aisa Sivuaraapik of Puvirnituq. Puvirnituq, 1975.

ᓄᓇᓕᕐᓚᖓᓃᑦᑐᒧᑦ ᐃᓕᖕᓂᐊᕆ­ ­ᐊᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᓯᑎᒃᓗᒋᑦ. ᑌᒣᓪᓗᐊᓕᕐᓱᑕ,­ ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᑦ Ottawa to get higher education. By 1974, I had become an adult ᐃᓂᓪᓓᓯᒪᓪᓚᕆᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᒃ ᐃᓪᓗᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ and was required to discontinue school because my father was ᐃᒡᓗᖏᑦ ­ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­ᐅᒍᓐᓀᓯᒪᓪᓚᕆᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᑌᒣᓕᖓᑦᓴᓕᕋᑦᑕ ­ᐊᓱᐃᓛ, ᐋᑐᒑᒧᑦ ill. It was June when he died. This time, the relatives highly rec- ­ᐅᑎᕐᑕᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖓ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓴᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕆ­ ­ᐊᕐᐸᓕᕐᓱᖓ. 1974-ᖑᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ, ommended that we get back to Ivujivik in July to be with our ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᒃᑲᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕆᖕᖑᓯᒪᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖓ­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑕᒃᑲᓂᓪᓗ­ ᓄᕐᖃᕆ­ᐊᖃᓕᓚ­ closest relatives. I was not totally aware that there was a com- ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖓ ᐱᑦᔪᑎᖃᕐᓱᖓ ᐊᑖᑕᒻᒪ­ ᐋᓐᓂ­ᐊᓂᖓᓂᒃ. ᔫᓂᐅᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ­ ᐃᓅᒍᓐᓀᔨᐊᕆᓚ­ ­ munity council in Salluit, which had begun to operate but I did ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᕗᑦ. ᔪᓓᖑᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᐃᓚᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒧᑦ ­ᐅᑎᖁᔭᐅᒻᒪᕆᓕᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᒍᑦ. notice that Ivujivik had its newly established municipal corpora- ᖃ­ᐅᔨᒪᓪᓚᕆ­ᐊᓗᑦᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖓ ᓴᓪᓗᓂ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᖃᓕᕆᐊᖏᑦ­ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ tion that was in charge of the rent collection for Inuit housing and ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᑦᓯᓂᖃᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ­ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᑕᕐᖃᒥᓕᓚ­ providing water, which was running onto the street as wastewa- ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᕙᒫᐱᖃᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᖃᓕᕐᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᒋᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᐃᓪᓗᓂᒃ ter. I later learned that there were 10 other similar offices in the ­ᐊᑭᓕᕐᑐᐃᑎᑦᓯᓃᑦ, ᐃᒥᕐᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᑐᕐᓱᐊᑯᑖᖑᑦᓱᓂ­ ᑯᕕᔪᒃᑯᑦ ᑰᑦᑎᓯᓃᑦ. northern Quebec region. ᑭᖑᓂᖓᒍᑦ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖓ­ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ­ᐊᓯᕗ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ 10 ᑌᒣᑦᑐᓂᒃ Having arrived in Ivujivik in July of 1974 by a Catalina amphib- ­ᐊᓪᓚᕕᖃᖃᑕ­ᐅᓕᕐᒥᒋᐊᖏᑦ.­ ious plane owned by Austin Airways limited, which regularly ᔪᓓ 1974-ᒥ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᕕᓂᐅᑦᓱᖓ­ ᑎᒻᒥᔫᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᒫᓄᑦ ᒥᓲᒃᑯᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭ­ brought in mail and cargo by landing on the sea while there were ᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᐋᔅᑕᓐ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᓄᑦ, ᑖᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓕᕆᔩᑦ ᑎᑭᐅᑦᔨᕙᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᑐᑦ no ice floes to mar its way. I went back to Ottawa in September. ­ᐊᓪᓚᑕᕐᕕᓕ­ᐊᕐᑐᓂᓪᓗ ­ᐅᓯᑦᓴᓂᓪᓗ ᑕᕆ­ᐅᒧᑦ ᐃᒫᓄᑦ ᒥᓲᖑᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓯᑯᓄᑦ ᐱᓂᕐᓕᑕ­ By the winter of 1975, I returned to the village and noticed a huge ᐅᒪᖕᖏᑐ­ᐊᕋᒥᒃ. ᐋᑐᒑᒧᑦ ­ᐅᑎᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖓ ᓯᑉᑎᒻᐱᕆᐅᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ.­ 1975 change in the villages’ day-to-day life in that the people were ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᖓ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᑎᓪᓗᒍ,­ ­ᐅᑎᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖓ ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᑕᑯᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖓᓗ­ highly aware of the Northern Quebec Inuit Association’s activ- ­ᐊᖏᔪᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ­ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ­ ᐃᓅᓯᖏᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᑕᒫᕐᓯ­ ­ᐅᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᓯᑦᔨᓂᖃᕐᓯᒪᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ­ ities. The community council had been asked to join the NQIA, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ­ᐅᖄᒍᓱᑦᑐᒪᕆ­ᐅᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᒪᒻᒪᕆᓕᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑕ which had membership of the 11 villages then existing, exclud- ᑯᐸᐃᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᓕᕐᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ.­ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ­ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᒃᑯᖏᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖁᔭ­ ­ ing Akulivik, Umiujaq and Aupaluk. ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᑯᐸᐃᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ, ᐃᓚ­ᐅᔪᖁᑎᖃᓕᕐᒪᑕᒎᖅ The leaders of Ivujivik, Puvirnituq and Salluit had decided to 11-ᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᑌᒣᓪᓗ­ᐊᑐᓂᒃ ­ᐅᓄᕐᓂᖃᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ, ᐃᓚᕋᑕᖕᖏᓂᕐᒥᓂ oppose the JBNQA and did form leaders whose establishment ­ᐊᑯᓕᕕᒻᒥᓗ, ­ᐅᒥ­ᐅᔭᒥᓪᓗ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ­ᐊ­ᐅᐸᓗᖕᒥᒃ. was known as Inuuqatigiit Tungavingat Nunamini (ITN). In the ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥᓗ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᒥᓗ ᓴᓪᓗᓂᓗᒐᓴᒃ ᑐᑭᑖᕐᓯᒪᓚ­ Alasuak Case, these leaders had taken to court all of the signa- ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᑭᕋᕐᑐᓚᖓᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᑉ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ­ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ­ tories of the JBNQA, including the NQIA, the Quebec govern- ᐱᖕᖑᑎᑦᓯᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᒋᓂ­ᐊᓕᕐᑕᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᒪᔭ­ᐅᑦᔪᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓯᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ment, the federal government, the Crees, the Naskapis, James ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖓᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓐᓂ. ­ᐊᓛᓱᐊᑉ­ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒦᑎᑦᓯᓂᖓᓂᒃ Bay Energy Corporation because they argued that the NQIA was ᑌᔭ­ᐅᑦᔪᑎᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒃᑰᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ, ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑏᑦ selling off the category lands, in effect, repeating what the first ᐃᕐᖃᑐᕕᒻᒨᕆᓯᒪᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ­ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᑉ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ­ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ nations peoples that had done by being put in lands known as ­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᖃᑎᒌᑦᓯᒪᔪᓕᒫᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ reserves that Inuit leaders referred to as “little square ones” or ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ, ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᑦ, ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᓗ, ­ᐊᓪᓚᓂᓪᓗ ᑯᔩᓂᒃ ᓈᔅᑳᐲᓂᓪᓗ, “sikkitaapiit” lands. The Inuit were completely convinced that we mag ­ a zine ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥᓗ ­ᐅᒻᒪᖁᑎᑦᓴᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᓂᒃ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒦᑎᑦᓯᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ­ᐊᑭᕋᕐᑐᓱᑎᒃ were losing our land, selling it for little money. MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

35 ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓂ­ᐅᕐᕈᑎᖃᓕᕐᓂᕃᑦᓱᑎᒃ, Furthermore, there is a section where it specified that we were ᐱ­ᐅᓯ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᕕᓂ­ᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ­ᐊᑑᑎᓂᖃᕆ­ᐊᓪᓚᑎᑦᓯᓕᕐᓂᕃᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖃᓯᒪᔪᑦ surrendering all our rights and privileges in and to the govern- ᓄᓇᑕᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓂᒃ ᑎᑎᕐᑐᓯᒪᔪᐊᐱᓐᓂᒃ­ ᓯᒃᑭᑖᐱᖕᖑᑕᐅᒪᔪᓂᓪᓗ.­ ments for all time and that the governments accepted such sur- ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ­ᐅᐱᕆᔭᖃᓪᓚᕆᑦᓯ­ᐊᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᓄᓀᕐᑕ­ᐅᓕᕆ­ᐊᑦᑎᓂᒃ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᒐᓛᐱᓐᓂᒃ­ render. This clause was not at all acceptable. There were public ­ᐊᑭᓕᕐᑕ­ᐅᒍᑎᒋᑐᐃᓐᓇᓗᒍ ᓂ­ᐅᕐᕈᑎᐅᓚᖓᓂᕃᑦᓱᑎᒃ.­ meetings that lasted hours and hours to let those people who ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒋ­ᐊᓪᓚᒃ ᓱᓕ, ­ᐊᓚᓯᒪᔪᕐᑕᖃᕐᒥᓱᓂ ­ᐅᖃᕐᓯᒪᓪᓗᑯᕐᑐᑕᓕᓐᓂᒃ had signed the petition to take the signatories to court. The com- ᓴᒃᑯᓯᓯᒋᐊᑦᑕ­ ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­ᐅᑎᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᕕᖃᕐᑎᑕᐅᕐᖄᕈᑎᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ­ ᑕᒫᖕᖓᒥᑦ munity centre was ‘smoke filled’ whereby the leaders made their ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᓗᑎᒃ ᐃᓱᖃᖕᖏᑐᒧᑦ ­ᐅᑎᕐᑎᒍᓐᓇᓛᕈᓐᓀᑕᑦᑎᓂᒃ ­ᐊᖏᕐᑕ­ᐅᓱᑎᓪᓗᒎᖅ arguments clear. What was impressive was the large collective ᑌᒣᓕᖓᒍᒪᓕᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᕙᒫᓐᓄᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᐱᖁᔭᖕᖑᑎᑕᐅᔪᓂ­ ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᖕᖑᑕ­ ᐅᔪᑦ­ gathering of Inuit that were united in their beliefs. ­ᐊᖏᕐᑕ­ᐅᖏᓪᓗᑐ­ᐊᓗᑦᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᐃᓄᓕᒫᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᑎᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓕᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ In a matter of months, I was hired as the secretary-treasurer ­ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᐃᑲᐅᕐᓂᓂ/ᑫᕙᓪᓚᒍᓯᕐᓂ­ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᓂᖃᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᒃ ᑌᒣᓘᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ for what was then known as the Maniituk Corporation, which had ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᖃᑎᒌᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒨᕆᒍᓐᓇᓯᕋᑕᓚ­ recently been incorporated as a municipality of sorts in 1973, but ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑎᑦᑕᕕᖓᑦ “ᓱᐴᕈᑎ­ᐅᑉ ᐳᔪᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᑦᓯᑐᖅ” ᓇᔪᕐᑕ­ᐅᓱᓂ which had no boundary. Its office was nothing more than two ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᓄᑦ ᓱᓕᓂᕐᓴᐅᒐᓱᒍᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ­ ᑐᑭᓯᓐᓇᓯᐊᕐᑐᓂᒃ­ ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᖃᕐᕕ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᖅ. old rectangular “match-box” clapboard bungalows stuck together ᑕᑯᓪᓗᕆᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᖅ ­ᐊᒥᓱ­ᐊᓗᑦᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ to form one building where one section comprised the confer- ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᓯ­ᐅᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔪᓃᓐᓂᕆᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔮ­ ᐅᑉᐱᕈᓱᑎᖃᓕᕐᑐᑦ­ ence room. There, the council decisions were made where Inuit ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᓯ­ᐅᓕᖓᒍᑎᒋᑦᓱᒍ. decided on matters such as deciding to kill loose dogs, or to hire the admissions officer for showing 16 mm movies or to decide what is to be done for Christmas festivities. It was quite remarkable that the people were highly active in ᑌᒣᓕᖓᓕᓚᐅᕋᓗᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓇᐅᑉ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖓ 1979- voicing out their opinions on matters related to the JBNQA. The 1980 ᐊᑐᓕᕐᒥᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕈᓐᓀᓕᕆᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ Northern Quebec Inuit Association was also a new organization that Inuit opposed vehemently because its leaders had signed ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᓕᒫᖏᑦ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥᐅᓗ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᕐᒥᐅᓗ the JBNQA to “sell the land.” The CBC radio was used a lot by lead- ers such as Charlie Watt to explain the meaning of Category I, II ᕿᑎᕐᖃᓕᒫᖏᓪᓗ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑏᑦ ᓴᓪᓗᓂ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ and III lands. There came a time when the federal government was being ᑌᒣᓕᖓᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᖅ ᑐᑭᑖᕐᑎᓗᒍ pushed aside to no longer run the municipalities. The leaders did not feel comfortable with the coming of the provincial government ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃᐅᕕᖃᕈᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑦᓯᓚᖓᓕᕐᓱᓂ to coordinate the Northern villages as we now know them. The ITN leaders had to leave several times to do their court battles in ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᓂ. ᓴᓪᓗᒥᐅᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖏᑦ ᑐᑭᑖᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ the South. When they came back, they seriously looked into the ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᖁᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᓯᓚᖓᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ matter of La Fédération des Cooperatives du Nouveau-Québec (FCNQ) running the municipal services rather than allowing the ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᔪᒥ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᖃᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. Kativik Regional Government to do that. To them, the money to fund the operation of the municipality would come from the provincial government and could be given to the municipal- ity directly, without having to go through the Kativik Regional ᑕᕐᖀᑦ ­ᐊᒥᓱ­ᐊᓗᖕᖏᑐᑦ ­ᐊᓂᒍᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ, ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᑕᕆᔭᐅᓕᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒋᕗᖓ Government first because, they argued, the regional councillors ­ᐊᓪᓚᑎ-ᑮᓇ­ᐅᔭᓕᕆᔨ­ᐅᑉ ᐃᓂᖓᓃᓐᓂ­ᐊᓕᕐᑎᓗᖓ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕ­ᐅᔪᒥ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᑕ­ would fight over those funds – a situation that did not appeal to ᐅᓯᒪᒍᑎᖃᕐᑐᒥᒃ ᒪᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᖁᑕᐅᔪᒥᒃ,­ ᐃᓕᑕᕆᔭ­ᐅᓂᕐᑕᖃᒻᒥᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ the population members. The FCNQ, they argued, could just as “ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑲᕙᒫᐱᖁᑖᓐᓂᒃ” ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓪᓚᕆᒃᑲᓗ­ᐊᕐᓱᓂᑭ­ᐊᖅ 1973-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ easily operate the fleet to deliver water, dispose of it, collect gar- ᐱᒐᓱᒍᑎᒋᒍᓐᓇᑕᖐᕐᑕᐅᓂᕐᒥᒍᑦ­ ᑐᑭᓕ­ᐅᕐᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᑦᓯ­ᐊᖏᒻᒪᕆᑦᑐᒥᒃ. ᐊᓪᓚᕕᖁᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ­ bage and dispose of it and to run the airport. It was a long and ᒪᕐᕈᕕᓂ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᓯᖕᖑᑎᑕ­ᐅᒪᔫᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓪᓗᓕ­ᐅᕐᑕ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖕᖓᕈᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ tedious manner in which this alternative was studied. ᖃᓪᓗᓈᕐᑎᑐᑦ ᖃᐅᑦᔨᒪᔭ­ ­ᐅᑦᔪᑎᖃᕐᐸᓕᓚᐅᕐᑐᓂᒃ­ “ᒫᑦᓯᑎᖃᐅᑎᑦᓴᔭᒥᒃ”­ ᓯᒃᑭᑕᑯᑖᖑᑦᓱᑎᒃ Soon, the municipal funds were depleted. The councillors ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐊᑕ­ ᐅᓯ­ ­ᐅᓕᑎᑕ­ᐅᒪᑎᓪᓗᒋᒃ ᖁᑉᐹ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᕕ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᖁᑉᐹᓗ ᐊᓪᓚᕕᖃᕐᕕ­ ­ᐅᓱᓂ. argued that they would close down the municipal government ᑕᒡᒐᓂ ᐃᓪᓗᔪ­ᐊᒥ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔩᑦ ᑐᑭᑖᕐᑐᐃᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑎᓕ­ and declare it bankrupt. The leaders were not at all intimidated ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᕿᒻᒦᑦ ᑕᒪᓂᕐᕿᔪᑦ ᑐᖁᕋᕐᑕᐅᒋ­ ­ᐊᖃᓕᕐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓗᓐᓃᑦ­ into not getting any funds, again arguing that their ancestors ᑕᕐᕋᓕᔮᕐᑎᓯᔨᑦᓴᒥᒃ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᔫᕐᑎᓯᔨᑦᓴᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᑕᕐᓂᓂᒃ ᕿᑎᖕᖑᓕᕐᐸᑕᓗ survived without having to deal with such matters as damming ᖃᓄᐃᓘᓛᓕᕐᒥᒪᖔᑕ ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑎᖃᕐᐸᓱᑎᒃ. rivers. Inuit, they said, still had the knowledge of building iglus, ­ᐊᔪᒉᑦᑐᓯᒪᑦᓴᒪᕆᑦᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓂᑦᔮᒍᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓂᖏᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓘᕐᓂ­ᐅᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ which they could still resort to as a way of showing their auton- ᐱᑦᔪᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓐᓂᒃ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ omy and identity. The people would not lose their land, would ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑦ ᓄᑖᖑᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᒪᑦ ­ᐊᑭᕋᕐᑐᑕᒻᒪᕆ­ᐊᓗᑦᓱᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖏᑦ not sell it and would refuse to live in the reserve style of lands ­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᓕᕕᓂ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓐᓂᒃ and to live on hand-outs given by the government.

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ “ᓂ­ᐅᕐᕈᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ.” ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᓈᓚ­ᐅᑎᒃᑯᑏᑦ ᓰᐱᓰᒃᑯᑦ ­ᐊᑐᕐᑕᒪᕆ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ Another part of the argument became evident when one ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᓄᑦ ­ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᓲᕐᓗ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᕐᒧᑦ­ ᑐᑭᓯᑎᑕᐅᑎᑦᓯᓇᓱᑦᓱᓂ­ ᓄᓇᓂᒃ day a woman representing the province’s health board came to

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ­ᐊᕕᑦᑐᓯᒪᓂᕐᑕᑕᐅᔪᓂᒃ­ ᑭᓯᑦᔪᑎᓕ­ᐅᕐᑕ­ᐅᓱᑎᒃ I II ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ III-ᓂᒃ. sell the health and social services. The little federal government 36 ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᓃ ᒪᓕᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᑦ ᓯᖏᑕᐅᕙᓪᓕ­ ­ᐊᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᒃ run nursing station was suffering from district management, but ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᖓᖃᑦᑕᓚᖓᒍᓐᓀᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ. ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑏᑦ ᐃᓱᐃᓪᓕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ the leaders and people refused to change it into the health sys- ᓯᖏᑦᓯᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᑦᓯᑯᕐᑎᓯᓂᐊᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ­ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᑦ­ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᒐᑕᒐ tem that we know today. The woman came into the cold, hardly ᐱ­ᐅᓯ­ᐅᕙᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖓᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓐᓂ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖏᑦ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᓐᓄᑦ heated community hall, as I remember. There was a public meet- ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒦᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒋᐊᕐᑐᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᑦ.­ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᓄᑦ ­ᐅᑎᕋᒥᒃ ᓱᓕᒐᓱ­ ing called hastily that the people were now so used to in the con- ᐊᒻᒪᕆᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓚᒌᓴᒃᑯᓂᒃ ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᔨᖃᕈᒪᓕᓚ­ ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᓂ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᔨᒋᒍᒪᑦᓱᒋᑦ text of people fighting the battle in court. That poor woman had ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᔭᐅᔪᒪᓇᑎᒃ­ ᐱᑦᔪᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ­ come in by plane, had hoped to start the health care system and ᒥᓐᓂᒍᓚ­ᐅᑎᑐᐃᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓛᕐᑐᕆᑦᓯᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ - ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᓈᒻᒪᓴᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᒪᑕ. then leave on the same day. But she had a difficult time reaching ­ᐅᑉᐱᕆᔭᖃᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒐᒥᒃ ᐃᓚᒌᓴᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᑦᓯᒍᓐᓇᓂᖃᕐᒥᒋ­ᐊᖏᑦ ᐃᒥᕐᑕᕈᑦᔨᓂᕐᒥᓗ, the people who were adamant about changing the little nursing ᑯᕕᕋᕐᕕᓕᕆᓂᕐᓂᓗ, ᓴᓂᑦᑕᓂᕐᓂᓗ ᒥᕝᕕᓕᕆᓂᕐᓂᓗ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓯᐊᕐᓂᕋᕐᓱᒋᑦ.­ ᐊᑯᓂ­ ᐊᓗᒃ­ station. As she prepared to leave, I remember mayor Audlaluk ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓴᕐᑕ­ᐅᓱᓂ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᕐᑕᐅᒋ­ ­ᐊᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ. smoking his cigarette and asking someone for a pen and paper ­ᐊᑯᓂ­ᐅᖕᖏᑐ­ᐊᐱᒃ, ᓄᓇᓕ­ᐅᑉ ᑭᓇ­ᐅᔭᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᓄᖑᑦᑕ­ᐅᑎᒋᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒧᑦ. ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔩᑦ to ask who she was and what she was trying to say. The woman ᐁᕙᐅᑎᒍᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ­ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥ ᑲᕙᒫᐱᖓᓂᒃ ᐅᒃᑯ­ ᐊᓯᒍᒪᓕᓚ­ ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᑲᑕᓐᓂᕋᕈᑎᓂᓪᓗ did not hesitate to repeat what she had said. This was a begin- ­ᐊᑑᑎᒍᒪᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ. ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑏᑦ ᑲᑉᐱᐊᓱᒻᒥᓯᒪᓚ­ ᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᑦ­ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᔭ­ ᐅᓚᖓᖕᖏᑲᓗ­ ­ ning of a change of things in the village. ᐊᕈᑎᒃ, ᓱᓕᓂᕐᓴᐅᒐᓱᒍᑎᖃᕋᒥᒃ­ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᕕᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ­ᐊᓐᓇ­ᐅᒪᒍᓐᓇᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᑰᓐᓂᒃ The Inuit decided to boycott any schooling that was under ᓯᒥᑦᑐᐃᒍᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᑲᒪᓱᒐᑎᒃ, ­ᐅᖃᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᒐᒥᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᒪᑦᓯ­ᐊᖏᓐᓇᕆ­ the Kativik School Board (KSB). After some intense negotiations ᐊᖏᑦ ᐃᒡᓗᓕᓂᕐᒥᒃ, ­ᐅᑎᕐᕕᒋᒍᓐᓇᖏᓐᓇᓂᕋᕐᓱᒍ ᑌᒫᒃ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒧᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᒍᒪᖕᖏᓇᒥᒃ­ ᑮᓇᐅᓂᕐᒥᓂᓪᓗ­ ᓄᐃᑕᑎᑦᓯᒋᐊᓪᓚᒍᑎᒋᒍᒪᑦᓱᒋᑦ.­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᓯ­ᐅᔨᒍᒪᖕᖏᓇᒥᒃ, ᓂᐅᕐᕈᑎᒋᒍᒪᓇᒍᓗ­ ᓄᓇᑖᕐᑎᑕᐅᒍᒪᒐᑎᒃ ᓯᒃᑭᑖᐱᓕᐊᖑᒪᔪᒥᒃ­ ᑲᕙᒪ­ᐅᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᐁᑦᑐᓯ­ᐊᓂᒃ ­ᐊᕕᖃᑎᒌᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᐅᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ­ ᐱᖃᑕ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᕈᒪᒐᑎᒃ. ­ᐊᑭᕋᕐᑐᔪ­ᐊᕐᓂᖅ ᑕᑯᑦᓴᐅᒋ­ ­ᐊᓪᓚᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᑎᑭᑕᐅᒐᑦᑕ­ ­ᐊᕐᓇᒧᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᓕᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᓱᓂ ᑎᑭᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ.­ ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᑦ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᓯ­ ᐅᕆᕕᖓᑦ­ ᒥᑭᔪ­ᐊᐱ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ­ᐊᑦᓱᕉᓚᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᑲᒪᔨᖃᑦᓯᐊᖏᓐᓂᑯᒥᓄᑦ,­ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᓄᓪᓗ However, there was no school during the year ­ᐊᓯᑦᔨᑕ­ᐅᒍᒪᓇᓂ ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᓕᕐᑐᖅ­ ᐱᐅᓯᕆᕙᓕᕐᑕᒥᓂᒃ­ ­ᐊᑐᑎᒍᒪᖕᖏᑐᓄᑦ. ᑌᓐᓇ ­ᐊᕐᓇᖅ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᕕᐊᓗᒻᒧᑦ­ ­ᐅᕐᖁᓯᓴᑦᓯᐊᖏᒧᑦ­ ᓂᓪᓚᓱᑐᑲᓪᓛᓗᒻᒧᑦ ᐃᑎᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ, 1979-1980 for all the students of Ivujivik and ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᔨᔭᕋ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᑎᑕ­ᐅᓯ­ᐊᕿᑲᓪᓚᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᓕᓂᑐᐃᓐᓇ­ᐅᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒦᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᒥᓄᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᕙᒃᑲᒥᒃ. ᑌᓐᓇ ­ᐊᕐᓇᖅ ᓈᒃᑯᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᓯᒪᔪᖅ Puvirnituq and roughly half of those in Salluit ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᒃᑯᑦ ᑎᒻᒥᔫᒃᑯᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᓱᓂ, ᐋᓐᓂ­ᐊᓯ­ᐅᕐᑎᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᐃᓂᓪᓓᒋᐊᕐᑐᕋᓱᑦᓱᓂ­ ­ᐅᓪᓗᓭᓐᓇᖅ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓪᓚᓗᓂᓘᕆ­ᐊᕐᑐᕋᓱᑦᑐᖅ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓈᓚᒍᒪᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᑦ when KSB decided to implement its jurisdiction ᐋᓐᓂ­ᐊᕕᒻᒥᓂᒃ ­ᐊᓯᑦᔨᑕ­ᐅᖁᔨᒐᑎᒃ. ­ᐊ­ᐅᓪᓚᑎᕆ­ᐊᕐᑐᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑕ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖓ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓪᓚᓗᒃ ᓱᐴᕈᓯᔭᕐᓱᓂ ᑐᑦᓯᕋᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ­ ­ᐊᓪᓚ­ᐅᑎᒥᓪᓗ ­ᐊᓪᓚᕕᑦᓴᒥᓪᓗ in all the villages. Salluit’s leaders later decided to ­ᐊᐱᕆᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᑭᓇ­ᐅᒻᒪᖔᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᒐᓱᒻᒪᖔᓪᓗ. ᑌᓐᓇ ­ᐊᕐᓇᖅ ᕿᐱᓗ­ᐊᖕᖏᒪᕆᑦᓱᓂ ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᕆᕐᖃ­ᐅᔭᒥᓂᒃ ­ᐅᖃᕆ­ᐊᓪᓚᑐᐃᓐᓇᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ­ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ allow the students to attend school under KSB. ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑎᓂ ­ᐊᓯᑦᔨᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᔪᓄᑦ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᑭᑖᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᕐᒥᒃ­ ᕿᑲᕐᑎᓯᓚᖓᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐊ­­ᐅᓚᑕ­ᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕈᒪᒐᑎᒃ.­ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᓂᒃ­ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ᐅᑲᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓂᓪᓗ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᓗ­ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᖃᑎᖃᕋᓱᑦᓱᑎᒃ, ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂ­ᐊᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᒍᐃᒍᐃᒃᑯᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᔨᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᓂᓕᕆᔨᖃᖏᓐᓇᓂ­ with the governments and KSB, it had been agreed by all parties ᐊᕆ­ᐊᒥᒃ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒥ, ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᒥᓗ ᓴᓪᓗᐃᓗ ᐃᓚᖓᓐᓂ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᓇ­ᐅᑉ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖓ concerned that the Commission Scolaire du Nouveau-Québec, 1978-1979 ­ᐊᑑᑎᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᑌᒣᓕᖓᓕᓚᐅᕋᓗ­ ­ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓇ­ ­ᐅᑉ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖓ as it was then called, would continue in the villages of Ivujivik, 1979-1980 ­ᐊᑐᓕᕐᒥᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᕈᓐᓀᓕᕆᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᓕᒫᖏᑦ Puvirnituq and part of Salluit during the school year of 1978- ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥ­ᐅᓗ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᕐᒥᐅᓗ­ ᕿᑎᕐᖃᓕᒫᖏᓪᓗ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑏᑦ ᓴᓪᓗᓂ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ 1979. However, there was no school during the year 1979-1980 ᑌᒣᓕᖓᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᖅ­ ᑐᑭᑖᕐᑎᓗᒍ ­ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃ­ᐅᕕᖃᕈᑎᒥᓂᒃ for all the students of Ivujivik and Puvirnituq and roughly half of ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑦᓯᓚᖓᓕᕐᓱᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᓂ. ᓴᓪᓗᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖏᑦ ᑐᑭᑖᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ those in Salluit when KSB decided to implement its jurisdiction ᐊᑎᖁᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᑦᓯᓚᖓᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ­ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑕ­ᐅᔪᒥ in all the villages. Salluit’s leaders later decided to allow the stu- ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᖃᑕ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. dents to attend school under KSB. ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓇ­ ᐅᑉ­ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖓᓂ­ 1980-1981-ᒥ, ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑏᑦ­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑐᑦ­ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥᓗ During the school year of 1980-1981, there were students ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᒥᓗ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑕ­ ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᕕᖓᓄᑦ­ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ attending school in Ivujivik and Puvirnituq under the Ministry ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᒃᑯᓄᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭ­ᐅᓇᑎᒃ, ᑌᒣᓕᖓᔪᕕᓂᐅᑦᓴᓕᕋᓗ­ ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ of Education and not KSB, but there was again no school in the ᐊᑎᑕ­ᐅᒍᓐᓀᓕᕇᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᓇ­ᐅᑉ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖓᓂ 1981-1982-ᒥ. ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖅ year of 1981-1982. Then in the year 1982-1983, there was a school 1982-1983 ­ᐊᑐᓕᕐᒥᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᑕ­ᐅᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒋᕗᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ again under the Ministry of Education in Ivujivik. ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᓂᓕᕆᕕᖓᓄᑦ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑕ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ. After some meetings, an agreement had been reached ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᓯ­ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕋᑎᒃ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᓂᖃᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ᐅᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ, ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᓴᕋᑕᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ between ITN and KSB as to the program that the leaders wanted ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖓᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓐᓂᑯᓪᓗ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᓗ­ ᑐᑭᑖᖃᑎᒌᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ to initiate that became known as the IPUIT (Ivujivik Puvirnituq mag ­ a zine ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑏᑦ ᐱᔪᒪᔭᖓᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑦᓯᓂᐊᓕᕐᓂᒥᒃ­ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᒪᔭ­ᐅᑦᔪᑎᖃᓯᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ UQAT Inuit Teachers) program, which would be budgeted by

IPUIT/ᐃᐳᐃᑦᑯᓐᓂᒃ ᑐᑭᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᒫᒃ (ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒃ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᖅ ­ᐊᐱᑦᓯᐱᒥ­ᐅᑦ KSB but administered by the people of Ivujivik and Puvirnituq. MAKIVIK 37 © MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK © ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑕ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖏᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᑦᓯᔪᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖓᑕ ᓄᓇᒥᓂ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᕕᐳᐊᕆ 17, 1978-ᒥ. Northern Quebec Inuit Association meeting with Inuuqatigiit Tungavingat Nunamini (ITN), Inukjuak, February 17, 1978.

ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕕᕐᔪ­ ᐊᖓᑦ­ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᓗ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᓯᔩᑦ)­ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ­ ᑐᕌᒐᕐᑕᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓂ­ ­ The program allowed the teachers to have administrative auton- ᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᓂᒧᑦ­ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑕ­ᐅᓗᑎᒃ ᐃᓄᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᕗᔨᕕ­ omy that included teacher training, hiring teachers and curricu- ᐅᓪᓗ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑑᓪᓗ. ᑖᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑏᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕈᑎ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᑦᓯᔨᓄᑦ lum. This ended in 1989-1990, except for teacher training, when ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᓕᕆᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᑦᔨᒍᓐᓇᕈᑎᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ ᐃᓚᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᓯᔨᓂᒃ­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ the schools began to be run under KSB. ᐊᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᒥᒃ, ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᓯᔨᓂᒃ­ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᑕᖃᑦᑕᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᑦᓴᓕ­ ᐅᕐᓂᒥᓪᓗ.­ Interestingly enough, three objectives had been identified by ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᓱᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖅ 1989-1990 ­ᐊᑐᓯᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐃᓚᐅᖕᖏᑐᑐ­ ­ the IPUIT program. These three needs were the preservation and ᐊᖑᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᑦᓯᔨᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᑦᓯᓃᑦ, ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᕕᒃ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑕ­ᐅᓯᑎᓪᓗᒍ development of Inuktitut language and culture, the traditional and ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᒧᑦ. contemporary training in survival skills and professional trades ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᑦᓴᓯᐊᖑᒻᒥᔪᖅ­ ᒪᓐᓇ, ᐱᖓᓱᓂ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᓯᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᓂᖓᑦ­ ᐃᐳᐃᒃᑯᑎᒍᑦ and the universal curriculum in the context of allowing the grad- ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᖏᑎᒍᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᑭᖕᖒᒪᓇᕐᑐᑦ ­ᐅᑯ­ᐊᖑᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ uates to pursue further studies at university. ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᐅᑉ­ ­ᐊᓯ­ᐅᑦᑌᓕᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᓪᓗ­ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎ­ ᐅᒋ­ ᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᓪᓗ­ ᑌᒫᑦᓭᓇᕐᓗ In 1981, the ITN leaders said they had agreed to start a new ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᕐᓯᑌᓕᓗᑎᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᒋᒻᒥᓗᒍᓗ,­ ᐱᐅᓯᑐᖃᒃᑯᓗ­ ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥ­ᐅᓕᕐᑐᓗ municipal government, which they would operate the way they ­ᐊᓐᓇ­ᐅᒪᒐᓱᒍᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᒋ­ᐅᕐᓴᔭ­ᐅᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᓚ­ᐅᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒋᓪᓗ ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­ᐅᑎᑕᕈᑕ­ had agreed with the Quebec government leaders. They had agreed ᐅᓲᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᑦᓴᔦᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᒥ­ ­ᐅᓪᓗ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᑦᓴᔭᖏᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᖃᕈᑕᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ to get a piece of municipal land, which was to be a certain size. ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓯᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᓗᑎᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕇᕐᑐᑦ­ ᑲᔪᓯᑦᓯᐊᖃᑦᑕᓛᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᕕᕐᔪ­ᐊᓂ A meeting was called to discuss this matter. While the leaders of ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᓂᕐᒧᑦ. Puvirnituq claimed that the ITN leaders had just signed the JBNQA 1981-ᒥ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖓᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓐᓂᑯᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖏᑦ ᐅᖃ­ ᐅᓯᖃᓕᓚ­ ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ­ by agreeing to start the municipal government, the Ivujivik ITN ­ᐊᖏᕐᑐᕕᓂ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᒥᒃ ᓄᑖᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥ ᑲᕙᒪᒋᓂᐊᕐᑕᖓᓐᓂᒃ,­ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᓐᓂ­ group said that the money to fund it would come directly from ᐊᑕᒥᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᖏᕈᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ. the province and that no one from the village would be part of ­ᐊᖏᕐᑐᕕᓂ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᑕᕐᓂ­ᐊᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ, ᖃᓄᐃᓪᓗᐊᑐᒥᒃ­ ­ᐊᖏᓂᖃᕐᓂ­ᐊᓂᖓᓂᒃ the Kativik Regional Government. That was the condition they had ᐋᕐᕿᖃᑕᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ.­ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᒍᑎᖃᕈᒪᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᐅᖃᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖃᕈᒪᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ.­ agreed to, they said. With that, the Corporation of the Northern

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᑌᒪᓕ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᕐᒥᐅᑦ­ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖏᑦ ­ᐅᖃᖃᑦᑕᓕᕋᓗ­ᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖓᑦ Village of Ivujivik was established. ᓄᓇᒥᓐᓂᑯᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᓕ­ ᐅᖃᑕ­ ᐅᔪᕕᓂ­ ᐅᓂᕃᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ­ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ­ ᑯᐯᒃ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

38 ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓᓗ ­ᐊᖏᕐᓂᒥᓄᑦ ᐃᓚ­ᐅᖃᑕ­ᐅᓕᕐᓂᕋᕐᓱᒋᑦ, It became evident that the other villages were getting better ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖓᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓐᓂᑯᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᔫᖃᑎᒌᖑᔪᑦ­ ᐅᖃᓚ­ ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ housing. The travellers began to say that the people of Salluit, ᑭᓇ­ᐅᔭᖃᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᒍᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᖃᑦᑕᓚᖓᒋᐊᒥᒃ­ ᑐᕃᓐᓇᕕ­ᐅᓗᑎᒃ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓄᑦ for example, were having their old federal government three ᓇᓪᓕᖓᓪᓘᓂᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓚ­ᐅᔪᖕᖑᓚᖓᓇᓂ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓄᑦ. bedroom houses renovated and were converted to having run- ­ᐅᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᕆ­ᐊᒥᒃ. ᑌᒣᓕᓚᐅᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ,­ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ­ ning water and septic tanks were installed. This was unheard of ᑲᕙᒫᐱᖓᑦ ᐃᓂᓪᓚᑕ­ᐅᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖅ. in Ivujivik, except for the flush toilet that had once been put into ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭ­ ᐅᓕᓚ­ ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ­ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᐅᑉ­ ᐊᓯᖏᑦ­ ᐱᐅᓂᕐᓴᓂᒃ­ ᐃᓪᓗᓕ­ᐅᕐᑕ­ the community hall by the Direction Général du Nouveau-Québec. ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓕᕆᐊᖏᑦ.­ ᐊ­ᐅᓪᓚᑲᑕᑉᐸᑐᑦ­ ᐅᖃᖃᑦᑕᓯᓚ­ ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᓴᓪᓗᒥᐅᒃᒎᖅ,­ ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᓂᑦ Furthermore, they said, there were the new wheeled water deliv- ᐃᓪᓗᖃᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᒍᑎᑐᖃᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐱᖓᓱᓂᒃ ᖃᕆᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ­ ᓄᑕ­ᐅᓯᓕᑎᕐᑕᐅᔨ­ ­ᐊᖃᓕᕐᑐᑦ ery trucks and new wheeled sewage trucks that took over the jobs ᐃᓪᓗᖏᓪᓗᒎᖅ ᐃᒪᕐᑐᑎᓂᒃ ᑯᕕᔪᑕᕐᑕ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᖁᕐᕕᖏᓪᓗ ᑯᕕᕋᕐᕕᑕᕐᑕ­ of the tracked Bombardier water delivery vehicles. ᐅᓱᑎᒃ. ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂᓕ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᓱᒪᓇᖕᖏᑐᕐᓗᓃᑦ ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒻᒥ ᖁᕐᕕᒃ ᑯᕕᑎᑕ­ᐅᒍᓐᓇᑐᖅ The Maniituk Corporation had become defunct. Gone were the ­ᐊᑕᐅᓯᑐ­ ᐊᑦᓯ­ ᐊᖑᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ­ ᐃᓕᔭᐅᓚ­ ᐅᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ­ ᒍᐃᒍᐃᒃᑯᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐱᖕᖑᐊᕕᖓᓐᓂ.­ quarterly resolutions asking for more funds to operate the munic- ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗᒋ­ᐊᓪᓚ ᓱᓕ ­ᐅᖃᕐᑕ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ, ᓄᑕᒃᒎᖅ ᓄᓇᒃᑯᔫᑦ ­ᐊᑦᓴᓗ­ᐊᓖᑦ ipality. Gone were the handcuffs used by the councillors in the ᑯᕕᕋᕐᕕᓂᐅᑎ­ ­ᐅᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐃᓇᖐᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᑯᑭᓕᑲᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᐃᒥᕐᑕᐅᑎ­ ­ᐅᕙᓚ­ᐅᕐᑐᓂᒃ. absence of police and a local Inuk went for training to Sûreté du ᒪᓃᑐᖅ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᓂᕈᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ.­ ᓯᑕᒪᕕᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᑉ­ Québec to come back as a fully trained constable. The municipal ᑮᓇ­ᐅᔭᖃᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᒍᑎᑦᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑎᓕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓃᑦ­ ᓄᕐᖃᑎᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᒃᑯᑦ office supplies were moved to the Co-op store that leased a small ᑭᑭᖓᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᓯ­ ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­ ᐅᕙᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᑐᑦ ᐳᓖᓯᖃᓚ­ᐅᕐᑎᓇᒍ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᒥᓪᓗ office space connected to the store. A door was made whereby ᐳᓖᓯᐅᒋ­ ᐊᒥᒃ­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕆ­ ᐊᕐᑐᖃᓕᕐᓱᓂ­ ᐃᓕᑦᓯᓯᐊᕋᒥ­ ᐳᓖᓯᐅᓕᕐᓱᓂ­ ᐅᑎᕐᑐᒥᒃ.­ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ one could by-pass going out of the building to go back and forth ᑲᕙᒫᐱᖏᑕ ­ᐊᓪᓚᕕᖏᑦ ᓄᑦᑎᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑯ­ᐊᐸᒃᑯᓄᑦ ­ᐊᑦᑕᑐ­ᐊᖃᓯᑦᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᖏᔫᖕᖏᑐᒥᒃ from one end of the building where the front door was. The coun- ­ᐊᓪᓚᕕᒻᒥᒃ ᑯᐊᐸ­ ᐅᑉ­ ᐃᓪᓗᖁᑎᖓᑕ ᐃᓚᖓᓂ ᑯᐊᐸᒧᑦ­ ᐃᑦᓯᒥᑦᑎᑕᒥᒃ. ᑲᑕᑕᕐᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ­ cillors and secretary-treasurer could get from the municipal office ᓯᓚᒃᑯᕈᓐᓀᓗᓂ ᑯ­ᐊᐸᒃᑯᓄᑦ ᐃᑎᕈᓐᓇ­ᐅᑎᑦᓴᒥᒃ. ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔩᓪᓗ ᐊᓪᓚᑎ-ᑮᓇ­ ᐅᔭᓕᕆᔨᓗ­ to the Co-op manager’s office through the door. When the com- ᑯ­ᐊᐸᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᒪᔨᒻᒪᕆᖓᑕ ­ᐊᓪᓚᕕᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᑎᕈᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑕᒃᑰᓇ ᑲᑕᒃᑯᑦ. munity centre was torn down due to its unstable foundation, the ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐱᖕᖑ­ᐊᕕᖓᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖃᑦᓯᐊᖏᒧᑦ­ ᓯᖁᑦᑎᑕ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᑦᑐᑐ­ᐊᕐᒪᑦ ­ᐊᓪᓚᑖᕐᕕᒃ post office, which had been there was moved to the Co-op store. ᑌᑲᓃᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓅᑕ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᑯ­ᐊᐸᒃᑯᓄᑦ. The ITN group had done all it could to be a leader of the com- ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖓᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓐᓂ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᕕᓕᒫᒥᒍᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᐅᓇᓱᑦᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ munity. Its lawyer had come to the community to see the village ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ. ᐱᖁᔭᓕᕆᔨᖓᑦ ᑎᑭᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ­ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᓪᓗᑐᖅ ᑕᑯᓂ­ᐊᕐᓱᓂ ᑲᒪᔨ­ first hand at a time when the transition was in effect. The clause in ᐅᔪᑦ ­ᐊᓯᑦᔨᑐᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᓂᖏᓐᓂ the JBNQA where it reads, “In consideration of the rights and ben- ­ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᕐᑕᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐃᒫᒃ “ᐃᓱᒪᒋᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᑎᑕ­ ᐅᒍᑎᖏᓪᓗ­ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑖᕆᒋ­ efits herein set forth in favour of the James Bay Crees and the Inuit ᐊᓕᖏᓪᓗ ᑖᒃᑯᓇᓂ ­ᐊᓪᓚᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᖓᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥᐅᓄᑦ­ ­ᐊᓪᓚᓄᑦ of Quebec, the James Bay Crees and the Inuit of Quebec hereby ᑯᔩᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᓄᓪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃᒥ­ᐅᓄᑦ, ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ­ᐅᑦ ­ᐊᓪᓓ ᑯᔩᑦ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ cede, release, surrender and convey all their native claims, rights, ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᖏᑦ ᓴᒃᑯᐃᕗᑦ, ­ᐊᓂᑎᑦᓯᕗᓪᓗ, ᑐᓂᔨᕗᓪᓗ ᐱᖃᕐᓂ­ᐊᕈᓐᓀᓱᑎᓪᓗ titles and interests, whatever they may be, in and to the land in ᓄᓇᓕᑐᖃ­ᐅᓂᕐᒥᒍᑦ ᐱᖃᕐᓂᕋ­ᐅᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ, ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ,­ ᑌᔭᐅᒍᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ­ the territory and in Quebec, and Quebec and Canada accept such ­ᐅᓇᒻᒥᓱᒍᑎᒥᓂᓪᓗ, ᓱᓇᓅᓕᖓᒐᓗ­ᐊᕐᐸᑕ ᓴᒃᑯᓱᒋᑦ, ᓄᓇᖁᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᑯᐯᒃᒥ, ᑯᐯᒃᑯᓗ surrender” was no longer contested by ITN. The leaders felt they ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᓗ ᑖᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᓴᒃᑯᐃᓂᕋᕈᑎᓂᒃ ᑎᒍᓯᕗᑦ” ᑌᒫᒃ ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᕐᑕᓯᓯᒪᒍᑎᐅᔪᑦ­ had done all they could to warn people about losing the land for ­ᐊᑭᕋᕐᑐᑕ­ᐅᒍᓐᓀᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖓᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓐᓂᑯᓐᓄᑦ. ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑏᑦ the 93 million or so dollars the people had heard of. ᐃᑉᐱᒋᔭᖃᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ­ ᐱᕕᓕᒫᒥᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑐᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓂᕐᑎᕆᒐᓱᑦᓯᒪᒋ­ By 1983, the first Inuit housing under the Société du Habitation ᐊᒥᒃ ᓄᓀᕐᑕ­ᐅᒍᒪᒐᑎᒃ 93-ᒥᓕᐋᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑭᓕᕐᑕ­ᐅᒍᑎᒋᓗᒍ ᑐᓴ­ᐅᒪᒐᒥᒃ ᑌᒣᓪᓗ­ᐊᑐᓂᒃ du Québec were built, thereby introducing the running water ᑮᓇ­ᐅᔭᕐᑕᑎᑕ­ᐅᒍᑎᓕᕕᓂᕐᓂᒃ. system we know today. The nursing station and the school were 1983-ᖑᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓪᓗᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓴᓇᒋ­ᐊᖕᖓᕈᑎ­ᐅᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ built with the half of a gym that the education committee mem- ᐃᓪᓗᓕᕆᔨᕐᔪ­ᐊᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᐸᑕ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖕᖓᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ, ᐃᓪᓗᐃᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᑑᑎᓂᒃ ᑯᕕᔪᑕᕐᑕ­ bers had said would require the second half to be added later. A ᐅᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᐱ­ᐅᓯᕆᕙᓕᕐᑕᑎᓐᓂᒃ. ᐋᓐᓂ­ᐊᕕᓕ­ᐅᕐᑕ­ᐅᓱᑕᓗ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᕕᑦᑕᓱᑕᓗ six-wheeler water truck was obtained as was the sewage truck. ᕿᑎᕐᖃᖓ ᐃᙯᓕᓴᕐᕕ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᓂᓕᕆᔨᓄᑦ ­ᐅᖃᕐᑕ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᕿᑎᕐᖃᒋ­ The garbage was collected and disposed of using dump trucks ᐊᓪᓚᖓ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᒐᔭᕆ­ ­ᐊᖓ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᐅᓗᓂ.­ ᐱᖓᓲᔪᕐᑐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑦᓴᓗ­ᐊᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᐃᒥᕐᑕ­ or loader as was the raw sewage in garbage bags. ᐅᑎᑕᕐᑕᐅᓱᑕ­ ᐊᑕ­ ­ᐅᑦᓯᑯᓪᓗ ᑯᕕᕋᕐᕕᓂᐅᑎᑕᕐᑕ­ ᐅᓱᑕ.­ ᓴᓂᑦᑕᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓱᑕ­ ᓴᓂᑦᑕᐅᑎᒧᑦ­ In 1984, the airport was built and soon the little airstrip that ᓄᓇᒃᑯᔫᒧᑦ ­ᐊᓯ­ᐊᓄᓪᓗᓃᑦ ᓄᓇᒃᑯᔫᒻᒪᕆᒻᒧᑦ ᖁᕐᕕ­ᐅᑉ ᐃᓗᓕᖏᑦ ᕿᓪᓕᑐᔭᓃᑦᑐᑦ had been built by a bulldozer in 1973 was no longer used. ᓄ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ. The village of Akulivik was established during those early years, 1984-ᖑᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ, ᒥᕝᕕᓕᐅᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᒍᑦ ᑭᖑᓂᑦᓭᓇᖓᒍᑦ ᒥᕝᕕ­ obtaining its Category lands. The same was true for Umiujaq, ᐊᐱ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᑦ 1973-ᒥ ᐳ­ᐊᕐᕆᑎ­ᐊᓗᓕᒻᒧᑦ ᓄᓇᒃᑯᔫᒧᑦ ᓴᓇᔭ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᔪᖅ whose people came from Kuujjuaraapik. The Kativik Regional ­ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᕈᓐᓀᓴᐅᑎᒋᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ. Government (KRG) was to be the governing establishment that ­ᐊᑯᓕᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ­ ᓄᓇᓕᖓᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᐸᓕ­ ­ᐊᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ, ᓄᓇᖁᑎᑖᕐᓱᑎᒃ. ᑌᒣᓘᓚ­ many people believed was the self-government they had sought ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ ­ᐅᒥ­ᐅᔭᒥ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑰᒃᔪᐊᕌᐱᖕᒥ­ ­ᐅᕕᓃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑖᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᑲᑎᕕᒃ for so many years. It was responsible for the health and social ser- ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᒋᔭᐅᓚᖓᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ­ᐅᑉᐱᕆᔭᖃᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ vices in the region on top of the civil security, police services, hunt- ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᑲᕙᒪᑖᕈᒪᕙᒃᑲᒥᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᑕᕐᓯᒪᓕᕆᐊᒥᓐᓂᒃ­ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑦ ­ᐊᒥᓱᑦ ­ᐊᓂᒍᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ. ers’ support program, recreation, airports and municipal services. ᑲᒪᒋᔭᖃᓚᖓᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᐃᓗᓯᓕᕆᓂᕐᓂᓗ ᐃᓄᓕᕆᓂᕐᓂᓗ ᓄᓇᖁᑕ­ᐅᔪᒥᒃ When the KRG distributed the funds for the Hunters Support ᑲᒪᒋᔭᖃᕐᒥᓗᓂᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑉᐱ­ᐊᓇᕐᑐᒥᑎᑕᐅᑦᑌᓕᒋ­ ᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ,­ ᐳᓖᓯᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ, Program, the municipal council decided to divide it equally among mag ­ a zine the Inuit houses. The reasoning behind it was that since the Inuit MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

39 © MARK RONNIE GORDON RONNIE MARK ©

ᒫᒃ ᐅᔮᓂ ᑯᐊᑕᐅᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᑕᕕᓂᖓ ᐊᑦᔨᖑᐊᒥᒃ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᓱᓂ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᒋᐊᕐᑐᕕᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ. An illustration the late Mark Ronnie Gordon drew from a picture during a Puvirnituq community consultation.

ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓯ­ᐅᑏᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᑕᐅᕕᖓᓐᓂᒃ,­ ᐱᖕᖑᐊᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᓂᒃ,­ ᒥᕝᕕᓕᕆᓂᕐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓖᓪᓗ are beneficiaries and they are being counted head-by-head ᐱᑦᔪᔭ­ᐅᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ. in order to get the community funds, it made sense that they ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓖᒍᑎᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ­ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓯᐅᑎᓂᒃ­ should benefit from it directly to be compensated by the JBNQA. ᓴᐳᑦᔨᓯᒪᒍᑎᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᑎᒍᑦ, ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑲᕙᒫᐱᖓᑦ ᑐᑭᑖᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ­ The reasoning was to the effect of, “Since they’re counting our ­ᐊᕕᖃᑎᒌ­ ᑎᑦᓯᒍ­­ ᑎᖃᕐᓂ­ ᐊᓱᓂ­ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓪᓗᒥᐅᖃᑎᒌᓂᒃ.­ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓᓗ ᑌᒫᒃ ᑐᑭᑖᓚ­ heads to distribute the money to the organizations, then we ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐃᒫᒃ ᑐᑭᖃᕐᑎᓱᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑕᕐᑕᒪᑕ ᑭᓯᑕᐅᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ ­ᐅᓄᕐᓂᖏᑦ had to stop the abuse of the money going elsewhere for some- ᑐᖕᖓᕕᒋᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᕐᑕᑎᑕ­ ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ ᑌᒣᒻᒪᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᕐᑕᑎᑕ­ ᐅᔭᕆ­ ᐊᖃᓕᕐᐳᑦ­ ᑐᕃᓐᓇᕕ­ body else’s use when our heads were the reason for obtaining ᐅᓗᑎᒃ ᐱᔪᓄᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ­ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᑦ­ . ᑐᑭᖃᕐᑎᓱᒋᑦ the money.” It was not long before the auditors stepped in to ᐃᒫᒃ “ᓂ­ᐊᖁᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᑭᓯᑦᓯᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᕕᖃᑎᒌᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕ­ᐅᔪᓄᑦ, ᑮᓇ­ᐅᔦᑦ make recommendations of using the money more properly. ­ᐊᑐᕐᓂᓗᑦᑕ­ᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᕐᖃᑎᑦᓯᒋ­ᐊᖃᓕᕐᖁᒍᑦ ­ᐊᓯᑦᑎᓅᔭᕐᑕ­ᐅᖏᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᓂ­ᐊᖁᑦᑎᓂᒃ The other thing that happened was the purchase of an air- ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓖᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᒪᑕ.” ­ᐊᑯᓂ­ᐅᖕᖏᑐᐊᐱᒃ­ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ­ ᑕᒻᒪᓯᒪᔪᕐᓯᐅᑏᑦ­ plane when one of the Inuit proposed to purchase one for the ᐃᒣᓕᖓᒋᐊᖃᕐᖁᓯᕈᑎᓂᒃ­ ᓄᐃᑦᓯᓴ­ᐅᑎᒋᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑮᓇ­ᐅᔭᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑐᑦᓯ­ᐊᕆ­ᐊᕈᑎᐅᓚᖓᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.­ Hunters Support Program. The pilot was hired to go South to ­ᐊᓯᖓᑦᑕ­ᐅᖅ ᐱᔪᖃᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᒪᓐᓇ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᒥᒃ/ᑎᒻᒥᔫᒥᒃ ᓂᐅᕕ­ ­ᐊᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐃᓄᒃ the supplier and the plane did come. It operated for a while until ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᕐᓯᔪᑦᓴ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᒥᒃ ­ᐅᖃᑐ­ᐊᕐᒪᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᑦᓴᖓᓐᓂᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂ­ᐊᑎᓂᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᔩᑦ. there was an accident that rendered it useless. This illustrates ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᕐᑎᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᑖᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᓐᓂᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᕐᓯᒋᐊᕐᑐᑐᑦᓴ­ ᐅᓱᓂ­ one of the events that happened as a result of the town start- ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᒧᓪᓗ ᑎᑭᑕ­ᐅᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᒍᑦ.­ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓕᓚ­ ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ­ ᐱᓂᕐᓗᖏᓐᓂᒥᓂ ing a new way of running the municipal government. ­ᐊᑐᕐᖃᔦᓚᕿᒍᑎᒋᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᒥᓂᒃ.­ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑕᑯᑦᓴᐅᑎᑦᓯᔪᖅ­ ᓱᔪᖃᕐᓂᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᐃᓚᖓᓐᓂᒃ There was still the feeling that the KRG was not quite the ᐱᒃᑲᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᐅᑉ­ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᒋᓯᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ autonomous government the Inuit had been trying to attain. ᑲᕙᒪᐱᒃᑯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱ­ᐅᓯᕐᑕᖃᒻᒥᑎᒍᑦ. There was, for example, no real ethnicity about the whole mat- ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓱᓕ ᐃᑉᐱᒋᔭᖃᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᓪᓗᑐᕋ­ ter and that where any person of any background including ᑕᖕᖏᒋ­ᐊᖓ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᒐᓱᑉᐸᑕᖓ­ᐅᕋᑕᕋᓂᓗ. ᐅᑦᑐᑎᒋᓗᒍ­ ᓲᕐᓗ, ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᖃᓪᓗᑐᕐᓇᓂ Scottish, German or African, could become mayor or regional ᐃᓘᓐᓈᒍᑦ ᑭᓇᒍᓗᑐᐃᓐᓇᑯᓪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᒐᓗ­ᐊᕈᑎᒃ ᓲᕐᓗ ᓯᑲᑦᓯᐅᒍᑎᒃ­ ᔮᒪᓂ­ councillor, it was not appealing to the Inuit who, for the moment ᐅᒍᑎᓪᓗᓃᑦ ᕿᕐᓂᑌᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᖓᓐᓂᒥ­ᐅᔭ­ᐅᒍᑎᒃ, ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᐅᒍᓐᓇᓂᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ­ anyway, comprised the majority of the population and who

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᐅᖃᑕ­ ­ᐅᓗᑎᓪᓗᓃᑦ, ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐃᓱ­ᐊᕆᔭ­ᐅᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖅ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᓄᑦ, ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ wanted some leader who would carry out the needs of Inuit ᓱᓕ ­ᐊᒥᓲᓂᕐᐸᐅᖏᓐᓇᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒐᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᓂ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖃᕈᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ as a people that own their land, language, heritage and way

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᑭᖕᖒᒪᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᖃᑦᓯ­ᐊᕈᓐᓇᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇ­ᐅᒐᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ, of life. The more the municipal governments performed, the 40 ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕐᒥᓂᓗ, ᕿᒻᒪᖁᓯᐊᕆᓯᒪᔭᒥᓂᓪᓗ­ ᐃᓅᑦᔪᓯᒥᓂᓪᓗ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᕙᒫᐱᓐᓂᒃ more it became evident that Inuit could feasibly lose their cul- ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᑦᓯᓂᖃᖃᑦᑕᓕᑐ­ᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᑕᑯᑦᓴᐅᓕᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᓄᑦᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᑦᑎᓂᒃ ture through it. Whereas, they felt that the requirement of the ᑖᒃᑯᑎᒎᓇ ᑲᕙᒫᐱᑦᑎᒍᑦ ­ᐊᓯ­ᐅᔨᑎᑕ­ᐅᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᒍᑎᒋᒍᓐᓇᕆ­ᐊᑦᑎᒋᑦ. ᐃᓱᒪᖃᕐᓯᒪᒐᒥᒃ mayor and council should include that he have full knowledge ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎ­ᐅᓚᖓᔪᕐᓗ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᖏᓪᓗ ᐃᓚᖃᕐᑐᓴ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖏᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᓯ­ ­ᐊᑐᓂᒃ in surviving in the Arctic wilderness and should promote the ­ᐊᓐᓇ­ᐅᒪᒐᓱᒍᑎᓂᒃ ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥ ᓄᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᒥᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᖁᕝᕙᑎᕆᔪᑦᓴ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ Inuit culture and identity to ensure the continuation of Inuit ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᖓᓐᓂᒃ ᑭᓇᐅᑎᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᓗ­ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᒥ ᑲᔪᓯᑦᓯᐊᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ­ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ lifestyle well into the future. The KRG was seen as an extension ᐃᓄᑦᔪᓯᖏᑦ. ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᑦ ᑕ­ᐅᑐᑦᑕᐅᓂᖃᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ­ ᓲᕐᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ of the provincial government and was really only administer- ­ᐅᐃᒍᒋᔮᓐᓂ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᔨᖁᑎᑐᐃᓐᓇ­ᐅᓱᓂ ᐃᓱ­ᐊᖁᑎᓕᕆᒍᑎᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓄᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ ing the giving out infrastructures for the general public with no ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓪᓕᕆᔭᖏᑦ ­ᐅᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᖏᓐᓈᕋᓗᓪᓗᒋᑦ. regard for Inuit values. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖓᑦ ᓄᓇᒥᓐᓂᑯᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖏᑦ ᐱᔭᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ What the ITN leaders attained was that they made the majority ᓄᓇᕐᖃᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᒥᓲᓂᕐᓴᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑭᕋᕐᑐᑐᑦᓴ­ᐅᓂᕃᑦᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᑭᕋᕐᑐᓗᑎᒃ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ of the population in their village believe in opposing the JBNQA, ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᑌᒃᑯᓭᓐᓀᑦ ᑌᒫᑦᓭᓇᖅ ᑲᕙᒪᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒥᒍᓐᓇ­ but it was that same democratic system that, as members of the ᐅᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᖁᑕᐅᔫᑉ­ ᐃᓄᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ, ᐃᑭᓐᓂᓴᐅᓯᒪᕗᑦ­ ᐃᑭᓐᓂᓴ­ region wide population, they were a minority and therefore were ᐅᒐᒥᓪᓗ ᓵᓚᐅᒋ­ ­ᐊᖃᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᓐᓄᑦ ­ᐊᑐᖕᖏᑐ­ᐊᓘᓂᕋᕐᑕ­ᐅᓱᑎᒃ required to live with that reality. Where some people wanted to ­ᐊᓯ­ᐅᖁᔭ­ᐅᓯᒪᒐᓗ­ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ, ᑐᓵᔭᐅᑎᑦᓯᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᕗᑦ­ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ get rid of them as being insignificant or immaterial, they made a ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᑦ ᐱ­ᐅᔪᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᒃ ᐃᓗᓕᖃᖕᖏᒋ­ᐊᖏᑦ ᐃᓗᓕᖏᑕᓗ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ point that the JBNQA is not a perfect document and that there ᓱᓕᖕᖏᒪᑕᕐᑕᐅᓗᑎᒃ­ ᓯᖁᒥᑕᐅᒐᓱᑦᑐᓴ­ ᐅᓱᑎᒃ­ ᐊᖏᑐᐃᓐᓇᖏᓐᓇᓕᒫᑦᓴᕈᓐᓀᓗᒋᑦ.­ ᐃᓄᒻᒥᒃ are things in it that have to be contested and that the people ­ᐅᖃᕐᑐᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ­ ᐃᒣᓕᔪᒥᒃ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑲᕙᒪᑎᒍᑦ ᓂᑦᔮᒍᓐᓇᓂᖅ ᐃᒻᒥᓂᕿᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᓗ must not just agree to it for ever. One of the Inuit said that the ­ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᖃᑎᒌᓕᕐᑐᓄᑦ ᐋᕐᕿᑕᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ­ ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­ᐅᑎᑕᓕᒻᒪᕆ­ᐊᓘᑎᓪᓗᒍ democracy that was used in the signing was such that it was so ­ᐊᖏᖃ­ᑎᒌᒍᑕ­­ᐅᓂᕐᒥᒍᑦ ᑭᓯ­ᐊᓂᓕ ᓯᖁᒥᒐᓱᒋ­ᐊᖓ ᐱᔭᕐᓃᑐᒻᒪᕆᓕ­ᐊᖑᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᑭᓇᓗᓐᓃᑦ very strong as an agreement that it will be extremely difficult to ᐃᓱᒪᒥᓂᒃ ­ᐊᓯᑦᔩᑲᓪᓚᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᒪᒐᓗ­ᐊᕐᐸᑦ ᐱᕕᖃᕐᕕᓴᐅᓇᓂ­ ᐱ­ᐅᒋᖕᖏᑲᓗᐊᕐᓗᒍᓗ­ undo it if anyone wants to change their minds and that it was ­ᐊᓯ­ᐅᑎᑐᐃᓐᓇᖃᔭᖕᖏᑐᑦᓴᔭᓕᐊᖑᒪᑦᓱᓂ.­ such that we will be stuck with it whether we like it or not. mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

41 ᓇᐸᕗᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ ᐱᖕᖑᓂᕆᓯᒪᔭᖓᓄᑦ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᒐᓱᐊᕐᓂᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᓕᐅᕐᑕᐅᒍᑕᐅᓂᖓ ᐆᓪ ᔨᒃᓵᑦ, ᐊᓪᓚᑕᕕᓂᖏᑦ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᖅᑎᓯᔨᒋᔭᐅᑦᓱᓂᓗ NAPAVUGUT Inside the battle that gave birth to Nunavik The making of a documentary By Ole Gjerstad, writer and director © JEAN-MARIE CORMEAU X2 CORMEAU JEAN-MARIE ©

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᐆᓕ ᔫᓯᑖᑦ, ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᓕᐅᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᖅᑎᓯᔨ, [ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂ] ᐅᖄᖃᑎᓕᒃ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᓕᐅᖃᑎᒥᓂᒃ. ᑕᑯᓐᓇᑎᑦᓯᕕᒻᒥ ᑕᑯᑦᓴᐅᕗᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᖃᕐᓯᒪᔫᒃ ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓᓗ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦᓗ. Ole Gjerstad, documentary director, (left) speaking with his production team. On the screen you can see ᒪᑭᕕᒃ James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement signatories Zebedee Nungak and Charlie Watt. 42 ᖃᓄᖅ ᓄᓇᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᖕᖑᓯᒪᕙ ? ᖃᓄᖅ ᓄᓇᕐᖃᑎᒌᓈᕐᑎᑐᕕᓂ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ HOW WAS NUNAVIK BORN? HOW DO A PEOPLE BECOME ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᖑᓲᒍᕙᑦ ? A NATION? ᑌᒣᑦᑐᑰᕐᓇᓲᖅ, ᑲᖐᓱᑉᐸᓕᐊᔪᖃᓯᑐᐊᕐᒪᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᕐᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᔭᑕᐅᒋᐊᑲᓪᓚᓂᕐᒨᓱᓂ, In many cases, a gradual rise of awareness and social ferment gets ᐊᑯᓂᓗ ᐱᐅᓯᐅᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᕐᑕᖃᕈᓐᓀᑐᐊᕐᒪᑕ, ᑌᒪ ᓱᓇᓕᒫᑦ a sudden boost, the old order buckles, and suddenly everything is ᐱᒋᐊᑦᓯᐊᑕᐅᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᓕᕐᒪᑕ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐱᒋᐊᑦᓯᐊᓚᖓᔪᖃᕈᓂ, ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖃᕆᐊᓕᒃ, on the table. But for a new order to take hold, there have to be lead- ᐊᖑᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᓇᓂᓪᓗ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᓕᐅᕈᓐᓇᑐᓂᒃ. ers, men and women with a vision. 1971 ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ­ ᐃᓱᓕᓂᖏᓐᓂ, ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑏᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂᒥᐅᑦ­ In late 1971, community leaders from all across Arctic Quebec ᑲᑎᒪᓂᖃᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ ­ᐊᑯᓂ ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᒃ. ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᑯᐊᐸ­ ­ᐅᑉ came together in a series of long meetings. Some wanted to build on ᑲᕙᒫᐱᒃᑯᓗ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦᑕ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᑎᑕ­ ­ᐅᓂᕕᓂᖓᑎᒍᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᑎᓯᒍᒪᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ the experience of the Co-op movement and community councils to ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱ­­ᐊᖃᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᒃ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ-ᑲᕙᒪᑦᓴᖓᓄᑦ. negotiate with the Quebec provincial government for Inuit self-gov- ᐃᓚᖏᓪᓗ ᐃᓱ­ᐊᕐᓂᓴ­ᐅᓂᕃᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᓕ­ᐅᕈᑎᒃ ᑐᕌᒐᒥᓄᑦ ernment. Others argued that forming a territory-wide association ᑎᑭ­ᐅᑎᒐᓱ­ᐊᕈᑎᑦᓴᓯ­ᐊᒍᓂᕐᓴ­ᐅᔪᕆᑦᓯᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᑕᕐᖀᑦ ­ᐊᒥᓲᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᓈᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ would be a more effective move towards that goal. A few months ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓ ᓄᐃᑕᐅᓕᓚ­ ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖅ.­ ‘ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕇᑦ’ later the Northern Quebec Inuit Association (NQIA) was born. ‘Elders’ ᔮᓂ ᒍ­ᐊᑦ, ᔮᔨ ᖁᖏ­ᐊᖅ, ᓛᓴᔫᓯ ᐃᐳᓗ, ᐃᓘᓐᓇᑎᒃ 30-ᓃᑦᑐᓂᒃ ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᓖᑦ, such as Johnny Watt, George Koneak and Lazaroosie Epoo, all in their ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᖃᓯᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ ‘ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᒪᕆᓐᓂᒃ’­ ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓᒥᒃ ᔮᓂ ᐱᑕᒥᓪᓗ. thirties, teamed up with (very) ‘young turks’ like Zebedee Nungak ᐃᓚ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ­ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᕆᔭ­ᐅᑦᓱᓂ, ᓵᓕ ᒍ­ᐊᑦ. and Johnny Peters to get things going. At the centre of the action, ᓄᑖᖅ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖅ ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­ ᐅᓴ­ ­ᐅᑎᒋᒋ­ᐊᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ. ᑯᐯᒃ ᓯᑎᒥ, ᑯᐯᒻᒥᐅᑦ­ as president, was Charlie Watt. ­ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓ ᕈᐯ ᐳᕌᓴ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᖁᔨᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᑯᒪ­ᐅᑎᑦᓴᓕᐅᕐᕕᓴᒥᒃ­ The new organization had little time to find its feet. Down South ­ᐊᓯᑦᔩᓚᕆᓚᖓᓯᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᓂᒃ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᖓᓂᒃ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥᐅᑦ­ in Quebec City, Premier Robert Bourassa was rolling out a hydro-elec- ­ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᑯᔩᒃᑯᑦ. ᑌᑦᓱᒍ “ᐃᑯᒪᐅᑎᑦᓴᑖᕐᓂᖅ­ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᑦ ᐱᔪᒥᒃ”. ᐳᕌᓴ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ tric project that would forever change the land of the Inuit and the ᐱᒍᓐᓇ­ᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓴᓂᕐᕓᑲᓪᓚᑐᐃᓐᓇᑐᕕᓂᖅ; ­ᐅᑉᐱᕆᔭᖃᕐᓂᕋᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ James Bay Cree. He called it “Power From the North.” Bourassa gave ­ᐊᒥᒐᕐᑐ­ᐊᐱᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑭᓕᕐᑕ­ᐅᒐᔭᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᑌᒪ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐁᕙᒍᑎ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᓯᓕᕐᓂᖁᖅ, short shrift to Aboriginal rights; he believed indigenous people could ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᓯᑕᒪᑦ ᓈᒻᒪᑕ, ᐱᓇᓱ­ᐊᕐᑕ­ᐅᓚᖓᓯᑦᓱᓂ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ­ᐊᓪᓚᓄᑦ be paid off with a pittance. Thus began a bruising battle that, four ᐄᔫ ᐃᑦᓯᓄᑦ, ᑭᓯ­ᐊᓂ ᐁᕙ­ᐅᑎᒍᑎ­ᐅᓂᖓ ᓱᕐᕃᓚᕆᑦᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ years later, would open the door to Nunavik and Eeyou Istchee, the ᓵᖕᖓᓯᖃᑕ­ᐅᔪᓂᒃ. Cree Nation. But the fight left deep marks on the Inuit in the front line.

ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᓕᐊᒍᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐃᓂᓪᓚᑎᕆᔪᕕᓃᒃ: ᕚᓚᕆᓗ ᐴᕐᒃ ᕗᓪᐊᒻᓗ. Documentary editors: Valerie and Birck Fulham. mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

43 ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᓕᐊᒍᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᔭᕇᕐᐸᓕᐊᓯᔪᑦ. Final documentary touches.

ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒃ, ᕕᐳᐊᕆ­ 2014 Ivujivik, February 2014 ᒪᑭᕝᕕ­ᐅᑉ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᕐᓯ­ᐅᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᐁᓯᒪᕕᐅᑦᓯ­ ­ᐊᓲᑦ ᑌᒪᖕᖓᑦ. Makivik annual general meetings (AGM) are packed affairs. The ­ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᐅᑎᑦᓴᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ,­ ᑎᓕᔭᐅᒪᔪᑦ­ ­ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᑦᓴᓯᐅᕈᑎᖃᕆ­ ­ issues are many, delegates have lots on their mind, sessions run late. ᐊᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ, ­ᐅᓐᓅᕿᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᒃ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­ ᑕᕝᕙᓂ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᕐᒥ But this year something special breaks the routine: for the first time ­ᐊᑦᔨ­ᐅᖏᓐᓂᐸ­ᐅᓚᐅᔪᕗᖅ­ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᒪᕆᖓᑦ: ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ­ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕉᒋ­ᐊᕕᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ, in nearly 40 years, the surviving Inuit signatories to the James Bay ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᓐᓈᑕᕗᑦ ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᖃᑎᒋᔭ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA) are all in the same place. ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ­ ᑕᕝᕙᓂᑦᓭᓈᖃᑎᒌᓚᐅᔪᕗᑦ.­ ᐊᑏᑦ­ ᖁᓕᓪᓗ Of the eleven names on the document, George Koneak and Mark ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᓯᕐᓘᒪᑕ ­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᔮᔨ ᖁᖏᐊᖅ,­ ᒫᕐ ᐋᓇᓈᕐᓗ ᐃᓅᒍᓐᓀᓯᒪᕘᒃ. Annanack have passed away. The other nine have been invited to ᖁᓕ­ᐅᖕᖏᒐᕐᑐᑦ ᙯᕐᖁᔭᐅᓯᒪᓚ­ ­ᐅᔪᕗᑦ ­ᐅᖄᖁᔭ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᕐᓱᕈᓐᓇᑑᓂᕕᓂᖓᓂᒃ open their hearts about the price they paid while fighting off the ᑰᒻᒥᒃ ᓯᒥᑦᓯᒍᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᓵᖕᖓᓯᑦᓱᑎᒃ. ­ᐊᑯᓂ­ᐊᓗᒃ ᒪᓐᑐᕆ­ᐊᓕ­ᐊᕐᓯᒪᕙᓐᓂᒥᓄᑦ dam-builders. Long absences in Montreal led to broken marriages ᑲᑎᒪᒋ­ᐊᕐᑐᑐᑦ ᐁᑉᐸᕇᑦ ­ᐊᕕ­ᐅᑎᓚᕿᕙᑦᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᕿᑐᕐᖓᒥᓄᓪᓗ ᑕᑯᒍᒪᓪᓕᑕ­ and lonely children; they walked on concrete and ate qallunaat ᐅᕙᑦᓱᑎᒃ; ᕿᕐᓱᑎᓯᒪᔪᒃᑯᑦ ­ᐊᕐᖁᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓱᑉᐸᓱᑎᒃ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᕐᓯ­ᐅᑎᓂᓪᓗ food; they were underdogs at the negotiation table, and people ᓂᕆᕙᑦᓱᑎᒃ; ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᑐᓂ­ ᐱᓕ­ᐅᑦᔨᓯᑎᐅᖕᖏᒋ­ ­ᐊᖏᑦ ᓇᓗᒋᔭ­ᐅᖕᖏᓯ­ back home were angry at concessions they were forced to make. ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ, ­ᐊᓇᕐᕋᓯᒪᔪᓄᓪᓗ ᑲᕙᕆᔭ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᖏᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᑐᐃᓐᓇᑐ­ᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᕿᓄᕕ­ Forty years may seem a long time; the courage of youth has turned ᐅᒍᑎᒥᓂᒃ. ­ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᑦ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᑦᓱᒋᑦ ­ᐊᑯᓂ­ᐊᓘᔮᕐᑐᑦ; ­ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ to the wisdom of elders, but emotions are still raw. As they speak, ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕇᑦ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᖃᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑐᓵᒍᒪᓕᕐᑐᑦ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­ ᐃᑉᐱᓂ­ᐊᕐᓇᑐᕐᑕᙯᓐᓈᑐᑦ. the hall is deadly silent. Kleenex boxes are passed around. Many ­ᐅᖄᓕᕐᒪᑕ, ᓱᕐᕓᕈᑦᓯᐊᑐᖅ­ ᓱᓇᓕᒫᖅ, ᑲᒃᑭᐅᑎᑦᓴᔦᑦ­ ᐁᑦᑐᑑᑕᐅᓕᕐᑐᑦ.­ ­ᐊᒥᓱᑦ AGM delegates never knew the human price of the 1975 victory. ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᕐᓯ­ᐅᑎᒥᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᒋᐊᕐᑐᓯᒪᔪᖅ­ ᖃᓄᓪᓗ­ᐊᑎᒋᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓱᕐᕋᑕᐅᓚ­ ­ That signals the challenge ahead as we begin shooting this film. ᐅᕐᓂᒪᖔᑕ 1975-ᒥ ᓵᓚᖃᕐᓯᒪᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᓯᒪᖕᖏᒪᑕ.­ ᑐᑭᓯᒍᑎᒋᕙᕗᑦ ᐱᒐᓱ­ᐊᒻᒪᕆᓐᓇᑑᓚᖓᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᓕ­ᐊᕆᓛᕐᑕᑕ. Kuujjuaq, Kangirsuk, Inukjuak, Puvirnituq (POV), Tasiujaq and Umiujaq, June 2014 – February 2015 ᑰᑦᔪ­ᐊᖅ, ᑲᖏᕐᓱᖅ, ᐃᓄᑦᔪ­ᐊᖅ, ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᖅ, ᑕᓯ­ᐅᔭᖅ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ­ᐅᒥ­ᐅᔭᖅ, The backbone of the film is in-depth interviews with theJBNQA ᔫᓂ 2014-ᒥᑦ ᕕᐳᐊᕆ­ 2015-ᒧᑦ signatories. Charlie Arngak is the first in the hot seat. Born on the ᑕᕐᕋᓕᔮᕋᑦᓴᓕᐅᓚᕿ­ ­ᐅᑎ­ᐅᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ land, pushed by his mother to attend school every day. He was a ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ ­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᓵᓕ ᐋᕐᖓᖅ ­ᐊᐱᕐᓱᑕ­ᐅᕐᖄᑐᕕᓂᖅ. ᓄᓇᒥ teenage member of the community council in Wakeham Bay when ᐃᓅᓕᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ, ᐊᓈᓇᒥᓄᑦ­ ᐃᓕᓴᕆᐊᖃᑦᑕᖁᔭ­ ᐅᓲᒍᑦᓱᓂ­ ᐅᓪᓗᑕᒫᑦ.­ ᐃᓅᓱᑦᑑᓯᒪᔪᖅ Charlie Watt buttonholes him and refuses to let go until Arngak the ᑲᕙᒫᐱᒃᑯᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑲᖏᕐᓱᔪᐊᕐᒥ­ ­ᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᒋᔭᐅᖃᑎ­ ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦᒧᑦ­ kid agrees to be the Wakeham representative on the NQIA board. ­ᐊᔪᐃᓐᓇᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐋᕐᖓᖅ ᓱᕈᓯ­ᐅᑦᓱᓂ ­ᐊᖏᖕᖏᓂᓕᒫᖓᓂ ᑲᖏᕐᓱᔪ­ᐊᕐᒥ­ᐅᓂᒃ “I’m too young,” he pleads. “We’re all young,” says the older Watt, ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᐅᖁᔭ­ ­ᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨ­ then about 26. ᐅᖃᑕ­ᐅᖁᑦᓱᒍ. “­ᐅᕕᒐᓗ­ᐊᕋᒪ” ᓚᖃᑦᑕᓱᓂ. “­ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᓇ­ᐅᕗᒍᑦ,” ᓚᔭ­ᐅᓂ­ᐊᓕᕋᒥ The arrogance of youth might be a theme as we travel in Nunavik

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ­ᐊᖓᔪᑦᓯᒧᑦ ᒍ­ᐊᑦᒧᑦ, ­ᐊᕙᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᖓᓲᔪᕐᑐᓗᓐᓂ­ᐅᒍᓇᖅ ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᓕᒻᒧᑦ. and interview one signatory after another, only they all empha- ­ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᑎᑐᑦ ᐱᐅᓯᖃᕐᑐᕕᓂ­ ᐅᔮᕋᓗ­ ᐊᕐᓗᑕ­ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐊᕐᕕᑕᕐᓱᑕ­ ᐊᐱᕐᓱᖃᑦᑕᓱᑕ­ size how much they relied on advice from elders. The ‘young turks’

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᖃᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ, ­ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᖃᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ᐅᔪᕗᑦ ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕆᓐᓄᑦ were the first generation to get more than basic formal education 44 ᑮᐆᒻ ᐸᓛᒃᐳᓐ, ᑐᑭᒧᐊᖅᑎᓯᔨ ᐊᓪᓚᒍᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ. Guillaume Blackburn, art director. © JEAN-MARIE CORMEAU X3 CORMEAU JEAN-MARIE ©

ᑕᑯᑦᓴᓯᐊᒍᒻᒪᖔᑕ ᐅᖃᒍᑎᓖᑦ. Discussing imagery.

ᐃᒫᙰᕐᑕ­ᐅᑐᐃᓐᓇᒨᓲᒍᓂᕋᕐᓱᑎᒃ. ‘ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᖁᑎᒋᓚ­ ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᕗᑦ’­ ᐃᓕᓴᕐᕕᒥ and begin to master the white man’s language, but they needed the ᐃᓕᓴᕆ­ᐊᖕᖓᑎ­ᐅᓯᒪᓂᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᑦᓯᕕᖃᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᓚᑦ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑎᑐᓪᓗ elders’ knowledge of the land and Inuit history and culture to stand ­ᐅᖄᒍᓐᓇᓯᓪᓚᕆᑦᓯᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­ ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕇᑦ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᖃᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᒥᓂᒃ up to the dam-builders. With that, they could connect the thou- ᐃᓅᓯᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᐃᓕᕐᖁᓯᕐᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖃᕆᐊᖃᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ­ ᑰᒻᒥᒃ sand-year Inuit universe to the new nation they wanted to build. ᓯᒥᑦᑐᐃᒍᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᓵᖕᖓᓯᒍᑎᒋᑦᓱᒋᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇᐅᒪᑦ,­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑌᒪᖕᖓᓂ­ᐊᓗᒃ “I was there only to make coffee, but I listened to the discus- ᐃᓅᓯᕆᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᓕ­ᐅᕈᑎᑦᓴᖃᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ. sion, and ideas began to churn around in my head,” said Sarollie “ᑳᐱᓕ­ᐅᕆᐊᕐᑐᓯᒪᑐᐃᓐᓇᓱᖓ,­ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­ ­ᐅᖄᔪᓂᒃ ᑐᓵᓯᒪᔪᖓ, ᐃᓱᒪᕙᓪᓕ­ Weetaluktuk about a meeting in Inukjuak in 1971. Twenty-one- ᐊᓯᑦᓱᖓᓗ” ­ᐅᖃᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᓵᔪᐃᓕ ­ᐅᐃᑖᓗᑦᑐᖅ ­ᐅᖃᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᖃᕐᑎᓗᒍ year-old Zebedee Nungak happened to walk into a meeting in POV. ᐃᓄᑦᔪ­ᐊᒥ 1971-ᒥ. ­ᐊᕙᑎᓪᓗ ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᓯᕐᓗᓂ ­ᐅᑭᐅᓕᒃ­ ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓᖅ “I listened to the discussion, and I decided then and there that this ᑲᑎᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᑎᕐᑐᖅ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᒥ. “ᐅᖄᔪᓂᒃ­ ᑐᓵᑦᓱᖓ, ᑐᑭᑖᕐᓱᖓᓗ was something I wanted to be part of,” said Nungak. That was 44 ᐃᓚ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚᖓᒍᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ,” ᓄᖕᖓᖅ ­ᐅᖃᕐᑐᖅ. ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ­ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᑦ years ago, and it’s high time to get the signatories’ stories on record. ᓯᑕᒪᓪᓗ ᓈᓕᕐᑐᑦ, ᑌᒃᑯᐊᓗ­ ᐊᑎᓕ­ ­ᐅᕐᑎ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓯᒪᔪᑐᖃ­ ᐅᒋ­ ­ᐊᖃᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ. Some are now ailing. Johnny Williams passed away when we were ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᖃᓂᒪᖃᓕᕐᑐᑦ. ᔮᓂ ᒍᐃᓕ­ᐊ ᐃᓅᒍᓐᓀᓚ­ᐅᔫᖅ ᑕᕐᕋᓕᔮᕋᑦᓴᓂᒃ still editing the film. He was one of the founding fathers of Nunavik, ᐋᕐᕿᓱᐃᓕᕐᑎᓗᑕ. ᑌᓐᓇ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­ᐅᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎ­ᐅᖃᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ,­ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔪᓪᓚᕆ­ ­ full of knowledge but you wouldn’t know until you sat him down ᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᐃᑦᓯᕙᖃᑎᒋᓗᒍ ᐊᐱᕐᓱᖃᑦᑕᓗᒍ­ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓯ­ ­ᐅᕐᕕᓴᑦᓯ­ᐊᒍᑦᓱᓂ. ᐅᐱᒍᓱᑉᐳᖓ­ and started digging. I feel privileged to have the chance to do so. ­ᐅᖃᖃᑎᒋᒍᓐᓇᓯᒪᒐᒃᑯ. The editing room, Montreal, November 2014 – September 2015 ᑕᕐᕋᓕᔮᕋᑦᓴᓕ­ᐅᕐᕕᒥ, ᒪᓐᑐᕆ­ᐊᒥ, ᓄᕕᒻᐱᕆ 2014-ᒥᑦ ᓯᑦᑎᒻᐱᕆ 2015-ᒧᑦ This is the moment of truth: what did we do right and what did ᓱᓕᔪᑦ ᑕᑯᒐᑦᓴᐅᓕᕐᖁᑦ:­ ᓱᓇᓂᒃ ᓈᒻᒪᓈᕐᓂᕿᑕ ᓱᓇᓂᓪᓗ ᐋᒥᑦᓯᓂᕐᕿᑕ we miss when shooting, in order to properly tell the dramatic story ᑕᕐᕋᓕᔮᕋᑦᓴᓕ­ᐅᕐᓱᑕ, ᐅᓂᒃᑳᓯ­ ­ᐊᕈᑎᑦᓴᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᓄᖅ ᓄᓇᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᖕᖑᓯᒪᒻᒪᖔᑦ of the birth of Nunavik? We arrived with more than a hundred hours ? ­ᐊᐱᕐᓱᓂᑦᓯᒪᔪᒍᑦ ᐃᑲ­ᐅᕐᓂᓂ 100 ­ᐅᖓᑖᓅᕐᑐᓂᒃ. ᓇᕝᕚᖃᑦᑕᓱᑕ ᐱ­ᐅᓕ­ of interviews. Then we discover treasures, such as the archives at ᐊᕐᕕᓯ­ᐊᕌᓗᓐᓂᒃ, ­ᐊᕙᑕᒃᑯᑦ ­ᐊᓪᓚᖁᑎᓕᕆᕕᖓᓂᒃ, ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ Avataq, and the reams of NQIA video shot in 1975 by Alec Gordon ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑕ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᓕᐅᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᒍᑎᕕᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ 1975-ᒥ ᐋᓕᒃ and friends. Hydro-Québec gives us footage from the construction ᑯ­ᐊᑕᒧᑦ ᐃᓚᓐᓈᖏᓐᓄᓗ. ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᑯᒪᓐᓂ­ᐊᕕᓕᕆᔨᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐁᑦᑐᑕ­ᐅᒻᒥᓱᑕ (and destruction) and the Cree let us use an important interview ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᓴᓇᔪᓂᒃ (ᓱᒃᑯᑎᕆᔪᓂᒃ), ᐊᓪᓚᓄᓪᓗ­ ᑯᔩᒃᑯᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᕐᑎᑕ­ ᐅᒻᒥᓱᑕ­ with the late Grand Chief Billy Diamond. ­ᐊᐱᕐᓱᑕ­ᐅᓂᕕᓂᖓᓂᒃ ­ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᖓᑕ ᐱᓕ ᑌᒪᓐ. Hundreds of hours, but we have max 90 minutes to do the job. ᐃᑲ­ᐅᕐᓃᑦ ­ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕇᑦ, 90 ᒥᓂᑦᓂᒃ ᐱᕕᑦᓴᖃᕐᓱᑕ. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ­ Two-thirds of today’s Nunavimmiut were not yet born when all this ­ᐊᕝᕙᓗ­ᐊᖏᑦᑕ ­ᐅᖓᑖᓅᕐᑐᑦ ᐃᓅᓕᕐᓯᒪᕋᑕᕐᓂᖏᒻᒪᑕ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᑐᑭᓯᑎᑕ­ took place, so they need a lot of background information. Decisions, ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖃᒻᒪᕆᑉᐳᑦ. ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑎᐅᒋ­ ­ᐊᓖᑦ, ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑕᐅᒋ­ ᐊᓖᑦ­ ᐱᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ decisions and then we’re out of time. Crossing my fingers, I sign off, ᐱᕕᑦᓭᕈᓕᕐᑐᒍᑦ. ᑲᔪᓯᑦᓯᐊᓴᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᐹᓯᒪᑦᓱᖓ, ᑐᒃᓯᐊᓕᕐᑐᖓ­ ­ᐅᕕᕐᒐᑑᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ praying that we’ve done justice to the young visionaries who stepped ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᕆᒍᒪᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᐅᓯᖃᕐᕕᖃᑦᓯ­ ­ᐊᑐᕕᓂ­ᐅᑦᓴᓚ­ᐅᕈᑦᑕ ᓯᕗᓕᕈᑎ­ forward and opened the door to the Nunavik we know today. mag ­ a zine ᒋᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ ­ᐅᒃᑯᐃᓯᒍᑎᒋᑦᓱᒍᓗ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᓕᕐᑐᒥᒃ­ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ.­ MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

45 ᔫᐱ ᑕᕐᕿᐊᐱᒃ Jobie Tukkiapik ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖅ President

ᖁᓕᐅᖕᖏᒐᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖓ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕᐅᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ I was nine years old when the James Bay and Northern Québec ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑏᑦ ᑌᒣᒻᒪ ᐊᐅᓚᔨᑦᓯᐊᖏᑦᑐᖓ, Agreement was signed so my memories are vague, more like little ᐊᐅᓚᔨᑲᓪᓛᒐᓛᐱᑐᐃᓐᓇᕋᒪ. ᐊᑕᑕᒐᓂᓪᓗ ᐊᒃᑲᒐᓂᓪᓗ ᑐᓵᒋᐊᒥᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᔨᔪᖓ ᓴᓕ snapshots in the back of my mind. Just glimpses of my father and ᒍᐊᕐᒥᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᐅᖄᑎᓪᓗᒋᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᔫᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ uncle talking about this idea that Charlie Watt and others in the ᐱᒐᓱᑦᑕᖃᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᔭᐅᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓵᓕᐅᓪᓗ ᐃᕐᓂᖓ ᐅᔮᐱ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ Northern Quebec Inuit Association were pushing and Charlie’s ᓱᕈᓯᐊᐱᐅᖃᑎᒐ ᓂᐅᕕᐊᑦᓴᖃᖃᑦᑕᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓱᐃᓯᑎᓂᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈᑎᖃᕋᓱᑦᓱᓂ son Robbie, then a kid like myself, selling candy to raise money ᐃᑲᔪᕈᑎᑦᓴᒥᓂᒃ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᒃ. for the organization. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑦ ᐃᓕᖓᓂᖃᓚᖓᔪᑦ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᑎᓂᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᓪᓗ This special anniversary edition of our magazine and the com- ᐃᕐᖃᐅᒪᑦᓯᓂᖃᕐᓂᕆᓛᕐᑕᑎᓐᓄᑦ ᓅᕕᒻᐱᕆ 11, 2015-ᖑᓕᕐᐸᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᒍᑎᒋᓛᕐᑕᕗᓪᓗ memoration that will follow on November 11, 2015 and onwards ᑕᐅᑐᖕᖑᐊᕈᑎᑦᓴᐅᕗᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᒋᐊᓪᓚᒍᑎᑦᓴᐅᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᓱᓇᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᖃᕐᓯᒻᒪᖔᑦᑕ ᓱᒧᓪᓗ is to ensure all of us will have a clearer picture in our minds, on ᑌᒣᓕᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᒪᖔᑕ, ᐱᓗᐊᕐᑐᒥ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᓕᕐᑐᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᑎᑦᓯᔨᒋᓕᕐᒪᖔᑦᑎᒋᑦ what was achieved, how and why it came about, and above all ᑭᖑᕚᖑᓚᖓᔪᓪᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᒍᑎᑦᓴᕆᓕᕐᒪᖔᒋᑦ. how it shapes us today and in the generations to come. ᐅᓪᓗᑎᒍᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓪᓗᐊᓕᕋᓗᐊᕈᑦᑕ —ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ No matter where we are in time—the James Bay and Northern ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᑦ—ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒍᓂᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐊᕙᑎ ᒪᕐᕉᑦ Québec Agreement—signed 40 years ago will always encompass ᐊᓂᒍᕐᓯᒪᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐊᕙᓗᒋᔭᐅᖏᓐᓇᓕᒫᓚᖓᓕᕐᓱᓂ ᐃᓄᑦᑎᒍᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᒪᓂᑦᑎᓄᑦ, our history, our present and our future. ᐅᓪᓗᒥᓗ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᑎᓐᓂᓗ. I am as pleased that as part of this celebration, we will be ᐅᐱᒍᓱᑦᑐᒪᕆᐅᒍᑎᖃᕆᕗᖓ ᑕᒃᒐᓂ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓯᐅᓂᑦᑎᓂ, ᑕᑯᑦᓴᕈᐃᒍ­ releasing a first class video documentary that captures our his- ᑎᖃᓛᓕᕐᒥᒐᑦᑕ ᐱᐅᔪᒻᒪᕆᐊᓗᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᓕᐊᖑᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ­ tory and the remarkable achievements of those who made our ᓄᐃᑦᓯᒍᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᒪᓂᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᕋᑦᓴᓯᐊᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᔭᖃᕐᓯᒪᒍᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ land clam agreement a reality. ᑌᒃᑯᓇᖕᖓᑦ ᓄᓇᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐃᓐᓄᐃᓯᒪᓇᓱᒍᑎᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᓂᒃ ᓄᐃᑦᓯᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ. Remarkably, and thankfully, the majority of the original sig- ᐅᖃᕋᑦᓴᓯᐊᓪᓚᕆᐅᒻᒥᔪᖅ, ᓇᑯᕐᓱᓂᓗ, ᐊᒥᓱᓂᕐᓴᐅᖏᓐᓇᒪᑕ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖃ­ natories to the agreement are still alive today and in the docu- ᑎᒌᖃᑕᐅᓪᓚᕆᑦᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒋᖏᓐᓇᑕᕗᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᔭᓕ­ mentary, they tell their own stories. But let me now express on ᐊᖑᒪᔪᓄᑦ, ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐊᑑᑎᔭᕕᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᒃᑳᖃᑕᐅᔪᑦ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐅᖃᕈᒪᕗᖓ behalf of all beneficiaries our thanks and acknowledgement to ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑕᕐᑕᑐᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᕈᑦᔨᓗᖓ ᓇᑯᕐᒦᓗᑕ ᑌᓯᓗᑕᓗ ᑌᒃᑯᓂᖓ those who have since passed on, George Koneak of Kuujjuaq, ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒋᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐃᓅᒍᓐᓀᓯᒪᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ, ᔮᔨ ᖁᖏᐊᖅ, ᑰᒃᔪᐊᒥᐅᖅ, Mark Annanak of Kangiqsualujjuaq and Johnny Williams of ᒫᒃ ᐋᓇᓈᖅ ᑲᖏᕐᓱᐊᓗᒃᔪᐊᒥᐅᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᔮᓂ ᐅᐃᓕᐊ ᐃᓄᑦᔪᐊᒥᐅᖅ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ Inukjuak. They along with the others leave a lasting legacy for ᑌᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᐃᓚᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᕿᒻᒪᖁᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ ᐃᓚᒥᓄᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᑦᑎᓄᓪᓗ ᐊᑯᓂ their families and region. ᐱᑕᖃᕐᓂᐊᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ. To all who negotiated that claim and realized our aspirations ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᖃᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓯᔭᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᒐᓱᑦᑕᒥᓐᓂᒃ for control over our lands and lives, let’s all reflect and recognize ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᒍᓐᓇᕈᑎᑦᓴᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᒃᑎᓂᒃ ᐃᓅᓯᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ, ᐊᑏ ᐃᕐᖃᐅᒪᓚᐅᕐᑕ what a remarkable accomplishment it was. ᓇᓗᓀᕐᓯᓗᑕᓗ ᐊᖏᔪᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᐱᔭᖃᕈᑎᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ. They were barely in their twenties and they stood up to the ᑌᒃᑯᐊ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᖃᑕᐅᒐᓱᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᓂᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑖᓯᒪᑦᓴᒑᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ­country’s biggest political and economic powerhouses and per- ᓵᖕᖓᔭᖃᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᖏᓂᕐᐹᖑᑦᓱᓂ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎ­ sonalities that dominated the national political landscape, includ- ᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᐱᒐᓱᑦᑕᖃᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᑦᑕᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᑕᑯᑦᓴᐅᖏᓐᓇ­ᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ing Pierre Trudeau and Jean Chretien in Ottawa; Robert Bourassa ᑲᓇᑕᓕᒫᒥ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᐋᕐ ᑐᕈᑑᓗ ᔮᓐ ᑭᕆᑦᓯᐊᓐᓗ and Rene Levesque in Quebec; and in the middle Hydro Quebec ᐋᑐᒑᒥᑦᑑᒃ ᕈᐯᕐ ᐳᕋᓵᓗ ᕆᓂ ᓕᕝᕓᒃᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᓯᑎᒦᑦᑎᓗᒋᒃ ᐊᑯᓐᓂᖓᓐᓂᓗ and a development project worth billions of dollars designed to ᑯᐯᒃᑯ ᐃᑯᒪᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᖏᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕋᓱᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᐅᓚᖓᓕᕐᑐᒥᒃ drive the province’s economic future for generations. ᑮᓇᐅᔭᕐᑐᓂᖃᕐᓂᐊᓱᓂ ᐱᓕᐊᓐᒐᓴᕐᔪᐊᓃᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᑯᐯᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᓚᖁᑎᒥᓄᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ To call it a ‘David and Goliath’ battle is an understatement. ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᒋᓛᓕᕐᑕᖓᓂᒃ ᑌᒪᖕᖓᒥᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᒧᓪᓗ ᐅᖓᓯᑦᑐᒧᑦ. Yet our very young leaders, under the most tremendous pres- ᐅᖃᕋᓱᒋᐊᖓ ᐊᓪᓛᑦ ᓲᕐᓗ ᑖᕕᑎᒧᑦ ᑯᓓᑎᒥᒃ ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᒧᑦ ᐊᑦᔨᐅᑎᒐᓱᓪᓗᒍ sures and against these seeming impossible odds, somehow pre- ᐅᖃᖕᖏᓗᐊᕋᔭᕐᑕᑎᓐᓂᒃ. vailed. They used every vehicle at their disposal and used them ᑌᒣᒃᑲᓗᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᕕᒃᑲᒪᕆᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᕗᑦ, ᐅᖁᒣᑦᑐᐊᓗᒃᑰᓱᑎᒃ well, including: political negotiation, very effective public opin- ᐊᓪᓛᑦ ᓱᓚᖓᔫᔭᕈᓐᓀᓱᑎᒃ, ᐱᔭᖃᕈᓐᓇᓯᓪᓗᑯᐊᓗᑦᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᐱᓕᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂ­ᐅᔭᕋᑎᒃ. ion and above all, the law and the courts. ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᒋᒍᓐᓇᑕᓕᒫᑦᓯᐊᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᑐᑦᓯᐊᒪᕆᑦᓱᒋᓪᓗ, ᐃᓚᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ: In November 1973, they filed a lawsuit asking the courts to ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᓐᓃᑦ, ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᑦᓴᓯᐅᕆᖃᑦᑕᓂ block the hydro development until a land claim agreement was ᐱᓗᐊᕐᑐᒥᓪᓗ, ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᓐᓂᓗ ᐱᖁᔭᓂᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᒻᒪᕆᑦᓯᒪᔪᑦ. negotiated. In a landmark decision that became a defining turning ᓅᕕᒻᐱᕆ 1973-ᒥ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒻᒨᕆᒍᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᖕᖑᐃᓂᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ point in Aboriginal rights and constitutional law as the Quebec ᓄᕐᖃᑎᑦᓯᒋᐊᕈᑎᒋᓕᕐᓱᒋᑦ ᑰᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᒥᑦᑐᐃᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᐅᓇᓱᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ lower court granted the injunction. Inuit and our Cree partners

