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Foundational Literature for Moving Native Plant Materials in Changing Climates

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United States Department of Agriculture Foundational Literature for Moving Native Plant Materials in Changing Climates Mary I. Williams Plant Transfer R. Kasten Dumroese Guidelines and Zones Jeremiah R. Pinto Martin F. Jurgensen Plant Migration Conservation and Restoration Climate Change Forest Rocky Mountain General Technical Service Research Station Report RMRS-GTR-347 December 2015 All Rocky Mountain Research Station publications are written and produced by U.S. Forest Service employees and are in the public domain and available at no cost. Even though U.S. Forest Service publications are not copyrighted, they are formatted according to U.S. Department of Agriculture standards and research findings and formatting cannnot be altered in reprints. Altering content or formatting including the cover and title page, is strictly prohibited. Foundational Literature for Moving Native Plant Materials in Changing Climates Mary I. Williams, R. Kasten Dumroese, Jeremiah R. Pinto, and Martin F. Jurgensen CITATION AUTHORS Williams, Mary I.; Dumroese, R. Kasten; Pinto, Jeremiah Mary I. Williams, Michigan Technological University, R.; Jurgensen, Martin F. 2015. Foundational literature School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, for moving native plant materials in changing climates. Houghton, Michigan Gen. Tech. Rep. 347. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department R. Kasten Dumroese, USDA Forest Service, Grassland, of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Shrubland, and Desert Ecosystems Program, Rocky Station. 303 p. Mountain Research Station, Moscow, Idaho ABSTRACT Jeremiah R. Pinto, USDA Forest Service, Grassland, Shrubland, and Desert Ecosystems Program, Rocky Seed transfer guidelines and zones are used to manage Mountain Research Station, Moscow, Idaho the movement of plant materials, but by the end of the century many landscapes across the globe will have cli- Martin F. Jurgensen, Michigan Technological University, School mates that are incompatible with current vegetation. The of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Houghton, mismatch in rates between climate change and plant mi- Michigan gration and adaptation will pose significant challenges for natural resource managers, especially when scientific ACKNOWLEDGMENTS information often lags behind the demand for management This work was supported through agreement 11-JV-11221632- actions. We developed a bibliography to reflect the growing in- 130 between the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and Michigan terest in assisted migration, the intentional movement of plant Technological University (MTU). Financial assistance was materials in response to climate change, and to provide a central provided by MTU and these USFS entities: the National Center foundation for collaboration in generating research questions, for Reforestation, Nurseries; and Genetic Resources; the Rocky conducting studies, transferring and acquiring data, expanding Mountain Research Station (RMRS); and RMRS’ Grassland, studies to key species and geographic regions, and guiding Shrubland, and Desert Ecosystems Program. We thank Jim native plant transfer in changing climates. The bibliogra- Marin Graphics for publication design, Niklaas Dumroese for phy contains literature through 15 March 2015 on plant the infographics, and RMRS Publishing Services. transfer guidelines as related to climate change, resto- Cover images: Climate change and conservation and restoration, ration and conservation, and adaptation strategies, such Mary I. Williams. Plant migration, UNK. Plant transfer guide- as assisted migration. References are arranged in four lines and zones, USDA Forest Service. chapters: Climate Change, Conservation and Restoration, Migration, and Transfer Guidelines and Zones. Chapters are further divided into sections: General (editorials, re- views, summaries, surveys, and trends), Research (com- mon garden studies, genecology research, provenance tests, range shifts), Strategies (adaptation options, deci- sion support, frameworks, and policies) and Resources (manuals, models, tools, and websites). Keywords: assisted colonization, assisted migration, bib- liography, conservation, forestry, land management, man- aged relocation, restoration USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-347. 2015 i Table of Contents Introduction ..............................................................iii Appendix A ............................................................vii Chapter 1. Climate Change General ................................................................1 Research ..............................................................13 Strategies .............................................................49 Resources .............................................................74 Chapter 2. Conservation and Restoration General ...............................................................78 Research ..............................................................84 Strategies ............................................................103 Resources ............................................................118 Chapter 3. Migration General ..............................................................122 Research .............................................................136 Strategies ............................................................193 Resources ............................................................206 Chapter 4. Transfer Guidelines and Zones General ..............................................................208 Research .............................................................219 Strategies ............................................................282 Resources ............................................................290 ii USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-347. 2015 Introduction In North America, tree populations are lagging behind their op- from current or static planting zones will be growing in unfavor- timal climate niche (415). In other words, some forests are not able conditions by the end of this century. Managers may need keeping pace with contemporary changes in climate (540) and to assist plant species in their migration to new locations. It is by the end of this century, many landscapes in the United States difficult, however, to stay up-to-date on the latest research, poli- will have climates that are incompatible with current vegetation cies, and terminologies. To alleviate this challenge, we compiled (497) and similar scenarios are possible for Europe (83). Climate a bibliography that is focused on climate change, migration, and projections indicate that trees must migrate more than 3,000 m native plant transfer guidelines. It provides a central location for per year to avoid maladaptation, extirpation, and/or extinction, native plant transfer research and reflects the growing interest in a rate far exceeding their observed rates of less than 500 m per assisted migration. The bibliography is commensurate with sev- year (346; 383). The disparity in rates between climate change eral goals set by the USDA, the Forest Service, and the Rocky and plant migration and adaptation will pose significant chal- Mountain Research Station (Appendix A, this section), princi- lenges for natural resource managers, requiring them to con- pally the acquisition of research to “ensure our national forests sider a broad range of management options, including assisted and private working lands are conserved, restored, and made migration, defined as the intentional movement of plant materi- more resilient to climate change” (USDA 2014, http://www. als in response to climate change. usda.gov/documents/usda-strategic-plan-fy-2014-2018.pdf). The practice of restricting native plant movement to environ- METHODOLOGY ments similar to their source has a long history in natural resource To identify main features of the native plant transfer litera- management, especially in forestry (596; 851). General transfer ture, we searched BioOne, Google Scholar, Science Citation guidelines developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture Index, ScienceDirect, and Treesearch without date restric- (USDA) have since improved for most commercially important tions. We accessed these databases between 6 January 2012 native tree species and a few other native plants, but seed trans- and 15 March 2015 using 13 search terms in 252 unique search fer research will need to factor in climate change. Plant materials strings (fig. 1). native plant* OR native seed* zone* AND OR provenance* OR native plant transfer* OR native seed transfer* OR guideline* climate change* AND OR global warming OR global change* assisted migration* AND OR assisted colonization* OR managed relocation* native plant* zone* climate change* OR native seed* OR native plant transfer* AND OR provenance* AND OR global warming OR guideline* OR global change* OR native seed transfer* zone* assisted migration* AND OR provenance* AND OR assisted colonization* OR guideline* OR managed relocation* climate change* assisted migration* AND OR global warming AND OR assisted colonization* OR global change* OR managed relocation* native plant* zone* climate change* assisted migration* OR native seed* AND OR provenance* AND OR global warming AND OR assisted colonization* OR native plant transfer* OR guideline* OR global change* OR managed relocation* OR native seed transfer* Figure 1. Search terms and strings used to locate references for the bibliography. Terms were searched in combinations using “AND” and “OR” statements. Asterisks indicate
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