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓᓗ ᕿᑲᕐᑎᓯᒐᓱᐊᕈᑎᒋᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᓂᒃ ᐃᓐᓄᐃᓯᒪᒍᑎᓂᒃ were now powerful forces to be dealt with. ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑕᖕᖏᓂᓕᒫᒥᓐᓂ. ᐊᖏᔪᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᓄᓇᓕᑐᖃᑎᒍᑦ A week later the court’s ruling was partially overturned by

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕈᑎᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᕐᔪᐊᑯᓪᓗ ᐱᖁᔭᕐᔪᐊᓄᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᔭᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᑯᐯᒃ the Court of Appeal; it lifted the injunction on construction, but 46 ᓄᓇᓕᕐᓚᖓᑕ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᕐᔪᐊᖓ ᑐᓂᔨᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓄᕐᖃᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᒥᒃ. ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᓗ upheld the decision that the province had a legal obligation to ᐊᓪᓓᓗ ᑯᔩᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓕᒻᒪᕆᐊᓗᖕᖑᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑕᐅᒋᐊᖃᓚᖓᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ. negotiate a treaty covering our lands. ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᓯᓕᒫᖅ ᐊᓂᒍᑐᐊᕐᒪᑦ ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᒃ ᓄᕐᖃᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᑎᓂᖃᓚᐅᕐᑎᓗᒍ Our young Inuit leaders led by Charlie Watt, our Cree friends ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᐅᑉ ᑐᑭᑖᕕᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᑐᕈᓐᓀᑎᑕ­ᐅᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ; ᓴᓇᓂᕐᒥᒃ and partners in the land claim battle for Northern Quebec resumed ᓄᕐᖃᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᐅᓚᐅᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᕈᓐᓀᑎᑦᓯᓱᓂ,­ ᑌᒣᒐᓗᐊᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᓱᓕ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑦᓯᓱᑎᒃ negotiations with Quebec and the federal government. Within ᑯᐯᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᓚᖓ ᑲᔪᓯᑐᐃᓐᓇᖃᔭᓚᖓᑎᓐᓇᒍᑦ­ ᐱᖁᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᐱᔭᑦᓴᖁᑎᖃᕋᒥ two years, the monumental modern day treaty that we now ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍ­ᑎᖃᕋᓱᓐᓂᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᕐᓂᕋᕈᑎᑦᓴᑎᓐᓂᒃ. ­celebrate was signed. © ROBERT FRÈCHETTE©

ᐅᕕᒃᑲᒪᕇᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᕗᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑕᐅᓱᑎᒃ ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᕐᒧᑦ, ᐃᓚᓐᓈᑎᓐᓗ ᐊᓪᓚᓄᑦ It was the first comprehensive land claim in Canada and it set ᑯᔩᓄᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᑦᑎᓄᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᒥᓐᓂᒍᓚᐅᑎᒍᑎᖃᕐᓱᑕ a precedent for all other Inuit regions. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᓂᓪᓗ ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᓂᓪᓗ In our celebrations let us also remember the many advances ᐃᖏᕐᕋᓯᒋᐊᓪᓚᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᐊᕐᕋᒎᒃ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐊᓂᒍᕐᑎᓗᒋᒃ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᕙᓕᕐᑕᕗᑦ we made in strengthening the claim, such as the offshore claim ᐅᓪᓗᒥᓯᐅᑎᐅᓂᕐᐹᖑᑦᓱᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕᐅᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖅ signed signed more recently and the Sanarrutik Partnership ᐅᓪᓗᒥᓗ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓯᐅᕈᑎᒋᓕᕐᐸᕗᑦ. Agreement. ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐹᖑᑦᓱᓂ ᓱᓇᓕᒫᓂᒃ ᐊᑕᖏᕐᓯᓱᓂ ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᐃᓐᓄᐃᓯᒪᓇᓱᒍᑎ­ᐅᒋᐊᖕᖓᑐᖅ Additionally, our participation in the Parnasimautik process ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐱᔭᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᐃᑦᔭᑕᐅᓗᓂ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᐅᕙᓐᓂᐊᓕᕐᓱᓂ ᐊᓯᓕᒫᖏᓐᓄᑦ was in response to the Government of Quebec’s Plan Nord where ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᖃᑎᑦᑕ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ. we declared that Nunavik Inuit will accept “nothing less than a ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓯᐅᕈᑎᖃᓕᕐᓗᑕ ᐳᐃᒍᕐᑌᓕᒋᐊᖃᕆᕗᒍᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᒍ­ commitment from governments to a comprehensive, integrated, ᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᓄᑭᑖᕆᒋᐊᕈᑎᒋᑦᓱᒋᓪᓗ ᐃᓐᓄᐃᓯᒪᒍᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ, ᓲᕐᓗ ᐃᒪᕐᐱᒥᑦᑐᓂᒃ sustainable and equitable approach for improving our lives and ᐃᓐᓄᐃᓯᒪᓇᓱᒍᑎᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᖃᑦᑕᖃᒻᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᐅᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒍᓗ ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᒃᑯᑦ our communities.” We must also never forget it was the land claim ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᓴᒧᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ. agreement that gave us control over education, health and social ᐃᓚᐅᒋᐊᓪᓚᒥᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᓂᕗᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᓯᒪᐅᑎᒃᑯᑎᒍᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ services and our Kativik Regional Government. ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᐅᑉ ᑕᕐᕋᒧᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᓇᓂ ᐅᖃᕐᓯ­ᒪᔪᒍᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ I know from time to time, people question whether we got all “ᐊᖏᕐᓂᐊᖏᒋᐊᖏᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᐅᔪᓂᑦ ᐱᑎᑕᐅᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᐊᖏᑐᐊᕈᑎᒃ ᐊᑕᖏᕐᓯᔪᓂᒃ, we are entitled to and a few still refuse to recognize the accom- mag ­ a zine ᐃᓚᐅᑎᑦᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᓂᒃ, ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᕈᓐᓇᓯᐊᕐᑐᓂᓪᓗ ᓇᓪᓕᖁᐊᕆᔭᐅᑎᑦᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᓂᒃ plishment.

ᐱᑎᑕᐅᓂ­ᐊᖕᖏᑯᑦᑕ ᐃᓅᓯᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᐅᓯᒋᐊᕆᒍᑎᓂᒃ.” MAKIVIK 47 48 ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ © JERRY POREBSKI ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᓂᒃᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᖃᕐᓂᑎᒍᑦ,ᐅᖃᕈᓐᓇᓯᐊᕐᖁᖓᓗᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗᐱᒋᐊᕐᐸᓕᐊᓂᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᖏᓐᓇᓱᓂ. ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᒋᐊᓪᓚᖁᑎᕗᑦ. ᐱᓇᓱᒐ­ ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᓂᓪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃᓗᑲᕙᒪᖓᓂᒃᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᑎᒍᑦᐃᓂᓪᓓᓯᒪᒍᑎᖃᕋᑦᑕᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᑦᓱᒍᓄᓇᒥᐃᓂᓪᓚᓯᒪᓂᑦᑎᓂᒃᑭᓇᐅᑎᓐᓂᑎᓐᓂᓗ.’ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᑦᑎᒍᑦ, ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒃᓯᕗᓕᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑕ­ ᑐᕌᕐᓂᖃᕋᓱᓕᕐᒪᖔᑦᑕ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᑎᓐᓂ,ᐱᓪᓚᕆᐅᖃᑕᐅᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒍᖃᓄᐃᓘᕈᑎᒋᒋᐊᓕᕗᑦᑎᑭᐅᑎᒐᓱᓪᓗᑕᐱᔪᒪᔭᑦᑎᓄᑦ. ᓇᒧᑦ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᒋᐊᕐᕕᓯᐊᖑᒻᒥᒋᐊᖏᑦ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓯᐅᓃᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐅᑉᐱᕈᓱᒃᑭᕗᖓ ᓱᓕ ᑌᒣᒃᑲᓗᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ “ᓇᑯᕐᒦᓚᕆᓐᓂᒥᒃ.” ᐅᖃᕐᕕᒋᒍᓐᓇᓲᕆᒐᑦᑎᒋᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᖃᖏᓐᓇᕋᔭᕐᑐᕆᑦᓯᔪᖓ. ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑖᓚ­ ᐃᕐᖃᐅᒪᑦᓯᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖏᓐᓇᓗᑕ ᒌᒐᓱᓐᓂᖃᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᐅᑉᐱᓂᖃᕋᑕᕋᑎᒃ. ᐃᓄᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᓗ ᑲᑎᕕᒃᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦᑲᕙᒪᖓᓂᓪᓗ. ᐃᕐᖃᐅᒪᑦᓯᓯ­ ᓱᒍᑎᑦᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁᑎᕗᓪᓗ ᑕᒪᐅᖓ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᓯᒪᓕᕐᓂᕗᓪᓗᑭᓇᐅᑎᓐᓂᕗᓪᓗᓄᐃᑕᑦᓯᐊᓚᕆᓕᕐᑐᑦᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᓕᕐᑐᖅᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᑦᑎᒍᑦᐃᓚᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁᑎᕗᓪᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᑦᑎᒍᑦ “ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᑎᒍᑦ, ᐱᔭᖃᕐᓯᒪᒍᑎᒋᓕᕐᑕᑎᓐᓂᒃ, ᓱᓇᓂᒃ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᓯᓯᒪᑦᓯᐊᑐᖅ ᑕᑯᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᕕᕗᑦ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᔪᖓᓕ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓯᐅᕈᑎᖃᕐᓃᑦ ᐱᓪᓚᕆᐅᓂᖃᕆᐊᖏᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᑎᒋᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᓱᔪᖃᕐᓂᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᒋᐊᒃᑲᓂᕐᓂᐅᓲᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᐃᖑᑦᓱᑕᓗ ᐊᑕᐅᑦᓯᑯᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎ­ ᓴᒃᑯᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᒪᖔᑦᑕ ᐅᕝᕙᓗᓐᓃᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓯᒪᖕᖏᓗᐊᕐᓂᒪᖔᑦᑕ ᓱᓇᓂᒃ ᐊᐱᕆᒍᑎᖃᕐᓗᓂᓗ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᓗᓂ ᐅᑎᒧᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᒐᔭᖕᖏᒥᔪᖅ ᐃᓚᖏᑎᒍᑦ ᐱᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓪᓗᑐᐊᓗᓐᓂᒃ ᓱᓕᓗ ᐱᓚᐅᕐᓂᕋᓗᐊᕐᒪᖔᑦᑕ ᐱᒋᐊᓕᓕᒫᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐳᕿᐊᓱᓕᑲᓪᓚᐸᒋᐊᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔪᖓ ᓀᓈᕐᓗᒍ ᐅᖃᕈᓐᓇᑐᒍᑦ, ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ 40 ᐊᓂᒍᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᓱᔪᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒍᓂ ᐃᓂᓪᓚᓯᒪᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᕈᑎᒋᓕᕐᐸᕗᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒋᐊᓪᓚᐅᓚᖓᔪᓄᑦ 40ᓄᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒋᐊᓪᓚᐅᓚᖓᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᓂᓪᓚᓯᒪᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᕈᑎᒋᓕᕐᐸᕗᑦ ᓱᔪᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒍᓂ ᐊᓂᒍᓕᕐᑐᑦ 40 ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐅᖃᕈᓐᓇᑐᒍᑦ, ᓀᓈᕐᓗᒍ ᐊᖏᓐᓇᕆᐊᖃᕆᕗᒍᓪᓗ ᑌᒃᑯᑎᒎᓇ ᓄᓇᑖᕐᓂᒧᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕ­ ᓄᓇᑖᕐᓂᒧᑦ ᑌᒃᑯᑎᒎᓇ ᐊᖏᓐᓇᕆᐊᖃᕆᕗᒍᓪᓗ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᑎᓃᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᕐᑎᓯᒪᑦᓯᐊᕈᑎᒋᓕᕋᑦᑎᒋᑦᑭᖑᓂᖏᓐᓃᓚᕐᑐᓄᓪᓗ. ᐊᕐᖁᑎᑦᓴᑐ­ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᑌᒣᓕᖓᓕᕋᓗᐊᕐᓗᑕᓱᓕᐱᒍᓐᓇᕕᓕᒫᑦᑎᒍᑦᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴ­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓯᒪᒋ­ ᑭᒐᒍᓇᑎᓴᓐᒃ ᒥᐊᓐ ᐊᑐᔭᒃ ᑦᖁᑕᓐ ᐱᓱᕕᖁᑕᕐᑎᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᖃ­ ᐱᒐᓱᕝᕕᓴᖁᑎᑕᖃᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᑦᓴᖁᑎᑕᓕᓐᓂ ᐊᑭᑐᔪᔭᓂᒃ ᐊᒥᓱᐊᓗᓐᓂ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᑦᓴᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᑎᒌᖃᑎᖃᕐᕕᒋᒍᓐᓇᑕᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᑐᓕᕆᕙᓕᕐᑐᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᐱᑦᓴᑕᕐᕕᓴᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑎᖃᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐱᒐᓱᕝᕕᓴᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑎᖃᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐱᑦᓴᑕᕐᕕᓴᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂᐊᑐᓕᕆᕙᓕᕐᑐᓗ ᑎᒌᖃᑎᖃᕐᕕᒋᒍᓐᓇᑕᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᒥᒐᖕᖏᒪᑕ. ᑯᓇᒪᖏᓗ ᓇᐊᒪᑦᒪᖏᓗ ᖏᑎᒐᑦᒋᒪᑦ ᐱᓐᓂᑕᓯᒻᑎᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᑕᑎᓯᒪᒻᒫᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᑦᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᑦᑕ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᒻᒪᕆᑦᓯᒪᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᓯᒪᔭᖏᓪᓗ ᐱᒍᑦᔨᓯᒪᒻᒫᑎᒍᑦ ᕿᒻᒪᖁ­ ᐃᓱᒪᔪᖓᓕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒻᒪᕆᑦᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᓇᑯᕐᒦᓂᖃᑦᓯ­ ᐱᓇᓱᒻᒪᕆᑦᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᔪᖓᓕ ᐊᖑᔪᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕆᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᐊᖓ ᓈᒻᒪᓂᐅᔭᖕᖏᑐᖅ. ᐃᓱᒫᓗᐃᑦᓯᐊᓇᕐᒪᑦ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᖁᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᖃᑦᑕᓕᕆᐊᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᖁᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᒫᓗᐃᑦᓯᐊᓇᕐᒪᑦ ᓈᒻᒪᓂᐅᔭᖕᖏᑐᖅ. ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕆᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᐊᖓ ᐊᖑᔪᖅ ᐊᓕᒻᒥᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᕆᕐᑐᓂᒃᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓴᒋᐊᓪᓚᒥᓪᓗᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᕆᐊᓪᓛᔪᓂᒃ. ᖃᕐᑎᓯᔨᓪᓚᕆ­ ᐅᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᑦᑕ ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᒪᕆᐅᔫᑉ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ, ᑕᒃᒐᓂ ᒪᕐᕈᐃᓂᒃ ᑲᕙᒫᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᔨᖃᕐᓱᑕ ᐅᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᑦᑕᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᒪᕆᐅᔫᑉᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ,ᑕᒃᒐᓂᒪᕐᕈᐃᓂᒃᑲᕙᒫᓐᓂᒃᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᔨᖃᕐᓱᑕ ᐅᓕᕋᑦᑕ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᓪᓚᕆᑦᓱᑕᓗ ᐃᓗᓐᓈᒍᑦᓄᓇᓕᓕ ᑎᑦᓴᑎᓐᓂᓗ ᑭᖑᕚᕆᓚᖓᔭᓕᒫᑦᑎᓄᑦ. ᐅᕐᓂᖏᒃᑯᑕ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᔪᒦᓕᕋᔭᕐᓂᑎᓐᓂᒃ. ᑕᑯᓐᓇᑕᒃᑯᓕ ᐱᐅᖕᖏᓂᕐᓴᒪᕆᒻᒥᒃ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᑕᒃᑯᓕ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᔪᒦᓕᕋᔭᕐᓂᑎᓐᓂᒃ. ᐅᕐᓂᖏᒃᑯᑕ ᐅᒪᔪᑎᒍᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᒍᓐᓇᓯᓯᒪᒋᐊᑦᑕ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ, ᐃᓗᓯᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᓗ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ, ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᒍᓐᓇᓯᓯᒪᒋᐊᑦᑕ ᐅᒪᔪᑎᒍᑦ ᑎᓐᓂ ᐱᒐᓱᒋᐊᖃᕐᐳᒍᑦ ᐱᕕᑦᓴᐅᓕᕐᑐᓕᒫᓂᒃ. ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓯᒪᑦᓯᐊᓂᖅ ᑎᓐᓂ ᐱᒐᓱᒋᐊᖃᕐᐳᒍᑦᐱᕕᑦᓴᐅᓕᕐᑐᓕᒫᓂᒃ.ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓯᒪᑦᓯᐊᓂᖅ ᐊᕈᓐᓇᕆᐊᑦᑕ ᐱᕕᓕᒫᒥᒍᑦ ᐱᒐᓱᕝᕕᓴᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᕕᓕᒫᒥᒍᑦ ᐊᕈᓐᓇᕆᐊᑦᑕ ᒫᑦᑎᒍᑦ, ᓄᓇᓕᕐᓚᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᑲᓇᑕᓕᒫᒥᐊᓪᓛᑦ ­ᒫᑦᑎᒍᑦ, ᓄᓇᓕᕐᓚᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᑲᓇᑕᓕᒫᒥᐊᓪᓛᑦ It may be fair to look back and question what may have been missed In short, what happened 40 years ago leaves us well positioned for or conceded in the negotiation as long as we consider where we would the challenges of the next 40 years and decades beyond. be without the Agreement. In my view we would be much worse off. But we must also seize every future opportunity. Education is the I think anniversaries are important because they allow us to look key and I cannot emphasize it enough. It is gratifying to see more of our back and collectively say a sincere thank you. But I also believe anni- students graduate and entering post-secondary studies. versaries should focus on where we are going in the future, and equally The vision and hard work of our negotiators equipped us with eco- important, how we will get there. nomic rights to vast areas with rich resources and the opportunities Our website clearly acknowledges what has been accomplished, for partnerships with mining companies and other resource enter- “politically, culturally and economically, Makivik has led in the devel- prises are unlimited. opment of a vibrant region called Nunavik, where between the dual- I think the best way we can thank them for what they have done is istic nations of Canada and Quebec, Inuit have established their own take every advantage of the opportunities they have given us through distinct place and identity.” their hard work and vision and ensure we leave more to our children. That place and that identity are clearly visible in today’s economy, including our airlines and other subsidiaries. We have become major employers and contributors to the overall regional, provincial and national economy and frankly, I think we are just getting started. mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

49 ᒣᑯ ᑯᐊᑕ Michael Gordon ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᑉ ᑐᖓᓕᖓ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᓕᕆᕕᒻᒥ Vice President, Economic Development

ᓯᕗᓪᓕᕕᓂᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᓇᑯᕆᔭᖃᓪᓚᕆᒋ­ᐊᖃᕐᐳᒍᑦ; ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥᒧᑦ ᑕᒪ­ᐅᖓ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᑎᓯᒪᒻᒫᑎᒍᑦ.­ We owe much to our ancestors; they brought us to where ᑌᒫᑦᓭᓇᓪᓗ­ᐊᖅ, ­ᐅᐱᒍᓱᒻᒪᕆᒋ­ᐊᖃᕐᐳᒍᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᒍᑎᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ­ we are today. In the same light, a debt of gratitude is due to ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓄᑦ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑦ 1970-ᓃᑦᑐᑦ those who contributed to the negotiation of the James Bay ᐱᒋᐊᕐᖃᒥ­ ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ.­ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᓯᓚᕐᔪ­ᐊᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ­ ­ᐊᔭ­ᐅᕆᓂᖏᑦ ᐱᔭᕆ­ and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA) in the early 1970s. ᐊᑭᑦᑐᑐᐃᓐᓇ­ᐅᓯᒪᖕᖏᒪᑕ. ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᑕ ­ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᕐᑎᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ­ᐊᖏᔪᕐᔪ­ᐊᕌᓗᒻᒥᒃ It was then that global pressures were great on the people of ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᖃᕆᐊᖕᖓᕋᓱᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ­ ᑰᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᒥᑦᑐᐃᒍᒪᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᑐᒧᖓ ᐊᑯᓂᕆᔪᓂᒃ­ ᐱᓇᓱ­ Nunavik. The Quebec government’s plan to build a massive ᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᕕᖃᑦᑕᓕᕋᑕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ­ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᓐᓂᓄᑦ­ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ­ ᐱᔭᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ system of dams in Northern Quebec resulted in a lengthy and ᖃᓪᓗᓈᓂᒃ ᓵᓯᖏᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇ­ᐅᖃᑎᒌᖑᔪᓪᓗ ­ᐊᑭᕋᕐᑑᑎᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ. divisive negotiation process that pitted Inuit against qallu- ᐃᓅᓯᒃᑯᑦ ᓲᕐᓗ ᓯᖁᒻᒪᑖᕐᓂᖅ ᓴᕐᕿᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᑦᓯᐊᐸᓐᓂᖓᑦ­ naat and Inuit against Inuit. A fission occurred where a peo- ᓯᖁᑦᑎᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᔭᐅᑦᓱᓂ­ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᑦ.­ ᑌᒣᓕᖓᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᑕᒐ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ple mainly united were divided along political lines. That was ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓄᑦ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑏᑦ ­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᓗ the backdrop by which the JBNQA was signed and where ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᑐᑦ ᒪᓕᒍᓗᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᓐᓀᕆ­ᐊᖕᖓᓯᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑕ­ ­ Inuit in Northern Quebec began to have a bigger say in the ᐅᒍᑎᒋᓕᕐᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑭᖑᓂᐊᒍᑦ­ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᒃ ­ᐊᑦᓯᕋ­ᐅᑎᑖᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔫᑉ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᑦᑕ. development of what later became Nunavik. ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒋᒍᑏᑦ ᐊᑎᓕ­ ­ᐅᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕ­ᐅᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕᓂᑦ,­ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᓯᒪᔪᑲᓪᓚᒪᕆ­ Ever since the signing of the Agreement, Makivik ᐅᓕᕐᑐᖅ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᓱᓂ­ ᐱᕈᕐᐸᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᓂᖃᕐᓱᓂᓗ­ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᒃ. ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒃ Corporation has been instrumental in building and devel- ᐱᓇᓱᑦᓯᒪᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᖅ ᖃᓄᓕᒫᑦᓯ­ᐊᖅ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐃᓅᓯᑦᑎᓅᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ, ᐃᓚᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ­ oping Nunavik. Makivik has played a major role in all aspects ᑕᒃᑯᑑᓇᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑎᑕᖑᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑕᕐᑕᑐᓪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᑖᖑᖃᑦᑕᓂᖏᑦ, of Nunavik life, including but not limited to the creation of ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᓗ ᐃᓱ­ᐊᖁᑎᑕᖑᖃᑦᑕᑐᑦ, ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᓐᓂᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᓪᓗ ᓱᕐᕋᑕ­ businesses, employment of beneficiaries, the development ᐅᓂᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑕᕐᑕᐅᒍᑎᖃᕐᑐᓴ­ ᐅᓂᕐᒧᑦ­ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᔪᑦ­ ­ᐊᑐᑎᔭ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᑐᑦ of infrastructures in the communities and negotiations on ­ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂ­ᐊᑐᓕᕆᔪᓄᓪᓗ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒧᓪᓗ. behalf of Inuit through the impact benefits agreements with ­ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ­ᐅᓂᒃᑲ­ᐅᓯᑦᓴᖃᕋᓗ­ᐊᕐᑐᖅ, ᐃᓓᓐᓇᖏᓐᓂᓗ mining companies. ­ᐅᖃᕐᑐᖃᕈᓂ ᓈᒻᒪᓚᖓᒻᒥᒐᓂ ᑭᓯ­ᐊᓂᓕ ᓀᓈᕆᒋ­ᐊᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐱᑦᔪᑎᒋᑦᓱᒍ ᐃᓓᓐᓇᖏᓐᓂᒃ There are many success stories, to mention just a few ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᖃᓚᖓᕗᖓ. ᐃᓄᐃᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᐅᕙᓐᓂ­ ­ᐊᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᒋᐊᖕᖓᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ would be an injustice but for the sake of brevity I will men- 1978-ᒥ ᐱᕈᕐᓯᒪᓕᕐᐳᓗ ­ᐊᖏᓕᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᒥᑭᔪᐊᐱ­ ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒐᓗ­ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᐸᓕ­ ­ tion only a few. Air Inuit as a business lifted off in 1978 and ᐊᓂᕐᒥᓂ ᑭᓇ­ᐅᔭᓕ­ᐅᕆᒍᑦᔨᒪᕆᑉᐸᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ.­ ᕘᔅ ᐃ­ᐊ ᓂ­ᐅᕕ­ has grown from a fledgling airline to a major asset for Inuit of ᐊᖑᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ 1990-ᓃᑦᑐᑦ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᖃᒥ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᓯᒪᒻᒪᕆᓕᕐᐳᖅ Nunavik. First Air having been purchased in the early 1990s ᑕᕐᕋᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᑮᓇ­ᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᓕᕆᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᓯᒪᒻᒪᕆᖏᓐᓇᓲᖑᑦᓱᓂᓗ and has contributed immensely to the northern economy ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥᒃ. ­ᐅᒥ­ᐊᕐᔪ­ᐊᑯᕐᑐᓕᕆᓃᓪᓕ ᑭᓪᓕ­ᐊᓂ, ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᖃᑕ­ᐅᑦᓴᒐᕆ­ᐊᖕᖓᓯᒪᒐᓗ­ᐊᕐᓱᑕ, and has been a consistent contributor to Makivik. In the ship- ᑕᒐᑕᒐ ᕿᑎᕐᖃᓗᐊᒥᒃ­ 50%-ᒥᒃ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᖃᑕᐅᓕᕐᖁᒍᑦ­ ᑖᑦᓱᒥᖓ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑎᒥᒃ ping industry, from minority owners of NEAS, we now have a ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᑕᖃᓪᓚᕆᓪᓗᓂ ᑭᓯ­ᐊᓂᑦᓯ­ᐊᖑᔪᒥᒃ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᑎᓐᓂᓗ 50% stake in a company, which is an essential lifeline for the ­ᐊᖏᓕᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓚᖓᒍᓇ­ᐅᑦᓱᓂ. Arctic and that will continue to grow in the future. ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑕ­ᐅᒐᓱᓕᕐᑐᓕᒫᑦ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᑎᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᑦᓯᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᓐᓇᔭᖏᒻᒪᑕ,­ Not everything in business is a sure thing, so even those ᑌᒣᒃᑲᓗᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ­ ­ᐅᖃᕈᒪᕙᒃᑲ ᑌᒃᑯᐊ­ ᑮᓇ­ᐅᔭᓕ­ᐅᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᓇᓱᓐᓂᒥᒍᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᑦᓯ­ companies that have not succeeded financially have helped ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᒐᓗ­ᐊᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᓯᒪᒻᒥᒪᑕ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᓂᒃ ᓴᕐᕿᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎ­ᐅᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᓄᓇᕕ­ create jobs and Nunavik infrastructure. Kigiak Builders, ᐅᓪᓗ ᐃᓱ­ᐊᖁᑎᑦᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓴᕐᕿᑎᑦᓯᓂᒃᑯᑦ. ᑭᒋ­ᐊᖅ ᓴᓇᔩᑦ, ᐃᒪᕐᐱᒃ ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂ­ᐊᑏᑦ, Imaqpik Fisheries, Nunavik Biosciences, Cruise North may ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᓄᓇᐅᑉ­ ᐱᕈᕐᑐᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᑦᓴᖁᑎᓕᐅᕐᓃᑦ,­ ­ᐅᒥ­ᐊᕐᔪ­ᐊᑯᓪᓗ ᓂ­ᐅᕐᕈᑐᓕᕆᔩᑦ have not generated profits but they provided jobs and ᑖᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓂᒃ­ ᖃᖏᕐᓂᑯᒍᑎᐅᓯᒪᖕᖏᑲᓗ­ ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ­ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎ­ training that resulted in the advancement of Nunavimmiut ᐅᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᐱᒋᐅᕐᓴᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᓂᓗ­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᑎᐅᓂᑦᓴᒥᓐᓂᒃ­ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ human capacity. ᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᒋᒋᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᒻᒪᒋᑦ.­ Today Makivik continues to support Nunavik Inuit. For ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒃ ᓱᓕ ᓴᐳᑦᔨᓯᒪᖏᓐᓇᑐᖅ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ­ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᓴᓇᔭ­ the construction of infrastructure including work on roads ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖃᓕᑐ­ᐊᕐᒪᑕ ᐃᓱ­ᐊᖁᑎᑦᓭᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋ­ ­ᐊᕐᖁᓯ­ᐅᕐᓃᓗ ᐃᓪᓗᓕ­ᐅᕆᒍᑦᔨᓃᓪᓗ, and houses, we have Kautaq Construction and Makivik ᓴᓇᔨᖃᕐᑐᒍᑦ ᑲ­ᐅᑕᖅ ᓴᓇᔨᓂᒃ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᓗ­ ᓴᓇᔨᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᕐᑎᓯᕙᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᑭᖑᕋᕋᑎᒃ Construction delivering on-time, on-budget projects. Our © JEAN-MARIE CORMEAU JEAN-MARIE © ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

50 © MAKIVIK CORPORATION ᐅᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᓗᓂᐱ­ ­ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐ ᑮᓇ­ ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᖏᑎᒍᑦ. ᖁᕕ­ ᑲᔪᓯᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᒋ­ ᑕᑯᒥᓇᕐᑐᓕ­ ᐊᑎᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᓂ­ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᓂ ­ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᓐᓂᒃ ᑭᖑᕐᓚᓂ­ ᐱᑕᖃᕐᑎᑕ ­ ᑲᔪᓯᔪᒥᒃ ᑮᓇ­ ᑯᒦᒪᒃ ᐃᓐᑎ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓴ­ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᑎᒃ ᓇᑯᕐᒦᕈᒪᕙᒃᑲ ᐅᔭᕐᑐᕈᑎᑦᓴᑕᕕᓂᕐᒥᓂᓪᓗ ᖃᖏ ᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕ­ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥ ᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᐅᕐᓴᔭ­ ᐊᕈᓯᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎ ᐊᕈᑎᑦᑎᒍᑦ. ᖃᒻᒥᐸᓲᓂᕐᓴᖅ,ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓯᓚ­ Michael Gordon and Aqqaluk Lynge of Greenland in Quebec City, February 2015. February City, Quebec in Greenland of Lynge Aqqaluk and Gordon Michael ᒣᑯ ᑯᐊᑕᓗ ᐊᕐᖄᓗᒃ ᓕᓐᔨᓗ ᐊᑯᑭᑦᑐᒥᐅᖅ ᑯᐯᒃ ᓯᑎᒦᑦᓱᑎᒃ, ᕕᐳᐊᕆ 2015-ᒥ. ᕕᐳᐊᕆ ᓯᑎᒦᑦᓱᑎᒃ, ᑯᐯᒃ ᐊᑯᑭᑦᑐᒥᐅᖅ ᓕᓐᔨᓗ ᐊᕐᖄᓗᒃ ᑯᐊᑕᓗ ᒣᑯ ᐅᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᓂᒃ. ᐊᑐᓕᕐᑎᑕ­ ᐊᕐᓀᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒋᓕᕐᓱᒋᑦ ᓂᕐᓯ­ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒋᓕᕐᓱᒋᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᖏᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᕐᓀᓗ ᐅᓗ ᖃᓄᐃᖕᖏᓯ ᐊᒋᔭᒻᒪᕆ­ ᐊᕈᑦᓯ ᓄᓇᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒃ ᐊᕈᑦᓯ ᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᓂᖃᖏᓐᓇᓚᖓᕗᑦᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ ᐅᕐᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᑕᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎ­ ᐅᕐᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᐅᖏᓐᓇᐸᒻᒥᔪᒍᑦ ᐅᓂᖃᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆ­ ­ᐅᓲᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᔪᒥᒃ ᓴᐳᑦᔨᓯᒪᒍᑎ ᐅᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­ ᐅᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᑦ ᐃᕙᒃᑲᑐᓂᒃ ᕿᒧᑦᓯᓂᒃ ᓱᑲᓕ­ ᕿᒧᑦᓯᓂᒃ ᐃᕙᒃᑲᑐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᑦ ­ᐊᕆ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᓂᕆᓕᕐᑕᒥᓄᑦ ᑎᑭ­ ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᓂᕆᓕᕐᑕᒥᓄᑦ ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ­ᐅᑎᒐᑎᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑉᐸᑐᓂᒃ. ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂ­ ᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᑎᒍᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᒍᑎᒋᓗᒋᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᑎᓐᓄᑦ. ᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ. ­ ᐅᓄᕐᑐᑲᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᓂᖏᕐᑕ ­ ­ᐅᓄᕐᑐᑲᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᖃᑕᒪᑦ ᕗᓕ ᐱᓗ­ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᑲ ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᓗ ᐃᓅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑦᓯᖃᑎ ­ ᐃᓅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᓗ ᐅᑉ ᐊᕐᕋᒍᑕᒫᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᑕᑯᒥᓇᕐᑐᓕ­ ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᓪᓚᖁ ­ᐅᕙᒃᑭᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐅᔪᒻᒥᔪᒍᑦ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ ᐅᔪᒻᒥᔪᒍᑦ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᐃᓂᒃ ᓴᓇᓂ­ ­ᐊᒥᓱᐃᓂᒃ ᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᒧᑦ. ᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑎᑕ­ ᐅᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᕙᑦᑕᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᑎᓂᒃ ᐅᓕᕐᑐᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᕕ­ ᐅᑎᑎᑦᓯᓂᕆᓲᕗᑦ ᐅᑎᓯᒪᒐᔭᖕᖏᒪᑦ. ᐅᑎᓯᒪᒐᔭᖕᖏᒪᑦ. ᐊᑐᓕᕆᓂᑦᑎᒍᓪᓕ ᐊᑐᓕᕆᓂᑦᑎᒍᓪᓕ ­ᐅᓂᒃ ᓴᓇᖕᖑ ᕐᒥ ᑌᒃᑯ­ ᐊᕐᑐᒥ ᐅᕆᒍᑦᔨᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᒍᓐᓇᑐᓂᒃ ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐅᕐᓂᓄᑦ ᐅᕐᓂᓄᑦ ᐊ ­ and Nunavimmiut longinto thefuture. contributor to thedevelopment andwell-being ofNunavik it istoday. Corporation willcontinue Makivik beingapositive files. Without your contributions, Nunavik would notbewhere me especiallythosewhoworked on Economic Development life ofInuit visibleinaculturally tangible fashion. tial part add a special flavor to Nunavik life by keeping a once essen dogteam race continues todisciplines. annualIvakkak Our by providing Nunavik artists training onvarious art support nities. The annualNunavik Artistic Workshops continue to thatKitchens could eventually beavailable inallcommu and alongside theKRG Women’s Groups onFood Auxiliary from licenses. shrimp More recently, we have beenworking continues section to providefisheries considerable royalties I would liketo thankallofthoseexecutives whopreceded - - 51 MAKIVIK mag­a­zine “ᓱᓇᓄᑦ ᐱᔪᑦᓴᐅᔮᕐᑎᑕᐅᓂᕋ” Adamie Delisle Alaku Vice-President, Resource Development ᐋᑕᒥ ᑎᓕᓪ-ᐊᓚᑯ ᐊᓪᓚᑐᖅ What Motivates Me

ᑕᒡᒐᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓱᕈᑎᑦᑎᓂ 40-ᓂᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑐᓕᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᖃᓚ­ On this year’s commemoration of the 40th anniversary of ᐅᕐᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᔦᒻᔅ ᐯᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᒥᒃ (JBNQA), the signing of the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement ᐅᐱᒍᓲᑎᖃᕈᒪᕗᖓ ᓴᐱᕐᑌᑑᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐃᓅᓱᑦᑑᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᖑᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᓇᓂᓪᓗ (JBNQA), I would like to honour the brave young men and ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᑎᓐᓄᑦ ᐊᕐᖁᓯᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ. ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᐃᔩᒃᑲ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᔨᐅᓂᕐᒧᑦ women that paved the way for our future. Through my cur- ᓂᕈᐊᕐᑕᐅᒪᓕᕐᓱᖓ ᐊᑐᕐᓱᒋᒃ, ᐳᓛᕈᓐᓇᓯᓯᒪᓕᕐᖁᖓ ᑕᑯᒍᓐᓇᓯᑦᓱᖓᓗ ᐊᓯᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ rent eyes as a politician, I have had the opportunity to visit ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓪᓓᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᑦᑕ ᓄᓇᑐᖃᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑳᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᐃᓗᐊᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᑯᓯᒪᓕᕐᖁᖓ and see the other Inuit and some Indian homelands in ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᔪᒦᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᐃᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᕐᔪᐊᑕ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ Canada as well as to observe conditions of Aboriginal peo- ᖃᐅᔨᓯᒪᔭᒃᑲ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᒋᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᐅᐱᒍᓱᑦᑐᒪᕆᐅᕗᖓ ᐃᓚᐅᔫᓂᕋᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒧᑦ. ple in other countries. Based on these experiences I feel priv- ᐅᐱᓐᓀᑐᐃᓐᓇᐳᖅ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᓱᓕ ᓂᐳᕈᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᓇᑦᑕ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᐃᓘᓐᓈᒍᑦ ᑕᑯᑦᓱᒍ ileged to be a beneficiary from Nunavik. Of course there are ᐃᓱᐊᕐᓂᓭᑦ ᓵᓚᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᒻᒪᕆᐅᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐃᓱᐃᑦᑐᓂᒃ. ᐃᓅᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖓ JBNQA-ᒥᒃ many things with which we can be dissatisfied, however on ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᕈᕐᓯᒪᕗᖓᓗ ᓴᓪᓗᓂ ᐃᓱᒪᖃᕈᑎᖏᑦ ᓴᓪᓗᒥᐅᑦ balance I feel the advantages far outweighs the disadvan- ᐃᒻᒧᐊᓂ ᐊᕕᐅᑎᓯᒪᑦᓴᒪᑕ ᑌᒫᒃ JBNQA-ᒥᒃ ᓴᐳᑦᔨᓂᖅ ᐱᑦᔪᑎᒋᑦᓱᒍ ᐊᑭᕋᕐᑑᑎᓂᕐᒥᒃ tages. I was born after the JBNQA negotiations and grew ᓴᓇᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐹᕐᓯᖓᐅᑎᔪᖃᓕᓂᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᓚᒌᓪᓗᑐᐃᑦ ᐃᒻᒧᐊᓂ ᐊᓪᓛᑦ. up in Salluit where the split in opinion amongst Sallumiut ᐃᓅᓱᑦᑐᐊᐱᐅᑦᓱᖓ ᐱᕈᕐᓴᓂᕋᓂ, ᑕᑯᓐᓇᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖓ ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᓐᓇᖓᓘᓐᓃᑦ regarding support of the JBNQA led to opposing factions ᓭᒪᖕᖏᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐅᖁᒣᓪᓕᐅᕈᑎᓕᒫᓂᒃ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᑕᒪᑐᒪ ᐊᕕᐅᑎᓯᒪᓂᐅᑉ ᒪᓕᖏᑦᑕ and resulted in clashes even at the level of individual family ᓱᕐᕃᑲᑦᑕᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᒃ. ᖃᐅᔨᓕᑌᓐᓇᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖓ ᓱᑦᓴᓂᕐᒪᖔᑕ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓄᑎᒋᒃ members. As a youth growing up, I didn’t see or appreciate ᖃᒧᖓᐅᓕᔪᒥᒃ ᓱᕐᕃᓯᒪᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᐊᐱᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᖃᓕᕋᒪ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ, all the emotional hardship nor the ripple effect this division ᑌᒣᓪᓗᐊᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᑌᒃᑯᐊ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᐅᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᑦᑎᓗᒋᑦ created. I only found out about what had occurred, and the ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ JBNQA-ᒥᒃ. depth of the impacts, when I was in my early twenties—the ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖓ ᓄᓇᒥᓂ (ITN) ᐅᖄᔭᐹᓘᓲᖑᒍᓐᓀᕋᓗᐊᕐᐸᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, age of a number of those leaders at the time when they had ᑕᖏᕐᒥ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᖁᑎᒋᔭᐅᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᒍᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᖄᕙᑦᑕᕕᓂᖏᑦ negotiated and signed the JBNQA. ᓱᓕ ᑐᓴᕐᓴᐅᓲᖑᖏᓐᓇᐳᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔪᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᑦᓴᓯᐅᕐᕕᐅᓕᕐᒪᑕ. Although Inuit Tungavinga Nunamini (ITN) may not be a ᒪᑭᑕᐅᑎᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᖅ, ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖅ, ᐊᑐᓪᓗᑐᕆᐊᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᒍᑦᔨᓃᑦ, ᓄᓇᒥᒃ big discussion topic nowadays, the core values and funda- ᐱᖃᕐᓂᖅ, ᑲᕙᒪᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓯᒋᐊᓪᓚᖏᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᐊᓗᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ mental principles they espoused still resonate during meet- ᐅᖄᒍᑕᐅᓂᕐᐹᓄᑦ ᐃᓅᓕᓚᐅᕐᑎᓇᖓᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᓱᓕ. ᓄᐃᑦᓯᓯᐊᕈᒪᕗᖓ ᐊᖏᔪᒥᒃ ings and community consultations. Economic development, ᓲᓱᑦᓴᓂᕋᓂᒃ ᑕᒣᓐᓂᒃ ITN-ᒥ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓂ language, essential services, ownership of the land, govern- (NQIA) ᐃᓚᐅᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᑎᒍᓯᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᑦᔨᐅᖏᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᔭᑦᓴᒥᒃ ance and many more were some of the main subjects of dis- ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᓂᐊᓱᑎᒃ ᓂᕈᐊᕐᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᓕᒫᑦᓯᐊᒥᓄᑦ. cussion before I was even born. I wish to underline my great ᑲᑉᐱᐊᑌᑦᑑᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᓴᐱᕆᔭᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᒋᐊᒥᒃ ᐱᔪᕆᐅ­ respect for both ITN and Northern Quebec Inuit Association ᑎᖃᓪᓚᕆᑦᓱᑎᒃ. ᐊᑦᔨᒌᒥᒃ ᒥᑭᓕᓵᓲᖑᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓲᓱᑦᓴᓲᖑᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᓯᒥᓂᒃ, (NQIA) members who undertook the exceptional task of rep- ᓂᖕᖓᐅᒪᓂᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᖃᖏᓐᓂ ᐊᐅᖓ ᑎᕐᑎᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂ resenting their constituents to the best of their ability. ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᑲᕙᒪᐅᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᒃᑯᓯᑎᑦᓯᒐᓱᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐳᕿᐊᓲᑎᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ They were fearless, courageous and proud to be Inuk. ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᓂᕐᒥᒍᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᐊᒡᒐᒥᓄᑦ Although equally humble and respectful, they had rage and ᑲᐅᓐᓂᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓵᒥᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᓄᐃᑎᑦᓯᖁᔨᑦᓱᑎᒃ the blood boiled in their veins when the governments of the ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓱᓕᑎᑦᓯᖁᔨᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᖁᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ, ᓯᕗᓪᓕᕕᓂᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᑦᑎᓂᒃ. day attempted to relinquish and question their Aboriginal ᐅᖁᒣᑦᑐᔪᐊᕌᓗᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓂᒃ ᓵᖕᖓᓯᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᑮᑕᒍᓗᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᑕᐅᓱᓂ rights and titles. They pounded the negotiation tables and ᐃᑲᔪᕐᑕᐅᔭᖏᒻᒪᕆᑦᓱᓂᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐊᖏᔫᑦᓱᓂ ᐊᔪᐃᓐᓇᕆ­ᐊᖃᕐᓇᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ asked elders and leaders to substantiate and authenticate our ᑐᕌᕐᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᓴᖑᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᓐᓂᖏᑦᑐᑦ.­ records, our history and our culture. The herculean endeavour ᐊᑕᑫᓐᓇᓚᖓᔪᖅ ᕿᑲᑫᓐᓇᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎ, ᓄᕐᖄᓚᑎᑦᓯᒍᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᔦᒻᔅ ᐯᒥ to face governments with little to no aid was a major chal- ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑐᓂᒃ, ᑌᒣᓕᔪᒥᒃ ᑐᓴᕆᐅᕈᑕᐅᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᒥ ᓇᓂᓕᒫᖅ. ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᔨ lenge but they never drifted from their goals. ᐋᓪᐳᑦ ᒪᓗᕝ ᐃᓕᑕᕐᓯᕙᓪᓚᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᖄᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ The interlocutory injunction, which halted the James ᓱᕖᕈᑦᔨᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂ ᑲᕙᒪᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᓕᐅᓚᕿᑎᑦᓱᒋᑦ “ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᐅᑉ Bay Project was unheard of around the world. Judge Albert ᓯᓚᑖᒍᑦ ᒪᒥᐅᑎᒍᑎᒥᒃ”, ᑖᑦᓱᒥᖓ JBNQA-ᒥᒃ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᐅᑦᓯᐊᓲᖑᓕᕐᑐᒥᒃ Malouf recognized Aboriginal rights, which forced the gov- ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐸᐅᓯᒪᒋᐊᖓ ᓄᑖᓂ ᑳᓇᑕᒥ ᓄᓇᑖᕐᓂᒧᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᓕᒫᓂ. ernment to negotiate an out-of-court agreement, the JBNQA ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ 1970-ᓂ ᑭᖑᓂᖓᓂ ᓯᕗᒧᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᐹᓗᕕᓂᐅᓕᕋᓗᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ,­ – better known today as the first modern Canadian land ᑕᐯᑦᓯᐊᓲ­ᖑᕗᖓ ᖃᓄᐃᓪᓗᐊᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᖃᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᕕᓂᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ­ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓱᒪᑦᓴᓯ­ claims agreement. ᐅᖃᑦᑕᑐᕕᓂᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂᑲᓪᓚᒃ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᓂᑌᑦ ᑐᓴᕈᑏᑦ ᐱᑕᖃᓚᐅᕐᑎᓇᒋᑦ. As progressive as they were for the early seventies, I am ᐃᕐᖃᐅᒪᒋᐊᖃᕐᖁᒍᑦ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕈᑎ ᑎᐊᓕᕕᓴᓐ ᓄᐃᒋᐅᑦᓯᐊᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒋᐊᖓ ᓴᓪᓗᓂ 1970-ᓂ amazed with the amount of communication and consulta-

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᓄᖑᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᑦᔫᑎᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒋᐊᖏᑦ ᓈᓚᐅᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ tion that happened back then without today’s technology. ᐱᐅᓯᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆᑦᓱᒍ. ᐃᓱᐊᖁᑎᓕᐹᓘᓕᕐᑐᒍᑦ ᐅᖃᓕᒪᐅᑎᓂᒃ, ᓱᑲᑦᑐᑰᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᓂᒃ, We must remember that television was a novelty in Salluit ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

52 in the late 1970s and com- munication by short wave radio was the norm. With the advent of technology, today’s communication amongst ourselves is so simple. We have the conveniences of telephones, faxes, emails, and facebook to name a few. Paved roads allow us to visit neighbours easily with- out the dust, which used to cloud our communities. When we wish to visit rela- tives or friends in neighbour- ing communities we are able to board air planes operated by Air Inuit, a profitable sub- sidiary company owned by Makivik on behalf of Nunavik Inuit. Back then, during the negotiations they needed

© WILLIAM TAGOONA WILLIAM © to buy their own bush plane just to be able to go do their ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᑲᑦᑕᐅᑎᒍᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᐅᑐᑲᑦᑕᐅᑎᒍᑎᓂᒃ ᐃᓓᓐᓇᖏᑦ ­community consultations. Ultimately, we have come a ᐅᖃᕐᓗᒋᑦ; ᕿᑦᓱᑎᒉᑦ ᐊᕐᖁᑏᑦ ᐅᕙᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᕕᖃᕐᑎᓯᕙᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᓴᓂᓪᓕᑎᓐᓄᑦ ᐳᓛᕆᐊᕐᓂᒥᒃ long way from dogsleds and the qajaq. When you think ᐳᔪᕋᖃᕐᑎᓇᒍ ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑕ ᓂᑦᑌᑑᒍᑎᒋᕙᓚᐅᕐᑕᖓᓂᒃ. ᑕᑯᒍᒪᓕᕋᑦᑕ ᐱᖃᓐᓈᑎᓐᓂᒃ about it we are very lucky to be able to instantaneously ᐃᓚᑦᑎᓂᓪᓘᓃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᖃᓂᒋᔭᑦᑎᓂ ᐃᑭᒍᓐᓇᓲᖑᓕᕐᑐᒍᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦᑯᑦ message, chat or call one another with cell phones and ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᑦᓯᐊᑐᓄᑦ ᕿᑐᕐᖓᕆᑦᓱᒍ ᑎᒥᖁᑎᖓᓄᑦ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᑯᑦ computers. ᑭᒡᒐᑑᑎᒋᑦᓱᒍ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ. ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖅ Our elders are our source of wisdom and have much ᓄᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᒧᑦ ᒥᒍᓐᓇᑐᒥᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᕐᓯᒋᐊᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᑦᓴᓯᐅᕐᓗᒋᑦ to teach us regarding how things came to be; it is we who ᐊᕝᕕᑕᕈᓐᓇᕈᒪᑐᐃᓐᓇᓱᑎᒃ! ᑕᒪᑐᒪ ᐃᓱᐊᓂ, ᐊᕗᖔᓘᕐᓯᒪᓕᕐᖁᒍᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᑐᕕᓂᐅᑦᓱᑕ must now take on the challenge of passing the torch to ᕿᒧᑦᓯᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᔭᕐᓂᒃ. ᐃᓱᒪᒋᑐᐊᕈᑦᓯᐅᒃ ᖃᑭᒪᔪᐹᓘᓕᕐᖁᒍᑦ ᑕᒉᓐᓇᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᑦᓴᑎᓐᓂᒃ our future generations so they may know the struggles ᐊᐅᓪᓚᑎᑦᓯᒍᓐᓇᓕᕋᑦᑕ, ᐅᖄᒍᓐᓇᓕᕋᑦᑕ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐅᖃᓕᒪᐅᑎᒍᓐᓇᓕᕋᑦᑕ ᓇᑦᓴᑲᑦᑕᒐᕐᓄᑦ and hardship that Inuit went through to attain the suc- ᐅᖃᓕᒪᐅᑎᓄᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᓄᑦ. cesses of today. These successes are many; not only do ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕆᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᓯᓚᑐᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᕗᒍᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᒥᒐᖕᖏᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᕙᑦᑎᓂᒃ we have a thriving culture, we have retained our Inuktitut ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᑦᓴᖃᕐᖁᑦ ᐊᑦᑐᐊᔪᒥᒃ ᖃᓄᖅ ᐱᐅᓯᐅᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᑌᒣᑦᑐᕈᕐᓯᒪᓂᖓᓄᑦ; language. We continue to respect the land and waters and ᐅᕙᒍᑦ ᑎᒍᓯᒋᐊᖃᓕᕐᑐᒍᑦ ᐊᔪᐃᓐᓇᕈᑦᔨᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᑕᒪᑐᒪ ᐃᑯᒪᖓ ᐁᑦᑑᑎᒋᓛᕐᒥᒐᑦᑎᒍ harvest the many wildlife resources that provide subsist- ᑭᖑᕚᑦᓴᑎᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᓯᐊᓛᕐᒪᑕ ᐊᑦᓱᕉᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᖁᒣᓪᓕᐅᕈᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ence food to our people, which is not only a dietary pref- ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᕐᖁᓵᓕᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᖃᕋᓱᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᖃᑭᒪᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᑎᒍᒥᐊᓕᕐᑕᑎᓐᓂᒃ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ erence but distinguishes us as a unique people. ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓯᓯᒪᔭᕗᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᐊᓘᕗᑦ; ᐆᒪᑦᓯᐊᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᖃᖏᓐᓇᓱᑕ, ᑎᒍᒥᐊᖏᓐᓇᒥᔪᒍᑦ Seeing all the history and devotion that went into the ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᑦᑎᓂᒃ, ᓲᓱᑦᓴᖏᓐᓇᓱᑕᓗ ᓄᓇᓂᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒥᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐊᓐᓂᑐᓲᖑᖏᓐᓇᓱᑕ negotiations and the implementation thereof motivates­ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᓂᕿᑎᒍᑦ ᐆᒪᒍᓐᓇᑎᑦᓯᔪᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᖁᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ ᓂᕿᑎᒍᑦ me greatly and makes me feel very proud to be a ᐱᔪᒪᓂᕐᓴᕆᑐᐃᓐᓇᓇᒍ ᐃᓕᑕᕐᓇᐅᑎᒋᒻᒥᒐᑦᑎᒍ ᐊᑦᔨᐅᒐᑕ ᐃᓅᓂᑦᑎᒍᑦ.ᑕᑯᓐᓇᓱᖓ Nunavimmiuk. We understand that not all the points and ᓯᕗᓪᓕᓂᑕᕐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᑦᓱᙰᓐᓂᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᑐᕐᖁᑕᕕᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᓂᒧᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ issues were agreed to on that late night of November 11th ᐊᓱᐃᓛᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᓕᕐᑎᓯᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᑌᒫᓪᓗᑐᖅ ᐱᔪᑦᓴᐅᔮᕐᑎᑕᐅᕗᖓ ᐃᑉᐱᒍᓱᐊᒍᑎᒋᑦᓱᒍᓗ in 1975, but it is our duty now as Nunavik Inuit to look at ᐱᔪᕆᓂᕐᔪᐊᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᖑᒋᐊᖅ. ᑐᑭᓯᒪᕗᒍᑦ ᐱᔪᒪᔭᕗᑦ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᒪᒍᑎᒋᒋᐊᓖᑦ new ways to improve our wellbeing while concurrently ᓱᓇᒥᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᖏᕐᑕᐅᓯᒪᖕᖏᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᐅᓐᓄᐊᖃᑐᖃᒃᑯᑦ ᓄᕕᒻᐱᕆ 11-ᒥ 1975- preserving our identity by aligning ourselves with the ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᑌᒣᒐᓗᐊᕐᐸᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᐅᕙᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐃᓅᔪᒍᑦ ᐱᔭᑦᓴᕆᓕᕐᒥᔭᕗᑦ Inuit way of doing things. For my part, in my capacity ᕿᓂᕆᐊᖃᕐᓱᑕ ᓄᑖᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᖁᑎᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᖃᓄᐃᖕᖏᓂᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᒋᓚᖓᓗᒋᑦ as Makivik Vice-President, I pledge to the people of ᓱᓕ ᐱᐅᓕᑦᓯᒪᖏᓐᓇᒥᓗᑕ ᑭᓇᒃᑰᓂᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᒪᓕᑦᓯᐊᓗᑕ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᐅᓯᖓᓂᒃ ᖃᓄᓕᒫᖅ Nunavik that I will do my very best to ensure continued ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕈᑎᒥᒍᑦ. ᐅᕙᖓᓕ, ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᒪᕆᒻᒧᑦ ᑐᖓᓕᐅᓂᕋᑎᒍᑦ, ᐅᖃᕐᐳᖓ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ sound management of our wildlife resources to ensure ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᓕᒫᑦᓯᐊᕋᓄᑦ ᐊᔪᐃᓐᓇᓚᖓᓂᕋᓂᒃ ᓱᕐᖁᐃᕋᓱᓪᓗᖓ ᓂᑲᓇᖕᖏᑐᒥᒃ generations to come will be able to continue practicing ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᕗᓐᓂᒃ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᑎᒍᑦ ᐱᔭᑦᓴᖁᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᓱᕐᖁᐃᕈᑎᒋᓗᒋᑦ ᑭᖑᕚᑦᓭᑦ ᙯᔪᑦ the culture and lifestyle that our forefathers established. ᐊᑐᕈᓐᓇᖏᓐᓇᓛᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᕕᓂᑦᑕ ᒪᑭᑎᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ. mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

53 ᐋᓐᑎ ᐲᕐᑎ Andy Pirti ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᕆᔨᒻᒪᕆ Treasurer

ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖓ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ I was a year old when the James Bay and Northern Québec ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᐃᓚᒃᑲ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᒥᐅᒍᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑌᑦᓱᒨᓇ ᐅᐱᓐᓇᕋᓂᓗ, Agreement (JBNQA) was signed. My family lived in Puvirnituq ᑐᑭᓯᒪᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᖓ­ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᕆᓂᕐᓂᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᑭᑦᑐᐊᐱᐅᓯᒪᒐᒪ. ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ at the time and, of course, I couldn’t understand Nunavik pol- ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᐅᔪᕕᓂᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᓯᑦᔨᒍᑕᐅᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖅ­ ᐊᑑᑎᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔭᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ itics at such a young age. By then the historic signing was set- ᐅᐱᒋᑦᓯᐊᓱᒎᕐᑕᕋ. tled and changed the course of our shared history to which ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐊᒥᓲᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᓈᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ, ᐊᐅᔭᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᑯᓕᕕᒻᒥ, ᐅᒥᐊᕐᒥᒃ I am profoundly proud of. ᑎᑭᑦᑐᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓯᑦᔭᒨᕐᑐᒥᒃ ᑯᐊᐸᒃᑯᑦ ᓴᓂᐊᓄᑦ. ᑌᑦᓱᒨᓇ ᑎᑭᕋᕐᒦᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ, Few years had passed, and during a summer in Akulivik, ᑯᐊᐸᐅᑉ ᓯᓂᑦᑕᕕᑦᑖᖃᒻᒥᖓᑕ ᐃᓂᒋᓕᕐᑕᖓᓂ. ᑲᒃᑲᓛᒍᑦᓱᑕ, ᓱᓇᓕᒫᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᓂᐊ­ a boat arrived and went to the shore near the Co-op. Back ᕋᕐᐸᓚᐅᕋᑦᑕ, ᐅᒥᐊᕐᒧᑦ ᐊᕐᐸᓯᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᒍᑦ. ᓵᓕ ᒍᐊᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᖓᓄᑦ. ᓭᒨᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ then it was still at the point, where the new Co-op hotel now ᐅᖄᕕᖃᖃᑦᑕᓱᓂᓗ. ᑐᓵᔪᕕᓂᐅᑦᓱᖓ ᓵᓕ ᐅᖄᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐊᓇᕐᕋᓯᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖓ ᐊᓈᓇᒐᓗ stands. Us kids, as curious as we were, ran towards the boat. ᐅᖃᐅᑎᑦᓱᒍ ᑕᑯᑫᓐᓇᑕᕐᓃᕙᖓ. ᓚᑦᓱᖓ “ᖃᓪᓗᓈᒥᒃ ᑕᑯᑫᓐᓇᖁᖓ ᐅᒥᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᑐᒥᒃ. It was Charlie Watt’s boat. He shook their hands and spoke ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑑᓲᒥᒃ !” ᐊᓈᓇᖓ ᐋᑦᓯᐊᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ. with them. After listening to him talk I ran home to tell my ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᖓᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᒋᐅᕈᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᕋ ᐊᐅᓚᔨᑦᓱᒍ. ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒃ mother what I encountered. I said, “A white man arrived by ᑮᓇᐅᔭᕐᑖᐸᓪᓕᐊᓯᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ. $92-ᒥᓕᐊᓄᑦ ᑎᑭᑐᐃᓐᓇᕋᑕᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᑦᓱᑎᒃ. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ the boat. He speaks Inuttitut!” My mother had a good laugh. ᐊᕙᑎᓪᓗ ᖁᓕᓪᓗ ᐅᖓᑖᓅᕐᑐᑦ ᓈᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒃ $364-ᒥᓕᐊᓐᕌᕈᓇᐅᓕᕐᑐᖅ. That was my first recollection of meeting someone from ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᐱᒍᑦᔭᐅᓯᐊᕐᕈᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᒍᑦ. ᐃᓛᓐᓂ Makivik. During that time funds had started to flow to Makivik ᖄᖏᕐᓂᑯᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᒐᓱᐊᕐᑕᕗᑦ ᖄᖏᕐᓂᑯᓕᐅᕈᑎᒋᓗᐊᕐᓯᒪᕙᖕᖏᑲᓗᐊᕐᓱᒋᑦ, ᐅᓪᓗᒥ and would eventually total $92 million. Over 30 years have ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᑎᒥᐊᕈᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᕙᑉᐳᑦ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐱᕈᕐᐸᓕᐊᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓂᓪᓗ passed and today Makivik is worth $364 million. The deci- ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒍᑎᒋᕙᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᓴᓇᒍᑎᒋᕙᑦᓱᒋᓪᓗ ᐃᓪᓗᔪᐊᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᖁᑎᑦᑎᓂ. sions taken during the course of the decades has worked in ᑐᑭᑖᕐᓯᒪᓂᕗᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᑦᑖᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᕐᓗᑕ ᕿᑲᕐᑐᓴᔭᕐᑖᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᕐᓗᑕᓗ ᖄᖏᕐᓂᑯᓕ­ our favor. Although some investments weren’t always profit- ᐅᕈ­­ᑎᒋᑦᓯᐊᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᒋᕙᕗᑦ. ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒃ $9.6-ᒥᓕᐊᓂᒃ ᕿᑲᕐᑐᓴᔭᕐᑖᕆᐊᖕᖓᓯᒪᕗᖅ­ able, in the end, today Makivik’s subsidiaries are helping the ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ © JERRY POREBSKI JERRY ©

54 © MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK ©

ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᕆᔨᒻᒪᕆᖓ, ᐋᓐᑎ ᐲᕐᑎ, (ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂᑦ ᑐᖓᓕᖅ), ᑐᓴᕐᑎᓯᔪᖅ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᓂᒃ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᒃᑑᐱᕆ 2015-ᒥ - ᐲᕐᑎᐅᑉ ᑕᓕᕐᐱᐊᓃᑦᑐᖅ ᒥᓯᐊᓪ ᑖᕐᑎᕝ, ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᖅᑎᓯᔨᖓ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᕆᕕᒻᒥ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᓕᕆᕕᒻᒥᓗ. Makivik Treasurer, Andy Pirti, (second from left), reporting to the board of directors at the Makivik Board meeting in October 2015. To Pirti’s right is Michel Tardif, Makivik’s Director of Finance and Administration.

ᑐᖕᖓᕕᑦᑖᖃᑦᑕᓱᓂ. ᐅᓪᓗᒥ, ᑐᖕᖓᕕᑦᑖᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ $103-ᒥᓕᐊᓃᒍᓇᐅᓕᕐᑐᑦ growth of the corporation and it has provided substantial amounts ᓂᐅᕐᕈᓭᕕᓐᓃᒐᔭᕈᑎᒃ, ᑲᑎᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᑦᑖᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᕿᑲᕐᑐᓴᔭᕐᑖᕆᓯ­ of donations to the communities along with the construction of ᒪᔭᖏᓪᓗ $125-ᒥᓕᐊᓃᒍᓇᐅᓛᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓯᑦᑎᒻᐱᕆ 30, 2014 ᑎᑭᓪᓗᒍ. infrastructure in our communities. ᐊᒻᒪᓗ, ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᑎᒥᐊᕈᖁᑎᖏᑦᑕ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᓈᒻᒪᓈᕐᓯᒪᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᕐᖁᑦ. The decision to invest in stocks and bonds has paid dividends ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑎᒥᐊᕈᖁᑎᖏᑦ $200-ᒥᓕᐊᓐ ᐅᖓᑖᓅᕐᑐᓄᑦ immensely as well. Makivik initially invested $9.6 million in stocks. ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᓐᓂᖁᑦ ᓴᑑᑏᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᑕᐅᓯᒪᒍᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᑮᓇᐅᔦᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑕᐅᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᓯᒪᔪᑦ Today, stocks are worth $103 million at a market value and in total ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᐊᓂᒍᕐᑐᓂ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᖃᕐᑎᓗᑕ ᑐᓂᕐᕈᓯᕈᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᑦᓱᑕᓗ, ᑲᑎᑦᓱᑎᒃ stocks and bonds are worth $125 million as of September 30, 2014. $104-ᒥᓕᐊᓂᒃ. Also, some of the subsidiaries of Makivik have faired pretty well. ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑎᒥᒃ ᐊᓂᒎᑎᑎᑦᓯᖃᒻᒥᓚᐅᔪᕗᑦ ᐊᖏᕈ­ In Makivik’s equity the subsidiaries account for in book value of ᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓄᑖᒥᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕆᐊᓪᓚᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᒪᓕᒐᕐᒥᒃ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᒪᓕᒐᖅ over $200 million. The funds have been well managed through the ᐸᕐᓀᕈᑎᑦᓴᓯᐊᒍᓚᖓᔪᖅ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕆᐊᓪᓚᕈᑎᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᑎᕐᑎᑕᐅᑦᓯᐊᖃᑦᑕᕆ­ ­ years of growth while sustaining regular donations, which have now ᐊᖃᖕᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᕐᑎᑕᐅᑦᓯᐊᖁᑦᓱᒋᑦ totaled $104 million. ᓱᓇᒥᑦᑐᓯᐊᓂᒃ ᑕᕝᕘᓇᑦᓭᓇᖅ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᕐᑖᐸᓪᓕᐊᒐᓱᐊᕐᒥᓗᑕ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ Recently, Makivik’s board of directors passed a resolution to adopt ᐃᓅᒐᓱᐊᕈᑎᑦᓭᑦ ᐊᑭᑦᑐᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖏᑦ ᐊᖑᒪᒐᓱᐊᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᓪᓗ a new investment policy. This policy will allow for better planning on ᐅᓄᕐᓯᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᖏᑦ. the return of investments, and also ensure that community projects ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ ᐃᓱᐊᕐᑐᓕᒫᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᒐᓂ are funded to the maximum while also ensuring growth of capital ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᒐᓗᐊᖅ. ᐊᒥᓱᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᒋᒐᔭᕐᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᓯᐅᔨᓯᒪᒐᑦᑕ in line with Nunavik cost of living increases and population growth. ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐊᑦᑕᓀᑦᑐᒦᒌᒃᑯᑎᑖᕆᓯᒪᒋᕙᕗᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᑦᓯᐊᑐᓂᓪᓗ The JBNQA is not a perfect agreement. We lost a great deal of rights ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᑖᕐᕕᒋᑦᓱᒍ ᐃᓚᐅᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐱᖁᔭᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂᑦ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐅ­ in the process. Yet we also gained secure and firmly written rights ᑎᑖᕆᓯᒪᔭᕗᑦ. ᓯᕗᒧᐊᕆᐊᖃᕋᑦᑕ ᐊᓯᐅᔨᓯᒪᑦᔭᑦᑎᓂᑐᐊᖅ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᑐ­ including the subsequent rights we received in the Constitution of ᐊᖃᓚᖓᖕᖏᓚᒍᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓕ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓯᓯᒪᔭᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᖃᓚᖓᕗᒍᑦ Canada. Going forward we need to focus not on what we lost but ᓱᓇᒋᐊᓪᓚᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓯᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᒋ­ᐊᓪᓚᒍᓐᓇᒪᖔᑦᑕ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᖃᓚᖓᕗᒍᑦ. what we gained and what we will continue to gain. mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

55 ᐋᓐᑎ ᒨᖃᐅᔅ Andy Moorhouse Corporate Secretary ᐅᓂᒃᑲᐅᓯᑦᓴᐅᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᓪᓗ ᒪᕐᕈᓗᐃᑦ ᐊᓂᒍᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓯᐅᕈᑎᖃᕐᓂᑎᓐᓂ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ Reflections on the 40th Anniversary ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ of the JBNQA

ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᐅᐱᒍᓲᑦᔨᕗᖓ ᐃᓗᖏᕐᑐᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᒍᑎᒋᑦᓱᒋᓪᓗ ᓴᐳᑦᔨᓯᒪᑦᓯ­ I congratulate Nunavimmiut for your dedication and ᐊᖏᓐᓇᓲᒍᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥᒃ ᐱᐅᓯᕆᕙᑦᑕᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ 40-ᓂ ᐊᓂᒍᕐᑐᓂ, continued support of Makivik Corporation over the last ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕᐅᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒋᓂᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ. 40 years, since the signing of the James Bay and Northern ᑕᒪᑐᒧᖓ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᒍᑦ ᐱᔪᕆᒪᐅᑎᑦᓴᓯᐊᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᔪᖓ ᐃᓅᓯᓕᒫᕋᓂ, ᐅᓪᓗᒥ Québec Agreement (JBNQA). 36-ᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖃᓕᕐᓱᖓ. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᐱᖓᓲᔪᕐᑐᓂ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᑦᓱᖓ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓴᖏᓐᓄᑦ. I have been part of this proud Nunavik legacy for all ᓂᕐᑐᐸᒃᑲᓗ ᓴᐱᕐᓂᖃᕋᑎᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᓯᓚᐅᕐᑐᕕᓃᑦ ᐅᓇᑕᓯᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓇᓄᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ— my life, now 36 years. This includes the past six years as a ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᓐᓂᒃ—ᑌᒃᑯᐊᖑᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᑦᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑖᕋᓱᑦᓱᑎᒃ member of the Makivik executive committee. I commend ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᖁᒣᑦᑐᐊᓗᒃᑰᓯᒪᒻᒪᑕ the courageous individuals who first took the necessary ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑖᕋᓱᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ steps in that battle with a polar bear—the ᐱᑖᕆᐅᕈᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᖓᓂᒃ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᑦ Government of Quebec—as these nego- ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓯᐅᓂᕐᒨᓕᖓᔪᑦ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ tiators of the JBNQA were under extreme ᐊᓪᓚᑕᐅᓯᒪᓚᖓᕗᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᒪᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᑦᓴᒋᐊᓪᓚᐅᓗᑎᒃ pressure to settle an agreement that was ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑕᕐᑕᑐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ the first of its kind notably among Inuit ᖃᓄᐃᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᒪᓂᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ, ᐃᓚᐅ­ in Canada. This special edition of Makivik ᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᓐᓂᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᑎᓕᐅ­ Magazine is tailored to give more infor- ᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᐅᓯᒪᔪᓪᓗ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ mation to Nunavik beneficiaries about ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ Nunavik’s history, including the nego- ᓯᕗᓂᖃᕈᑎᐅᒻᒪᑕ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ tiating and signing of the JBNQA. It is ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓯᐅᕈᑎᐅᓂᕐᒥᓗ ᓄᑭᖃᒻᒪᕆᑦᓯᒪᓂᑦᑎᓂᒃ meant to educate as well as to celebrate ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᓱᑕ. ᐱᓪᓚᕆᐅᒻᒪᑦ our strength as Nunavik Inuit. It is impor- ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᑦᓴᐅᓂᕗᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᑎᒍᑦ tant that we are aware of our Inuit ability ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓂ­ᖃᑦᓯᐊᕆᐊᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᓴᐱᓕᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᐅᔭᕋᑕ to persevere and adapt to ever-changing ᐊᑑᑎᒍᓐᓇᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᓲᒎᑦᓱᑕᓗ ᐊᓯᑦᔨᑲᑕᓐᓂᐅᕙᑦᑐᓄᑦ realities that we have faced in the last ᐃᓅᓯᑦᑎᓂ ᐊᑑᑎᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᓕᕐᑕᑎᓐᓂᒃ several decades. We will face more chal- ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒐᓵᓗᓕᕐᑐᓂ.­ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᑎᓂ ᓵᖕᖓᔭᑦᓴ­ lenges but the continuance of this leg-

ᖃᖏᓐᓈᑐᒍᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊᖑᒐᓗᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ X2 CORPORATION MAKIVIK © acy is our mandate as leaders. ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᑎᖏᓐᓇᕆᐊᖃᕐᑕᕗᑦ ᑎᓕᔭᐅᓯᒪᒍ­ I would also like to commend ᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᒋᔭᐅᑦᓱᑕ ᐊᑐᕐᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᓗᑕ. Makivik’s previous corporate secretaries: Annie Lock Popert, ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᕈᒪᕗᖓ ᐱᔪᕆᓂᖃᕐᓱᖓ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᑎᒻᒪᕆᒋᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᑯᓂᖓ: Simeonie Nalukturuk, Johnny Adams, the late Martha Kauki, ᐋᓂ ᓛᒃ ᐴᐳᑦ, ᓰᒥᐅᓂ ᓈᓚᑦᑑᔭᖅ, ᔮᓂ ᐋᑕᒥ, ᐃᓄᖃᑎᒋᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔭᕗᓪᓗ ᒫᑕ Daniel Epoo, Sheila Watt Cloutier and George Berthe whom ᖃᐅᒃᑫ, ᑕᓂᐊᓪᓕ ᐃᐳ, ᓰᓚ ᒍᐊᑦ ᑯᓗᑦᓯᐄ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᔮᔨ ᐴᑎ ᓂᕈᐊᕐᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᒻᒥᒪᑕ were also elected by Nunavik beneficiaries to help ensure ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓄᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑕᕐᑕᑐᓄᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᓂᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᓕᕆᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ the administration of Makivik; the smooth, successful busi- ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ, ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᓂᒃ, ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ness practices of our subsidiaries and the implementation ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᒋᐊᓪᓚᖁᑎᑦᑕ ᐱᒐᓱᐊᕈᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᓕᕐᑎᓯᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ of the JBNQA. Without the active and determined commit- ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᓂᕈᐊᕐᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᖃᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᓂᖏᑉᐸᑕ ment of all former executives, we would not be where we ᓴᐱᑐᐃᓐᓇᓚᐅᔪᒐᑎᓪᓗ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓴᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᑕᒪᐅᖓ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᓯᒪᒐᔭᖕᖏᓇᑦᑕ. are today. We continue to work towards shaping Nunavik ᑲᔪᓯᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑉᐳᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑕᕐᑕᑐᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᖏᑦ ᐱᐅᓂᕐᓴᒧᑦ for the betterment of all beneficiaries. ᑎᑭᐅᑎᖃᑦᑕᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ. As we mark the 40th year of the signing of the JBNQA, ᓇᓪᓕᐅᑎᑎᑦᓗᑕ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᐊᕙᑎᓪᓗ ᒪᕐᕈᓗᓂ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᐅᓯᒪᔫᑉ ᐊᓂᒍᕐᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ I think back on our progress and how fortunate we must ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᐃᕐᖃᐅᒪᑦᓯᕗᖓ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᒍ­ feel for the work of our former leaders. Although we have ᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᓪᓗᑐᐊᓗᑦᓯᒪᒋᐊᑦᑕᓗ ᐅᐱᒍᓱᒍᑎᒋᒋᐊᖃᓕᕐᑕᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᑦᑕ experienced projects and ventures that fell short, we should ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᑌᒪᓕ ᐊᑑᑎᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᒐᓗᐊᕐᒥᓱᑕ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᓱᓕᕐᑕᑕᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑎ­ look at the bigger picture and the greater share of success- ᒋᒐᓱᓕᕐᑕᑕᓗ ᑲᔪᓯᑦᓯᐊᖏᑦᑑᓂᕆᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᑕᐅᑐᑦᑕᖃᕐᓂᓴᐅᔪᒃᓴᐅᕗᒍᑦ ful initiatives. A couple of great examples are our airlines: ᐱᔭᐅᑦᓯᐊᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᓂᓪᓗ. ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᐅᑦᑐᕋᐅᑎᑦᓴᓯᐊᒃ First Air and Air Inuit. These two wholly-owned Makivik ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁᑎᕗᒃ, ᕘᔅ ᐃᐊᒃᑯᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦᑯᓗ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᓪᓚᕆᒋᑦᓱᒋᒃ companies provide essential transportation services that ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᖁᑎᒋᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᐅᓱᖑᒻᒪᓃᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᕆᐊᖃᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᒍᑎᓂᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ the North requires and we will ensure they continue to ᑭᖕᖒᒪᓇᕐᑐᓚᕆᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓱᕐᖁᐃᑐᒥᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᓂᑦᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᑎᓃᑦᑐᓂ prosper for many years to come.

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᒋᓂᐊᕐᑕᕗᒃ. Other advancements that we take pride in are the affil- ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᓯᕗᒧᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᖁᑎᕗᑦ ᐱᔪᕆᒪᐅᑎᒋᑦᓱᒋᓪᓗ ᐱᑐᑦᓯᒪᐅ­ iations with our Inuit counterparts across Canada. These

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᑎᖃᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᕆᕙᕗᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᖃᑎᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᖑᖃᑎᒋᔭᕗᓐᓄᑦ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ partnerships demonstrate our common interests and our 56 ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᑎᒻᒪᕆᖓ, ᐋᓐᑎ ᒧᐊᖃᐅᔅ, ᐅᖄᖃᑎᓕᒃ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᐊᕐᑎᐅᓯᒪᔪᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᖃᕐᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂᓘᕐᑐᒥᒃ, ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓᒥᒃ, ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥᐅᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᔪᐊᖃᕈᑎᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ, ᐊᑐᒑᒥ, 2015-ᒥ. Makivik Corporate Secretary, Andy Moorhouse, speaking with JBNQA negotiator and signatory, Zebedee Nungak, at an Arctic Council language symposium, Ottawa, 2015.

ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒋᓐᓃᑦ ᑕᑯᑦᓴᐅᑎᑦᓯᔪᑦ ᐊᑦᔨᒌᓂᒃ ᐅᓇᒻᒥᓱᐊᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᐅᖃ­ unified position as Inuit standing together. We continue to ᑎᒌᒍᑎᒋᓲᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᓕᒫᑎᒍᑦ. ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᕐᑕᕆᐊᓪᓚᒐᓱᖏᓐᓇᐳᒍᓪᓗ strengthen our Inuit stance, as a people who share com- ᐃᓄᑦᑎᒍᑦ ᒪᑭᑕᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑦᑎᒍᑦ, ᐊᑦᔨᒌᓂᒃ ᐱᐅᓯᖃᑎᒌᖑᓂᑦᑎᒍ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᒪᓂᒃᑯᓗ, monalities that stem from our history, traditions, culture, ᐱᐅᓯᑐᖃᒃᑯᓗ, ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᒃᑯᓗ, ᐅᖃᐅᓯᑦᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᐃᓚᐅᑦᓴᖏᔦᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᖁᒣᑦᑐᑎᒍᑦ language and, of course, the struggles we see today. We are ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᖃᕐᓂᕆᓲᕗᑦ. ᐱᓇᓱᒃᑲᑕ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᐅᖁᒣᑦᑑᕙᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᕐᕿᒍᑎᑦᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᕿᓂᕐᓱᑕ working towards finding solutions for these struggles in a ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᓕᕐᑐᖅ ᖃᓄᓕᒫᖅ ᐊᑕᖏᕐᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᐅᓯᖃᕐᓗᑕ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᓂᐊᕐᑐᓂᒃ modern and holistic fashion that will be conducive to our ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᑎᒍᑦ ᑭᖕᖒᒪᑦᓯᒍᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ. unique Inuit needs. ᓄᓇᕕᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᓗᓂ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᖃᑐᐃᓐᓇᓚᖓᒻᒪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᓪᓗ ᑲᔪᓯᔪᒥᒃ ᐃᓚᐅᕙᓪᓕ­ Nunavik will continue to develop and Inuit will continue ᐊᖏᓐᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᓗᑎᒃ. ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᔪᒥᒃ to be strongly involved in this development. The JBNQA will ᐊᑐᓕᕐᑎᑕᐅᕙᓪᓕᐊᖏᓐᓇᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᐊᑐᑦ. ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᓪᓗ continue to need implementation in the years ahead. The ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᐊᓂᒍᕐᑐᓂ, ᐅᓪᓗᒥᓗ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᑎᓐᓂᓗ ᓂᕈᐊᕐᑕᐅᒪᔪᓄᑦ ᓱᕐᖁᐃᑐᒥᒃ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥᒃ commitment and work of past, present and future elected ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᐅᓂᐊᕐᐳᑦ ᓵᖕᖓᔭᖃᕐᑎᐅᓗᓂ ᐃᓅᑦᔪᓯᑎᒍᓪᓗ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᓐᓂᑯᑦ officials ensures that Makivik will continue to stand up for ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᑦᑕᓗ ᑲᔪᓯᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᑎᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᖓᓂ ᑭᖑᕚᖑᓛᕐᑐᓄᑦ the social, economic and cultural viability of future Nunavik ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑕᐅᒐᔭᕐᓗᑎᒃ. generations. ᓇᑯᕐᒦᐸᒃᑲ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᒻᒥ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃᐅᕕᒐᓂ ᐊᓪᓚᑎᒻᒪᕆᐅᑉ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᖓᓂ I thank all my staff in the Corporate Secretary’s Department ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᖁᑎᒃᑲ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᓯᒪᑦᓯᐊᐸᒻᒪᑕ ᐅᓪᓗᑕᒫᕐᓯᐅᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᖃᕐᓂᒥᒍᑦ who have contributed to Makivik through carrying out their ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑦᓯᓱᑎᒃ—ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓴᓗᒻᒪᓭᔨᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᓯᖁᒥᓯᒪᔪᕐᓂᐊᑎᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᑎᑭᑦᓱᒋᑦ daily professional duties – from our janitors and mainte- ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᓕᕆᔨᕗᑦ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓴᐅᔪᓪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑏᑦ. ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᓱᒋᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐃᓗᖏᕐᑐᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᓱᑎᒃ nance crew to our administrative and senior staff. On behalf ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᑉᐸᑐᑦ, ᐅᖃᕈᒪᕗᖓ ᐅᐱᒍᓱᑦᑐᒪᕆᐅᒋᐊᕐᒪ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᖏᓐᓂᒃ of this dedicated team, I also wish to express my gratitude ᐅᑉᐱᕈᓱᑦᓯᐊᓱᑎ ᓴᐳᑦᔨᓯᒪᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᓲᒍᒻᒪᑕ. to Nunavik Inuit for your trust and support. mag ­ a zine ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒋᐊᓪᓚᓂ 40-ᓂᒃ ᐅᖓᑖᓄᓪᓗ ᓯᕗᓂᖃᕐᓱᑕ, ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᖁᕙᑦᓯ. With another 40 years and more to come, best regards. MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

57 ᓂᓪᓕᐅᔨᒍᑎᖏᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᑕ Mot du premier ministre du Québec A Word from the Premier of Québec COURTESY OF THE OFFICE OF THE PREMIER OF QUÉBEC OF PREMIER THE OF OFFICE THE OF COURTESY

ᑕᒃᒐᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑦᑎᓂ ᓅᕕᒻᐱᕆ 11, 2015 ᐅᓪᓗᖓ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᑎᓂᐅᓚᓕᕐᖁᖅ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ 40 ᓴᕐᕿᔮᓕᕐᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᐅᓯᒪᔫᑉ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓄᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃᕆᔭᐅᑦᓱᖓ, ᖁᕕᐊᓱᑉᐳᖓ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓯᐅᖃᑕᐅᒋᐊᒥᒃ ᑖᑦᓱᒥᖓ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᒪᔪᓂ ᐱᔪᖃᕐᓂᐅᓯᒪᒻᒪᕆᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᑖᒃᑯᑎᒎᓇ ᑕᑯᑦᓴᐅᒪᑕ ᐊᑦᔨᖃᕋᑎᒃ ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᖃᕐᑐᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᖃᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᑕᐅᔭᕆᐊᓖᑦ. ᑌᓐᓇ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐱᑕᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᐅᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᐅᓚᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᓂᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖓᑕ ᑕᕐᕋᓯᕙᓪᓕᖓᓂ, ᑐᖕᖓᕕᖃᕐᓗᑎᒃ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑖᕆᓯᒪᔭᒥᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᑎᑕᐅᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᑐᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᔪᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᒋᔭᐅᓂᐊᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓴᕐᕿᔮᕈᑎᓪᓚᕆᐅᓗᑎᒃ ᑭᓇᐅᑎᓐᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑏᑦ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᑕᐅᓂᖓᑦ ᐅᒃᑯᐃᓯᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑦᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓗ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᖏᑕ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᐊᑦᔨᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᓇᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑖᖑᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓯᒍᑎᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑖᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᐃᓚᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᓪᓗᑐᐊᓗᓐᓂ ᑲᕙᒪᐅᔫᑉ ᐊᐅᓚᒋᐊᓕᖏᓐᓂ ᐱᑐᑦᓯᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᖃᓄᐃᖕᖏᓯᐊᕐᑐᓴᐅᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᖁᑎᖏᑕ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᒋᐊᓕᖏᓐᓄᓗ ᐃᓅᑦᔪᓯᖃᑎᒌᑎᒍᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᒋᑦᓱᒍ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑏᑦ ᐅᒃᑯᐃᓯᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐱᔭᕇᕈᑎᐅᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᓕᕐᓱᓂ ᐊᒥᓱᑲᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᐱᓪᓚᕆᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᓂᒃ, ᓲᕐᓗ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᓴᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᖓᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᑭᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᓄᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ (ᓴᓇᕐᕈᑎᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑏᑦ). ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᖓ ᐱᔭᖃᕋᓱᐊᖏᓐᓇᓯᐊᓲᖑᕗᖅ ᓲᓱᒋᔭᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑕᐅᓂᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᒃ ᓲᓱᒋᔭᖃᑦᓯᐊᓗᑎᒃ. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᐊᒥᓱᑲᓪᓚᓂ ᐊᓂᒍᕐᑐᓂ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᓕᕐᖁᑦ ᐊᓐᓂᑐᔪᓂᒃ ᑐᑭᓯᓂᐊᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ, ᑖᒃᑯᑎᒎᓇ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ ᐅᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᓅᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᓱᓇᓂᓪᓗ ᓂᕆᐅᒍᑎᖃᕐᒪᖔᕐᒥᒃ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓴᕐᕿᕈᑎᐅᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᓯᒪᐅᑎᒃᑯᑦ ᑐᓴᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᑕ ᑐᑭᓯᕙᓪᓕᒍᑎᒋᓂᐊᕐᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ ᐃᓅᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑖᒃᑯᑎᒎᓇ ᑐᑭᓯᒪᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᕐᓱᑕ ᓱᓀᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᓗᑐᕆᐊᖃᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᓂᑦᓴᖏᑦ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᕐᑎᒋᐊᓖᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓯᒍᑎᑦᓴᐅᓗᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᖑᑏᓪᓗ ᐊᕐᓀᓗ ᓂᕆᐅᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓅᑦᔪᓯᒥᒍᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᑭᖕᖒᒪᑦᓯᒪᑕ, ᐃᓅᑦᔪᓯᖃᑎᒌᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᖏᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᓄᖏᑦ ᐊᖏᔪᕐᔪᐊᕌᓗᓐᓂᒃ ᓵᖕᖓᔭᑦᓴᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ. ᐊᖏᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᔪᕆᒪᓂᖃᕐᓂᖏᑦ ᑭᓇᐅᑎᓐᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓴᐳᑎᔭᐅᓯᒪᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᖁᕝᕙᑎᑕᐅᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᖓᑕ, ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖓᑕ ᐱᐅᓯᑐᖃᕐᒥᒍᓪᓗ ᐃᓅᒍᓯᖏᑦ ᓱᓕᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᐅᒋᐊᖃᕐᐳᑦ ᓱᑲᓐᓂᓴᓂᒃ ᖃᓄᐃᓘᕈᑎᐅᒍᓐᓇᑐᓂᒃ, ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᑦᓯᐊᕆᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᐅᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᑑᑎᔭᐅᓕᕇᕐᑐᓄᑦ. ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒃᑯᓗ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᕆᕙᑦᑕᖓᑦ, ᑕᑯᑦᓴᐅᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᖅ ᑲᑐᑦᔮᖑᑦᓯᐊᓂᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᓲᓱᒋᐅᑎᑦᓯᐊᓂᕐᑕᖃᕐᓱᓂᓗ, ᓄᒃᑭᒋᐊᓪᓚᒍᑎᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᑎᒍᓪᓗ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᓅᑦᔪᓯᑎᒍᓪᓗᐊᓪᓛᑦ, ᓯᕗᓂᖃᕈᑎᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᖃᕐᓂᐊᓂᕐᒥᒃ, ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐅᔨᓗᒋᑦ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᑦᓭᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᓂᑦᓭᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ. ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐊᓪᓛᑦ, ᐱᒋᐊᓪᓚᓱᖓ, ᓱᓕᔪᕆᑦᓯᓯᐊᓪᓚᕆᒃᑯᖓ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᑲᑐᑦᔮᖃᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᐃᑦ ᐃᓅᖃᑎ­ ᒌᑦᓴᔭᐅᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᓗᓂ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᖕᖑᕙᓪᓕᐊᖏᓐᓇᕆᐊᖃᕆᐊᖓ, ᑌᒣᒃᑯᑕ ᐊᑕᐅᑦᓯᑯᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᐱᐅᓂᕐᓴᒥᒃ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᖃᕐᑎᓯᖃᑎᒌᒍᓐᓇᕋᑦᑕ.

ᕕᓕᑉ ᑯᐃᐋᕐ ᑯᐯᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

58 Le 11 novembre 2015 marquera le 40e anniversaire de la signature de la November 11, 2015 will mark the 40th anniversary of the signing of the Convention de la Baie-James et du Nord québécois (CBJNQ). En ma qualité de James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA). As premier of Quebec, premier ministre du Québec, je suis heureux de commémorer cet événement his- I am glad to commemorate this historic event whereby the distinctive cul- torique, grâce auquel la culture et le mode de vie distinctifs du peuple inuit ont ture and way of life of Inuit were duly recognized. That signing also pro- été dûment reconnus. Cette signature a également fondé les assises de la mise vided the foundation for the development of the territory of Quebec in en valeur du territoire québécois à ses latitudes les plus nordiques, sur la base its more northern latitudes, on the basis of the rights and benefits that des droits et des avantages que la CBJNQ instaurait pour les Inuites et les Inuits the JBNQA instigated for the Inuit people inhabiting the vast territory of peuplant le vaste territoire du Nunavik, au cœur de leur identité. Nunavik, at the heart of their identity. La signature de la CBJNQ a ouvert la porte aux relations entre le gouverne- The signing of the JBNQA opened the door to relations between the ment du Québec et les Inuits et Inuites du Nunavik. Ce traité sans précédent a Government of Quebec and Nunavik Inuit. This unprecedented treaty assuré la participation de ces derniers dans les domaines les plus importants enabled the latter to participate in the most important fields of govern- des responsabilités gouvernementales liées au bien-être de leur population et mental responsibility connected with the well-being of their popula- à l’épanouissement de leur société. Sur cette base, la CBJNQ a par la suite ouvert tion and the growth and development of their society. On this basis, the la voie à la conclusion de plusieurs ententes importantes, telles que l’Entente de JBNQA then opened the way to the conclusion of several important agree- partenariat sur le développement économique et communautaire au Nunavik ments, such as the Partnership Agreement on Economic and Community (entente Sanarrutik). Le gouvernement du Québec accorde une attention toute Development in Nunavik (the Sanarrutik Agreement). The Government particulière au respect des engagements convenus en vertu des ententes avec of Quebec devotes particular attention to respecting the commitments le peuple inuit. agreed upon under the agreements with Inuit. Au cours des dernières années, la nation inuite a entrepris une vaste démarche Over the past several years, Inuit have undertaken extensive consul- de consultation au sein de laquelle sa population s’est exprimée sur son déve- tation process, through which its population has expressed itself on its loppement et ses aspirations. Ce travail s’incarne dans le rapport Parnasimautik, development and aspirations. This work is enshrined in the Parnasimautik lequel permettra au gouvernement du Québec de mieux comprendre les réali- Consultation Report, which will enable the Government of Quebec to bet- tés de la nation inuite et de poser des repères quant aux actions concrètes qui ter understand the realities of Inuit and to set indicators for the concrete devraient être planifiées pour répondre aux aspirations des Nunavikoises et actions that should be planned in order to respond to the aspirations of des Nunavikois. the men and women of Nunavik. Les besoins de la société inuite sont nombreux, et les réalités sociales et éco- The needs of Inuit society are numerous, and the social and economic nomiques vécues par sa population placent le Nunavik devant des défis énormes. realities faced by its population pose huge challenges for Nunavik. The L’affirmation de la fierté et de l’identité du peuple inuit de même que la protec- assertion of the pride and identity of Inuit as well as the protection and tion et la promotion de sa culture, de sa langue et de son mode de vie tradition- promotion of its culture, its language and its traditional way of life cer- nel nécessitent assurément des actions accrues qui devront être conjuguées tainly necessitate heightened actions, which should be combined with aux efforts déjà consentis. the efforts already being made. La collaboration entre le gouvernement du Québec et la nation inuite, qui se The collaboration between the Government of Quebec and Inuit, which caractérise notamment par la coopération, le partenariat et le respect mutuel, is characterized by cooperation, partnership and mutual respect, strength- renforce leurs relations politiques, économiques et sociales, dans le but de favo- ens their political, economic and social relations, with a view to foster- riser, en priorité, le développement économique et communautaire du Nunavik. ing, as a priority, the economic and community development of Nunavik. Aujourd’hui encore, et plus que jamais, je suis fermement convaincu que les Even today, and more so than ever, I am firmly convinced that the efforts conjugués de nos deux nations doivent continuer à converger afin qu’en- combined efforts of our two nations must continue to converge, so that semble, nous puissions offrir à toutes les Nunavikoises et à tous les Nunavikois together we may provide all the people of Nunavik with a brighter future. un avenir meilleur. Philippe Couillard Philippe Couillard Premier of Québec Premier ministre du Québec mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

59 ᐅᐱᒍᓲᑦᔨᕗᖓ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᐊᕙᑎ ᒪᕐᕈᓂᒃ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓯᐅᕈᑎᖃᕋᑦᓯ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ Congratulations on the 40th anniversary of the signing of the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement HOUSE OF COMMONS PHOTOGRAPHER COMMONS OF HOUSE

ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᐊᒥᓲᓕᕐᑐᓂ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᒪᕆᖁᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᕗᖓ ᓄᓇᖓᓂᒃ, ᑖᓐᓇ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓯᐅᓂᖅ ᑐᑭᓯᒍᑎᒋᓪᓚᕆᑦᑕᕋ ᓄᐃᑕᑎᑦᓯᒪᑦ ᐃᒪᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᑦᓴᖑᕈᓐᓇᑐᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᑕᐅᓴᓂ, ᓄᓇᓕᑐᖃᐅᑦᓱᑕ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᕐᓂᕆᓲᕆᓕᕐᑕᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᐃᑕᑎᑦᓯᓱᓂᓗ ᓄᓇᒋᓯᒪᓕᕐᑕᓯ, ᐊᐅᓚᓯᒪᓕᕐᑕᓯ, ᐊᑐᕐᓯᒪᓕᕐᑕᓯ, ᓴᐳᒻᒥᓯᒪᓕᕐᑕᓯ ᓲᖑᓂᕆᔭᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᒐᓱᐊᓪᓚᕆᒍᓐᓇᓂᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐃᑦᔭᕋᑦᓴᐅᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᑐᕐᓕᓯᓂᓪᓗ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᓯᓯᒪᓕᕐᓱᓯ. ᑌᒣᓯᒪᔪᓯ ᒥᓐᓂᒋᑦᔭᓇᒍ ᓄᓇᑦᓯᓂᒃ ᐱᐅᓯᑐᖃᖅ ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐅᑎᑦᓱᒍ ᐃᓅᓯᖃᕈᓐᓇᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᐅᓕᕐᑐᖅ ᐊᑐᕐᑐᒪᕆᐅᑦᓱᓯ ᐱᑦᓴᖑᕈᓐᓇᑐᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᐊᕙᑎᑦᓯᓂᓪᓗ. ᒪᓕᒐᑦᓴᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᒪᓕᒋᐊᖃᕐᒥᓱᑎᓪᓘᓱᑎᒃ; ᕿᓚᓈᕐᐳᖓ ᐃᓄᖁᑎᑦᓯᓂᒃ ᖃᓄᖅ 1975-ᒥ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᕐᕕᐅᓱᓂ, ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᑯᐯᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒃ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᓂᕆᓛᕐᑕᓯᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᒍᒪᒐᔭᕐᓱᖓ. ᐊᓯᑦᔩᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᑦᑕ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᑕᐅᒍᓯᖓᓂᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐱᒋᐊᑦᓯᐊᕈᑎᐅᓯᒪᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᓕᐅᕐᓂᒧᑦ ᓄᓇᑦᑎᓂ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᕉᒥᐅ ᓵᒐᓈᔅ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᓕᐊᒍᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᓂᒃ ᓄᐃᑦᓯᒍᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᒋᕗᖅ ᐅᖃᕐᕕᒪᕆᒻᒧᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎ ᐋᐱᑎᐱᒥᒃ- ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥᒃ-ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᒃ-ᐄᔫᒥᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᓈᒻᒪᖁᐊᕇᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒋᔭᐅᖃᑦᑕᑐᑦᓴᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑐᑭᑖᕈᑕᐅᒋᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑖᕈᑕᐅᒋᐊᓕᓐᓂᓗ.

Over the years I have gotten to know Nunavik as the beautiful territory that should make Nunavimmiut equal partners in decision making and that encompasses the lands, waters and resources of the Nunavimmiut. sharing of benefits. For thousands of years, you have occupied, governed, used, protected This anniversary has deep meaning for me as it demonstrates how and managed your traditional territory. You have continued to do so far we have come in asserting our Indigenous rights and it shows our in a spirit of sharing while preserving your profound relationship with strength and determination. Nunavimmiut are a model of how to live your land and its resources and environment. traditional values with modern-day principles; I look forward to seeing When it was signed in 1975, the James Bay and Northern Québec where you take your people and your nation. Agreement changed the way that Indigenous rights were seen in Canada and was a new beginning for future relations in our territo- Romeo Saganash ries. This foundation has led to achieving other important agreements Member of Parliament for Abitibi-Baie-James-Nunavik-Eeyou ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

60 © MYLÈNE LARIVIÈRE MYLÈNE © mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

61 ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖏᑦᑕ ᐳᔪᖓᓂ Air Inuit Propwash

ᐃᓄᐃᑦ, ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁᑎᖏᑦ/ᑎᒻᒥᔫᖁᑎᖏᑦ Air Inuit, Nunavik’s airline

ᑲᑎᒋ­ᐊᖕᖓᓂᖅ ᐱᒋᐊᖕᖓᓂ­ ­ᐅᕗᖅ, ᑲᑎᒪᖏᓐᓇᓂᖅ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᓂ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ, Coming together is a beginning, keeping together is pro- ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖅ ᑲᔪᓯᑦᓯ­ᐊᓂ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. gress, working together is success. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᖏᑦ ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᖃᕈᒪᕗᑦ ᐃᓗᖏᕐᑐᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐅᐱᒍᓱᑦᔨᒋᐊᒥᒃ­ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥᒃ The employees of Air Inuit would like to express their sin- ᓇᓪᓕᐅᑎᒍᑦᔭ­ ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ­ 40-ᓂᒃ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᒪᑭᑕᓕᕐᓂᒥᓄᑦ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᓂ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ cere congratulations to Makivik on the occasion of its 40th ᐱᓪᓚᕆ­ᐅᓂᖃᕐᑐᖅ ᑕᑯᑦᓴᐅᑎᑦᓯᒐᒥ­ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ­ ᐃᓗᖏᕐᑐᕈᑎᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᐱᕈᕐᐸᓕ­ anniversary. The achievement of this important milestone ᐊᑎᑦᓯᓇᓱᓐᓂᒥᒍᓪᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᑎᑦᓯᓂᖃᕐᓂᒥᒍᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ. is a testament to Makivik’s dedication towards the growth ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓄᑦ­ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᓄᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭᐅᑦᓱᓂ­ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕ­ ­ᐅᓂᒃᑯᑦ and development of Nunavik. ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒧᑦ, ᐃᐊ­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᕆᒪ­ᐅᑎᖃᕐᐳᖅ ᐃᓚ­ᐅᖃᑕ­ᐅᕙᒋ­ᐊᒥᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᒋᐊᒥᓪᓗ­ Collectively owned by the Inuit of Nunavik through their ᐃᓅᑦᔪᓯᑎᒍᑦ, ᑮᓇ­ᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᑎᓯᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ participation in the Makivik Corporation, Air Inuit is proud to ᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᑯᑦ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᒥᓂ, ᑕᒪᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᑕᑯᑦᓴ­ᐅᔪᑦ ᑲᒃᑯᑎᒎᓇ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᒪᓂᖏᑕ­ have participated, and continue to do so, in the social, eco- ­ᐅᓂᒃᑲᑕ­ᐅᓂᖏᒍᑦ ᐃ­ᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ: nomic and local employment development of the region, ᓴᕐᕿᑎᑕ­ᐅᓂᖃᓕᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒐᒥᓂᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓂᓪᓓᓯᒪᕕᖃᕐᐳᑦ ­ᐊᒥᓱᑲᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕ­ᐅᑉ as highlighted by the following timeline depicting the his- ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂ ­ᐊᕗᖓ­ᐅᓕᒋᐊᕆᓯᒪᓕᕐᐳᓗ­ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ ᓄᓇᖏᓐᓃᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕙᑦᑕᒥᓐᓂᒃ tory of Air Inuit. ᐃᓚ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᑕᕐᕋ­ᐅᑉ ᓯᕿᓂᐊᓂ­ ­ᐅᓂᕐᓴᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᒃ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ Following its creation, Air Inuit has established bases in ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖏᑦ/ᑎᒻᒥᔫᖏᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖃ­ᐅᑎᖃᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᒪᓐᑐᔨᐊᒥ,­ ᑰᒃᔪᐊᒥ,­ ᑰᒃᔪᐊᕌᐱᖕᒥ,­ a number of Nunavik communities and has since broad- ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᒥ, ᑰᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᒃᑯᓂ ᕌᑎᓵᓐᒥ, ᓴᓪᓗᓂ, ᓯᑦ-ᓰᓪᒥ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓯᕗᕕᐋᓪᒥ. ened its horizons with bases located in the South as well ᐃ­ᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕ­ᐅᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᖏᓕᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᑕᑯᑦᓴ­ᐅᒋᒃᑲᓂᕐᐳᖅ ᑕᑯᑦᓴ­ as Quebec’s North shore. Air Inuit aircraft are now based ᐅᒍᑎᖃᕆᐊᓪᓚᓱᑎᒃ­ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁᑎᒥ/ᑎᒻᒥᔫᖁᑎᒥ ᐅᓄᕐᓂᕆᓕᕐᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ,­ ᓴᓇᒋᐊᓪᓛᔭ­ ­ in Montreal, Kuujjuaq, Kuujjuaraapik, Puvirnituq, Radisson, ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᑦ­ ᓯᓚᖓᓅᓕᖓᓂᕐᓴᓕᐊᖑᒪᔪᓂᒃ.­ ᐅᓪᓗᒥ,­ 23-ᖑᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᑎᒻᒥᔫᖁᑕᐅᔪᑦ­ Salluit, Sept-Îles and Schefferville. ­ᐅᑯ­ᐊᖑᑦᓱᑎᒃ: Air Inuit’s growth can also be attested by its fleet of air- · 2 Boeing 737-200C-ᓕᒃ ᐳᔪᓕᐊᓘᒃ­ ᐳᓪᓓᓈᒃ craft, which is specifically adapted to northern conditions. · 7 Bombardier Dash-8 Combi 300 ᑖᔅ-8 300-ᓖᑦ ᐃᓄᑦᑕᓗᑎᓪᓗ Today, the 23 aircraft fleet consists of: ­ᐅᓯᑕᕐᓗᑎᓪᓘᕈᓐᓇᑐᑦ · 2 Boeing 737-200C · 2 Bombardier Dash-8 Cargo 300 ᑖᔅ-8 300-ᓖᒃ ᐅᓯᑲᒃᑕ­ ᐅᑏᒃ­ · 7 Bombardier Dash-8 Combi 300 · 2 Bombardier Dash-8 Combi 100 ᑖᔅ-8 100-ᓖᒃ ᐃᓄᑦᑕᓗᑎᓪᓗ · 2 Bombardier Dash-8 Cargo 300 ­ᐅᓯᑕᕐᓗᑎᓪᓘᕈᓐᓇᑐᒃ · 2 Bombardier Dash-8 Combi 100 · 1 British Aerospace Hawker Siddeley 748 LFD ᒪᕐᕈᓕᐊᓗᒃ­ · 1 British Aerospace Hawker Siddeley 748 LFD · 6 De Havilland Twin Otter 300-ᓖᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᓕ­ᐊᕈᐃᑦ · 6 De Havilland Twin Otter 300 · 3 Beechcraft King Air 100-ᓖᑦ ᑭᖕᐃ­ᐊᑦ · 3 Beechcraft King Air 100 ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ COURTESY OF AIR INUIT X3 INUIT AIR OF COURTESY

62 ᐃᓚᒋᔭ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᓪᓚᒥᔪᑦ, ᔮᓂ ᒣ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑦᑕᑐ­ᐊᖃᕐᑎᓯᔩᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᒃᑯᓄᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭ­ᐅᓪᓚᕆᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎ­ᐅᕙᑦᑐᑦ ­ᐊᑕ­ᐅᓯᓕᑲᓪᓚᒥᒃ Turbo Otter DHC-3-ᓕᒻᒥᒃ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖁᓕᒥᒍᓕᕆᔩᑦ, ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᑯᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᒃᑯᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔭᖃᖃᑕᐅᕕᖏᑦ­ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᑦᓯᕙᑦᑐᑦ Aerospatiale Astar AS350 B2-ᒥᒃ ᖁᓕᒥᒎᓕᒻᒥᒃ/ ᖁᓛᕐᒥᒎᓕᒻᒥᒃ. ᑌᒪᓕ ᐃᓄᐃᒃᑯᑦ ­ᐊᖏᓕᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᒐᒥᒃ, ᐱᒍᓐᓇᕈᑎᓪᓚᕆᒋᔭᖏᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕗᑦ ᓄᓇᖃᕐᑐᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ­ᐅᑉᐱᕈᓱᒍᑎᖃᕐᒪᑦ, ᓴᕐᕿᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᕆ­ᐊᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᑫᓪᓚᑐᐃᒍᑎᖃᕐᓗᓂᓗ ­ᐊᒥᓱᐃᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᓂᒃ ᓲᕐᓗ ᑲᒃᑯᓂᖓ: · ᐃᓚ­ᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᓕ­ᐊᖑᒪᔪᑦ, ᑲᑐᑦᔭᖑᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒧᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᒃᑯᓄᓪᓗ ᓴᕐᕿᑎᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒍᑎᑦᓴᐅᓱᑎᒃ­ ᑎᒻᒥᔫᑎᒍᑦ/ Additionally, Johnny May’s Air Charters, wholly-owned ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᑎᒍᑦ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕ­ᐅᑉ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᖏᑕ ᐱᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᒃ by Air Inuit, operates a De Havilland Turbo Otter DHC-3, and ­ᐊᑐᓂᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑕᕐᑕᑐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᓂᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕ­ᐅᑎᑦᓴᔭᓂᒃ Nunavik Rotors, a company in which Air Inuit is a partner, ­ᐊᑭᑭᓕᒋᐊᕈᑎᓂᒃ­ 75%-ᒧᑦ; operates Aerospatiale Astar AS350 B2 helicopters. · ᑲᑐᑦᔨᓂᖅ, ᑖᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᒍᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᑦᓴᐅᓱᑎᒃ­ ᓄᑖᓂᒃ As Air Inuit has grown, its key success factor resides in the ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑕ­ᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᐱᔪᓇ­ᐅᓂᕐᓴᓂᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᔪᑦᓴ­ᐅᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑕ­ᐅᒋᕐᑐᓂᒃ regional cooperation it believes in, by creating and encour- ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᖏᓕᒋᐊᕆᒍᒪᑐ­ ­ᐊᕐᐸᑕ ᓄᓇᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᔭᖏᓐᓂ. aging multiple programs such as: ᑲᑐᑦᔨᓂᖅ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑮᓇ­ᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᓕᕆᓂᑦᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ · Ilaujuq program, a joint Makivik and Air Inuit initiative ᓄᓇᕕᓕᒫᒧᓪᓗ ᐃᓕᖓᕗᖅ ᐃᓄᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑦᓴ­ᐅᓱᓂ; created to help make air travel more accessible for the · ­ᐊᑯᓓᓕᒋ­ᐊᕆᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᒃᑯᑦ/ᑎᒻᒥᔫᒃᑯᑦ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᒃᑲᓛᑦ/ᐱᐊᕃᑦ­ Inuit of Nunavik by granting each beneficiary three ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᑐᖃ­ᐅᔪᑦ ᐃᑭᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑭᑭᓕᒋᐊᕆᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ ᓇᓪᓕᖁ­ᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ return airline tickets per year at a 75% reduction from ᕿᑎᕐᖃᖏᑕ 50%-ᖏᑕ ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕇᑦ ᐃᑭᒍᑎᖏᑕ ᑖᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᐃᓕᖓᔪᑦ ᑲᒃᑲᓛᓄᑦ/ the regular fare. ᐱ­ᐊᕋᕐᓄᑦ ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᓕᓐᓄᑦ 2-ᒥᑦ 11-ᒧᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᖃᕐᓄᓗ ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᓕᓐᓄᑦ 60-ᓂᑦ · Katutjiniq, an incentive program intended to serve as ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᑐᓂᒃ ­ᐅᖓᑖᓄᓪᓗ; a catalyst for promising new business ventures and · ᐃᓚᑦᔪᒍᓱᓐᓂᒨᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᐃᑭᒍᑎᑦᓴᑕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑏᑦ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓪᓚᕆ­ᐊᓕᓕᒫᓄᑦ existing businesses with expansion plans in areas ᐃᓗᕕᕐᓯᒋ­ᐊᕐᑐᓗᑎᒃ ­ᐊᑭᑭᓕᒋᐊᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᒍᑎ­ᐅᒍᓐᓇᓱᑎᒃ 75%-ᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᑭᒍᑎᑦᓴᔦᑦ primarily served by Air Inuit. Katutjiniq helps stimulate ᐃᓕᖓᒻᒥᓱᑎᒃ ᐋᓐᓂ­ᐊᔪᒥᒃ ᐃᓚᓪᓗᑐᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᑕᑯᔭᕐᑐᑐᓄᑦ 50%-ᒥᒃ economic development throughout the Nunavik ­ᐊᑭᑭᓕᒋᐊᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᒍᑎᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓚᓖᑦ ᐃᓚᓐᓈᓖᓪᓗ; region for the benefit of its population. · ­ᐊᒥᓱᐃᓄᑦ ᓱᔪᖃᕐᓂ­ᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᖃᑕ­ᐅᓃᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ­ᐅᑯᓂᖓ ᐃᓚᖃᕐᒥᔪᑦ · Increased access to air travel for children and seniors ᐃᕙᒃᑲᖅ, ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᒥ ­ᐊᐳᑎᒥᒃ ᓇᓪᓕ­ᐅᓂᕐᓯ­ᐅᑐᑦ, ᑐᓴᕐᓂᔮᕐᓂᓄᑦ ᓇᓪᓕ­ᐅᓂᕐᓯ­ᐅᑐᑦ, with special fares equivalent to 50% off the regular ᐱᖕᖑ­ᐊᕆ­ᐊᕐᑐᑐᑦ, ­ᐊᒥᓱᒋ­ᐊᓪᓀᓗ ­ᐊᓯᖏᑦ, ᑕᒪᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᑎᒃ ­ᐅᐸᑦᑎᖏᑦ adult fare for children two to eleven years of age and ­ᐊᑭᑭᓕᒋᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ­ ᐃᑭᒍᑎᖃᓲᖑᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᓅᑦᔪᓯᓂᒃ ᑲᒪᖃᑕ­ elders aged 60 or older. ᐅᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑐᑭᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ. · A compassionate travel program granting all passengers travelling for a funeral to a 75% discount, and those travelling to visit a severely ill loved one to either 75% discount for immediate family members or 50% discount for other family members or friends. · Multiple event partnerships throughout Nunavik such as Ivakkak, Snow Festival, music festivals, sporting events, and many more, for which fares and charter rates are discounted as part of Air Inuit’s social involvement. In summary, Air Inuit has been providing vital passen- ger (both scheduled and charter), cargo and emergency air transport services to the region—24 hours a day, 365 days a year—for over 37 years. Since 1978, the airline has carried out more than 6,000 medical evacuations, flown approximately 1.8 million passengers, moved about 150,000,000 pounds of cargo and accumulated over 600,000 flight hours, all of which mostly in the skies above Nunavik. mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

63 © COURTESY OF AIR INUIT AIR OF COURTESY © GORDON CORPORATION/ALEC MAKIVIK © ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖓ DHC-3 ᐊᑕᐅᓯᓕᐊᐱᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᒧᑦ ᒥᓲᖅ. DHC-6-200 ᒪᕐᕈᓕᐊᐱᒃ (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖓ), ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒥ, 1978-1979. Air Inuit DHC-3 Single Otter on floats. DHC-6-200 Twin Otter (Air Inuit), Kuujjuaq, 1978-1979.

ᐃᐊ ᐃᓄᐃ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᖑᕐᐳᖅ ᓂᐅᕕᐊᖑᕗᕐᓗ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐹᖅ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖅ/ᑎᒻᒥᔫᖅ Founding of Air Inuit and purchase of a first airplane: a DeHavilland 1978 ᐊᑕᐅᓯᓕᑲᓪᓚᒃ DeHavilland Beaver Beaver.

ᐃᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁᑎᖏᑦ 5-ᖑᓕᕐᖁᑦ. 1980 Air Inuit’s fleet grows to five aircraft.

ᐃᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓂᐅᕕᐊᖃᕐᐳᑦ ᐋᔅᑕᓐ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓕᕆᔩᑦ ᐊᕐᖁᓯᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ Air Inuit purchases the routes along the northeast coast of Hudson 1983 ᑕᓯᐅᔭᕐᔪᐊᒥ. Bay from Austin Airways.

ᒪᕐᕈᓕᐊᓗᒃ 748-ᓕᒃ Hawker Siddeley ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁᑎᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᑖᖑᕗᖅ. 1985 A Hawker Siddeley 748 is added to the fleet.

ᐃᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓂᐅᕕᕐᐳᑦ ᔮᓂ ᒣ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓂᒃ ᐊᑦᑕᑐᐊᖃᕐᑎᓯᔨᖏᓐᓂᒃ. 1988 Air Inuit acquires Johnny May’s Air Charters.

ᐃᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖃᑎᖃᕐᐳᖅ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ-ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓯᒪᒍᑎᒋᓂᐊᕐᒥᓐᓂᒃ Air Inuit signs a multi-year cooperative agreement to operate Hydro- 1991 ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᑦᓯᔨᐅᒍᑎᒋᓗᒋᑦ ᑯᐯᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᑯᒪᓕᕆᔨᖏᑕ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖏᓐᓂᒃ. Québec’s fleet of aircraft.

ᓂᐅᕕᐊᖑᒋᐊᖕᖓᐳᖅ ᐃᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑖᔅ8-100-ᓕᑦᑕᕆᐅᕈᑎᖓ, Purchase of Air Inuit’s first Bombardier Dash-8 100 turboprop allowing 1995 ᖃᖓᑕᕕᑦᓴᓕᐅᕐᑕᐅᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐱᑦᔪᕕᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᐊᓕᕐᓱᓂ ᒪᓐᑐᔨᐊᒥ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒧᑦ. scheduled service to begin between Montreal and Nunavik.

ᐃᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓴᕐᕿᑎᑦᓯᕗᖅ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖁᓕᒥᒎᓕᕆᔨᓂᒃ ᑲᑐᑦᔭᖃᖃᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᒃ Air Inuit creates Nunavik Rotors in a joint partnership with Nunavik 1998 ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᕐᓂᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᓐᓂᐊᑕᒥᓐᓂᒃ. entrepreneurs.

ᑖᔅ-8 100-ᓕᒃ ᐁᑉᐸᑕᕐᑕᐅᕗᖅ ᑕᓯᐅᔭᕐᔪᐊᒥ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᒍᑎᐅᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᓕᕐᑐᒥᒃ. 2001 A second Dash-8 100 is purchased to serve the Hudson coast.

ᐃᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓂᓪᓓᒍᑎᖃᕐᐳᖅ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᖓᔫᒃᑯᕕᒋᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᕐᑕᒥᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᕕᐊᓪᒥ Air Inuit establishes a base in Schefferville with a locally-based King Air. 2003 ᑭᖕᐃᐊᑉ ᒥᑦᓯᒪᕕᒋᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᕐᑕᖓᓂᒃ.

ᒪᕐᕉᓂᒃ ᓄᑖᓂᒃ ᑖᔅ-8 100-ᓖᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᑦ ᐃᓚᕗᑦ, ᐅᖓᕙᒥᐅᓂᒃ Two new Dash-8 100 aircraft join the fleet, marking the start of service ᐱᑦᔪᔨᖃᑦᑕᓯᕗᑦ ᒪᓐᑐᔨᐊᒧᓪᓗ ᐊᕐᖁᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓯᕗᕕᐊᓪᒥᒃ. ᐃᐊ between the Ungava coast and Montreal via Schefferville. Air Inuit also 2004 ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᐃᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᒥᔪᖅ ᐃᑭᒍᑎᑦᓴᓕᐅᕐᕕᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᖄᓚᐅᑎᒃᑯᓗ introduces its proprietary reservation system and call centre. ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᓕᕐᑐᒥᒃ.

ᐃᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᖏᓕᒋᐊᕐᐳᑦ ᓂᐅᕕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐳᔪᓕᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᐳᓪᓓᓈᒥᒃ Air Inuit expands reach with the purchase of its first Boeing 737-200C. 2008 737-200C-ᓕᒥᒃ.

ᖃᕆᑕᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᐃᑭᒍᑎᑦᓴᑕᖃᑦᑕᕈᓐᓇᓂᖅ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᑎᑕᐅᕗᑦ ᑖᔅ-8 300-ᓕᓪᓗ Electronic ticketing is introduced and the Dash-8 300 Combi with a 45- ᐅᓯᑕᕐᓗᓂᓗ ᐃᓄᒃᑕᓗᓂᓘᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᓕᕐᑐᖅ ᐃᑦᓯᕙᐅᑕᖃᕈᓐᓇᓱᓂ 45-ᓂᒃ, ᐃᐊ 2009 seat configuration, unique to Air Inuit, is added to the fleet. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᒋᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑕᖓ, ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓄᑦ/ᑎᒻᒥᔫᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᑖᖑᕗᖅ.

ᐃᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓴᓇᔭᖃᕐᐳᖅ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒥ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐹᖑᓯᔪᒥᒃ ᑖᔅ-8 300-ᓕᐅᑦᓱᓂ Air Inuit accomplishes the world’s first repurposing of a Dash-8 300 into 2010 ᐅᓯᑲᑦᑕᐅᑎᑐᐃᓐᓇᓕᐊᖑᒋᐅᕐᑐᒥᒃ. a freighter aircraft.

ᐳᔪᓕᐊᓗᒃ ᐳᓪᓓᓈᖅ 737-200C-ᓕᒃ ᐁᑉᐸᑕᕐᑕᐅᕗᖅ ᐊᑕᐅᑦᓯᑯᓪᓗ A second Boeing 737-200C joins the fleet as Air Inuit unveils its new ᓄᐃᑦᓯᒋᐊᖕᖓᐳᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᒃᑯᑦ ᑎᒻᒥᔫᖁᑎᒥᑕ/ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁᑎᒥᑕ 2011 brand image and livery design. ᑕᕐᓴᕆᖃᑦᑕᓚᖓᓕᕐᑕᖓᓂᒃ.

ᐅᒃᑯᐃᑕᐅᓂᖃᕐᐳᖅ åᓄᑖᖅ ᐊᓪᓚᕕᒻᒪᕆᑦᑕᖃᒻᒥᐅᓱᓂᓗ, Inauguration of the new head office, technical centre and FBO terminal 2012 ᐱᓪᓗᑯᒋᐊᓕᓕᕆᕕᐅᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓂᓪᓗ ᐅᑕᕐᕿᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᓕᕐᑐᖅ ᒪᓐᑐᔨᐊᒥ. in Montreal.

ᐱᒋᐊᕐᕕᓕᐅᑎᑎᑕᐅᕗᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦᑯᑦ ᐃᑭᒪᔨᐊᕆᕙᑦᑕᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑦᔨᒍᑎᑕᖓ, Launch of Air Inuit’s own loyalty program, Isaruuk, allowing passengers ᐃᓴᕈᖅ, ᑖᒃᑯᑎᒎᓇ ᐃᑭᒪᕙᑦᑐᑦ ᓄᐊᑦᓯᖃᑦᑕᓂᐊᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᕆᐊᑕᒫᑦ to earn points every time they fly Air Inuit. Points earned can be ᑎᒻᒥᔫᕆᐊᑕᒫᑦ ᖁᕝᕙᕆᐊᕈᑎᑖᖃᑦᑕᓗᑎᒃ. ᓄᐊᑕᐅᑎᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᓈᒻᒪᓯᑐᐊᕋᒥᒃ 2013 redeemed against promotional items, gift certificates or free flights. ᐱᑕᕈᑎᐅᒍᓐᓇᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᒍᓐᓇᑐᑦᓴᓕᐊᖑᒪᔪᓂᑦ, ᓂᐅᕕᕐᓂᐊᕈᑎᑦᓴᓂᓪᓗᓃᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓗᓐᓃᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᐅᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᑭᑦᑐᐊᕈᑎᑦᓴᔭᓂᒃ.

ᐃᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᐳᖅ ᐃᓂᓪᓚᑎᕈᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐸᕐᓇᕈᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ Air Inuit continues to deploy its infrastructure plan by building a cargo ᐃᓚᒋᐊᕆᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓇᑉᐯᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐅᓯᑲᑦᑕᐅᔨᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᒍᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ service warehouse in Inukjuak. The airline now services 21 destinations,

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᐱᖁᑎᖃᐅᑎᑦᓴᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᑦᔪᐊᒥ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᔭᖃᓕᕋᒥᒃ 21-ᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ, 2015 14 of which are Nunavik villages, with a fleet of 23 aircraft and continues 14 ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒦᑐᑦ, ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖃᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ/ᑎᒻᒥᔫᖃᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ 23-ᓂᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᐳᓗ to work towards achieving its vision for the future. ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᖃᕋᓱᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᒥ ᐱᒍᒫᕐᓂᐊᓯᒪᔭᒥᓐᓂᒃ. ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

64 © MAKIVIK CORPORATION/BOB MESHER CORPORATION/BOB MAKIVIK ©

ᓀᓈᕆᐊᕐᓗᒋᑦ,­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᑕᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᐸᐳᖅ ᐱᑕᖃᓪᓚᕆᒋ­ᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ Air Inuit management and its team of more than 600 employ- ­ᐅᓯᑲᒃᑕᐅᑎᓂᒃ­ (ᑕᒣᑎᒍᑦ ­ᐊᑦᑕᑐ­ᐊᖑᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗᓃᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᓐᓇᓕ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑎᒍᓪᓗᓃᑦ), ees would like to take this opportunity to express their apprecia- ­ᐅᓯᑲᑦᑕ­ᐅᔨᕙᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ ­ᐅᐃᒪᓇᕐᑐᖃᓕᕐᒪᓗ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᒃᑯᑦ/ᑎᒻᒥᔫᒃᑯᑦ ­ᐅᓯᕙᑦᓱᑎᒃ tion to Makivik, its board of directors and the residents of Nunavik ᓄᓇᖁᑎᒥᓐᓂ ­ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇ­ᐅᒪᑦᓭᓇᕐᓱᑎᒃ — ᐃᑲ­ᐅᕐᓂᓂ/ᑫᕙᓪᓚᒍᓯᕐᓂ 24-ᓂ, ­ᐅᓪᓗᓂ for your continuous support. We look forward to extending the 365-ᓂ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓕᒫᒥ — ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᑐᖃᕆᕙᓕᕐᑕᒥᓂᒃ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑦ 37 ­ᐅᖓᑖᓄᑦ. legacy over many more years. 1978-ᒥᓂᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᒃᑯᑦ 6000 ­ᐅᖓᑖᓄ ­ᐊᒥᓱᕕᓐᓂᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐋᓐᓂ­ᐊᔪᓂᒃ ­ᐅᐃᒪᓇᕐᑐᓯ­ᐅᕈᑦᔨᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᓕᕐᑐᑦ, ᐃᑭᒪᔨᐊᖃᕐᓯᒪᓕᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ­ 1.8-ᒥᓕᐊᓐᓂᒃ­ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ, ­ᐅᓯᑲᑦᑕᕈᑦᔨᓯᒪᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ 150,000,000 ᒥᑦᓯᑎᓐᓂ ­ᐅᖁᒣᓐᓂᓕᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐅᓯᓂᒃ 600,000-ᓂᓪᓗ ­ᐊᒥᓱᓂᓖᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᕕᕕᓂᖏᑦ ᐃᑲ­ᐅᕐᓃᑦ ᐊᑐᑎᓯᒪᓕᕐᐸᖏᑦ,­ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᒐᓚᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒦᓱᑎᒃ. ᐃ­ᐊ ᐃᓄᐃᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᑲᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᖏᓪᓗ ­ᐊᒥᓲᓂᖃᕐᑐᑦ 600-ᓂᑦ ­ᐊᒥᓲᓂᕐᓴᓂᒃ ᐱᕕᑦᓴᑕᑦᓯ­ᐊᓂᕐᒥᓂ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥᓪᓗ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­ᐅᓂᓪᓗ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᑦᔨᒍᒪᕗᑦ ­ᐅᐱᒍᓱᑦᑐᒪᕆ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᒥᒃ ᓴᐳᑦᔨᓯᒪᑦᓯᐊᖏᓐᓇᐸᓐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ.­ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᑎᓂ ᕿᒻᒪᖁᑎᑦᓴᓯ­ᐊᓂᒃ ᓱᓕ ᐱᑎᓛᕈᒪᖏᓐᓇᐸᑦᓯ ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ­ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᓱᓕ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᕐᓗᓂ. © MAKIVIK CORPORATION/STEPHEN HENDRIE CORPORATION/STEPHEN MAKIVIK © CORPORATION MAKIVIK ©

ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁᑎᖓᑕ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁᑎᖏᑦᑕ ᓄᓇᖓᓄᑦ ᓴᒡᒐᑐᑦ, ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒥ 1978. ᐅᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᓯᖏᐊᕐᑐᑦ Digging into the new Air Inuit ground, Kuujjuaq 1978. [1992-1993-ᒥᐅᒍᓇᖅ]. Unloading Air Inuit goods

(circa 1992-1993). mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

65 ᓂᕐᓕᕙᓪᓛᑦ Nirlivallaat

ᕘᔅ ᑎᐊᒃᑯᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᓂᒃ Happy 40th anniversary from First Air ᓇᓪᓕᐅᓂᕐᓯᐅᓯᐊᖁᔨᒍᑎᖓ On behalf of the entire organization at First Air, we would ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᓱᑕ ᕘᔅ ᑎᐊᒃᑯᑦ­ ᐱᓇᓱᕝᕕᓕᒫᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ­ᐅᐱᒍᓱᑉᐳᒍᑦ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᔨᖏᓐᓂᒃ, like to convey a congratulatory message to the management, ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᐃᓚᐅᔪᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᓗ­ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᑯᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ­ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ­ ᒪᕐᕈᓂᒃ ᓇᓪᓕ­ employees, and beneficiaries of Makivik on the 40-year anni- ᐅᓂᕐᓯ­ᐅᓂᖓᓄᑦ. versary occasion. First Air is honoured to be 100% owned by Makivik since 1990. With 70 years of flying experience, First Air is the leading airline in Canada’s Arctic, providing scheduled service to 30 Northern communities, including three hubs and four southern gateways in Ottawa, Montreal, Winnipeg, and Edmonton. First Air operates a fleet of 20 aircraft, carries over 250,000 passen- gers and 25 million kilograms of cargo per year. We also provide handling services to many cus- tomer airlines and have the largest ATR main- tenance facility in North America with combi modification capabilities, C-check inspections, and complex supplemental type certificate. As one of the largest private sector employ- ers in the North, our First Air team actively par- ticipates in community events in the North, by supporting our communities through sponsor- ships, youth development initiatives, and liter-

© MAKIVIK CORPORATION MAKIVIK © acy and educational programs.

ᕘᔅ ᑎ­ᐊᒃᑯᑦ ­ᐅᐱᒍᓱᑉᐳᑦ 100%-ᒥᒃ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭ­ᐅᒐᒥᒃ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒧᑦ 1990-ᒥᓂᑦ. ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ­ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᖁᓕᓪᓗᓂ ᖃᖓᑕᓯᒪᓕᕐᑐᑦ, ᕘᔅ ᑎᐊᒃᑯᑦ­ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ­ᐅᑭ­ᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᓯᐊᓂᕐᐸ­ ­ᐅᕗᑦ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒍᑦ, ᐱᒍᑦᔨᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᕙᑎᓪᓗ ᖁᓕᓪᓗᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᒃ, ᓄᕐᖃᑕᕐᕕᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᐱᖓᓱᓂᒃ ᓯᑕᒪᓄᓪᓗ ᓯᕿᓂᕐᒦᑐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑐᒑᒧᑦ, ᒪᓐᑐᕆ­ᐊᒧᑦ, ᒍᐃᓂᐯᒃᒧᑦ ᐃ­ᐊᑦᒪᓐᑕᓐᒧᓪᓗ. ᕘᔅ ᑎ­ᐊᒃᑯᑦ ­ᐊᕙᑎᓂᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓖᑦ, ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑕᒫᑦ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᒍᑕ­ᐅᓲᒍᑦᓱᑎᒃ 250,000-ᓄᑦ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ­ᐅᓯᓲᒍᑦᓱᑎᒃ 25 ᒥᓕᐊᓐ­ ᑭᓗᒦᑕᓂᒃ ­ᐅᖁᒣᓐᓂᓕᓐᓂᒃ. ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᓲᒍᑦᓱᑕᓗ ­ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓕᕆᔪᓂᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓂᓪᓗ ATR ᓯᖁᒥᓯᒪᔪᕐᓂ­ᐊᕕᖃᕐᓱᑕ ­ᐊᖏᓂᕐᐹᒥᒃ ᓄ­ᐊᑦ ­ᐊᒥ­ᐊᕆᑲᒥ ᐃᓱ­ᐊᕐᑐᓯ­ᐊᓂᒃ ᐃᓂᓪᓚᑎᕆᕕᖃᕐᓱᑕ, ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᖃᕐᓱᑕ C-check, ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᒍᓐᓇ­ᐅᑎᖃᕐᓱᑕᓗ. ᕘᔅ ᑎᐊᒃᑯᑦ­ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ ᐱᒍᑦᔨᒪᕆᖃᑕ­ᐅᓂᕐᐸ­ᐅᕗᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕆᔭ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ, ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᕗᑦ ᕘᔅ ᑎᐊᒃᑯᓂ­ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ ᓱᒐᑦᓴᖃᕐᑎᓯᔪᖃᓕᕐᒪᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑦᑕᓲᒍᕗᑦ,­ ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᕙᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ,­ ­ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᑎᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᕐᒧᑦ,­ ­ᐊᑐ­ᐊᕐᓯᒋᐅᕐᓴᓂᕐᒥᒃ­ ᐊᓪᓚᒋ­ ­ᐅᕐᓴᓂᕐᒥᓗ ᐱᒋᐅᕐᓴᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᓕᕆᔪᓂᒃ­ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᕙᑦᓱᑎᒃ. ᕘᔅ ᑎ­ᐊᒃᑯᑦ ­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᕐᕕᖃᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᖃᕐᓂ­ ᐊᓂᕐᒧᑦ Calm Air-ᑯᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ Canadian North-ᑯᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᖓᑕᖃᑎᒋᖃᑦᑕᓂ­ First Air recently entered a codeshare agreement with both ᐊᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᓂᕆᓲᖏᑦᑕ ᓇᓪᓕ­ᐅᑎᑦᑕᕕᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑏᑦ Calm Air and Canadian North on selected flights operated by each ᐱᕕᑦᓴᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᐅᓚᖓᕗᑦ­­ ᖃᖓᑕᖃᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᓕᕆᓂᑎᒍᑦ. airline. These agreements have allowed us to introduce code-shar-

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᖃᑎᖃ­ᖃᑦᑕᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᕗᑦ ᕘᔅ ᑎ­ᐊᒃᑯᓄᑦ ᐱ­ᐅᔪᒻᒪᕆ­ᐅᓚᖓᕗᖅ, ᖃᖓᑕᓂᕆᓲᖏᑦ ing on several flights across our networks. The codeshare agree- ᓇᓪᓕ­ᐅᑎᑦᑕᕕᓕᐅᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᓯ­ᐊᖃᑦᑕᓂ­ᐊᓕᕐᒪᑕ ᖃᖓᑕᒍᒪᔪᑦ ᓇᓪᓕᑳᕐᕕᓴᖃᑦᓯ­ᐊᖁᑦᓱᒋᑦ ments are a breakthrough for First Air, allowing for the creation

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ­ᐅᑦ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᓯᒍᑎᒃ. ᐃᓱᐊᕐᑑᒍᑎᖃᕐᒥᓱᓂᓗ­ ᖃᖓᑕᖃᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᑕ of a flight schedule that provides more air travel choices and 66 ᓇᓪᓕᐅᑎᑦᑕᕕᑦᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᓯ­ᐊᕈᓐᓇᓂᕐᓴ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓂ­ᐊᕋᑦᑕ, ᑲᔪᓯᑦᓯ­ᐊᑐᒥᒃ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᖃᕈᒪᒧᑦ. ᕘᔅ ᑎᐊᒃᑯᑦ­ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ­ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᐱᖓᓱᑦ ᖁᓕᓪᓗᓂ ᖃᖓᑕᓯᒪᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ ᐊᔪᒻᒪᕆᐅᕗᑦ­ ᓱᓕ. ᐅᐱᒋᑦᓱᒍ­ ᑐᓴ­ᐅᒪᔭ­ᐅᖁᔨᕗᒍᑦ ᐱᖓᔪᐊᑦ­ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᕐᑖᖃᒻᒥᑕ ATR 42 ­ᐊᑐᒑᒧᑦ ᒥᓚᐅᔪᒻᒪᑦ­ ᔫᓂ 18-ᒥ. ᓄᑖᒍᓂᕐᐹᖁᑎᖃᕐᐳᒍᑦ ATR-ᓂᒃ 500-series -ᓴᔭ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ‘ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐹᑦᓯᐊᑦ’­ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ. ᖃᖓᑕᒍᓐᓇ­ᐅᑎᑦᓴᖏᑦ, ᓄᑕᐅᓯᓕᕐᑕ­ ­ ᐅᓂᑦᓴᖏᑦ ᐱᒋ­ᐅᕐᓴᕈᑕ­ᐅᓂᖏᓪᓗ ᑖᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᑦ ­ᐊᑑᑎᔭ­ᐅᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᓚᖓᔪᑦ, ­ᐊᕐᕌᒎᑉ ᐃᓱᓕᓂᖓᓂᐅᔪᑦᓴ­ ­ᐅᔪᖅ. ᓄᑖᒍᓂᕐᐹᖁᑎᕗᒍᑦ ATR-42-500 ᓱᑲᓐᓂᓭᑦ, ᓄᑖᒍᓂᕐᐹᓴᔭᓂᓪᓗ ᓯᕗᖃᕐᓱᑎᑦ, ­ᐅᓯᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᓴ­ᐅᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᓱᐊᕐᓂᓴ­ ­ᐅᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᓂᓪᓚᑎᕆ­ᐊᒥᒃ. ᕿᓚᓈᕐᐳᒍᑦ ᖃᖓᑕᖃᑦᑕᓛᕐᓂᓯᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᖓᑦᑕᔫᖁᑎᑦᑎᒍᑦ. significantly improved connectivity in northern hubs. Another ­ᐅᐱᒍᓱᑦᓯ­ᐊᐳᒍᑦ ᕘᔅ ᑎ­ᐊᒃᑯᓂ ᐱᓯᒪᑦᓱᑕ ! key advantage of the codeshare partnerships is the creation of opportunities for new operating efficiencies, which are critical for sustaining long-term operations. At First Air we have reached another signif- icant milestone in our 70-year history. We are pleased to announce that the first of our three newly acquired ATR-42’s landed in Ottawa on June 18th. Our new ATR’s are newer generation 500-series that are ‘a first’ in Canada. Type certi- fication, modifications, and training will see this new aircraft coming online soon, possibly by the end of the year. The newer generation ATR-42- 500’s are faster, have a more modern flight deck, and provide more cargo payload and effective- ness with planned fixed combi configurations. We look forward to welcoming you onboard one of our flights. Once again, congratulations from everyone at First Air! mag ­ a zine © MARK TAYLOR X4 TAYLOR MARK© MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

67 ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᓕᐊᕕᓃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓕᕐᓂᖏᑦ Nunavik Creations Update

ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᓐᓄᕋᓕᐅᕈᓯᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᒧᑦ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᖃᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᑌᒪᖕᖓᑦ 2002-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᓕᐊᕕᓃᑦ­ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᓱᒻᒪᕆᑉᐸᐳᑦ ᐱᔭᖃᕋᓱᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᑎᓕᔭᐅᓯᒪᒍᑎᒥᓂᒃ­ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒧᑦ ᓴᐳᑦᔨᓯᒪᒍᑎᑦᓴᒥᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᑦᑎᒍᑦ ᑮᓇ­ᐅᔭᓕ­ᐅᕋᓱᒍᑎᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᖁᕝᕙᑎᕆᒍᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ ­ᐊᕐᓀᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓗ­ ­ᐊᓐᓄᕌᓕ­ᐅᕈᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᐸᓕ­ᐊᓯᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᒥᑭᔪ­ᐊᐱ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒥ­ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᒻᒫᖑᓕᕐᑐᑦ. ᐃᓅᑦᔪᓯ­ᑎᒍᓪᓗ-ᑮᓇ­ᐅᔭᓕ­ᐅᕋᓱᒍᑎᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᑐᕌᒐᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᐅᔪᖅ­ ᑲᔪᓯᔭᖃᕐᐳᖅ ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥᓗ ᖁᓕᓂᒃ/ᑕᓪᓕᒪ­ᐅᔪᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᖃᓕᕐᖁᖅ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᑦᑕᖏᑦᑐᓂᒃ ­ᐅᓪᓗᓕᒫᕐᓯ­ᐅᑎ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ, ­ᐊᒥᓱᑲᓪᓚᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑦᔭ­ᐅᒍᑎᓂᒃ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᓯᒪᖃᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓚᖃᕐᒥᓱᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᑦ ᒥᕐᓱᓯᒪᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᓴᓇᖕᖑ­ ᐊᓯᒪᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᓂ­ᐅᕕ­ᐊᖃᕐᐸᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᓕ­ᐊᕕᓃᑦ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᒪᔭ­ᐅᑦᓯ­ᐊᑐᑦ ᐱ­ᐅᔪᒻᒪᕆ­ᐊᓗᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓕ­ᐅᓲᖑᒋ­ᐊᖏᑦ.

ᑌᒪᓕ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᒋᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᑎᓕᔭᐅᓯᒪᒍᑎᒥᓂᒃ­ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᓄᐃᑦᓯᖃᑦᑕᖁᔭᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ ECHALOOK SELENA © © KATHY PADLAYAT KATHY ©

Taking traditional Inuit clothing into the future Since its inception in 2002, Nunavik Creations has worked diligently to ensuring that a new generation of seamstresses have all the skills achieve the mandate given by Makivik Corporation to support the local econ- to succeed, the company provides skill development training to omy and to promote the knowledge of Inuit women and Nunavik clothing its seamstresses for the mastering and proper use of complex traditions. machinery and advanced techniques. While taking the company from its humble beginnings to the interna- The design team have created many garment and accessory tional recognition it now bestows, the socio-economic goals of the company collections of exceptional quality, which are unique to Nunavik have been maintained through its current ten full-time employment posi- Creations. Our products are sold at various points of sale in Canada tions, numerous individual contracts as well as continual purchases of prod- as well as internationally. We have had requests from boutiques

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ucts from local artists. and museums in Holland, Switzerland, France and Denmark. Nunavik Creations has an undisputed reputation for producing quality At this time Nunavik Creations is enjoying a renewed popular-

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ products. In keeping with our mandate to create jobs and with the goal of ity. This is due in part to the revamping of the Nunavik Creations’ 68 ᓯᕗᓂᖃᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᓱᕐᖁᐃᑐᒥᒃ ᑭᖑᕚᖑᓛᕐᑐᑦ ᒥᕐᓱᑎᐅᖃᑦᑕᓛᕐᒥᔪᑦ­ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᖃᑦᓯ­ᐊᕈᓐᓇᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᖃᑦᑕᓛᕋᒥᒃ,­ ᑖᓐᓇ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᒃ ᐱᒋ­ᐅᕐᑕ­ ᐅᓯᒪᒋᐊᓕᓐᓄᑦ­ ᐱᒋᐅᕐᓴᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᓲᖑᕗᖅ­ ᒥᕐᓱᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᐱᑦᓯᐊᓯᒪᕖᖕᖓᑐᓂᒃ­ ᒥᕐᓱᕆᐅᖁᔨᑦᓱᓂ­ ᐊᑐᕈᓐᓇᓯᖁᑦᓱᒋᓪᓗ­ ᒥᕐᓱᓯᒪᔪᓕᐅᕈᑎᓂᒃ­ ᐱᓪᓗᑯᒋᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ.­ ᓴᓇᒻᒪᓴᓕ­ᐅᕐᑎᖏᑦ ᓄᐃᑦᓯᓯᒪᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ­ ᐊᓐᓄᕌᓂᒃ­ ᒥᕐᓱᓯᒪᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᐅᔪᔭᓪᓚᕆ­ ᐊᓗᓐᓂᒃ,­ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᓕᐊᕕᓂᒃᑯᓄᑦ­ ᑭᓯ­ᐊᓂ ᓴᓇᔭᐅᒍᓐᓇᑐᓂᒃ.­ ᓂᐅᕕ­ ­ ᐊᑦᓴᖁᑎᕗᑦ ᓂᐅᕕᕐᑕ­ ­ᐅᕙᑦᑐᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᓗ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒥᓗ.­ ᒥᕐᓱᓯᒪᔪᓕᐅᖁᔭ­ ᐅᑦᓱᑕ­ ­ᐊᑕᓐᓂ­ᐅᕕ­ᐅᓯᒪᓕᕐᑐᒍᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᑦ­ ᓂ­ᐅᕕᕐᕕᐊᐱᓐᓂᑦ­ ᑕᑯᕚᒃᑯᕕᓐᓂᓗ ᓯᓚᕐᔪ­ᐊᒥ ᑕᕆ­ᐅᑉ ­ᐊᑭ­ᐊᓂ ­ᐅᑯᓇᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᓚᓂ ᖄᓚᓐ, ᓱᕕᑦᔪᓚᓐ, ᒍᐃᒍᐃᕐᒧ­ᐊᑦ ᓄᓇᖓᑦ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑎ­ᐊᓐᒫᒃ. ᑕᒐᑕᒐ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᓕ­ᐊᕕᓃᑦ ᐱᔭ­ᐅᒍᒪᓕ­ᐅᒥᓯᒪᕉᑕᕆᒐᒥᒃ ­ᐊᓕᐊᓱᒍᑎᖃᕐᑐᑦ­ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ ᐱᒃᑲᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᓕ­ᐊᕕᓃᑦ ᑕᕐᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᐱ­ᐅᓯᒋᐊᕆᓂᖃᓚ­ ­ᐅᔪᑦᓱᑎᒃ, ᖃᕆᑕ­ᐅᔭᒃᑯᓗ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᔭ­ ­ᐅᑎᓇᓱᒍᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᒃ Facebook-ᑯᓪᓗ ᑕᑯᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᕕᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ­ ᐱᔪᒥᓇᕐᑎᓇᓱᒍᑎᒥᒍᓪᓗ. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᓕ­ᐊᕕᓃᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᖃᕐᑐᑦ ᒪᑭᕝᕕ­ᐅᑉ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᒋ­ᐊᓪᓚᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ (ᐃᓄᐃᒃᑯᓂᒃ, ᕘᔅ ᐃ­ᐊᒃᑯᓂᒃ), ­ᐊᓯᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ (ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᑦ ᐃᓕᖓᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᒥᕐᖑᐃᓯᕐᕕᓄᑦ, ­ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥ­ ­ᐅᑭᐅᒃᑯᑦ­ ᐱᖕᖑ­ᐊᓂᕐᔪ­ᐊᓂ, ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᓗ ᐃᓐᓂ­ᐊᑐᓕᕆᔨᓂ), ᐃᓚ­ᐅᕕᖃᕐᒥᓱᑎᓪᓗ ­ᐊᒥᓱᑲᓪᓚᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᖃ­ᐅᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᑕᑯᑦᓴ­ᐅᒍᑎᑦᓯᐊᖑᔪᑦ­ ᑕᒫᓂᓗ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓯᓚᕐᔪ­ᐊᒥᒐᓴᓪᓗ. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᓕᐊᕕᓃᑦ­ ­ᐊᕗᖓ­ᐅᓕᒋᐊᕐᑎᓯᓂᖃᓚ­ ­ᐅᔪᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᓂ­ᐅᕐᕈᓯᐅᕐᓂᒥᒃ­ ᐱᒐᓱᒍᑎᒋᕙᑦᑕᒥᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒎᓐᓂ ᒪᕐᕉᓂ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᑕ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ᐅᕋᒥᒃ 2015- ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑯᐯᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᖃᕐᓂᒃ ᐃᓐᓂ­ᐊᑐᓕᕆᔪᓂᒃ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᓯᒍᑎᖓᓐᓂᒃ ᓂ­ᐅᕐᕈᑎᑦᓴᓕᐅᕐᓂᖏᓐᓅᓕᖓᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ­ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᑕ­ᐅᒍᑎᒋᓚ­ᐅᔪᔭᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑎᖃᕐᑐᑦ ᓇᓗᓀᔦᓂᕐᓄᑦ ᑲᑎᒍᑎᖃᕐᑎᓗᒍᑦ ᓯᑕᒻᒥᐅᑎᒋᓕᕐᑕᖓᓂ­ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᐃᓐᓂ­ ᐊᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᓂᕐᔪ­ᐊᖓᑕ ᑯᐯᒃ ᓯᑎᒥ. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᓕᐊᕕᓃᑦ­ ᐱᔪᕆᒪᒍᑎᖃᕐᐳᑦ ᐃᓚ­ᐅᖃᑕ­ᐅᒋ­ᐊᒥᒃ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑕᕐᑕᑐᓕᒫᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑕᖁᔨᕗᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᐱᒐᓱᑦᑕᖃᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᓂ­ᐅᕕ­ᐊᑦᓴᖃᕐᓂᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᖁᑎᒥᑕ. ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᐱᑦᔪᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐅᑎᕐᑕ­ᐅᒍᑎᑦᓴᔭᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᓕᐅᕐᓯᒪᓕᕐᑐᑦ­ ᐃᓚᐅᒍᑎᒃ-ᒥᒃ­ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᕈᑎ­ᐅᓂ­ᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ 30%-ᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑭᑭᓕᒋ­ᐊᕐᓯᒪᒍᑎᑦᓴᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑐᕐᑕ­ᐅᒍᓐᓇᒥᔪᓂᒃ ᖃᕆᑕ­ᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᑎᑭᓭᕕᒻᒥᑦ ­ᐅᕙᓂ www.nunavikcreations.com ᓂ­ᐅᕕᕐᕕ­ ᐊᐱᓐᓂᓗ ᑕᑯᑦᓴ­ᐅᑎᑦᓯᕕᓐᓂᓗ ᑰᒃᔪ­ᐊᒥᓗ ᐃᓄᑦᔪ­ᐊᒥᓗ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᒪᓐᑐᔨ­ᐊᒥ ᕕᓪ ᓰᓐ-ᓗᕌᓐᒥᑦ.

ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᓕᐊᕕᓃᑦ ᒥᕐᓱᑎᖏᑦᑕ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᐊᕈᓯᕐᖃᕐᑎᓯᓂᖓ ᐃᓄᒃᔪᐊᒥ.

© KATHY PADLAYAT KATHY © Nunavik Creations’ sewing workshop in Inukjuak. © SELENA ECHALOOK X2 ECHALOOK SELENA ©

brand, its interactive website and Facebook page as well as its adver- Gala during the fourth International Aboriginal Tourism Conference tising campaign. Nunavik Creations’ partnerships with other Makivik in Quebec City. subsidiaries (Air Inuit and First Air), other Inuit organizations (KRG for Nunavik Creations is proud to be part of its community and would Nunavik Parks, the Arctic Winter Games, Nunavik Tourism), and partici- like all beneficiaries to benefit from the community and commer- pation with several other Aboriginal communities have added greatly cial activities of the company. It is to this purpose that a Rewards to our visibility both nationally and internationally. Program Ilaugutik has introduced a 30% discount applicable on-line Nunavik Creations’ expanded marketing approach over the past at www.nunavikcreations.com and at the boutique and showrooms in couple of years was recognized the 2015 Quebec Aboriginal Tourism Kuujjuaq, Inukjuak and Ville St-Laurent. Award in the marketing category at the Entrepreneurship Recognition mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

www.nunavikcreations.com 69 ᐱᖁᔭᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᒋᐊᓪᓚᕈᑏᑦ Legal Tips ᒪᑭᕝᕕᑯᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᖓᓐᓂᑦ By the Makivik Legal Department © ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/JOSÉ LUIS GUTIÉRREZ LUIS ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/JOSÉ ©

ᐱᒋᐊᖕᖓᕕᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ From the JBNQA to Parnasimautik ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᔪᑦ ᐸᕐᓇᓯᒪᐅᑎᒧᑦ A lot has been said and written about the James Bay and ᖃᓄ­ᐊᓗᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᕆᔭ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᓕᕐᖁᑦ ­ᐊᓪᓚᒍᑕ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗᓃᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA) in the past decades and ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓄᑦ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒎᑎ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒐᓵᓗᓐᓂ ­ᐊᓂᒍᕐᓯᒪᓕᕐᑐᓂ, for a good reason. This document constitutes a milestone in the ­ᐅᖃᒍᑎᑦᓴ­ᐅᒐᒥᓪᓗ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­ ­ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᖕᖑᐃᒍᑎ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓂᓪᓓᒍᑎ­ᐅᓯᒪᕗᑦ legal and political history of the Nunavik Inuit and the Crees as ­ᐊᖏᔪ­ᐊᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᐱᔭᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᐱᖁᔭᑎᒎᕐᑐᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᑎᒍᓪᓗ­ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ well as for Quebec and Canada. ᐊᓯᒪᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ­ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᓗ ­ᐊᓪᓓᓗ ᑯᔩᑦ ᐃᓚ­ᐅᖃᑕ­ᐅᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ We can fairly state that it marked the beginning of a new era ᑯᐯᒃᓗ ᑲᓇᑕᓗ. for Nunavik and that it paved the way to the signing of other ᑕᒻᒪᖏᒻᒪᕆᓪᓗᑕ ᐅᖃᑦᓯ­ ­­ᐊᕈᓐᓇᐳᒍᑦ ᐱᒋ­­ᐊᕐᕕᓕ­ᐅᑎᕕᓂᐅᒋ­ ­­ᐊᖏᑦ ᐃᓅᓯ­ᐅᑉ ᓄᑖᒥᒃ treaties throughout Canada. Clearly, there was a pre-JBNQA and ­­ᐊᑑᑎᔭᖃᓯᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ­­ᐊᕐᖁᓯ­ᐅᕐᑎᒋᓯᒪᒐᑦᑎᒍ ­­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂ­ᐅᕙᓐᓂ­­ᐊᓕᕐᑐᓄᑦ a post-JBNQA. The JBNQA has impacts in almost every aspect of ᑲᓇᑕᒥ. ᐃᑉᐱᓇᑦᓯ­­ᐊᒪᑦ, ᐱᑕᖃᕐᓯᒪᒋ­­ᐊᖓ ᐱᔪᖃᕐᐸᓕ­­ᐊᓯᓂᕕᓂᕐᒥᒃ-ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ­­ the lives of Nunavimmiut; from housing to lands, from the envi- ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­­ᐊᓯᓂᕕᓂᖓᓂᒃ ᑭᖑᓂᖃᕐᓯᒪᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ­­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ronment to municipal services, from hunting to justice—the list ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑕᖏᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯ­­ᐊ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ­­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ goes on. The new era is one where Nunavik Inuit can no longer ­­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᑦ ᓱᕐᕃᓯᒪᓂᕐᖃᒪᑕ ᐃᓅᓯ­ᐅᑉ ­­ᐊᑦᑐᑕ­ᐅᒍᓐᓇᑐᓕᒫᑦᓯ­­ᐊᒐᓚᖏᓐᓂᒃ be ignored, where development cannot happen without them ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ­ᐅᑎᒍᑦ; ᐃᓪᓗᖃᕐᑎᑦᓯᔨ­ᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖃᕐᓂᓄᑦ, ᓄᓇ­ᐅᑉ ­­ᐊᕙᑎᖓᓂᒃ being consulted and involved. ᑲᒪᔨ­ᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᑲᕙᒫᐱᖏᑕ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᓂᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ­­ᐊᖑᓇᓱᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᒥᑦ The JBNQA is not perfect, but still it helped achieve a lot in ᐃᕐᖃᑐᐃᕕᑎᒎᕐᑐᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᑦ – ­ᐅᖃᕐᑕ­ᐅᒍᓐᓇᑐᑦ ­ᐅᓄᕐᐳᑦ. ᓄᑖᒥᒃ ­­ᐊᑑᑎᔭᖃᓯᓂᖅ terms of developing the communities, of accessing much-needed ᑐᑭᖃᕐᐳᖅ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ­ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ ᖃᖏᓐᓈᑕ­­ᐅᑐᐃᓐᓇᖃᔭᕈᓐᓀᓯᒪᓂᖃᕆ­­ᐊᖏᑦ, services, of creating institutions controlled by Nunavik Inuit, etc. ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­­ᐊᑎᑦᓯᓃᑦ ᐊᑎᔭ­­ ­­ᐅᓯ­ᖏᓐᓇᑐ­­ᐃᓐᓇᕈᓐᓇᕈᓐᓀᕆᐊᖏᓪᓗ­­ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᓂᐊᕐᕕ­­ ­ To quote Zebedee Nungak (from an interview to Makivik News ᐅᖃᓚᐅᕐᑎᓇᒋᑦ­ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂ­­ ᓕᕆᒍ­ ­ᑎ­­ᐅᓕᕐᑐᓄᓪᓗ ᐃᓚᖕᖏᑑᑎᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕈᓐᓀᓯᒪᓕᕐᓱᑎᒃ.­ for the 20th anniversary of the signing of the JBNQA), “So, in a way, ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓄᑦ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓈᒻᒪᓯ­ it was a major accomplishment just to have reached an agree- ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂ­ᖃᑦᔭᖏᑦᑐᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­ ᑌᒣᒃᑲᓗ­ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᓯᒪᔪᒻᒪᕆᐊᓘᔪᑦ­ ment, incomplete as it was, and deficient and defective as it was. ᐱᒍᓐᓇᕈᑎᑖᖑᒪᓂᕐᒥᒍᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᑎᑕ­ᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ, ᐱᑦᔪᔭ­ᐅᒍᑎ­ᐅᓪᓚᕆᒋ­ It gave us certain basic tools, certain basic institutions that would ᐊᓕᓐᓂᓗ ᐱᑦᔪᔭ­ᐅᒍᑕᕐᑕ­ᐅᒪᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᓴᕐᕿᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᓂᒃ do nothing but advance our desire to be more self-governing. ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᔨᖃᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ­ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᒃ, ­ᐊᓯᖏᑎᒍᓪᓗ. ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓ­ᐅᑉ ­ᐅᖃᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ­ᐅᖃᕐᓗᒋᑦ (ᐱᔭᐅᒪᔪᑦ­ ­ᐊᐱᕐᓱᑕ­ᐅᓂᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᓂᓪᓕᕈᑎᒋᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᑐᓴᕋᑦᓴᑎᒍᑦ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ 20-ᓂ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑎᓕᐅᖃᑎᒌᓯᒪᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ­ ᓇᓪᓕ­ ᐅᑎᓕᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᐃᒣᓕᑦᓱᓂ) “ᐃᓚᖏᑎᒍᑦ ­ᐊᖏᔪᒻᒪᕆᒻᒥᒃ ᐱᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒐᓗ­ᐊᕐᑐᒍᑦ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑖᕐᑐᐊᓘᓕᕋᑦᑕ,­ ᐃᓗᐃᑦᑑᖏᑐᒐᓗᐊᒥᒃ,­ ᓈᒻᒪᖏᑦᑐᑲᓪᓛᖑᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᐱ­ᐅᖕᖏᑐᑲᓪᓛᖑᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­ ᑌᒣᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒐᓗ­ ᐊᕐᑎᓗᒍ. ᐱᔪᓐᓇᕈᑎᑕᕆᓯᒪᕙᕗᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᑦᓴᑕᕐᓱᑕ, ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᖁᑎᑕᕐᓱᑕᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᖃᕐᓂᐊᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ­ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᖁᕝᕙᑎᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕐᓗ ᑲᕙᒪᖃᕈᒪᓂᑦᑎᓂᒃ. ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᖁᑎᑕᕐᓯᒪᒐᑦᑕ ᓲᕐᓗ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ ᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ, ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᓂᓪᓗ, ᓄᓇᓖᓪᓗ ᑲᕙᒫᐱᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᓄᓇᐅᓪᓗ­ ᐊᕙᑎᖓᓂᒃ­ ᓱᒃᑯᑕ­ ᐅᑎᑦᓯᑌᓕᔨᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᓂᓪᓗ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᕐᓂᕋᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᕝᕕ­ ᐅᕙᓐᓂ­ᐊᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᓲᕐᓗ ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᑎᒍᒥᐊᕐᑎᑯᓐᓂᒃ.”­ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ­ᐊᕙᑎ ᒪᕐᕈᐃᑦ ­ᐊᓂᒍᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᑌᒪᖕᖓᑦ ­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᖃ­ᑎᒌᓐᓂᖃᓚ­­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒋᓂᑦ, ᐋᕐᕿᒋᐊᕐᑕ­ ­

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᐅᒋ­ᐊᖃᖏᓐᓇᐳᑦ ᓱᓕ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ­­­ ­ᐅ: ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᐃᓚᖏᑕ ­ᐊᕕᑦᑐᓯᒪᓂᖏᑦ ᓱᓕ

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ᐱᑕᖃᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᔪᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓃᑐᑦ ᓄᑕ­ᐅᓯᓕᔭ­ It gave us institutions such as the Kativik School Board, the Kativik ᐅᒋᐊᕆ­ ᐊᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ,­ ᓄᒃᑭᕆᐊᕐᑕ­ ᐅᓗᑎᓪᓗᓃᑦ­ ᐅᕝᕙᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᓕ­ᐅᕈᑎᐅᒋ­ ᐊᑦᓯ­ ᐊᓗᑎᒃ.­ Regional Government, the municipalities, an environment watch- ᑌᒣᒃᑲᓗᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ­ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ­ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᑦ­ ᐱᖁᔭᕐᔪᐊᓄᑦ­ dog, and land ownership corporations.” ᓴᐳᑦᔭ­ᐅᒪᒍᑎᖃᕐᓱᓂ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᐅᒪᕗᑦ­ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ­ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᐱᒍᑕ­ Forty years after its signing, improvements are still required to ᐅᒍᓐᓇᓯ­ᐊᕐᓱᓂ ᐊᖏᔪᓂᒃ­ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᓂᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᓚᖓᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒐᓵᓗᓐᓂ­ the Agreement: some sections have not been fully implemented ᓯᕗᓂᑦᑎᓃᑦᑐᓂ ᑭᖑᕚᖑᓛᕐᑐᓄᑦ ᕿᒻᒪᖁᓯᐊᑦᓴ­ ­ᐅᓗᑎᒃ. ᐱᐅᓯᖃᕈᑕ­ ­ᐅᒪᒐᓗ­ᐊᕐᓱᓂ and some of the regimes provided for in the JBNQA need to be ᓲᕐᓗ ᐃᕐᖃᐃᕕ­ᐅᑉ ᓯᓚᑖᒍᑦ ᓂᐳᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᒍᑎᒥᒃ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᒍᑕ­ᐅᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᕕᑦᓴᖃᑦᓯ­ updated, revamped or even rethought. Nonetheless, the JBNQA is ᐊᖏᑦᑐᑎᑕ­ᐅᔪᓄᑦ, ᑌᒃᑯ­ᐊ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒐᓱᓐᓂᒥᒃ ᐱᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᖃᖃᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓲᓱᒋᔭ­ᐅᑦᓯ­ a constitutionally protected treaty from which the Nunavik Inuit ᐊᕆ­ᐊᖃᕐᐳᑦ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᑕ­ᐅᒪᑦᓯ­ᐊᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᒐᓱᑦᓯᒪᓂᕐᒥᓄᑦ. derived great benefits and will continue to do so for the genera- ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᖃᕆᐊᓪᓚᓗᑕ­ ᓄᑕᐅᓯᓕᕆ­ ­ᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᑕ ᑭᖕᖒᒪᓇᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­ ᐱᒻᒪᕆ­ tions to come. Despite the fact that it is, in a way, an out-of-court ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕ­ᐅᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᖁᔭᕐᑖᑕᐅᒪᒍᑎᖏᑦᑕᓗ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ, ᐊᑑᑎᖃᒻᒪᕆᒃᑭᕗᖅ settlement that was negotiated fairly quickly, those who nego- ᐃᒫᒃ ᐅᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒍᓐᓇᓂᖅ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᑕ ­ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃᕆᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᖓᑕ tiated it still deserve to be seen as pioneers who deserve great ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᕆᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ ­ᐅᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᑖᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓄᑦ respect and recognition. ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑏᑦ ᓴᕐᕿᑎᑕᐅᒪᓂᖃᓚᖓᒋ­ ᐊᖏᑦ­ ᓱᕐᕋᕆᐊᕐᑕ­ ᐅᖃᔭᖕᖏᑑᓗᑎᒃ­ ᐱᕕᖃᕐᑎᑕ­ Going back to the need to update this important Agreement ᐅᒋᐊᖃᕆ­ ᐊᖏᓪᓗ­ ᐊᓯᑦᔨᕆ­ ᐊᖃᑦᑕᕈᓐᓇᓂᕐᓂᒃ.­ ᐊᒥᓱᑲᓪᓚ­ ᐅᓕᕐᑐᑦ­ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑕ­ ᐅᒪᔪᓂᒃ­ and some of the regimes derived from it, it is useful to para- ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ­ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂ­ ᐅᐃᒍᑖᕆᒍᑎᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᓕᕐᑐᑦ phrase a former premier of Quebec who described the JBNQA ᑕᑯᑦᓴ­ᐅᑎᑦᓯᕗᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­ ­ᐊᓯᑦᔨᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᓂᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ­ᐅᐱᓐᓇᕋᓂᓕ, ᐃᓅᑦᔪᓯ­ᐅᔪᑦ as an organic document that should be allowed to evolve. The ­ᐊᓯᑦᔨᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐱᔪᓐᓇ­ᐅᑎᑕᖏᑦ ᒪᓕᒋ­ᐊᖃᓲᖑᒻᒪᑕ. numerous complementary Agreements to the JBNQA consti- ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖃᑦᑕᓚᖓᔪᓂ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᑎᓃᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᓱᓇᓂᒃ ᓂᕆ­ᐅᒍᓐᓇᐱᑕ ᑎᑭᐅ­­ tute clear evidence of this ongoing evolution. After all, as socie- ᑎᓂᖃᓛᕐᓂᑎᓐᓂ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ 50-ᓂᒃ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎ­ᐅᒪᔪᑦ ᓇᓪᓕ­ᐅᑎᓂᑦᓴᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ties evolve, rights follow. ᐯ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ­ᐊᑎᓕ­ᐅᖃᑕ­ᐅᓂᕆᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ ᐊᓂᒍᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ­ ­ᐅᖓᑖᓄᓪᓘ? What can we expect for the coming years that will lead us to ᑌᒪᓕ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᒪᓇᖕᖏᓗᑐᑦᓯ­ᐊᕋᓗ­ᐊᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᖅ ᖃᓄᐃᓕᖓᓛᕐᒪᖔᑦ, ᑐᑭᓯᑦᓯ­ the 50th anniversary of the signing of the JBNQA and beyond? ᐊᕈᓐᓇᐳᓯ ­ᐊᑐ­ᐊᕐᓯᓗᓯ ᐸᕐᓇᓯᒪᐅᑎᒃᑯᑦ­ ᑐᑭᓯᓂᐊᕐᓂᖃᓚ­ ­ᐅᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑐᓴᕐᑕᐅᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᓕ­ ­ Although it is very difficult to predict the future, you will find ᐊᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᐸᕐᓇᓯᒪ­ᐅᑎᒃᑯᑎᒍᑦ ­ᐊᑕᓐᓂ­ᐅᓂᖃᓚ­ᐅᔪᒻᒪᑕ ᓄᑕᐅᓯᓖᒍᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ pretty clear indications if you read carefully the Parnasimautik ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᒍᓯᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓗ­ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ ᑲᕙᒪ­ᐅᔪᓪᓗ ᐃᓚ­ᐅᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ consultation report. Parnasimautik calls for renewed relationships ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᓂᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᒥᒃ­ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᖃᕐᑐᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­ ᑐᓴᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᓕ­ between the Nunavik Inuit and the governments as well as with ᐊᖑᓚ­ᐅᔪᔪᑦ ᐃᓱᓕᒍᑎᖃᕐᐳᑦ ᐃᒣᓕᔪᓂᒃ, “ᑖᒃᑯᑎᒎᓇ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕ­ᐅᔪᑎᒍᑦ the industrial developers. From the conclusion of the report, “This (ᐸᕐᓇᓯᒪ­ᐅᑎᒃᑯᑎᒍᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᓂᐊᕐᓂ­ ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᑐᖅ) ᐱᑕᖃᓪᓚᕆᒋ­ᐊᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᓂ­ process [the Parnasimautik consultations] has been a critical step ᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᑐᕌᕐᓂᑎᒍᑦ ᓄᑖᖑᓂᕐᓴᓂᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᒍᓯᕐᓂᒃ ᐃᓂᓪᓓᒍᑎᖃᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᑎᓐᓄᑦ­ in the pathway to a new autonomous governance structure for ᐃᒻᒥᓂᕐᓱᕈᑎᒋᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᓴᕆᓂᐊᕐᑕᑎᓐᓄᑦ­ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ. … ᓄᓇᕕ­ᐅᑉ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᖏᑦ Nunavik. … Nunavik Inuit will no longer be silent or invisible. … ᓂᐯᑦᑐᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᓚᖓᒍᓐᓀᒪᑕ­ ᓂᑦᑕᖏᑦᑐᑐᐃᓐᓇ­ᐅᓚᖓᒍᓐᓀᓱᑎᓪᓗ. … ᐸᕐᓇᓯᒪᐅᑎ­ Parnasimautik is not an end: it is a new beginning. ” ᐃᓱᓕᓂ­ᐅᑦᔭᖏᓪᓚᖅ: ᓄᑖᓂᓪᓕ ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᓂ­ᐅᕗᖅ.” mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

71 ᓄᓇᖃᑦᓯᐊᕋᓱᐊᕐᕕᒃ Green Corner © PIERRE DUNNIGAN PIERRE ©

ᒫᑦᔨ/ᒫᑦᓯ 2014-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑲᕙᒪᖓ ᑎᓕᔨᓚᐅᔪᕗᖅ­ ­ᐊᓪᓚᕕᒻᒥᒃ In March 2014 the Quebec government mandated the Bureau ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓄᑦ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᕕ­ ­ᐅᒍᓐᓇᑐᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᐅᑉ­ ­ᐊᕙᑎᖓᓅᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ BAPE-ᑯᓐᓂᒃ d’Audience Publiques sur l’Environnement (Office of public ᑐᑭᓯᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᐱᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᖃᖁᓕᕐᓱᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓂᓪᓗ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᑎᑦᓯᖃᑦᑕᓗᑎᒃ consultation on the environment, BAPE) to hold an inquiry and ᐱᑦᔪᑎᖃᕐᓗᑎᒃ ᓄᖑᓱᐃᑦᑐᔭᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᐅᒍᓐᓇᑐᓂᒃ­ ᑯᐯᒃᒥ. ᑌᒪᓕ public hearing on uranium industry issues in Quebec. Because this ᑖᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᑎᓕᔭᐅᒍᑏᑦ­ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᑦᓯᓂᖃᓚ­ ­ᐅᔪᒻᒪᑕ ᑯᐯᒃ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖏᑦᑕ ­ᐊᕕᑦᑐᓯᒪᔪᖁᑎᓕᒫᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᐃᓚ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓀᑦ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᑕ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂ­ ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎ­ ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᓄᓀᑦ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋ­ᐅᑉ ᓯᕿᓂᐊᓂ­ ­ᐅᓂᕐᓴᖅ ᑯᐯᒃᒥ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎ­ᐅᒪᔪᑦ (NEQA-ᑯᑦ) ᑕᒪᒃᑯ­ᐊ ᐱᑦᔪᑕ­ ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ­ᐊᓪᓚᕕᒃ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓄᑦ ᑐᓴ­ᐅᒪᕕ­ᐅᒍᓐᓇᑐᖅ ᓄᓇᐅᑉ­ ᐊᕙᑎᖓᓅᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ­ ᖃᐅᔨᑦᓴᕈᑎᖃᕐᕕᖃᓕᓚ­ ­ ᐅᔪᕗᖅ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᑦ ᓄᓇᐅᑉ­ ­ᐊᕙᑎᖓᓅᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᓂᒃ (KEAC-ᑯᓐᓂᒃ) ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥ ᖃᓄᕐᑑᕆ­ᐊᕐᓂᓄᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᓂᓪᓗ ᐃᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᐅᑉ­ ᐊᕙᑎᖓᓄᑦ­ (JBACE-ᑯᑦ) ᑐᑭᒧ­ ᐊᑦᑎᓯᖃᑎᒌᖑᖁᓕᕐᓱᒋᒃ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕᖃᕐᓂ­ ­ ᐅᔪᓂ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᓗ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒦᑦᑐᓂᓗ ᓄᓇᖁᑕ­ᐅᔪᓂ. ᐱᖓᓱᐃᓕᖓᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᑭᖑᓪᓕᕇᑦᑐᓴᓕᐊᖑᒪᔪᑦ­ ᑐᑭᓯᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᖃᕐᓃᑦ ᐱᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᕆᔭ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᔪᕗᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᓄᖓ BAPE-ᑯᓪᓗ KEAC-ᑯᓪᓗ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ JBACE-ᑯᑦ ᑎᓕᓯᒪᓚ­ᐅᔪᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓪᓗᑯᒋ­ᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᓐᓂ­ ᐊᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ­ᐊᒥᓱᐃᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᓗ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂ ᑐᑭᓯᓂᐊᕐᓂᖃᕐᓗᑎᒃ­ ᒣ ᑕᕐᕿᖓᓂᑦ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᓗᑎᒃ­ ᑏᓯᒻᐱᕆ 2014

ᑎᑭ­ᐅᑎᓗᒍ. ᑐᑭᓯᓂᐊᕐᕕᖃᕐᓂ­ ­ᐅᔪᓂ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ X2 MEMBER KEAC LETOURNEAU, SYLVIE © ­ᐊᐱᕆᔭ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ᐅᔪᔪᑦ ᓂᓪᓕᕈᑎᖃᑦᓯᐊᖁᔭ­ ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᒥᓐᓂᒃ, ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᑦᓴᖃᕈᑎᓪᓗ ­ᐅᖃᕐᑌᓕᖁᔭᐅᓇᑎᒃ­ ­ᐊᐱᕐᓱᕈᒪᒍᑎᓪᓗ mandate included all territories within Quebec, including those ­ᐊᐱᕆᓂᖃᕈᓐᓇᓯ­ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ. ᐃᓗᓐᓈᒍᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑦᑕᑐᑦ­ covered by the James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement (JBNQA) ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯᖃᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᓱᒫᓗᒋᔭᖃᒻᒪᕆᒋ­ᐊᒥᒃ ᓱᕐᕃᓂᕆᒍᓐᓇᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ and the Northeastern Quebec Agreement (NEQA), the BAPE contacted ᓄᖑᓱᐃᑦᑐᔭ­ᐅᑉ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕈᑕᐅᓕᑐ­ ᐊᕈᓂ­ ᖃᓄᐃᓪᓗ­ᐊᑐᒥᒃ ᓱᕐᕃᓂᖃᕋᔭᕐᒪ both the Kativik Environmental Advisory Committee (KEAC) and ᓄᓇ­ᐅᑉ ­ᐊᕙᑎᖓᓂᒃ, ᓂᕐᔪᑎᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓂ­ᐊᐸᑦᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᕈᕐᑐᓂᓪᓗ the James Bay Advisory Committee on the Environment (JBACE) ᓄᓂᕙᑉᐸᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᓇᒻᒥᓂᕐᓗ ᐃᓄᑦᑎᒍᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᖕᖏᓯ­ᐊᕐᑐᓴ­ᐅᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ to co-chair the public consultations in the Nunavik and James Bay ᐃᓱᒫᓗᒍᑎᖃᕐᒥᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐅᑦᑐᕋ­ᐅᑎᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑦᓴᐅᔪᓪᓗ­ ­ᐊᑦᔨᒌᖕᖏᓗ­ᐊᕆ­ᐊᖏᑦ regions. ᐃᓕᖓᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕ­ ­ᐅᕋᓱᓐᓂᓄᓪᓗ ᓱᒃᑯᓇᕐᑐᒧᓪᓗ ᑎᑭ­ᐅᑎᑲᓪᓚᑐᐃᓐᓇᕆ­ Three phases of public consultations were carried out by the ᐊᖃᕐᓂᓄᑦ. BAPE, KEAC and JBACE special commissions in various villages in ᔪᓓ 2015-ᒥ, ᑐᕐᖃᑕᕐᕕᒃ ᐃᓕᖓᔪᖅ ᓄᖑᓯᓐᓇᐅᖏᑦᑐᓂᒃ, ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊ­ Nunavik and James Bay between May and December 2014. During ᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᓄᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᐅᓪᓗ ᐊᕙᑎᖓᓄᑦ, ᐊᑭᓴᕐᑐᓇᓱᓐᓂᓄᓪᓗ ᓯᓚᐅᑉ these sessions, the public was asked to voice their opinions, give ᐊᓯᑦᔨᕙᓪᓕᐊᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓅᕆᓚᐅᔪᕗᖅ BAPE-ᑯᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᓂᐊᕐᓂᒥᒃ comments, or ask questions. Overall, participants expressed con- ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᕕᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᑐᓴᕐᑕᐅᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᓂᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕐᑕᓯᕐᑐ­ cern about the effect of the uranium industry on their natural envi- ᐃᓯᒪᑦᓯᐊᓂᖃᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᓇᐅᑦᓯᑐᕐᓂᕕᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓪᓗ ᐃᓱᒪᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ronment, the animals they hunt and plants they collect, their own ᐃᓕᖓᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓄᖑᓱᐃᑦᑐᔭᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑎᖃᕐᓂᐅᔭᕐᑐᓄᑦ ᑯᐯᒻᒥ, ᓵᑉᑕ health and safety and the difficulty in comparing the economic 13-ᒦᑦᑐᑦ ᑐᓴᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᓂ, ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑑᓕᕐᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ, ᐊᓪᓚᑎᑑᓕᕐᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ, benefits with the risks. ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑎᑑᓕᕐᑎᑕᐅᓯᒪᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ, ᐊᑕᖐᑦᓯᐊᑐᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᖕᖑ­ In July 2015, the Minister of Sustainable Development, Environ­ ᐃᖃᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ KEAC -ᑯᓐᓂᒃ JBACE-ᑯᓐᓂᓗ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­ ᑕᒡᒐᓂ ­ᐊᕕᑦᑐᓯᒪᓂᕐᒥ ment and the Fight Against Climate Change released the BAPE

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ­ᐊᓪᓚᑕ­ᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᒣᓕᔪᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᓕᒋᐊᕈᑎᖃᕐᐳᑦ,­ “ᓄᖑᓱᐃᑦᑐᔭᒥᒃ inquiry commission report detailing their examination ­ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂ­ᐊᓂ­ᐅᒍᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᖏᕐᑕᐅᖏᑦᑑᓴᐅᑎᒋᕗᑦ “ᑌᒣᑦᑐᓂᒃ ­ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂ­ᐊᕋᔭᕐᓃᑦ and public opinion of the uranium industry ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

72 ­ᐊᖏᕐᑕ­ᐅᒍᑎᖃᖕᖏᓚᕆᑦᓯᒪᕗᑦ. ᓄᖑᓱᐃᑦᑐᔭᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑎᖃᕐᓃᑦ in Quebec. Chapter 13 of this report, which has been translated ­ᐊᖏᕐᑕ­­ᐅᓂ­­ᐅᔭᖕᖏᒪᕆᓲᖑᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᓗ into Inuktitut, Cree and English, covers the northern Québec terri- ᓄᓇᓂ ­ᐊᖏᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑎᒍᑦ ᓄᓇᑖᖑᓯᒪᔪᓂ ᔦᒥᓯ ᐯᒥᓗ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᓗ ᑯᐯᒃᓗ tory and was co-written by the KEAC and JBACE. This chapter con- ᓯᕿᓂ­ᐊᓂ”. cludes, “The uranium industry is rejected almost unanimously by the ᑖᒃᑯ­ᐊ BAPE-ᑯᑦ ᐅᖃᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᑦ­ ᑲᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ­ ᑐᑭᑖᕐᓂᐊᕈᑎᒃ­ ᐅᒃᑯᐃᓯᓂ­ ᐊᕐᓂᒥᒃ­ Aboriginal communities in territories subject to land claims agree- ᓄᖑᓱᐃᑦᑐᔭᒥᒃ ­ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂ­ᐊᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᑯᐯᒃᒥ, ᐃᓱᒫᓗᐃᕐᓯᒪᕐᖄᕆᐊᖃᕆᐊᖏᑦ ments in James Bay and Nunavik, and in southern Quebec”. ᐱᖓᓱᓄᑦ ᐱᑕᖃᕆᐊᓕᓐᓄᑦ:­ ᓱᕐᖁᐃᑐᒥᒃ ᐃᓅᖃᑎᒌᓕᒫᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᕐᑕ­ ᐅᓯᒪᑦᓯ­ ­ᐊᓗᑎᒃ; The BAPE also states that should the government decide to open ᑐᓴ­ᐅᒪᔭ­ᐅᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᑦᓯ­ᐊᕆᐊᖃᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ­ ᓱᕐᖁᐃᓯ­ᐊᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᑐᑭᓯᒪᑦᓯ­ the door to uranium mining in Quebec, it must satisfy three require- ᐊᑎᑦᓯᓂᐅᒋ­ ᐊᓕᑎᒍᑦ;­ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕆ­ ᐊᖃᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ­ ᐅᐃᒫᕆᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᓐᓀᓗᒋᑦ­ ments: it must ensure social acceptability; it must generate relia- ᐱᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᑎᒍᑦ ᑐᖕᖓᕕᒋᒋᐊᓕᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᕈᑎᑦᓯᐊᖑᓛᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ­ ble knowledge to overcome the current lack of information; and it ᑐᑭᓯᒪᔭᐅᒋ­ ­ᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᑰᒍᓐᓀᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᑦᓯᐊᖑᓂᖃᓛᕐᓗᑎᓪᓗ­ must take time to develop a legal framework that will allow for suf- ­ᐅᔭᕋᓐᓂ­ᐊᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᑦᓯᓕᕐᑐᓂᒃ. ᑭᖑᓪᓕᐅᓗᑎᒃ­ ᐅᖄᔭᐅᓛᓕᕐᒥᔪᑦ, ficient control over mining operations. Coming next, a comprehen- ­ᐊᑕᖏᕐᓯᓯ­ᐊᕐᑐᒥᒃ ᑐᑭᓯᓂᐊᕈᑎ­ ­ᐅᒪᔪᑦ BAPE-ᑯᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᔭᕕᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕ­ sive analysis of the findings of the BAPE should be carried out by an ᐅᖁᓇᓕᕋᔭᕆᕗᑦ ᑐᕐᖃᑕᕐᕕᐅᑉ­ ᐃᓕᒃᑰᓱᓂ-ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᖁᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ. inter-ministerial committee. ᐃᓗᐃᑦᑐᓯ­ᐊᖑᑦᓱᑎᒃ BAPE-ᑯᑦ ᑐᓴᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᓕᐊᕆᓯᒪᔭᖏᑦ­ (ᐱᔭ­ᐅᔪᓐᓇᑐᑦ The full BAPE report (available in French only), as well as the ᒍᐃᒍᐃᑎᑐᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ­ ­ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ), ᐃᓚᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐅᖃ­ᐅᓯ­ᐅᑉ ᐁᑉᐯᖏᓐᓄᑦ translated versions of Chapter 13, are available on the KEAC ᓄᑦᑎᑕ­ᐅᒪᔪᓂᒃ ­ᐊᕕᑦᑐᓯᒪᓂᖅ 13-ᖑᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᔭᐅᒍᓐᓇᐳᑦ­ KEAC-ᑯᑦ ᖃᕆᑕ­ website at: www.keac-ccek.ca; as well as the BAPE website at: ᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᑕᑯᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕕᖓᓐᓂ ­ᐅᕙᓂ: www.keac-ccek.ca; ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ BAPE-ᑯᑦ http://www.bape.gouv.qc.ca/sections/mandats/uranium-en- ᖃᕆᑕ­ᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᑕᑯᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᕕᖓᓐᓂ­ ᐅᕙᓂ:­ http://www.bape.gouv.qc.ca/ jeux/index.htm. sections/mandats/uranium-enjeux/index.htm. The KEAC would like to take this opportunity to thank the Northern KEAC-ᑯᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᑎᒎᓇ ᐱᕕᑦᓴᖃᕐᕕᑖᑦᓯᐊᓂᕐᒥᓂ ᓇᑯᕐᒦᕈᒪᕗᑦ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᑦ­ Villages of Kuujjuaq and Kaniqsualujjuaq, as well as the village of ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑰᒃᔪᐊᒥ,­ ᑲᖏᕐᓱ­ᐊᓗᒃᔪᐊᒥ,­ ᐃᓚᐅᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒍ­ ᓄᓇᓕᖓᑦ ᑲᒍ­ᐊᒍ­ Kawawachikamach, for hosting public consultations in their com- ᐊᑦᓯᑲᒫᒃ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᑎᑦᓯᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᔪᒻᒪᑕ­ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᓂ ᐃᓚ­ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ munity and for the participation of all community members and ᐅᔪᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕ­ᐅᔪᓂᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ. organizations in Nunavik. mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

73 ᓂᓪᓕᐅᔨᒍᑎᖏᑦ ᓂᐋᔅᑯᑦ A MESSAGE FROM NEAS

ᓂᐋᔅᑯᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᑦᔨᒍᑎᖃᕈᒪᕗᑦ ᐱᐅᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᔪᖃᕐᕕᐅᖁᔨᓂᕐᓂᒥᒃ, ᐱᔪᕆᒪ­ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᐅᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ ᐱᑕᖃᕐᓚᕆᒋᐊᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᒪᕐᐱᑯᑦ ᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᔪᓯᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᑦᓯᐊᓂᖃᕐᓂᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᖏᕐᕋᐅᑎᖃᕐᑎᓯᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᑦᓴᔭᓅᓕᖓᔪᑎᒍᑦ. ᐱᒐᓱᑦᑕᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᑕᒡᒐᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ ᓇᓪᓕᐅᑎᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᓂᒍᐃᓂᕐᒥᓄᑦ ᓂᐋᔅᑯᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᖃᕆᕗᑦ ᐱᒋᐅᕐᓴᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᓂᓗ, ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᑖᖃᑦᑕᓂᕐᒥᓗ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂᒃ 40-ᓂᒃ. ᖁᕝᕙᑎᕆᐅᑎᖃᕐᓂᒥᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᒃ ᑕᑉᐱᑯᓇᓂ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖁᑎᑦᑎᓂ ᓂᐋᔅᑯᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᕈᒪᕗᑦ ᐱᕕᓕᒫᒥᒍᑦ ᐅᐱᒍᓱᑦᑐᒪᕆᐅᒋᐊᒥᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐃᓄᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᒪᔨᒻᒪᕆᖃᖃᑦᑕᓃᑦ ᓄᓇᖁᑕᐅᓈᕐᑎᔪᓂ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥᒃ, ᐊᕐᖁᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓂᐋᔅᑯᑎᒍᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕋᓱᒍᑎᓂᒃ, ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒃ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑑᑉ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂ. ᓂᐋᔅ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᓯᒪᓪᓚᕆᖃᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᖃᑕ­ ᑕᑯᑦᓴᐅ­ᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᒪᑦ ᐃᓗᖏᕐᑐᓱᓂ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑦᔨᒍᒪᓂᖃᕆᐊᒥᓂᒃ ᐅᓯᒪᓪᓚᕆᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᐃᓪᓗᐊᐱᐅᔭᓂᒃ ᐅᓯᒍᑦᔨᒍᑎᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᕐᑕᖃᖃᑦᑕᓂᐅᕙᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᔪᒥᓪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑕᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥ, ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊᓗ ᐱᐅᓯᐅᒋᐅᕐᐸᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐃᓪᓗᐊᐱᐅᔭᕐᓂᒃ ᐅᓯᒍᑦᔨᔭᐅᒍ­ ᐊᖏᓕᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᓂᖃᖁᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᐅᓯᒋᐊᕆᖃᑦᑕᓗᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᑕᖃᕐᓚᕆᒋᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᑎᖃᕐᖓᓃᑦ, ᐃᓘᓐᓇᑎᒃ ᓇᖏᐊᕐᓇᑐᒦᒍᑎᖃᓲᖏᓐᓇᐅᓱᑎᒃ­ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᐱᑯᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᑐᑦᓯᒪᐅᑎᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑦᓴᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᒍ­ ᕿᒪᑯᒋᔭᐅᒋᐊᒥᒃ ᐅᖁᒣᓐᓂᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ 15 ᑕᐅᓴᓐᑎᓂᒃ ᐅᖁᒣᓐᓂᒪᕆᓐᓂᒃ ᑎᖏᓐᓂᓗ ᐃᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᓕᒫᖏᓐᓄᑦ. ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᓂᑦᓱᑎᓪᓗ. ᓂᐋᔅᑯᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᖏᓐᓈᑐᖅ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᑯᑦ ᓂᐋᔅᑯᑦ, ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᖃᕈᓐᓇᐅᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᒪᔨᒋᑦᓱᒋᓪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᖃᖃᑎᒌ­ ᐅᓯᑲᑦᑕᐅᔨᒍᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᐅᓯᒋᐊᕆᓇᓱᓐᓂᑯᑦ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᐱᒐᓱᑦᑕᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᖃᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ, ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑦ 50 ᐅᖓᑖᓂᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᓂᖃᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᐱᑯᑦ ᑐᑭᓯᓂᐊᕐᕕᖃᖃᑦᑕᓂᒃᑯᑦ, ᑲᕙᒪᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᐅᓚᑦᔦᒍᑎᖃᕋᓱᓐᓂᑯᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᓯ­ ᐊᐅᓚᒍᑎᖃᕐᑎᓯᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᓂᒃ ᐱᒐᓱᑦᑕᖃᕈᑕᐅᓂᖃᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᒪᔪᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᑦᔨᓇᓱᒍᑎᒋᕙᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᐅᔪᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᕝᕕᖃᕐᓂᓴᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖓᑕ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᖓᓃᑦᑐᓂᒃ. ᓂᐋᔅᑯᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᑦᓴᔭᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᑦ ᐅᓇᒻᒥᓱᐊᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᒐᓱᖃᑕᐅᑦᓱᓂ.­ ᖃᓄᐃᓘᕈᑎᑦᓴᐅᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᓪᓗ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᓯᒪᓂᖓᑦ ᓇᓪᓕᖁ­ ᐱᔭᑦᓴᖁᑎᑕᖑᒪᔪᑦ ᐃᓕᖓᔪᐃᓐᓇᐅ­ᓂ­ᖃᕋᓗᐊᕐᐳᑦ ᐃᒪᕐᐱᒥ ᐊᐅᓚᒍ­ ᐊᖃᖕᖏᓚᖅ ᐱᕈᕐᐸᓕᐊᓂᕐᒥᒍᓪᓗ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᒍᑎᖃᕈᓐᓇᐅᑎᒥᒍᓪᓗ. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑦ ᑎᑎᒍᑦ ᐃᓂᓪᓚᑕᐅᒌᕐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐱᐅᓯᒋᐊᕆᓂᑦᓴᐅᓱᑎᒃ­ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᓗ ᐊᓂᒍᐊᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᓂᐋᔅᑯᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᐊᒥᓱᖕᖑᓯᒪᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᓗ ᐊᑭᓕᕐᑐᕆᐊᓕᓐᓅᓕᖓᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖃᕐᐳᑦ ᐅᑯᓂᖓ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᐅᒥᐊᕗᑦ, ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᐊᕙᑕᖅ, ᓂᐋᔅᑯᑦ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥᒃ ᓇᑯᕐᒦᕈᒪᕗᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑕᐅᕙᒃᑲᒥᒃ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᖃᒧᑎᒃ, ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᒥᑎᖅ. ᓂᐋᔅᑯᓐᓂᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᐅᕈ­ ᑲᔪᓯᔪᒥᓪᓗ ᓴᐳᑦᔭᐅᒪᕙᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᔭᖃᕋᓱᑦᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᑕᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᑎᖃᕋᓱᐊᓯᓂᐅᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᓯᒪᓪᓚᕆᑉᐳᖅ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᑦ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᐱᐅᓂᕐᐹᓂᒃ ᐃᒫᒍᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᒍᑎᑎᒍᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᒍᑎᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ ᐅᓪᓗᒥᓗ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑦᑕᓀᓕᑎᕆᓂᕐᒥᒍᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᑕᕐᑕᑐᑦ ᓇᒻᒥᓂᖃᕐᓂᑯᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᕐᓂᓗ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᑎᓃᑦᑐᓂ. ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

74 vessels aswell management ashaving indifferent localInuit regions business. essential transportation marine mentInuit inthe byfor solidifyingbeneficial ownership participation ment inNEASpositively contributes to theNorth’s economic develop includes growth the years Over and service. the NEAS fleet has grown and today NEAS businessandeconomic development record isunparalleled for geared to services Canada’s transportation in the marine Arctic. The ofNunavik. the Inuit for all and links enhance and services essential transportation marine tinues to work actively on behalf of the Nunavik communities, to build investment, andcon hasshown- itscommitment to Makivik theNorth its sincerest Corporation, appreciation for to Makivik through theNEAS occasion. versary Corporation onthis40-year anni and continued success to Makivik its goodwishes, congratulations N NEAS is also actively training, employing and promoting on our Inuit NEAS, through itsmanaging partner, hasover 50years ofexperience NEAS would alsoliketo express EAS Inc. would liketo express MV Umiavut,Avataq, and MVQamutik -

© COURTESY OF NEAS X2 . The invest . TheMV Mitiq - - improving infrastructure andcosts intheNorth. transportation advocating interests. for northern The issues covered are all related to sulting, lobbying andwritten expression withalllevels ofgovernment through improve conmunities. services NEASseeksto further sealift cargomarine insurance andthestandard inallcom ton- 15metric lift centre, cargo service the innovative allrisk in theNorth, one-stop-shop been instrumental intheintroduction andevolution ofcontainer usage NEAShas intheNorth. improve transportation ofmarine all aspects of the Arctic. andisdetermined to NEAS is committed to the North transportation services in the North, for now andintheyears intheNorth, to come. services transportation inthequestto provideership andcontinued thebestmarine support NEAS would like to thank Makivik CorporationNEAS would for liketo lead thankMakivik itsquality - - 75 MAKIVIK mag­a­zine ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂᐊᓃᑦ – ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᑲᑐᑦᔮᖃᖃᑎᒋᒍᑎᒋᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖏᑦ Fisheries – Makivik’s joint venture

ᓇᓪᓕᐅᑎᒍᑦᔭᐅᓂᖃᓕᕐᓱᑕ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ 10-ᓂ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᖃ­ᑎᖃᕐᓂᕆᓲᕆᓕᕐᑕ­ᑎᓐᓂ ᐊᓂᒍᐃᓂᒃᑯᑦ As we celebrate the 10th year of our partnership ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖃᕐᓱᑕ ᑭᖑᕐᓚᓂᐊᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥᒃ, ᐱᔪᕆᒪᒍᑎᖃᒻᒪᕆᑉᐳᒍᑦ ᑐᓴᕐᑕᐅᑎᑦᓯᒋᐊᒥᒃ in the shrimp industry with Makivik Corporation we ᐅᐱᒍᓲᑦᔨᒋᐊᑦᑎᓂᓪᓗ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ 40-ᓂᒃ ᐱᕈᕐᐸᓕᐊᓂᖃᕐᓯᒪᓂᕆᓕᕐᑕᖏᓐᓄᑦ are extremely proud to acknowledge and congrat- ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊ­ᑎᑦᓯᓂᕆᓕᕐᑕᖏᓐᓄᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ. ᐱᓪᓗᕆᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᖁᖅ ᐃᓕᑦᓯᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᖃ­ᑎᖃᕆᐊᒥᒃ ulate Makivik on your 40 years of growth and devel- ᐃᖏᕐᕋᑎᑦᓯᓯᐊᖃᑎᖃᕆᐊᒥᓪᓗ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ ᑭᖑᕐᓚᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᓂᓂᒃ ᐱᓗᐊᕐᑐᒥ ᐃᒪᕐᐱᒥ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ opment in the North. It has been a pleasure to work ᐃᒪᕐᐱᖁᑎᖏᑕ ᑭᓪᓕᐊᔪᐊᓃᑦᑐᓂ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᐃᓚᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᑐᓄᑦ with you and grow the northern shrimp industry ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑦᑎᓄᑦ ᐱᐅᓯᑐᖃᕆᓕᕐᓱᓂᒋᑦ ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂᐊᕕᒋᕙᑦᑕᖏᓐᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᓯᕿᓂᐊᑕ particularly in adjacent waters off Nunavik. In addi- ᓄᐃᕕᐊᓂ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᖃᑦᓯᐊᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᖁᒍᑦ ᑭᖑᕐᓚᓂᐊᕐᓱᑕ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᕐᑎᑐᑦ ᐊᑦᓯᕋᐅᑎᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᒫᒃ tion to a successful venture in the traditional fishery montagui-ᒥᒃ ᐅᖓᕙᒥ ᐱᔭᐅᕙᑦᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖃᕐᓱᑕᓗ ᓂᐅᕕᕐᑕᐅᑎᑦᓯᒍᓐᓇᓯᒐᓱᓐᓂᓂᒃ off Canada’s east coast we have enjoyed developing ᓭᓂᓰᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᖏᓐᓂ ᑕᕆᐅᓪᓗ ᐊᑭᐊᑕ ᓄᓇᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂ. ᓵᖕᖓᔭᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓯᒪᓕᕐᐳᒍᑦ ᑭᓯᐊᓂ ᑲᑐᑦᔮᕆᑦᓱᑎᒋᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᓂᒃ ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂᐊᓂᕐᓅᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ ᓄᐃᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᓚᐅᕐᑐᒍᑦ. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓚᖓᔪᖅ ᐱᒋᐊᕐᕕᓕᐅᑎᕕᒋᓛᓕᕆᕙᕗᑦ ᓄᑖᓂᒃ ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂᐊᓂᕐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᓐᓂ­ᑎᓐᓅᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᑎᑭᑕᐅᓕᕈᑦᑕ ᐊᑦᑐᐃᑐᑦᓯᐊᖑᑦᓱᓂ ᓄᑖᒧᑦ 79-ᒦᑕᓂᒃ ᓯᕗᒧᑦ ᑕᑭᓂᓕᒻᒧᑦ ᑭᖑᕐᓚᓂᐅ­ᑎᑕᕆᓚᐅᔪᔭᑦᑎᓄᑦ, ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᖁᑎᐅᓚᖓᔪᖅ ᑕᒐᑕᒐ ᐃᓅᔪᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᖏᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐃᓕᖓᑦᓱᓂᓘᕋᒥ ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᑎᓐᓂᒃ ᑭᖑᕚᖑᓛᕐᑐᓄᑦ. ᓯᕗᓂᑦᓴᑎᓐᓂ ᐃᓕᑦᓯᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᖃᕐᓂᐊᓂᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᑭᖑᕐᓚᓂᐊᕐᓂᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᑦ ᐅᓄᕐᑐᑦ ᐊᓂᒍᕐᓗᒋᑦ ᐱᔪᒥᓇᕐᐳᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᕕᒋᕙᑦᓯᓗ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓕᒫᓪᓗ ᐱᒐᓱᒍᑎᓕᒫᑦᓯᓂᒃ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᔨᐊᖃᖃᑦᑕᖁᓪᓗᓯ.

ᐅᐱᒍᓲᑦᔨᕙᑦᓯ Brian McNamara/ᐳᕃᐊᓐ ᒫᒃᓇᒫᕋ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖅ, Newfound Resources Ltd./ᓂᐅᕙᐅᓐ ᕆᓲᓴᔅ ᓕᒥᑎᑦ ᑕᒐᑕᒐ ᐅᒥᐊᖅ (ᓂᐅᕙᐅᓐ ᐯᐊᓂᐋ). Current vessel (Newfound Pioneer).

ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑕ ᑕᕐᓴᖓ ᓴᕐᕿᑎᑦᓯᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᕐᑖᔫᒥᒍᑎᖃᕐᑐᕆᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᐅᑉ ᐱᖕᖑᑎᑕᐅᓂᖓᓄᑦ ᐱᔭᐅᓚᕿᔪᕆᔭᒥᓂᒃ, ᐊᓕᐊᓀᓕᓵᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᐱᑕᖃᕐᑎᓱᒍ. ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᑕᐅᔪᕕᓃᑦ ᐃᓚᖓᑦ ᐊᐅᓚᔨᓪᓗᕆᑦᑕᕋ ᐃᓄᖕᖑᐊᖅ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᒥᒃ The NQIA Logo ᕿᔪᒻᒧᑦ ᓂᐊᕐᖁᐊᓱᒍ ᐊᓇᐅᓐᓂᔪᖕᖑᐊᖅ... ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᑕᕕᓂᕋᓕ ᓂᕈᐊᕐᑕᐅᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᓄᓇᖕᖑᐊᖅ ᑎᑎᕐᑐᓯᒪᔪᖅ, ᔦᐱᑎ ᓄᖕᖓᐅᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᑕᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᐅᓂᕋᕐᑕᐅᓕᓛᕐᑐᖅ ᓱᓇᐅᕝᕙ ᓄᐃᑕᕕᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᖁᓕᓪᓗ By Zebedee Nungak ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᓗᓄᑦ: ᐊᑯᓕᕕᓪᓗ ᐊᐅᐸᓗᓪᓗ ᐅᒥᐅᔭᕐᓗ ᐱᑕᖃᕋᑕᕐᑎᓇᒋᑦ ᓱᓕ. ᐱᑑᑎᑯᑖᓕᐊᕆᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓇᑲᓯᒪᔪᕐᑕᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᐊᑕᖃᑕᐅᒍᑎᖏᑦ ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑑᑉ, ᐃᕗᔨᕕᐅᑉ, ᓴᓪᓗᐃᓗ, ᑎᒃᑯᖓᖃᑕᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᒡᓗᒪᕆᐅᑉ ᖃᒃᒋᐊᓘᑉ ᑲᑕᖓᓄᑦ, ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᑦ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᖃᖓᓂ ᐱᖁᔭᑎᒎᕐᑐᒥᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᕐᑕᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᐃᒣᓕᔪᒥᒃ, “ᓄᓇᓖᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᑦ”. ᐃᓕᑕᕆᔭᐅᓂᑖᒪᑦ 1972-ᒥ, ᑲᑎᒪᔨᖏᑦ ᐱᓕᐅᑦᔨᑫᓯᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ ᑎᒥᖁᑎᖓᑕ ᑖᓐᓇ ᑕᕐᓴᖅ ᓱᓕᔪᒥᒃ ᑐᑭᓕᔮᕐᑎᓯᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᑯᐯᑉ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᖓ ᑕᕐᓴᕆᓗᒍ ᓇᓗᓀᒃᑯᑕᑦᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᓕᐅᑦᔨᒍᑕᐅᑎᑦᓯᓱᑎᒃ. ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐊᑕᖏᕐᓱᓂ ᓇᓗᓀᒃᑯᑕᒦᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᑦ ᖃᒡᒋᒧᑦ ᐃᓗᔭᐅᒪᔪᖕᖑᐊᒍᑦᓱᓂ, ᐱᓕᐅᑎᓂᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᓃᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᔪᖁᑕᐅᔪᓄ, ᐃᒡᓗᒪᕆᓕᐊᒍᕙᑦᑐᕕᓂᕐᒧᑦ ᐱᓪᓚᕆᓪᓗᑎᒃ ᐱᐅᓯᕐᓲᑎᑐᐃᓐᓇᐅᖏᑦᑐᒥᒃ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂᓕ 4,000 ᐅᖓᑖᐱᐊᓂ ᐅᓄᕐᓂᓕᓐᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᖁᓕᓪᓗ ᑲᑎᕉᑕᕆᖃᑦᑕᕕᒋᔭᖓᓂᐅᒃ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ. ᖁᓚᕐᓇᑐᕐᑕᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᕐᓕ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᓘᓃᑦᑐᑦᓄᑦ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ ᓇᓗᓀᒃᑯᑌᑦ ᓱᓇᒥᒃ ᑐᑭᓕᔮᕐᑎᓯᒻᒪᖔᑕ. ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕉᑕᕆᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᓂᒧᑦ ᐱᕕᑦᓴᐅᑎᑕᐅᔫᑉ ᐃᓱᓕᒍᑖᓂ 30-ᐄᑦ ᐅᖓᑖᓂᑦᑐᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐱᔪᕆᐅᑎᖃᑦᓯᐊᓱᑎᒃ ᑖᑦᒧᓂᖓ ᐊᓪᓚᖑᐊᕐᑕᕕᓃᑦ ᕿᒥᕐᕈᒐᑦᓴᖑᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ. ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᑕᕐᓴᒥᒃ ᑐᐃᕐᒥᐅᓯᔭᕐᐸᓚᐅᕐᑐᑦ. ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

76 efit notonlycurrent residents butalsofuture generations. 79-meter trawler shrimp into ourfishery, a venture that surely willben a wholenearera as we welcome of the introduction our brand new Next yearthe marks beginning of in the North. a successful fishery to advance development andmarket product inChinaandEurope. the montaguiresource shrimp inUngava together Bay andworking We’ve faced challenging timestogether buthave jointly developed New vessel coming December 2016. December coming vessel New ᐅᒥᐊᕐᑖᖃᕐᒥᒃ ᑎᑭᓛᕐᑐᑦ ᑏᓯᒻᐱᕆ 2016-ᖑᓕᕐᐸᑦ. ᑏᓯᒻᐱᕆ ᑎᑭᓛᕐᑐᑦ ᐅᒥᐊᕐᑖᖃᕐᒥᒃ this logoontheir shoulder. for. Association,proudly Inuit Inuit wore Quebec the heyday During of the Northern oftheregiontity anditspeople. There was nodoubtabout what thesesymbolsstood greatInuit iden- reflected the gatherings ofthepeople. igloobuiltfor It extraordinary way ofthegreat igloo, withtheinscription: “Communities United.” were nobreaks inthelinesattaching andSalluit, to Puvirnituq, theentrance Ivujivik, Nunavik shows andUmiujaqdidnotyet Aupaluk, exist. 11communities: Akulivik, There piece ofwood. on the head with a that a Qallunaaq was, stands out in my bonking an Inuk memory sense of empowerment in the Association’s formation through humor. One drawing communities. test was applicableto theregion’s members, Inuit thenslightly over 4,000,livingin11 of directors openedacompetition for thedesign oftheorganization’s logo. This con- W By deadline time,By over 30 entries had been received. people expressed Some their This logotrulyrepresented thewholeregion underthesymbolicroof ofaqaggiq , a A drawing, which I had submitted, was chosen. The map outline of what later became hen the Northern Quebec Inuit Association Inuit was Quebec incorporated in1972,itsboardhen theNorthern - Nunavik every successNunavik inyour every future endeavors. andotherspecieswishyoushrimp andalltheresidents of We withyou lookforward to for working decadesto come on President, Newfound Resources Ltd. McNamara Brian Congratulations - © NEWFOUND RESOURCES LTD. X2 77 MAKIVIK mag­a­zine © SAMMY KUDLUK ᐊᕐᓇᖅ ᐊᑦᔨᖃᖕᖏᑐᖅ

ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᖅ ᓄᓇᐅᑉ ᐊᕙᑎᖓᓄᓪᓗ ᐃᓄᓕᒫᓪᓗ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᐅ­ ᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᖄᖏᓐᓈᑕᐅᑎᑦᓯᑌᓕᓂᖃᓲᖅ ᓰᓚ ᒍᐊᑦ-ᑯᓗᑦᓯᐄ ᓴᓚᖃᐅᑎᑕᓕᓚᐅᔪᒋᕗᖅ ᓄᓇᐅᑉ ᐊᕙᑎᖓᓅᓕᖓᔪᒥᒃ ᐱᑎᑕᐅᒍ­ ᑎᒋᓚᐅᔪᔭᒥᓂᒃ 22-ᖑᒍᑎᒋᓕᕐᑕᖓᓂᒃ ᐊᕐᓇᓂᒃ ᐱᔪᕆᒪᒍᑎᑦᓴᓯᐊᓂᒃ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᓯᓂᖃᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᓯᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᐅᓚᐅᔪᔪᑦ ᐊᑑᑎᔭᐅᓚᐅᔪᕗᑦ ᓯᑉᑎᒻᐱᕆ 29-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᒪᓐᑐᔨᐊᒥ Palais des congrès de Montreal-ᒥ, ᐊᕐᓀᑦ 13 ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᒻᒪᕇᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᐅᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᐊᒥᓱᐃᓂ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᑎᑕ­ ᐅᓂᖃᓲᓂ ᓲᕐᓗ ᖃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᑕᑯᒥᓇᕐᑐᓕᐅᕐᓂᓂᑦ ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᕐᒧᑦ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓯᒪᒋ­ᐊᖃᕐᓂᓄᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑎᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᓗ. ᒍᐊᑦ-ᑯᓗᑦᓯᐄ, ᐱᕈᕐᓴᕕᖃᕐᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᑰᒃᔪᐊᒥᑦ, ᐱᓯᑎᒻᒪᕆᐅᕗᕐᓗ ᐅᑭᐅᕐᑕᑐᒥ, ᐃᓱᒫᓗᒋᔭᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᖕᖏᓯᐊᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᑮᓇᐅᔭᑎᒍᑦ ᒪᑭᑕᒐᓱᒍᑎᓕᕆᐊᖏᓂᒃ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖃᑎᒌᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᒪᓕᒐᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᑖᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᑐᑭᓯᓇᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᖃᓲᖅ ᐃᓚᑦᓱᑎᓗᑎᒃ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᐅᒋᐊᖏᑦ ᐅᖃᕐᐸᑲᒥᒋᑦ ᐅᖄᒍᑎᖃᕆᐊᕐᑐᓯᒪᓕᑐᐊᕋᒥ ᓯᓚᐅᑉ ᐊᓯᑦᔨᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᑎᒃᑯᐊᑕᐅᓂᖃᓚᐅᔪᕗᕐᓗ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᑕᐅᒍᑎᐅᓲᒥᒃ ᐊᑦᓯᕋᐅᑎᖃᕐᓱᓂ Nobel Peace Prize-ᒥᒃ ᐱᑎᑕᐅᒍᑎᑖᖁᔭᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖅ 2007-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᕗᕐᓗ ᑲᓇᑕᐅᑉ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᑕ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᓯᒪᔭᖏᓐᓄᑦ Order of Canada-ᒥᒃ ᑌᔭᐅᒍᑎᓕᒻᒥᒃ, ᓵᓚᖃᐅᑎᑕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᓱᓂᓗ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᐱᔭᕆᐅᕈᑎᒥᓐᓄᑦ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᑕ­­ ᐅᒍᑎᑖᕆᓲᖓᓐᓂᒃ, ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᒥᐅᓄᑦ ᐱᓯᑎᒻᒪᕆᖁᑕᐅᔪᑦ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᑕ­ ᐅᒍᑎᖓᓂᒃ UN Champion of the Earth Award-ᒥᒃ ᐊᑎᓕᒻᒥᒃ, ᓄᐊᒍᐃᒥᐅᓪᓗ ᓇᓗᓀᕆᒍᑎᖓᓂᒃ Norwegian Sophie Prize-ᒥᒃ ᓇᓗᓀᕐᑕᐅᒍᑎᑕᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᓱᓂ. ᓰᓚ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᓕᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᑕᒡᒐᓂ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ ᓄᐃᑎᓚᐅᔪᔭᒥᓂᒃ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᕐᑎᑐᑦ ᐊᑎᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ The Right To Be Cold: One Woman’s Story of Protecting Her Culture, the Arctic and the Whole Planet.-ᓂᒃ. ᒍᐋᑦ-ᑯᓗᑦᓯᐄ ᓂᕈᐊᕐᑕᐅᒪᓯᒪᒋᕗᖅ

ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᓄᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖑᑦᓱᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖃᑎᒌᑦ X3 MESHER BOB © ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᖏᓐᓂ, ᑕᒡᒐᓂᓚᐅᔪᕗᕐᓗ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᖕᖏᒐᕐᑐᓂ ᑭᖑᓂᑦᓭᓇ­ᖓᒍᓪᓗ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓂ ᓂᕈᐊᕐᑕᐅᒪᕕᖃᓕᓚᐅᔪᒻᒥᓱᓂ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓄᓇᓕᕐᔪᐊᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᒥᐅᓕᒫᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᖏᓐᓂ. Woman of Distinction

Nunavik’s environmental and human rights activist, Sheila Watt Cloutier, won in the environment category at the 22nd Women of Distinction Awards. The benefit, held September 29th at the Palais des congrès de Montreal, honoured 13 strong, women lead- ers in wide-ranging roles from arts and culture to education to entrepreneurship. Watt Cloutier, who was raised in Kuujjuaq and is a champion of the Arctic, tying together health, economics, and foreign pol- icy when she speaks with passion about climate change. She was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in 2007, is an Officer of the Order of Canada, and has won an Aboriginal Achievement Award, a UN Champion of the Earth Award, as well as the Norwegian Sophie Prize. She is also the author of the this year’s well-regarded The Right To Be Cold: One Woman’s Story of Protecting Her Culture, the Arctic and the Whole Planet. Watt Cloutier served as the Canadian

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ President of the Inuit Circumpolar Council for seven years and then spent another five years as the ICC’s International Chair. ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

78 ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᐃᑭᐋᕐᓯᓂᖅ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᕕᓕᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ Groundbreaking ᑐᔪᕐᒥᐅᕕᖃᕐᕕᓴᖓᓐᓂᒃ boarding home ᓄᓇ ᐃᑭᐋᕐᑕᐅᓂᖃᓚᐅᔪᕗᖅ ᓯᑉᑎᒻᐱᕆᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓄᑦ Ground was broken late in September ᒪᓐᑐᔨᐊᒦᒋᐊᖃᓕᕈᑎᒃ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᓯᐅᕐᑕᐅᓂᕐᓅᓕᖓᔪᓄᑦ ᐊᖏᕐᕋᖃᕐᑎᑕ­ for a new temporary home for Nunavik ᐅᒍᑎᐅᑫᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓛᕐᑐᓂᒃ. ᑌᒪᓕ ᒪᓐᑐᔨᐊᒥ ᑐᓴᕋᑦᓴᓂᐊᕐᑏᑦ ᑐᓴᕐᑕᐅ­ residents travelling to Montreal for med- ᑎᑦᓯᓚᐅᔪᕗᑦ ᑐᔪᕐᒥᐅᕕᐅᓛᓕᕐᑐᒥᒃ—ᐅᖓᓯᑦᑑᓛᖕᖏᑐᒥᒃ ᑐᐊᕚᓪᒥᐅᑦ ical treatment. Although the Montreal ᓂᐅᕕᕐᕕᐊᓗᖓᓄᓪᓗ ᒥᕝᕕᒧᓪᓗ—ᐅᒃᑯᐃᑕᐅᓂᖃᓛᕋᓂ ᑎᑭᕋᑕᕐᓗᒍ X2 MESHER BOB © Gazette reported the residence— which ᕿᑎᖕᖒᑉ ᐅᓪᓗᖏᑦ 2016-ᒥ, ᐊᑯᓂᑲᓪᓚᐅᓕᕐᑐᖅ ᑕᒪᓐᓇ will be close to the Dorval shopping cen- ᐸᕐᓇᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᕐᑐᖅ. tre and the airport—will not open until Christmas 2016, plans ­ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔨ ᐋᓂ ᐃᑦᑐᓵᑦ ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ᐊᔪᕿᕐᑐᐃᔨᒋᔭ­ ­ᐅᔪᖅ, ᐅᒃᑯᐃᓯᓚ­ ­ᐅᔪᕗᖅ ᓯᑉᑎᒻᐱᕆ have been underway for quite some time now. 29-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᓱᔪᖃᕐᓂᐅᔪᒥ­ ᑐᑦᓯᐅᔨᑦᓱᓂ­ ᓭᒻᒪᑎᑦᓱᒍ ᓄᓇ. ᐃᑦᑳ ᕈᓗ, ᑐᐊᕚᓪᒥ­ ­ᐅᑦ Reverend Annie Ittoshat, who preaches in Inuktitut, opened ᑲᕙᒫᐱᒃᑯᖏᑕ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖓ ᐃᓚ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᔪᔪᖅ ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᐃᑭ­ᐊᕐᓯᓂᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐁᑉᐸᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᐋᓕᕙ the September 29th event by blessing the land. Edgard Rouleau, ᑐᓗᒐᕐᒥᒃ, ᐃᓅᓕᑦᓯᕕᒃ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᓯ­ ­ᐅᕐᓂᓕᕆᕕ­ᐅᑉ ­ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᓂᒃ ᐃᓚᖃᕐᓱᒥᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓕᓴᐱ the mayor of Dorval was joined for the groundbreaking by Aliva ­ᐅᐃᑦᑕᖓᕐᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐃᓗᓯᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᓗ ᐃᓄᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᓗ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᐅᑉ­ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖓᓂᒃ Tulugak, the chairperson of Inuulitsivik Health Centre and Elisapi ᐃᓚ­ᐅᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᒪᓐᑐᔨ­ᐊᒥ ᐋᓐᓂ­ᐊᕕᓕ­ᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᓕᕆᔨᒃᑯᑦ ᐋᓐᓂ­ᐊᕕᓕ­ᐊᕐᓯᒪᔨ­ᐊᖓᓂᒃ. Uitangak, the Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social ᑖᓐᓇ ᑐᔪᕐᒥᐅᕕᑦᓴᖅ­ ᓯᕗᓂᖃᕐᑎᑕᐅᔪᖅ­ ᓯᑕᒪᓂᒃ ᖁᓕᕇᓂᒃ ᓇᑎᖃᓛᕐᓱᓂ ᐃᓪᓕᖏᑦ Services chairperson, as well as a MNQ client from Nunavik. 143--ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ, ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐊᑕ­ ᐅᓯ­ ᐅᕖᑦ,­ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᕖᑦ, ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᓪᓗ ᐃᓪᓗᖃᕐᑎᑕ­ The plan is for the building to have four floors with 143 ᐅᒍᑎᑦᓴᖏᑦ ᐃᓪᓗ­ᐊᕈᓰᓪᓗ/ᖃᕆ­ᐊᓪᓗ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐱᓐᓀᓗᑕᓕᓐᓅᓕᖓᔪᑦ ᓲᕐᓗ ᐱᓱᕐᖃᔭᑦᓯ­ beds, a mix of single rooms, doubles, student apartments and ᐊᖏᑦᑐᓄᑦ. ᓄᓇᑕᖓᓗ ᐃᓱᒫᓗᓐᓇᑐᕐᑕᖃᕋᓂ ᑲᑉᐱ­ᐊᓇᕐᑐᑕᖃᕋᓂᓗ, ᒫᑭ ᐳᑐᓕᒃ, ᒫᓐᓇᓯ­ accessible rooms for persons with disabilities. The area is safe ᐅᑎ­ᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᑐᑭᒧᐊᑦᑎᓯᔨ­ ᑯᐯᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᖓᓄᑦ ᐋᓐᓂ­ᐊᕕᓕ­ᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᓕᕆᕕᒻᒥ, ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᑦᓱᓂ­ and secure, Maggie Putulik, the interim director of the Quebec ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐃᓗᓯᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᓗ ᐃᓄᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᓗ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᒻᒧᑦ, ᐅᖃᐅᑦᔩᓚᐅᔪᕗᖅ ᑌᒣᓕᑦᓱᓂ Northern Module, a division of the NRBHSS, told the Gazette ᒪᓐᑐᔨ­ᐊᒥ ­ᑐᓴᕋᑦᓴᓂᐊᕐᑎᓂᒃ.­ earlier in 2015. © SAMMY KUDLUK SAMMY © mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

79 ᑐᖓᓪᓕᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓭᑦ ᐃᑦᓯᕙᒍᓐᓇᓯᒍᑎᒋᓚᐅᔪᔭᒥᓂᒃ­ ᖁᑭᔪᓂᕐᐹᑦ ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓭᑦ ᐃᑦᓯᕙᐅᑕᖓᓂ­ ᐃᑖᒐᐅᑎᑦᓯᑌᓕᔩᑦ ᖁᑭᔪᔫᓕᐅᑎᓂᖏᑕ ­ᐅᓯᔭᐅᒍᑎᒋᓚᖓᔭᒥᓂᒃ­ ᐃᓕᒥᓄᑦ ᐱᓱᕿᑕᕈᑎᐅᓗᓂ­ ᐊᓯᒥᓂᒃ­ ᖁᑭᔪᔫᖃᑎᒥᓂᒃ ᑌᒣᑕᐅᖃᑎᖃᕐᓗᓂ­ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ­ᐅᑦ ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓭᑦ­ ᓵᓚᓐᓃᒍᑎᑖᕐᑎᑕᐅᕕᖓᓄᑦ­ ᐁᑎᑕ­ ᐱᔪᓐᓇᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᕆᐊᓪᓚᐳᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᒥᐅᑦ ᐅᓗᓂ. ᐱᓯᑎ­ᐅᓕ­ᐅᑎᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᓱᖑᒐᒥ­ ᑌᒪᖕᖓᑦ 2008-ᒥᓂᑦ, ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓭᑦ­ ᖁᑭᔪᔫᓕᐅᑎᓂᖓᓐᓂ ­ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᑦ ᐳᐆᓐ ᐅᖃᓚ­ ᐅᔪᕗᖅ­ ᐊᕌᒍᓂ­ ᐊᓂᒍᕐᑐᓂ­ ᐱᒋ­ᐅᕐᓴᑎᑕᐅᓂᕆᕙᑦᑕᒥᓂᒃ­ ᐱᓯᑎᖕᖑᕈᑎᖃᕐᓯᒪᓂᕋᕐᓱᓂ ᖁᑭᔪᔪᖕᖑᑎᑕᐅᒪᓂᕋᕐᓱᓂ­ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᔭᐅᒪᑦᓱᓂᓗ­ ᐊᓪᓚᑕᖏᑦ ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓭᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᑕ ᑲᕆᓐ ᕈᐊᑉ, ᐆᒪᔪᕐᓯᐅᓱᓂ­ ᖁᑭᐊᒋ­ ᐊᖃᕐᓂᕆᓲᒥᒍᑦ.­ ᑌᒣᓕᖓᑦᓴᒪᑕ, ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᖅ ­ᐊᑎᓕᒃ ᑐᓴᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᐅᑉ ᑭᓯᑦᔪᑎᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᒧᔅᑕᕙ ᑎᑎᑦᔨᒥᒃ (ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᕐᒥᐅᖅ)­ ᖁᑭᔪᓂᕐᐸᐅᖃᑕ­ ᐅᒻᒥᔪᖅ­ ᑖᒃᑯᓇᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ 2CRPG-ᒥᒃ. ᐃᑖᒐᐅᑎᑦᓯᑌᓕᔨ­ ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᓂ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ­ ᐱᕙᑦᑕᖏᑦ ᑕᑯᑦᓴ­ᐅᑎᑦᓯᕗᑦ ᐃᓗᖏᕐᑐᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᓱᖑᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓄᖓ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑎᒌᖑᔪᓕᒫᑦ.­ ᖁᑭᐊᔨᖏᑦ­ ᑐᖓᓪᓕᓃᑦᑐᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓭᑦ ᐃᑖᒐᐅᑎᑦᓯᑌᓕᔨᖏᑦ­ ᑖᓐᓇ ᐱᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᕆᓕᓚᐅᔪᒻᒥᔭᖓ­ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᒻᒪᕆ­ ᐅᓚ­ ᐅᔪᕗᖅ.­ (2 CRPG-ᑯᑦ) ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ­ ᓵᓚᖃᐅᑎᑕᕐᓯᒪᕗᑦ­ ᐃᓕᒌᖑᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᑕ­ ᐅᓯ­ ­ᐅᓈᕐᑎᓱᑎᓪᓗ ­ᐅᖃᑫᓐᓇᕋᒪᑦᑕ­ ᐅᖅ­ ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴ ᐳᕈᓅ ᐳᓘᕐ, ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᓂ ᑎᓕᐅᕆᔨᖓᑦ­ ᐱᓯᑎᐅᓂᕐᐹᖑᒍᑎᓂᒃ­ ᐱᖃᑦᑕᑐᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᖁᑕᐅᔪᑦ­ ᖁᑭᐅᑎᒧᑦ­ ᖃᓄᐃᓘᕐᓂᖏᑦ 2 C R P G-ᑯᓐᓂ ᐅᖃᓚ­ ᐅᔪᕗᖅ­ ᐃᒫᒃ, “ᐱᔪᕆᒍᑎᖃᕐᐳᖓ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ,­ ᑖᒃᑯᐊ­ ­ᐊᑑᑎᔭᐅᓕᓚ­ ᐅᔪᒻᒥᔪᑦ­ ᓯᑉᑎᒻᐱᕆ 7-9, 2015 ᐃᓕᒌᑦᑐᖁᑎᑦᑕ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓯᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ, ᑕᒪᒃᑯᐊ­ ᑲᔪᓯᓐᓇᓯ­ᐊᖃᑦᑕᑐᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯ­ ­ᐅᓪᓗᖏᓐᓂ, ­ᐊᑑᑎᔭᐅᓚ­ ᐅᔪᔪᑦ­ Connaught Ranges and Primary Training ᒪᒻᒪᑕ ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᖁᑎᑦᑎᓂᒃ ᑌᒣᒐᓗᐊᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ­ ᐱᓪᓚᕆ­ᐅᓂᕐᐹᖑᔪᖅ ᓱᓕ Centre (CRPTC)-ᒦᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐋᑐᒑᒥ. ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᐅᑉ­ ­ᐊᑑᑎᔭᒥᒍᓪᓗ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᒥᒍᓪᓗ­ ᐱᒍᓐᓇᓂᕐᑖᕆ­ᐊᓪᓚᒍᑎᖓᑦ ᑕᒃᒐᓂ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᒥ, ᐃᓕᒌᑦᑐᑦ ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᕐᑐᓚ­ ᐅᔪᕗᑦ­ (8) ᖁᑭᐊᔩᑦ­ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᑦ ­ᐊᒥᕐᖃᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᒋᓛᕐᓱᓂ­­ ᐅᒃ­ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᓄᑦ ­ᐅᑎᕈᓂ, ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᐅᖃᑎᓕᒫᒥᑕᓗ­ ᐱᓯᒪᔪᑦ (ᑕᑯᓗᒋᑦ ᓯᒃᑭᑖᐱᒻᒦᑐᑦ) ᐃᓚᐅᓯᒪᔪᐃᓐᓇ­ ᐅᕗᓪᓗ­ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑯᕐᖓᓂ ᐊᓪᓛᑦ­ ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓵᕈᐃᑦ ᐊᑯᕐᖓᓂ.”­ ᓱᔪᖃᕐᓂᐅᔪᓂ­ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕ­ᐅᒋᐊᖃᓲᓂ­ ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᓄᑦ. ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ­ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓂ ᑐᖓᓕᕇᓂ ᑕᑯᔪᒪᒍᑦᓯᒋᑦ ᖁᑭᔪᓕᐅᑎᔪᑦ­ ­ᐊᑦᔨᖑᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ ᒪᓕᒍᒪᒍᑦᓯᒋᓪᓗ ­ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓭᑦ ­ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᑦ ᔮᓐ-ᒪᕇ ᐴ­ᐅᓐ (ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᕐᒥ­ᐅᖅ) ᓵᓚᖃ­ᐅᑎᑕᓕᓚ­ ᖃᓄᐃᓘᕐᓂᖏᑦ 2 C R P G-ᑯᓐᓂᒃ, ᖃᕆᑕ­ᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ ᑕᑯᓇᓱᒍᓐᓇᐸᓯ ­ᐅᕙᓂ ᐅᔪᒋᕗᖅ ᖁᑭᔪᓂᕐᐹᖑᒍᑎᑕᖑᓲᒥᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᑖᒐ­ᐅᑎᑦᓯᑌᓕᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᓄᑦ­ Facebook.com/2GPRC.2CRBG.

ᐁᑉᐯᖏᑦ CRPG-ᑯᑦ ᖁᑭᐊᔨᖁᑎᖏᑕ ᐃᓕᒋᑦᑐᑦ ᐊᑐᑎᒋᐊᓕᓕᒫᓪᓗ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ Lieutenant-Colonel Bruno Plourde, 2 CRPG -ᑯᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖓᑦ. ᐊᑦᔨᓕᐅᕆᔪᕕᓃᑦ: ᐱᔭᐅᒪᔪᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᓂᑦ ᐅᑯᐊ ᐃᓕᒋᑦᑐᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᑦ 2 CRPG. Second CRPG Shooting Team with all the honours and Lieutenant-Colonel Bruno Plourde, 2 CRPG Commanding Officer. ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ COURTESY OF SECOND CRPG SECOND OF COURTESY

80 ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓭᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓ ᔮᓐ-ᒪᕇ ᐳᐆᓐ ᓇᑦᓴᑕᐅᔪᖅ ᐃᓕᒥᓄᑦ ᐱᓱᕿᑕᒍᑎᐅᖃᑎᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᐊᓯᒥᓄᑦ ᖁᑭᔪᓂᕐᐹᖑᖃᑎᒥᓄᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᑖᒐᐅᑎᑦᓯᑌᓕᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᓂ. Master Corporal Jean-Marie Beaulne transported by his team to be paraded with the other top shooters of the Canadian Armed Forces.

The second CRPG shooting team makes a stand at an international competition By: Captain Karine Roy,

2 CRPG Information Officer DND – 2015 © CENTER IMAGERY JOINT FORCES CANADIAN BURKE, DOUG CORPORAL

The shooting team of the Second Canadian Ranger Patrol Group (2 training received over the years, has allowed him to improve his shot CRPG) has won many teams’ honours and individual awards at the and be more effective in his hunting activities. For its part, the Ranger Canadian Armed Forces Small Arms Concentration, which took place Mustafa Dedeci (Puvirnituq) distinguished himself by being the best nov- from September 7-9, 2015 at Connaught Ranges and Primary Training ice shooter among CR during the Concentration. These results are testi- Centre, Ottawa. mony of the dedication and teamwork demonstrated by all participants. This year, the team had eight shooters from Nunavik (see box) and It was a very successful edition. And as mentioned Lieutenant Colonel has participated in all events addressed to the Rangers. For the fifth Bruno Plourde, Commanding Officer of the 2 CRPG, ‘’ I am very proud consecutive year, Master Corporal Jean-Marie Beaulne (Puvirnituq) won of the results achieved by our team. These successes are inspiring for the title of best shooter of all Canadian Rangers (CR) and had the hon- our Rangers, but the most important is that each of the Rangers gained our of being the first Ranger to sit on Chair of the best Ranger shooter experience and knowledge that he will share with others once he gets and to be transported by his team to be paraded with the other top back in his community as well as Rangers and Junior Rangers. ‘’ shooters of the Canadian Armed Forces to the awards site. Participating To see the shooting competition of photographs and follow the in this competition since 2008, Master Corporal Beaulne says that the ­activities of the Second CRPG: Facebook.com/2GPRC.2CRPG.

2 CRPG Shooting Team/ᖁᑭᐊᔨᖏᑦ ᐃᓕᒋᑦᑐᑦ Second CRPG Shooting Team ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓭᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃᒪᕆᖓᑦ ᔪᐊᓂ ᐳᐆᓐ (ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᖅ) Sergeant Juani Beaulne (Puvirnituq) ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓭᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃᖓᑦ ᔮᓐ-ᒪᕇ ᐳᐆᓐ (ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᖅ) Master Corporal Jean-Marie Beaulne (Puvirnituq) ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓭᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃᖓᑦ ᒥᓯᐊᓪ ᑎᐳ (ᐆᕝ-ᓰᓐ-ᐱᐋᕐ) Master Corporal Michel Thibeault (Havre-Saint-Pierre) ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓭᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃᖓᑦ ᐊᕐᓲ ᑯᐅᑎᐊᑦ (ᒪᒃᑕᓚᓐ ᕿᑭᕐᑕᓂ) Master Corporal Arthur Gaudet (Magdalen Islands) ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓭᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃᖓᑦ ᑭᐊᓐ ᓚᑉᐱ (ᑕᓯᐅᔭᖅ) Master Corporal Ken Labbé (Tasiujaq) ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᖅ ᔮᑯᓯ ᐃᖃᓗᒃ (ᐃᓄᑦᔪᐊᖅ) Corporal Jackussie Echalook (Inukjuak) ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᖅ ᔮᑯ ᒪᖏᐅᖅ (ᐃᕗᔨᕕᒃ) Ranger Jaaku Mangiuk (Ivujivik) ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᖅ ᓄᓗᑭ ᐅᐃᑖᓗᒃᑐᖅ (ᐃᓄᑦᔪᐊᖅ) Ranger Nullukie Oweetaluktuk (Inukjuak) ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᖅ ᒧᔅᑕᕙ ᑎᑎᑦᔨ (ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᖅ) Ranger Mustafa Dedeci (Puvirnituq) ᐅᓇᑕᕐᑐᓴᖅ ᔮᓂ ᐴᑎ (ᑰᒃᔪᐊᖅ) Ranger Johnny Berthe (Kuujjuaq) ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎ ᕙᕋᓐᓱᐊ ᑑᔅᓯᓅ, ᐃᓕᒋᑦᑐᑦ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᖓ Captain François Duchesneau, Team Captain

ᐃ ᑖᒐᐅᑎᑦᓯᑌᓕᔩᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᖓᑦ ᒥᓯᐋᓪ ᑏᐱᐋᓐ mag ­ a zine Warrant Officer Michel Desbiens, 2IC and coach 21C-ᖑᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᓯᔨᐅᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃᒪᕆᒃ ᐊᓓᓐ ᑳᕐᓀ, ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑦᓯᔨ Sergeant Alain Garnier, coach MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

81 ᐊᐅᔭᒥ/ᐅᐱᕐᖔᒥ ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋᐅᕐᓴᕕᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ Summer literacy camps ᔪᓓᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍᓗ ­ᐊᐅᒡᒍᓯ­ ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍᓗ­ 2015-ᒥ, ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᔨᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᑎᕕᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ in Nunavik ᐊᓂᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᓗ, ᐃᓱᒪ ᑮᓇ­ᐅᔭᖃᕐᑎᓯᔨᓂᓪᓗ, ­ᐅᖓᓗᒃ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᖃᕐᑎᓯᔨᓂᓪᓗ­ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᕐᑎᑐᑦ Jump Start-ᑯᑦ ᑐᖕᖓ­ᕕᖓᓐᓂᒃ, Frontier ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓴᒋ­ᐊᓪᓚᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ In July and August 2015, with support from the Kativik School ᐊᕕᒻᒥᓗ ᑲᓇᑕᓕᒫᒥᓪᓗ ­ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᓂᕐᓅᓕᖓᔪᒥᒃ­ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᒥᒃ, ᐃᓂᓪᓓᒍᑎᖃᓚᐅᔪᕗᑦ­ Board, the ESUMA Fund, the Ungaluk Fund and the Jump Start ᐱᔭ­ᐅᒍᓐᓇᓯᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᒋᑦᓱᒋᓪᓗ ᐊ­­ᐅᔭᒥ/ᐅᐱᕐᖔᒥ­ ᐊᑐ­ ­ᐊᕐᓯᒋᐅᕐᓴᕆ­ ᐊᕐᑐᕕᖃᓚ­ ­ᐅᔪᕗᑦ ᓯᑕᒪᓂ Foundation, Frontier College, a Canada-wide literacy organiza- ᓄᓇᕕᐅᑉ­ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂ ­ᐅᑯᓇᓂ: ᑰᒃᔪ­ᐊᖅ, ᑰᒃᔪ­ᐊᕌᐱᒃ, ᓴᓪᓗᐃᑦ ᑕᓯ­ᐅᔭᒥᓗ. ᑲᒃᑲᓛᑦ/ tion, set up and delivered summer literacy camps in four Nunavik ᐱᐊᕃᑦ­ ­ᐅᑭᐅᓕᓐᓂᑦ­ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓂᑦ ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᔪᓂᒃ­ 12-ᓄᑦ ᓯᑕᒪᓂ ᐱᓇᓱ­ communities: Kuujjuaq, Kuujjuaraapik, Salluit and Tasiujaq. A ᐊᕈᓯᕐᓂ ­ᐊᓕᐊᓇᕐᑐᓂᒃ,­ ᐃᓕᑦᓯᕚᓪᓕᓇᕐᓱᑎᓪᓘᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᖃᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ ­ᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ total of 148 children aged five to twelve years old took part in ᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎ­ᐅᓇᓱᑦᑐᓂᒃ ­ᐅᖃᐅᓯ­ ᐅᑉ­ ᐃᓕᑦᓯᒪᔭ­ᐅᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᖓᓂᒃ,­ ­ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋ­ ᐅᕐᓯᒪᒋ­ ᐊᖃᕐᓂᓂᒃ­ four weeks of fun, educational activities to develop their lan- ᑭᓯᑦᔪᑎᓕᕆᒍᓐᓇᓯᓯᒪᒍᑎᐅᒋ­ ᐊᓕᓐᓂᓗ­ ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᑕᐅᒍᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ ­ guage, literacy and numeracy skills through games, arts and ᐅᔪᔪᑦ ᐱᖕᖑᐊᓂᕐᑎᒍᑦ,­ ᓴᓇᖕᖑᐊᓂᒃᑯᑦ­ ᑕᑯᒥᓇᕐᑐᓕᐅᕐᓂᑯᓪᓗ,­ ᐃᓗᕐᖁᓯᒃᑯᑐᓂᓪᓗ crafts, cultural activities, field trips and opportunities to learn ᖃᓄᐃᓘᕐᓂᖃᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᒃ, ᓄᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᒧᓪᓗ ᐊ­ᐅᓚᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᒃ,­ ᐱᒐᓱᕝᕕᓴᖃᑦᓯ­ᐊᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᓪᓗ with special visitors from their community. Each day, children ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑕ­ ᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ­ ᓄᓇᓕᒻᒥᑦ ᐳᓛᕆᐊᕐᑎᒥᓄᑦ.­ ᖃᐅᑕᒫᑦ­ ᑲᒃᑲᓛᑦ/ᐱᐊᕃᑦ,­ ᓂᕿᑦᓯ­ᐊᔭᓂᒃ were provided healthy snacks to fuel their bodies and minds

ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋᐅᕐᓴᖃᑎᒌᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᑎᒌᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᓂᕐᓯᐅᕈᑎᐅᓚᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᕈᕐᑎᕆᔪᑦ. Campers work together to assemble the ingredients for a recipe.

ᓂᕆᑎᑕᐅᖏᓐᓇᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ ᐅᔪᔪᑦ­ ᑳᓕᑲᓪᓚᓇᖕᖏᑐᓂᒃ ᐃᓱᒪᑦᓯᐊᕙᓪᓕᓇᕐᑐᓂᓪᓗ­ ᐃᓱ­ᐊᕐᑐᓂᒃ for learning and play. These summer literacy camps are part of a ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑕ­ ᐅᓂᕐᓄᓗ­ ᐱᖕᖑ­ᐊᓂᕐᓄᓗ. ᑕᒪᒃᑯ­ᐊ ­ᐊᐅᔭᒥ/­ ᐅᐱᕐᖔᒥ­ ­ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋ­ ᐅᕐᓴᓂᕐᓄᑦ­ national initiative, which reached 99 Aboriginal communities in ᓇᔪᒐᐅᔪᑦ­ ᐃᓚᒋᔭ­ᐅᕗᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᓕᒫᒥ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᐅᓇᓱᑦᑐᓄᑦ­ ᑎᑭᐅᑎᕕᖃᕐᓯᒪᓕᓚ­ ­ 2015 across the country, including two communities in Nunavut. ᐅᔪᔪᓄᑦ 99-ᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᖃᐅᔪᑦ­ ᓄᓇᓕᖏᓐᓂᒃ 2015-ᒦᓕᕐᓱᑕ ᑕᒫᓂ ᑲᓇᑕᓕᒫᒥ, Building on the previous successes of the first Nunavik sum- ᐃᓚᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᒃ­ ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᓄᓇᓖᒃ ᓄᓇᕗᒻᒥᑑᒃ. mer literacy camp held in Kuujjuaraapik during summer 2014, ᑐᖕᖓᕕᒋᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᑭᖑᓂᕐᒥ ᑲᔪᓯᑦᓯᐊᓂ­ ᐅᖃᑦᑕᓯᒪᔪᑦ­ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᒥ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ 16 local and southern staff were hired and trained to deliver

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ­ᐊᐅᔭᒃᑯᑦ/­ ᐅᐱᕐᖔᑯᑦ­ ­ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋ­ ᐊᕐᓴᓂᕐᓄᑦ­ ᓇᔪᒐᖃᕐᑎᓯᓂ­ᐅᓚᐅᔪᔪᒥᒃ­ ᑰᒃᔪᐊᕌᐱᖕᒥ­ community-based literacy activities in Inuktitut and English or 2014-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ, 16-ᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᓂᓪᓗ ᐱᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᓐᓂ­ᐊᑐᓂᒃ French. Each camp received 300 free, high-quality books for the

ᒪᑭᕕᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᑖᓚ­ᐅᔪᕗᑦ ᐱᒋ­ᐅᕐᓴᔭ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᔪᔪᒃ ᐱᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂ­ᐊᓗᑎᒃ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ-ᑐᖕᖓᕕᓕᓐᓂᒃ 82 © FRONTIER COLLEGE X4 COLLEGE FRONTIER © ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋᐅᕐᓴᕆᐊᕐᑐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᑕᒫᑦ ᐊᓪᓚᕕᑦᓴᒥᓂ ᐊᓪᓚᓯᒪᔪᕐᑕᓰᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᔪᕗᑦ. Campers wrote in their journals on a daily basis.

­ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋ­ ᐅᕐᓴᓂᕐᓄᑦ­ ᖃᓄᐃᓘᕈᑎᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᕐᑎᑐᓪᓗ ᒍᐃᒍᐃᑎᑐᓪᓗᓃᑦ. ­ᐊᑐᓂᑦ ᓇᔪᒐ­ᐅᑎᑕᐅᔪᑦ­ ­ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕐᓂᒃ­ 300-ᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑭᖃᖕᖏᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᑎᑕᐅᓚ­ ­ ᐅᔪᔪᑦ, ­ᐊᑐᐊᒐᑦᓯ­ ᐊᔭᓂᒃ­ ­ᐊᑐᐊᖃᑦᑕᓂ­ ­ᐊᕐᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋ­ ᐅᕐᓴᑎᑕ­ ᐅᔪᑦ­ ­ᐊᐅᔭ­ ᐅᑉ­ ᐊᐅᔭᒥ/ᐅᐱᕐᖔᒥ ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋᐅᕐᓴᔪᓄᑦ ᓇᔪᒐᐅᔪᒥ, ᐃᓘᓐᓇᓂ ᑕᕐᕿᖏᓐᓂᒃ ­ᐊᑑᑎᓂᖃᖁᑦᓱᒋᑦ ᖁᕕᐊᓇᕐᑐᓂᒃ­ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓄᓇᓕ­ᐅᑉ ᐱᒋᓯᓛᕐᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᖃᕐᕕᓴᐅᕗᖅ. ­ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋ­ ᐅᕐᓴᕕᖃᕐᑎᓯᓐᓇᖅ­ ᐃᓱᓕᑐᐊᕐᐸᑦ.­ At summer literacy camp, every place is a reading place.

ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋᐅᕐᓴᕕᒻᒥ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᑎ ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ ᐅᓂᒃᑲᑐᐊᕐᑐᐊᕐᕕᓕᒃ ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᓇᖃᕐᓯᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. A camp counsellor shares a traditional story in Inuktitut with campers during story time.

ᕿᑐᕐᖓᓖᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖃᕆᔭᐅᔪᑦ, ᐃᓄᑐᙯᓪᓗ ᐊᓯᖏᓪᓗ ᓄᓇᕐᖃᑎᐅᔪᑦ ᙯᕐᖁᔭᐅ­ campers to enjoy over the summer months and for the commu- ᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ᐅᔪᕗᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖁᔭᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋᐅᕐᓴᕕᖃᕐᑎᓯᕕᓐᓃᑐᓄᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᓘᕐᑎ­ nity to keep at the end of camp. ᓯᓂᖃᒐᓚᓪᓗᑎᓪᓗᓃᑦ ᐅᕝᕙᓗᓐᓃᑦ ᑲᒃᑲᓛᓂᒃ/ᐱᐊᕋᕐᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᖃᑎᖃᕆᐊᕐᑐᑐᐃᓐᓇᓗᑎᒃ.­ Parents, elders and other community members were invited ᕿᑐᕐᖓᖃᕐᑐᑦ 64 ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕕᑐᐃᓐᓇᕋᓗᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋᐅᕐᓴᔪᓄᑦ to participate in camps by facilitating activities or by simply read- ᐅᐸᐅᑎᓚᐅᔪᔪᑦ. ᐅᑯᐊ ᕿᑐᕐᖓᖃᕐᑑᑉ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕆᓚᐅᔪᔭᖏᑦ ᐃᓕᖓᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᐅᔭᒥ/ ing with children. A total of 64 parents visited camp at least once. ᐅᐱᕐᖔᒥ ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒋᐅᕐᓴᓂᓕᓐᓄᑦ: “ᕿᑐᕐᖓᑲ ᐊᑐᐊᒐᕐᓂᒃ ᑲᖏᒋᔭᖃᕐᓂᓴᐅᓕᕐᑐᑦ Here is what a parent had to say about the summer literacy camp, ᐊᑐᐊᕐᓯᒍᒪᓂᕐᓴᐅᓕᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ, ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᐊᖏᔪᒥᒃ ᐅᐱᒋᕙᕋ. ᖃᐅᔨᒪᑦᓯᐊᕋᒪ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ “It has given my kids more interest in books and reading, which I mag ­ a zine ᓄᓇᓕᕗᑦ ᑭᖕᖒᒪᑦᓯᒋᐊᖓ, ᓂᕆᐅᒍᑎᖃᕈᒪᕗᖓᓗ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᖃᑦᑕᓛᕆᐊᖏᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ appreciate a great deal. I truly believe that our community needs

ᓯᕗᓂᑦᑎᓃᑦᑐᓂ.” this and I do hope that it will continue in the following years.” MAKIVIK 83 ᐊᕐᕌᒎᒃ ᒪᕐᕈᑕᒫᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᔪᐊᕆᓱᖓ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᑦ 2015-ᒥ

2015-ᒥ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᔪᐊᖓᓄᑦ

ᑲᑎᒪᒋᐊᕐᑐᓯᒪᔪᕕᓃᑦ ᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᑕᓪᓕᒪᓂ ᐅᖄᕕᐅᒋᐊᕐᑐᓯᒪᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᔪᕗᑦ X3 CORPORATION MAKIVIK © ᑲᑎᒪᓂᐊᕈᓯᖃᕐᑎᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᓪᓗ. ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᔪᐊᖅ, ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓃᓚᐅᔫᖅ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒥᐅᒃ ᒣᑯ ᐱᐊᑕᑲᒻᓯᑲᒻᓗ ᐳᔮᓐᑕᓐ ᓚᐹᔾᔭᓗ ᑰᒻᒧᑦ ᐊᐅᒡᒍᓯ 20ᒥᑦ 24-ᒧᑦ, ᐊᕐᕌᒎᒃ ᒪᕐᕈᑕᒫᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᐅᓲᒍᕗᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐃᖃᓪᓕᐊᕆᐊᓯᔫᒃ ᐊᓯᓃᒋᐊᕐᑐᓯᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐅᓪᓗᓯᐅᕐᑎᑕᐅᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ. ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓄᑦ. ᐅᓪᓗᑕᒫᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᖃᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᒥᓱᓂᒃ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓄᑦ Kuujjuaq’s Michael Petagumskum and Brandon LePage ᐱᓐᓀᓗᑕᐅᕙᑦᑐᓂᒃ. ᐅᓪᓛᑯᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᐅᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᒃ ᐊᐱᕐᓲᑎᓂᒃ heading to the river for some fishing during the land day. ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᓂᕐᒨᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᒨᓕᖓᔪᓂᓪᓗ, ᐅᖃᐅᓯᕐᒨᓕᖓᔪᓂᓪᓗ­ ᐃᓕᕐᖁᓯᕐᒨᓕᖓᔪᓂᓪᓗ. ᐊᓯᖏᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᒋᐊᒥᒃ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑐᓂᕐᓭᑦ ᓇᔪᖃᑦᑕᑕᖓᓃᑦᓱᓂ ᐱᐅᓯᕆᓯᒪᔭᒥᓂᒃ ᐅᓂᕐᑳᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᐅᓪᓗᓂ ᐊᕙᑎᓪᓗ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᖃᑦᑕᒥᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᑦᑐᕋᐅᑎᒋᑦᓱᒍ ᐃᓅᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᑭᐱᓯᓂᐅᓲᖅ, ᓯᑕᒪᐅᔪᖕᖏᒐᕐᑐᓗᓐᓂ 500 ᑭᓘᒥᑕᓂᒃ ᓯᕕᑐᓂᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᐱᓱᖃᑕᐅᓂᕕᓂᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᒋᐊᖃᒻᒪᕆᑦᑐᖅ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑐᔫᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᖁᓕᓪᓗ ᕕᐳᐊᕆᒥ/ᒫᑦᓯᒥ ᓯᐊᕗᕕᐊᒥᑦ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒧᑦ - ᐊᒥᓱᓄᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓄᑦ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᓗᕕᓪᓗᐊᑐᒥᒃ ᐅᓄᕐᓂᓴᐅᓲᒍᒻᒪᑕ ᐃᓅᓯᕐᒥᓂᒃ ᑭᐱᓯᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᓄᑦ ᑐᓱᒋᓕᕐᑕᐅᓯᒪᓚᐅᔪᕗᖅ. ᐅᑦᑐᕋᐅᑎᒋᒐᔭᕈᑦᑎᒋᑦ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᓕᒫᒥᓪᓗ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᐸᐅᖃᑕᐅᑦᓱᓂ. ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᑎᒻᒪᕆᖓ, ᐋᓐᑎ ᒧᐊᖃᐅᔅ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᔪᐊᓕᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᕕᓂᖅ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᐅᓄᕐᓂᐸᐅᓚᐅᔪᕗᑦ, ᖃᐅᔨᒍᑕᐅᑦᓱᓂ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐃᑲᔪᕐᓯᒪᒋᐊᕐᑐᓱᓂ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓂᒃ. ᐊᕕᑦᑐᓯᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐅᖃᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᓄᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᒥᓂᒃ ᓴᐳᑦᔭᐅᓯᐊᕆᐊᖏᓐᓂᒃ. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᖏᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑦᑕᓱᓂ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑎᐅᒐᒥ ᓈᓚᒋᐊᕐᑐᓱᒋᑦ ᐃᓱᒫᓗᒋᔭᖏᑦ ᐅᖄᖃᑦᑕᓚᐅᔫᑦ, ᐅᖄᖃᑕᐅᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᒣᑯ ᐱᐊᑎᑲᒻᓯᑲᒻ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒥᐅᖅ. ᐅᖄᔪᑦ ᐃᒫᙰᕆᐊᖃᑦᑕᓱᒋᓪᓗ. ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᐃᓕᕐᖁᓯᓕᕆᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᓕᐅᒥᒍᒪᔪᕕᓃᑦ. ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᓚᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᑎᒻᒪᕆᖓᓂᒃ ᐋᓐᑎ ᒧᐊᖃᐅᔅᒥᒃ ᐃᖃᓗᓐᓂ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓭᑦ ᐃᓕᓴᕐᕕᖓᑕ ᓯᕗᕌᓃᑦᓱᑎᒃ, ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᔪᐊᖃᕐᕕᐅᔪᕕᓂᐅᑉ. ᒪᑭᕕᒃ The Nunavik youth delegation and Makivik Corporate Secretary, Andy Moorhouse, 84 outside of the high school in Iqaluit, where the summit took place. Biennial National Inuit Youth Summit 2015

Attendees at the 2015 National Inuit Youth Summit were treated to Makivik Corporate Secretary, Andy Moorhouse, attended the sum- five days of speeches and workshops. The summit, held in Iqaluit Aug. mit in support of Inuit youth. He participated in the focus groups with 20th to 24th, is a biennial event for Inuit youth. Daily panels covered dis- the youth as a leader listening to what their concerns are today while cussed many of the issues Inuit youth face. Morning panels looked at also offering advice. Youth said they would like to take part in more cul- questions pertaining to education and research, as well as language tural activities. Moorhouse encouraged the youth to inform their com- and culture. Others discussed heavier topics like suicide prevention, munities that they would like more cultural programming noting that an important yet difficult issue given suicide rates for Inuit youth are Inuit “have the biggest back yard.” One of the youth said that it should 11 times the national average and among the highest in the world. be mandatory to go on the land, especially at a young age so you can Nunavik’s youth delegation was the largest in numbers, showing build your interest and peak it. that Nunavik is doing well to support its youth. Some Nunavik youth Afterwards, Moorhouse spoke to all the Inuit youth in attendance spoke, including Michael Petagumskum of Kuujjuaq. He stood up at the highlighting what the youth in the focus groups talked to him about. He podium and shared his experience taking part in the 27-day 500-kilo- noted that youth would like more excursions with a focus on learning meter walk last February/March from Schefferville to Kuujjuaq - many traditional activities through hands-on experience. It was very appar- of the youth were inspired by him. ent that Inuit youth would like to spend more time on the land as it © SAMMY KUDLUK SAMMY ©

ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᑎᒻᒪᕆᖓ ᐋᓐᑎ ᒧᐊᖃᐅᔅ ᓯᕗᓕᕐᑐᖅ ᑲᑎᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᓯᒪᖃᑦᑕᓱᑎᒃ mag ­ a zine ᑲᑎᒪᖃᑦᑕᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᔪᐊᖓᓂ ᓈᓚᑦᓱᓂᓗ ᐃᓱᒫᓘᑎᒋᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᒫᙰᕆᐊᖃᑦᑕᓱᒋᓪᓗ. Makivik Corporate Secretary, Andy Moorhouse, leading rotating focus groups at the youth summit while listening to youth concerns and offering advice. MAKIVIK 85 ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᐊᓪᓚᑎᒻᒪᕆᖓ ᐋᓐᑎ ᒧᐊᖃᐅᔅ ᐅᖄᔪᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑕᕐᕋᓕᒫᒥᑦ ᐱᓯᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᔪᐊᓕᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᓄᑦ. Makivik Corporate Secretary, Andy Moorhouse, speaking at the podium to the Inuit youth delegates who flew from all over the North to be at the summit. © MAKIVIK CORPORATION X3 CORPORATION MAKIVIK ©

ᒧᐊᖃᐅᔅ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᑐᓴᐅᒪᑎᑦᓯᖁᔨᔪᕕᓂᖅ ᐃᓕᕐᖁᓯᓕᕆᔪᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᐅᓕᐅᒥᒍᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ is part of Inuit wellness and cultural continuance. Also, ᓄᓇᓕᒥᓂ “ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᓃᕝᕕᓴᖃᑦᓯᐊᓂᕐᐹᒍᒻᒪᑕ.” ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᐃᓚᖓᑦ ᐅᖃᕐᓂᒥᔪᖅ Moorhouse speaking at the podium said, “Something as ᐊᓯᓃᖃᑦᑕᕆᐊᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᐊᑑᑎᔭᑦᓴᑖᕆᔭ­ᐅᓪᓚᕆᖁᑦᓱᒍ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓄᑦ, ᐱᓗᐊᕐᑐᖅ ᐅᑭᐅᑭᓐᓂᓭᑦ simple as an elder visiting your classrooms, this will give ᐊᓕᐊᒋᔭᕐᑖᓯᒪᕙᓐᓂᐊᒪᑕ. the youth the opportunity to learn from an elder. Sitting ᑭᖑᓂᖓᒍᑦ, ᒧᐊᖃᐅᔅ ᐅᖄᕕᖃᕐᑐᕕᓂᖅ ᐃᓄᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓕᒫᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᒪᔪᓃᑦᑐᓂᒃ down for 45 minutes with an elder can teach so much ᓱᓇᓂᒃ ᐅᖄᕕᐅᖃᑦᑕᓂᕐᒪᖔᕐᒥ ᐊᕕᑦᑐᓯᒪᔪᓂᒃ ᑲᑎᓯᒋᐊᕐᑐᖃᑦᑕᑐᕕᓂᐅᑦᓱᒥ. ᖃᐅᔨᔪᕕᓂᖅ to our youth and it should be done more in the educa- ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᓃᑦᑎᑕᐅᒋᐊᓪᓚᕈᒪᓂᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᓴᕈᒪᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓕᕐᖁᓯᕐᒥᒃ ᓇᔪᕐᓗᒍᓗ tion system.” ᐱᒋᐅᕐᓴᑎᑕᐅᓗᑎᓪᓘᓗᑎᒃ. ᓇᓗᓇᕈᓐᓀᓚᐅᔪᕗᖅ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᐊᓯᓃᑦᑎᑕᐅᒋ­ The summit provided an opportunity for more ᐊᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᕈᒪᓂᖓ ᐃᓄᓐᓄᑦ ᖃᓄᐃᖕᖏᓯᐊᕐᓇᑑᒻᒪᑦ ᐃᓕᕐᖁᓯᕐᒥᓗ ᑲᔪᓯᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᐅᑦᓱᓂ. hands-on involvement, everything from fur and beading ᐊᒻᒪᓗ, ᒧᐊᖃᐅᔅ ᐅᖄᔪᑦ ᓇᔪᖃᑦᑕᑕᖓᓃᑦᓱᓂ ᐅᖃᕐᓂᒥᔪᖅ, “ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑭᑦᑐᐊᐲᑦ ᐅᑦᑐᕋᐅᑎᒋᑦᓱᒍ sessions to art and video sessions, as well as discussions ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕇᑦ ᐳᓛᕐᑎᒋᔭᐅᒍᑎᒃ ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑎᑕᐅᕕᓐᓂ,­ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓄᑦ ᐃᓕᑦᓯᕕᐅᒍᓐᓇᐳᑦ. on climate change and, very importantly given predic- 45-ᒥᓂᑦᓂᓘᓐᓃᑦ ᐃᑦᓯᕙᖃ­ᑎᖃᕐᓗᓂ ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕆᒻᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᑦᓯᕕᖃᕈᓐᓇᐳᖅ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᖅ ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ tions that only a handful of indigenous languages will ᐃᓕᓴᕐᕕᓂ ᐊᑑᑎᔭᐅᒋᐊᓪᓚᖃᑦᑕᑐᑦᓴᐅᓱᓂ.”­ still be around in the next 50 years, language revitaliza- ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᔪᐊᒥ ᐱᕕᑦᓴᖃᓚᐅᔪᕗᑦ ᐊᒡᒐᒧᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᐊᕐᑕᐅᒍᓐᓇᑐᓂᒃ, ᒥᕐᖁᓕᕆᓃᑦ ᓴᐸᖓᓕᕆᓃᑦ tion. Near the end of the youth summit, attendees also ᐊᓪᓚᒍᐊᕐᓃᑦ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᓂᓪᓗ ᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖃᕐᑎᑕᐅᓃᑦ, ᐅᖄᖃᑎᒌᓐᓃᓗ ᓯᓚᐅᑉ ᓱᕐᕋᐸᓪᓕᐊᓂᖓᓂᒃ spent time on the land fishing at Sylvia Grinnell, followed ᐊᒻᒪᓗ, ᐱᒻᒪᕆᐊᓘᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᒥᑦᓴᐅᓵᕐᑕᐅᓯᒪᓚᐅᔪᕗᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᑐᙯᑦ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᑐᖃᖏᑦ ᐃᑭᑦᑐᐊᐲᑦ by a wholesome meal of country food: mataaq, Arctic ᐊᑐᕐᑕᐅᖃᑦᑕᕈᓇᐅᓛᓕᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐊᕙᑎᑦ ᒪᕐᕈᑦ ᖁᓕᓪᓗ ᐃᓗᐊᒍᑦ, ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᑉ char and caribou (provided by Nunavik), followed by tea ᐱᐅᓕᐊᕆᐊᑦᓯᐊᑕᐅᒋᐊᖃᕐᓂᖓ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᐅᓐᓂᖁᖅ. ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᕐᔪᐊᖓ ᐃᓱᓕᒋᐊᕕᑦᑎᓗᒍ, and bannock. ᑲᑎᒪᒋᐊᕐᑐᖃᑕᐅᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᓯᓪᕕᐊ ᑯᕆᓂᐊᓪᒧᑦ ᐊᓯᓃᒋᐊᕐᑐᓚᐅᔪᕗᑦ ᐃᖃᓪᓕᐊᕆᐊᕐᓱᑎᒃ, ᓂᕿᑐᐃᓐᓇᑐᕐᓂᐊᓕᕐᒥᒐᒥᒃ: ᒪᒃᑕᒥᒃ, ᐃᖃᓗᑉᐱᑐᕐᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᑐᒃᑐᕕᓂᕐᑐᓱᑎᓪᓗ (ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᓂᑕᕐᓂᒃ), ᑏᑐᓯᒻᒥᓱᑎᒃ ᐸᓂᕐᑎᑕᕐᑐᓱᑎᓪᓗ. ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᑦ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᐃᑦ ᑲᑎᒪᓂᔪᐊᓕᐊᕐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᐊᑦᔨᓕᐅᕐᑕᕕᓃᑦ ᓯᓪᕕᐊ ᑯᕆᓂᐊᓪᒥ. National Inuit Youth Summit group photo at Sylvia Grinnell. ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

86 ᑐᓴᕐᑕᐅᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ Introducing the ᐅᕕᒃᑫᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᖏᓐᓂᒃ Nunavik Youth Forum

ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐹᑦ ᓂᕈᐊᕐᓃᑦ ᐊᑑᑎᓚᐅᔪᕙᖏᑦ ᓄᑖᖑᓕᕐᑐᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑦ ᐅᕕᒃᑫᑦ The first board elections of the new Nunavik Youth Forum, a ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᖏᑦᑕ, ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᐃᓇᖐᔪᑦ ᓴᐳᑏᑦ ᐅᕕᒃᑫᑦ ᑲᑐᑦᔨᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᖓᓂᒃ, replacement of the Saputiit Youth Association, have been concluded. ᑎᓕᔨᑲᑦᑕᓃᑦ ᖁᓕᐅᖕᖏᒐᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᐃᓐᓄᑕᐅᒋᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐅᒃᑯᐃᑕᐅᓂᖃᓚᐅᔪᕗᑦ Nominations for nine different positions were open for the majority ᐊᐅᒡᒍᓯᓕᒫᒐᓚᒻᒥ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᐅᓚᐅᔪᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᑎᓪᓗ ᐊᑕᐅᓯᕐᒥᒃ/ᐊᑕᐅᑦᓯᒥᒃ of the month of August and all nine positions were acclaimed. An ᓂᕈᐊᕋᑦᓴᑕᑦᓯᕋᓕᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐃᓐᓄᑕᐅᔪᐃᓐᓇᐅᓴᐅᑎᒋᓚᐅᔪᕗᑦ. ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕆᒃ ᑖᒃᑯᓄᖓ elder appointee to the board has yet to be determined. ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᓄᑦ ᐃᓚᒋᔭᐅᓛᕐᑐᖅ ᓱᓕ ᑭᓇᐅᓛᕐᒪᖔᑦ ᑐᑭᑕᕐᑕᐅᒋᐊᓕᒃ. Alicia Aragutak of Umiujaq, is the new president, alongside ᐊᓖᓯᐊ ᐊᔭᒍᑕᖅ ᐅᒥᐅᔭᕐᒥᐅᖅ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᑖᕐᖃᒥᒋᔭᐅᔪᖅ, ᑐᖓᓪᓕᖃᕐᓱᓂ vice-president Louisa Yeates from Kuujjuaq. The executive sec- ᓗᐃᓴ ᔩᐃᑦᒥᒃ ᑰᒃᔪᐊᒥᐅᒥᒃ. ᐳᕐᑐᓂᕐᓴᒥᒃ ᐊᓪᓚᑎ ᑮᓇᐅᔭᓕᕆᔨᐅᑉ ᐃᓂᖓ retary-treasurer position will be filled by Aleashia Echalook of ᐃᓐᓄᓛᕐᑐᖅ ᐊᓖᔅᓯᐊ ᐃᖃᓗᒻᒥᒃ ᐃᓄᑦᔪᐊᒥᐅᒥᒃ. ᒪᕐᕉᒃ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᐅᖃᑕᐅᔫᒃ Inukjuak. The two board member, Ungava positions are now occu- ᐅᖓᕙᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖑᕐᑑᒃ ᒣᑯᓪ ᐱᑕᑲᒻᓯᑲᒻᓗ ᑰᒃᔪᐊᒥᐅᖅ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐅᓖᕝᕕᐊ pied by Michael Petagumskum of Kuujjuaq and Olivia Ikey, also of ᐁᑭ ᑰᒃᔪᐊᒥᐅᖑᒻᒥᔪᖅ. ᓄᕗᐊᓗᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᕈᕐᑎᓗᒋᒃ ᑯᓗᓚᖅ ᓴᕕᐊᕐᔪᒃ Kuujjuaq. The Hudson Strait board member positions are occupied ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑫᑦᑕ ᓴᕕᐊᕐᔪᒃ ᓴᓪᓗᒥᐅᖅ. ᑕᓯᐅᔭᕐᔪᐊᒥᐅᑦ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑕᐅᓚᖓᔪᑦ ᕙᓂᓴ by Kululak Saviadjuk of Salluit and Kaitak Saviadjuk of Salluit. The ᐊᔭᒍᑕᕐᒧᓗ ᐆᑦᕆ ᐸᓚᒥᖕᒧᓪᓗ ᑰᒃᔪᐊᕌᐱᖕᒥᐅᖑᖃᑎᒌᓐᓄᑦ. ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ Hudson Coast board member positions will be filled by Vanessa ᐊᓪᓚᑎᒻᒪᕆᖓ ᐋᓐᑎ ᒨᖃᐅᔅ ᑎᓕᔭᐅᓯᒪᒻᒥᔪᖅ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᐅᑉ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ Aragutak of Kuujjuaraapik and Audrey Fleming of Kuujjuaraapik. ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ ᑖᒃᑯᓇᓂ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᓂ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕᐅᖁᔭᐅᑦᓱᓂ. Makivik Corporate Secretary, Andy Moorhouse, has been appointed ᑖᒃᑯᐊ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔩᑦ ᓯᕗᓂᖃᕐᑐᑦ ᐱᑦᓯᐊᕆᐊᕈᑎᖃᓛᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᑭᒡᒐᑐᕐᓗᑎᒃ by the Makivik Corporation as a board member. ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᓂᒃ ᐊᑐᓂᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᐅᔪᓂ ᐱᖓᓱᐃᓂ: ᓄᓇᓕᓕᒫᓪᓗ The Forum’s goal is to better represent the interests of youth ᑲᕙᒪᖓᓐᓂ, ᓄᓇᓕᕐᓚᐅᓗ ᑲᕙᒪᖓᓂ ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᑲᕙᒪᑐᖃᒃᑯᓂ. ᑖᒃᑯᐊ across Nunavik at all three levels of government: regional, provin- ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᑖᖑᔪᑦ ᑲᕙᒪᓂᒃ ᐊᖏᕐᑎᓯᒐᓱᖃᑦᑕᓛᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓕᖓᔪᓂᒃ cial and national. The Forum will lobby for issues deemed important ᐱᓪᓚᕆᐅᑎᑕᐅᔪᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᑦ ᐅᑭᐅᓖ 15-ᓂᑦ ᑎᑭᓪᓗᒋᑦ 35-ᓂᒃ by Nunavik youth between the ages of 15 and 35 and will work to ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓛᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓅᓕᖓᓂᕐᓴᓂᒃ. create youth-focused projects on a regional level. mag ­ a zine MAKIVIK MAKIVIK © MAKIVIK CORPORATION CORPORATION MAKIVIK © 87 © SAMUEL LAGACE SAMUEL © AMAMATUAK MICHAEL © ᔫᓕᐊ ᓰᓪ-ᐅᐯᓐ ᒧᔅᑕᕝᕙ ᑎᑎᑦᔨ Julia St-Aubin Mustafa Dedeci

ᐃᓅᓕᕐᕕᖓᑕ ᐅᓪᓗᖓ: ᑏᓯᒻᐱᕆ 25, 1995 ᐃᓅᓕᕐᕕᖓᑕ ᐅᓪᓗᖓ: ᕕᕗᐊᕆ 5, 1992 ᐃᓅᓕᕐᕕᕕᓂᖓ: ᑰᒃᔪᐊᖅ ᐃᓅᓕᕐᕕᕕᓂᖓ: ᒪᓐᑐᕆᐊ ᓄᓇᓕᖓ: ᑲᖏᕐᓱᐊᓗᒃᔪᐊᖅ ᓄᓇᓕᖓ: ᐳᕕᕐᓂᑐᖅ ᐃᑦᔭᕈᒪᔭᖓ: ᐊᑖᑕᑦᓯᐊᕋ ᔮᓐ-ᑮ, ᐊᓈᓇᒐ ᕕᓂ ᐃᑦᔭᕈᒪᔭᖓ: ᒪᙯᒍᓐᓇᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᑐᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᕋ ᐊᑖᑕᒐᓗ ᕕᓕᒃᓯ ᓰᓐ-ᐅᐯᓐ ᐊᓕᐊᒋᓂᕐᐹᖓ ᐸᑦᑕᒥᒃ ᓇᑎᕐᒧᑦ ᑐᑎᑦᓯᑌᓕᓕᐅᑎᓃᑦ ᐊᓕᐊᒋᓂᕐᐹᖓ ᓯᑯᒃᑯᑦ ᖃᑭᕆᐊᒥᒃ ᐱᖕᖑᐊᕆᐊᒥᒃ: ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐸᑦᑖᕈᕐᒥᒃ ᓵᒥ ᐱᖕᖑᐊᕆᐊᒥᒃ: ᑲᑕᑦᑎᓯᑦᑌᓕᓕᐅᑎᓃᑦ ᓂᕿᑦᓯᐊᖁᑎᒋᓂᑉᐹᖓ: ᐱᑦᓰᑦ ᓂᕿᑦᓯᐊᖁᑎᒋᓂᑉᐹᖓ: ᐲᑦᔮ! ᓯᕗᓂᕆᒍᒪᔭᖓ: ᑕᑯᓐᓇᕋᑦᓴᓕᐅᕐᓯᑎᖕᖑᓂᖅ ᓯᕗᓂᕆᒍᒪᔭᖓ: ᐃᓕᓐᓂᐊᑕᖃᕐᓂᖅ ᓄᓇᒃᑯᔫᒻᒪᕆᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᖁᑎᐅᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑐᒋᓂᕐᐹᕆᓯᒪᔭᖓ: ᑕᑯᕐᖓᑐᔪᒍᓐᓀᕋᓱᓐᓂᕋ, ᓱᓕ ᐱᒐᓱᒃᑲᑯ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑐᒋᓂᕐᐹᕆᓯᒪᔭᖓ: ᐃᓚᒥᓂᒃ ᐊᑦᓯᒪᑦᓯᓂᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᑦᓯᐊᖁᑎᒋᓂᕐᐹᖏᑦ: ᐱᔪᒪᔦᑦ ᒪᓕᓪᓗᒍ ᓯᓚᕐᔪᐊᖅ ᐅᖃᐅᓯᑦᓯᐊᖁᑎᒋᓂᕐᐹᖏᑦ: ᓱᓇᓗᓐᓃᑦ ᐱᒋᒍᒪᔭᕆᔭᖅ ᒪᓂᓂᐊᕐᒪᑦ ᐊᕐᖁᑌᓗᑌᑦ ᐱᔭᕆᐊᑭᑦᑑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᔭᐅᔪᓐᓇᖏᓪᓚᖅ ᐊᓂᒍᕐᓗᑎᒃ

Date of birth: December 25, 1995 Date of birth: February 5, 1992 Place of birth: Kuujjuaq Place of birth: Montreal Home community: Kangiqsualujjuaq Home community: Puvirnituq Role model: my Ataatatsiak Jean-Guy, my Role model: a good hunter I know Anaana Vini Baron and my Favorite sport: volleyball and table tennis Ataata Felis St-Aubin Favorite food: pizza! Favorite sport: ice hockey Future goal: learn to operate heavy machinery Favorite food: pitsik Most difficult Future goal: become a skilled videographer obstacle to overcome: living away from family Most difficult my shyness, I’m still working Quote to live by: nothing worth having comes easy obstacle to overcome: on it Quote to live by: follow your bliss and the universe will open doors where there were only walls

ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᐱᙳᐊᑏᑦ ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

88 Nunavik players ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᑏᑦ Nunavik Research ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᑎᕕᓂᖏᑦ 39 Fact Sheet 39

ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᓄᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᒃ - ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖃᓕᕐᑐᖅ 40-ᓂᒃ

ᐊᕐᕌᒍᕐᓂ ᐊᓂᒍᕐᖃᒥᓐᓂ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᑦ­ ­ᐊᑯᓓᓕᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᔪᒥᒃ ᐃᓚ­ᐅᖃᑕ­ᐅᓲᖕᖑᐸᓪᓕᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᖁᑦ­ ᖃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓇᖅ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᒥᒃ­ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᖃᓕᕐᑐᓄᑦ ᓯᕗᓪᓕᐹᖑᖃᑕᐅᕗᓪᓗ­ ᑕᒪᑐᒥᖓ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᖃᓲᓄᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᓄᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᒃ. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᓄᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᒃ ᐃᒻᒥᓂᕐᕿᕙᓪᓗᓱᓂ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕ­ᐅᕗᖅ ­ᐊᑖᓂᑦᓱᓂ ᒪᑭᕝᕕ­ᐅᑉ ᐱᑦᓴᖑᕈᓐᓇᑐᓂᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ ᐊᑎᑦᓯᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᖓᑕ. ᑖᓐᓇ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᒃ ᐃᓂᓪᓚᑕ­ᐅᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᕗᖅ ᑰᒃᔪ­ᐊᒥ ᑌᑦᓱᒪᓂ 1978-ᖑᑎᓪᓗᒍ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᖏᑕᓗ ­ᐊᖏᓂᕐᐹᖏᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᐅᕗᑦ­ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕ­ᐅᕙᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᓄᑦ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᐃᑦ ᐊᓂᒍᕐᐸᓕ­ ­ᐊᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯ­ᐊᑐᓄᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᖃᕐᓱᑎᒃ ᓱᑯᐃᔦᔩᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᑎᑦᓴᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ­ ᓄᓇᑐᐃᓐᓇᒥᒃ ᓄᓇᐅᓪᓗ­ ᓂᕐᔪᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᓂᕿᒋᓲᖏᓐᓂᒃ). ᑕᒪᓐᓇ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂ­ ᐅᓲᖅ ᓴᐳᑦᔨᓯᒪᓂᖃᓪᓚᕆᑦᑐᖅ ᒪᓕᒐᖃᕐᑎᓯᒍᑎ­ᐅᔪᓂᒃ ᐃᓕᖓᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕ­ᐊᑎᑦᓯᒍᑎᓄᑦ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐱᓂ­ᐊᕐᓂᓕᕆᓂᒃᑯᑦ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑕᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᒪᑭᕝᕕᒥ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᐅᖃᑎᖏᑦᑕ. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᓄᑦ­ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᒃ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑦᓯᓂᓕᕆᔨ­ᐅᓲᖑᒋᕗᖅ ᑲᒪᓇᓱᑦᑕᖃᕐᓂᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᓄᑦ (ᐱᓗ­ᐊᕐᑐᒥ ᕿᓚᓗᒐᓄᓪᓗ ᐁᕕᕐᓄᓗ ᑐᖕᖓᔪᓂᒃ) ᑕᒪᒃᑯᓂᖓ ᐱᓇᓱᓐᓂᖏᑦ ᑲᒪᓱᓐᓂ­ᐅᒪᑕ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᑭᖕᖒᒪᑦᓯᒍᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓘᓐᓇᖏᓐᓂ 15-ᓂ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂ ᐃᓚ­ᐅᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒋᑦ ᐃᓄᑐᐃᓐᓀᑦ ᓄᓇᓯᒪᕕᖏᑦ ᓄᓇᕕ­ᐅᑉ ­ᐊᓯ­ᐊᓃᑦᑐᑦ. ᐃᓚ­ᐅᒻᒥᔪᑦ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᓄᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᐅᑉ­ ᐃᓚᐅᖃᑕ­ ­ᐅᓂᖓᑦ ­ᐊᒥᓱᓂ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᒍᑎᑦᓴᐅᓱᑎᒃ­ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᒥᒃ­ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑕᐅᔪᓂ­ ᐱᓂᐊᕐᓂᖃᕈᑕ­ ᐅᕙᑦᑐᑐᖃ­ ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ­ ᐊᕐᕌᒍᓂ­ ᐊᒥᓱᓂ­ ᑲᔪᓯᖏᓐᓇᓱᑎᓪᓗ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᒌᓐᓂᓴᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐊᑯᓓᑦᑐᒥᒃ­ ᐱᓇᓱᖃᑎᖃᖃᑦᑕᓗᑎᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᑦ­ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᕕᖁᑎᖏᓐᓂᒃ (ᓲᕐᓗ ᓂᕐᔪᑎᓂᒃ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᖃᖃᑎᒌᑦᑐᓴ­ ᐅᓂᕐᓄᑦ ᑲᑎᖕᖓᔨᓂᒃ, ­ᐊᖑᓇᓱᑦᑏᑦ ᑲᑐᔨᖃᑎᒌᖏᓐᓂᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᒥ ᓄᓇᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᓇᒥᒃ ᑎᒍᒥ­ᐊᕐᑎᓂᓪᓗ) ᐃᓚ­ᐅᒻᒥᑎᓪᓗᒋᓪᓗ ᖃᓪᓗᓈᑦ ᓄᓇᖏᓐᓂ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖁᑎᖃᕐᕕᐅᔪᑦ,­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᕕᕐᔪ­ᐊᓗ ­ᐊᓯᓕᒫᖏᓪᓗ ᑲᕙᒪ­ᐅᔪᓄᑦ ­ᐊ­ᐅᓚᑕ­ᐅᑦᓱᑎᒃ ᐳᕐᑐᓂᖃᑎᒌᖕᖏᑐᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᖃᕐᓂ­ᐊᓱᑎᒃ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᓄᑦ­ ᐃᓕᖓᓂᖃᓪᓚᕆᑦᓱᑎᒃ ­ᐊᑑᑎᖃᑦᓯ­ᐊᑐᓂᒃ. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᓄᑦ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᒃ ᐱᓯᑎᐅᔪᕆᒪ­ ­ᐅᑎᑦᓴᑐ­ ᐊᖃᖕᖏᓚᖅ ᐱᐅᔪᒻᒪᕆ­ ­ᐊᓗᓐᓂᒃ ᓄᑖᔭ­ᐅᓂᕐᐹᓂᒃ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓴᕐᕕ­ ᖁᑎᖃᕐᖁᖅ, ᑲᑎᖕᖓᕕᖃᕐᓱᓂᓗ, ᓄᓇᖕᖑᐊᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᓗ­ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᖃᑦᓯ­ᐊᓱᓂ ᑭᓯᐊᓂᓗ­ ᓱᓕ ᐱᖁᑎᖏᑦ ᐃᓚᑖᓚᓕᕆᕗᑦ ­ᐊᑐ­ᐊᒐᖃ­ᐅᑎᒥᒃ ­ᐊᑦᓯ­ᐅᔭ­ᐅᒪᓛᕐᑐᒥᒃ ᐋᓐᓂᐊᓯ­ ­ᐅᕐᑎᒪᕆᒃ ᐱᐋᓪ ᑐᐁᑦᔭ ­ᐊᑎᕆᓚ­ᐅᕐᑕᖓᓂᒃ, ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᐅᑉ­ ­ᐊᑯᓂ­ᐅᓂᕐᐹᖅ ᑐᑭᒧ­ ᐊᑦᑎᓯᔨᒋᖃᑦᑕᓚ­ᐅᔪᔭᖓᓂᒃ, ᐃᓅᒍᓐᓀᓚ­ᐅᔪᔪᒥᒃ ­ᐊᕐᕌᒍᖅ AVARD ELLEN © 2015 ᐱᒋᐊᕐᖃᒥ­ ­ᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ. ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᓂᒃ­ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᒃ (ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂᑦ-ᑕᓕᕐᐱᐊᓄᑦ) ᐱᑕ ᒣ (ᓂᕐᔪᑎᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᓪᓗᑯᒋᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎ) ᐁᑉᐸᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᒣᑯᓪ ᑯᐋᓐᒥᒃ (ᓂᕐᔪᑎᓂᑦ ᓱᒃᑯᓇᕐᑐᖃᕐᒪᖔᑕ ᑲᒪᔨ). ᓄᐊᑦᓯᔫᒃ ­ᐅᖃᕐᑕ­ᐅᒍᓐᓇᓯ­ᐊᕐᖁᖅ ᐱᓯᒪᓂᕋᕐᑕ­ᐅᓗᓂ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖃ­ᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᓂᒃ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕋᑦᓴᓂᒃ ᐱᔭᒥᓐᓂᒃ ᐃᓲᕋᓕᑦᑖᓂᑦ, ᐅᐱᕐᖓᓴᐅᑎᓪᓗᒍ 2015-ᒥ. ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕ­ᐅᑉ ᐱᓇᓱᒍᑎᖃᓲᖑᓂᖓ ­ᐊᑦᔨᖃᓚ­ᐅᕐᓯᒪᖕᖏᑐᒥᒃ (L-R): Peter May (Wildlife Technician) & Michael Kwan (Toxicologist). Collecting ᐱ­ᐅᓯᖃᕐᓱᓂ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᑯᑦ­ ­ᐊᑐᕐᑕᖃᑦᓯ­ᐊᑐᒥᒃ “ᓲᕐᓗ ᓄᓗᐊᓕ­ ­ samples for the lake trout study, spring 2015. ᐅᕐᑐᑎᑐᑦ” ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥ­ᐅᓕᕐᑐᖅ ᓱᑯᐃᔦᒍᑎᑐᐃᓐᓇᓂᒃ ­ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᖃᐅᔨᒪᔭᑐᖃᖏᓐᓂᒃ.­ ᑖᓐᓇ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᒃ ᐱᕙᓪᓕᐊᕙᓪᓕ­ ᐊᓕᕐᓂᕋᓂᒌᔭᖅ­ ᐃᓕᓐᓂ­ᐊᑎᓂᓪᓗ ­ᐅᕕᒐᕐᑐᓂᓪᓗ (ᑕᒪᖏᓐᓂᑦ ᑕᕐᕋᒥᐅᓂᓪᓗ­ ᓯᕿᓂᕐᒥ­ᐅᓂᓪᓗ) ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᖃᓚ­ᐅᕐᑐᓲᑐᖃᐅᔪᖅ,­ ᑕᒪᓐᓇᓗ ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᓂᓄᑦ­ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕᐅᑉ­ ᐱᔭᑦᓴᖁᑎᑐᖃᓪᓚᕆᕙᖓ. ­ᐅᖃᑦᓯ­ᐊᖏᓐᓂ­ᐅᔭᕋᓚᕿᔫᔭᕐᓇᒪᑦ ᑖᑦᓱᒪ ᐱᑦᔪᔨᕕ­ᐅᑉ ᑲᔪᓯᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᓂᕆᓲᖓ­ ᐱᔭ­ᐅᓯᒪᒋᐊᖓ­ ᐃᓗᖏᕐᑐᓂᖃᑦᓯᐊᓱᑎᒃ­ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎᖏᓐᓄᑦ, ᑖᒃᑯᓇᓂ ᐊᒥᓱᑦ­ ᐱᓇᓱᒐᖃᕐᒪᑕ ᑌᒪᖕᖓᑦ mag ­ a zine ᐱᒋ­ᐊᕐᑎᑕ­ᐅᓂᖃᓕᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᓂ­ ­ᐊᓐᓂᑦ, ᑲᔪᓯᑦᓱᑎᒃ, ­ᐅᓪᓗᒥᒧᑦ ᑎᑭᑦᓱᒍ, ᐱᑦᓴᑕᕐᕕᓴᖁᑎᓪᓚᕆᒋᓂᕐᐹᕆᔭᖏᓐᓂᒃ. MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

89 ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥ ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕐᑏᑦ Nunavik Research ᖃᐅᔨᓴᕈᑎᕕᓂᖏᑦ 39 Fact Sheet 39

The Nunavik Research Centre – 40 years

In recent years northerners have become development and political work carried out by as well as with southern research institutions, increasingly engaged in all types of research other Makivik colleagues. The NRC also admin- universities and all levels of government in and one of the pioneers in this movement is isters monitoring programs (notably regarding order to address issues that are of direct rel- the Nunavik Research Centre (NRC). The NRC beluga and walrus) that directly responds to the evance to northerners. is a semi-autonomous unit housed within the needs of Inuit in all of the 15 Nunavik commu- The NRC boasts not only state-of-the- Resource Development Department at Makivik nities as well as in neighboring Inuit regions. As art laboratories, conference space, and car- Corporation. The centre was established in well, the NRC has engaged in numerous collab- tographic services but will also soon be home Kuujjuaq in 1978 and the majority of the work orative research projects over the decades and to a brand new library that will be named in carried out by staff over the years has involved continues to partner on a regular basis with honour of the late Dr. D.W. (Bill) Doidge, the conducting scientific research on the natu- other northern organizations (such as wildlife centre’s longest serving Director, who passed ral environment and wildlife (country food). co-management boards, hunting associations, away in early 2015. Much of the NRC’s success This research ultimately supports the policy northern villages and landholding corporations) can be credited to the fact that the centre has adopted a unique approach to doing research; one that has fostered the “meshing” of con- ventional science and tradition- alknowledge. The centre also has a long history of hiring students and young people (from both the North and the South), and this remains a core part of the NRC’s mission. It goes almost without saying that the success of the NRC over the last 40 years is due in no small part to the dedica- tion of its staff, many of whom have been working at the cen- tre since the very early days, and who remain, to this day, its ­greatest resource. © ELLEN AVARD ELLEN ©

(ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓂᑦ ᑕᓕᕐᐱᐊᓄᑦ): ᓕᓕᐊᓐ ᑐᕌᓐ (ᐃᖃᓗᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᓯᒪᔪᖅ) ᐱᐅᔨ ᕘᑦ (ᓂᕐᔪᑎᓕᕆᓂᕐᒥᒃ ᐃᓕᓯᒪᔪᖅ) ᐊᒻᒪᓗ ᓵᓐᑎ ᓴᐸ (ᓂᕐᔪᑎᓕᕆᓂᕐᓄᑦ ᐱᓪᓗᑯᒋᐊᓕᓐᓂᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᑦᑎ). ᐸᕐᓇᑐᑦ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᕈᓯᕐᒥ ᐃᖃᓗᑉᐱᓂᒃ ᑲᒪᓇᓱᓐᓂᒥᒃ ᐱᓇᓱᓚᖓᔭᒥᓐᓂᒃ, 2015 ᐊᐅᔭᖓᓂ/ᐅᐱᕐᖔᖓᓂ. (L-R): Lilian Tran (fisheries biologist), Barrie Ford (wildlife biologist) and Sandy Suppa (wildlife technician). ᕿᒥᕐᕈᐊᖏᑦ Preparing for the Dry Bay Arctic Charr Monitoring Project, summer 2015. ᒪᑭᕕᒃ

90 ᐊᒪᐅᑎᒃ ᐃᓅᓯᕐᓂ ᐊᐅᓚᔨᒋᐊᖕᖓᑕᕋ ᐊᐅᓚᔨᒐᑦᓴᓯᐊᒍᓂᕐᐸᐅᓯᒪᕗᖅ. ᓯᓂᑦᓱᖓ ᐊᓈᓇᒐ ᐅᖄᔪᖅ ᑐᓵᑦᓱᒍ, ᓂᐱᖓᑕ ᐃᒥᐊᕐᓂᖓ ᐃᑉᐱᒋᑦᓱᒍ ᐊᒫᕐᑕᐅᓱᖓ ᓂᐊᖁᕋ ᐊᑦᑐᐊᓱᓂ ᑐᓄᖓᓄᑦ. ᕿᕕᐊᕋᒪ ᖁᒻᒧᑦ ᖃᑯᕐᑕᒥᒃ ᑕᑯᔪᖓ, ᐊᓈᓇᒻᒪ ᐊᒪᐅᑎᖓᑕ ᓇᓴᖓᓂᒃ ᓱᓇᐅᕝᕙ. ᐃᓱᕐᕆᓯᐊᕐᓱᖓ ᐃᒻᒧᓯᕐᑐᑕᐅᓯᒪᑦᓱᖓ (ᓄᑕᕋᐅᑉ ᐃᒻᒧᑎᖓᓄᑦ ᖃᑯᕐᑕᒧᑦ ᕿᐱᒻᒧᑦ). ᐃᓱᕐᕆᓯᐊᕐᓱᖓ ᐊᓈᓇᓐᓄᑦ ᑲᒪᒋᔭᐅᑦᓱᖓ; ᓯᓂᓯᒋᐊᓪᓚᑐᖓ. ᑕᖃᒪᔪᖃᓚᐅᕐᓯᒪᒻᒪᖔᑦ ᐃᓱᒪᖕᖏᓯᐊᕐᓱᖓ, ᐃᓱᒫᓗᒋᔭᖃᒐᓛᓐᓇᖓᓘᓐᓃᑦ, ᐃᓱᕐᕆᓯᐊᑐᐃᓐᓇᓱᖓ. –ᔨᓂ ᓗᐃᓴ ᑑᒪᓯ

Amautik My earliest memory in life was my best moment in life. I was asleep when I heard my mother talking. I could feel the vibration of her voice with my head leaning on her back. I looked up to see and saw white covering me. It was the hood of the amautik. I was so relaxed covered in immutik (baby wrap with sheets).

I felt comfort being nurtured by my mother; it made me fall asleep again. THOMASSIE LOUISA JEANNIE © I had no concept of stress, or no concept of nervous and anxious feelings. ᐁᓇ ᐋᓇᖃᑕᕐᓗ ᐸᓂᖓᓗ, ᓯᓖᓇ, ᕿᖕᖑᐊᓃᑦᓱᑎᒃ (ᑲᖏᕐᓲᑉ I only knew comfort. ᑰᖓᓂ), ᔪᓓ 2015-ᒥ. Aina Annahatak with her daughter, Selena, at Qingnguak –Jeannie Louisa Thomassie (Kangirsuk up river), July 2015. mag ­ a zine © SAMMY KUDLUK SAMMY © MAKIVIK MAKIVIK

91 © MAKIVIK CORPORATION CORPORATION MAKIVIK ©

ᔭᔅᑎᓐ ᑐᕈᑑ ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᓂᕈᐊᕐᓂᖃᕐᑎᓗᒍ ᐅᒃᑑᐱᕆ 19, 2015-ᒥ ᑲᓇᑕᒧᑦ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᑖᕆᔭᐅᓚᐅᔪᕗᖅ. ᕿᑲᕆᐊᕐᑐᓯᒪᔪᑦ ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒧᑦ ᔪᓓ 1983-ᒥ ᐊᑖᑕᖓᓗ, ᑲᓇᑕᒥ ᐊᖓᔪᕐᖄᒍᓯᒪᔪᖅ, ᔭᔅᑎᓐ ᑫᒃᑭᒥᒃ ᑲᓇᑕᒥᐅᑦ ᓭᒻᒪᓴᐅᑎᖕᖑᐊᖓᓂᒃ ᑕᕐᓴᓕᒻᒥᒃ ᓇᑲᑎᕆᖁᔭᐅᔪᕕᓂᖅ ᓂᕆᒻᒫᓂᖃᕐᑎᓗᒋᑦ. ᓄᑲᒃᑯᒥᓂᒃ ᐋᓕᒃᓵᓐᑕ ᑐᕈᑑᒥᓪᓗ (ᓴᐅᒥᐊᓃᑦᑐᖅ) ᒥᓯᐊᓪ ᑐᕈᑑᒥᓪᓗ ᓴᓂᕋᕐᒥᓱᓂ, ᑰᑦᔪᐊᒥᐅᖅ ᐃᓄᒻᒪᕆᒃ ᑌᓯ ᒍᐊᑦ ᑕᑯᓐᓇᑎᓪᓗᒍ. Justin Trudeau won the national election on October 19, 2015 to become Canada’s new Prime Minister. During a vacation to Kuujjuaq in July 1983 with his father, former Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau, Justin was invited to cut a Canadian flag cake for the community feast. His two brothers Alexandre Trudeau (left) and Michel Trudeau stood beside him for the official task, while community elder Daisy Watt also looked on.