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Binding the Almancı to the “Homeland” – Notes from Turkey

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Binding the Almancı to the “Homeland” – Notes from Turkey Binding the Almancı to the “Homeland” – Notes from Turkey Barbara PUSCH* and Julia SPLITT* Abstract The Turkish- German migration movement particular, the last group- the young and highly did not start with the recruitment agreement educated- cannot be called returnees as such in 1961. However, with this agreement, as they were born in the country where their migration from Turkey became a new dynamic. forebears settled. However, this group of young As migration is usually accompanied by return and educated migrants is often lucky in the migration, we may also say that the Turkish- sense that their professional skills correspond to German migration movements have not been the needs of the Turkish labour market. While only characterised by the migration of Turkish previous returnees often drove taxis or delivery citizens to Germany, but also by their return. trucks, built rental houses or set up small Consequently, we can observe different types businesses and became part of the service sector, of return migration parallel to the changing they now work in many different sectors ranging nature of migration movements to Germany from arts and culture to telecommunications, in the last 50 years. Today, more than 50 years engineering, banking and are often involved in after the recruitment agreement, the population the global economy. In this article, we will first with Turkish migration background has give an overview of the return migration from significantly changed. For immigrants with the 1960s onwards. Then we will refer to the Turkish background in Germany, we can return and reintegration policies of the Turkish identify several aspects, such as rising age, state. By doing so, we will not only point to the the increasing number of naturalisations and changing nature of these policies in general, but the rising educational level of the second and particularly look at rather new developments, particularly the third and fourth generations. such as the introduction of the Mavi Kart (Blue As a result, the type of people returning to Card) and the foundation of the Yurtdışı Türkler Turkey has also varied: A rough segmentation ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı (Presidency reveals three types of returnees today: (i) those of Turks Abroad and Related Communities) retirees who decided to live their retirement for binding highly educated Almancıs to their days in Turkey, (ii) those retirees who spend half of the year in Germany and half of the parents’ or grandparents’ homeland. year in Turkey and (iii) those second and third generation young and educated people Key Words who come to Turkey for job possibilities. In Almancı, return migration, Turkey, * Orient-Institut Istanbul Germany, reintegration policy. 129 PERCEPTIONS, Autumn 2013, Volume XVIII, Number 3, pp. 129-166. Barbara Pusch and Julia Splitt Introduction German migration movement did not start with the recruitment agreement Migration is as old as human history in 1961. History has a number of and return migration has always been examples. We neither have the time nor an integral part of humans’ geographical the historical expertise to go into this movements. This also applies to the large field in detail, but we would like to Turkish context. However, the large- point to some examples in order to make scale migration since the early 1960s clear that Turkish-German migration is from Turkey to Europe in general and not a new phenomenon as such. Germany in particular has considerably Many years before the recruitment influenced the general image of the agreement Ottoman subjects and Turkish migration nexus and has led Turkish citizens migrated for a long or to the simplistic notion that Turkey is short time to Germany. Beside envoys, exclusively a migrant-sending country. visitors, authors and businessmen who This image of Turkey, however, went to Germany either on diplomatic characterises only one aspect of the or private basis, there were also Young rather diverse Turkish migration reality. Turks such as Mehmet Talat Pasha who An analysis of these manifold migration were fleeing the late Ottoman Empire in processes would go beyond the scope of 1918.2 However, also ordinary people this article. Therefore, we would just like such as workers, students and craftsmen3 to point out some important dimensions settled in Germany for a particular time, related to this multi-faceted migration mainly for education or professional activities as a preliminary remark: First, training.4 Figure 1 indicates the rising throughout history, Turkey has also number of Ottoman subjects or Turkish always been a host country for important citizens in Berlin between the middle of population movements.1 Second, it the 19th and the beginning of the 20th has to be underlined that the Turkish- century. 130 Binding the Almancı to the “Homeland” – Notes from Turkey Figure 1: Ottoman Subjects and Turkish Citizens in Berlin 3500 3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 Number of Turks in Berlin Turks of Number 1846/1850 1876/1880 1905 1913 1920 1926 1932 1938 Years Source: Gültekin Emre, 300 Jahre Türken an der Spree. Ein vergessenes Kapitel Berliner Kulturgeschichte, Berlin, Ararat Verlag, pp. 94-95. Calculation by the authors. Third, it has to be stressed that and domestic workers,7 migrating to migration from Germany to Turkey also Istanbul. Due to their settlement in goes back to earlier times. On the one Turkey, a large number of institutions, hand, we can observe- sociologically such as the German Hospital,8 the spoken- “return migration” from the German School9 and German speaking above mentioned groups from Germany Christian churches,10 were founded.11 to Turkey. On the other hand, a In spite of this, there is no doubt that glance into historical sources reveals the migration from Turkey became a that Germans without Ottoman and/ new dynamic with the ratification of or Turkish background settled in the Ottoman Empire or the young Turkish the recruitment agreement in 1961. The republic. Well-known examples in this number of Turkish citizens, who went context are the German officers who mainly as so-called “guest-workers” to were invited to reform the Ottoman Germany, rose rapidly from 10,000 12 13 Army.5 The German scientists in Turkish in 1962 to 1,607,161 in 2011. exile who fled Nazi Germany are another The number of migrants with Turkish well-known examples.6 However, there background- this includes Turkish were not the only prominent people citizens, former Turkish citizens who from Germany who ended up in the have naturalised in Germany and their Ottoman Empire. The first half of the descendents- is even higher at 2,956,000 19th century also many other Germans, in 2011.14 Turkish citizens and people including craftsmen, businessmen with Turkish migration background are 131 Barbara Pusch and Julia Splitt the largest group of all foreigners and introduction of the Mavi Kart (Blue persons with migration backgrounds in Card). In order to contextualise our Germany, comprising 18.5% and 23.2% analysis, we initially give an overview on of the totals, respectively.15 Turkish-German migration flows from the 1960s onwards and evaluate the different stages. Migration from Turkey to Germany continued, less due The Main Characteristics to labour migration but mainly due to family reunification in of the Turkish-German this period. Migration Nexus Turkish labour migration to Germany Needless to say that the dynamics of started as a temporary vocational return migration have changed over the training programme invented by time, parallel to the altering patterns of the World Economic Institute out-migration from Turkey to Germany (Weltwirtschaftsinstitut) in Kiel in 1957, and the modifying characteristics of the through which trainees from Turkey were Almancı16 in Germany today. Currently, sent to Germany with the objective of the total number of people in Turkey facilitating German capital investments with life experience in Germany is high, and branches in Turkey where the 19 estimated to be around 4 million.17 trainees should work as foremen. In fact, this was the beginning of a long- In this article we want to analyse the lasting unofficial labour recruitment official Turkish state policies to bind without bilateral agreements or 18 Almancıs to their “homeland” or regulations and which was organised Turkey. In this context, we will first refer by private persons and institutions. It to the return and reintegration policies was ignored by the Turkish government of the Turkish state. However, we will before it turned into an official labour not only point to the changing nature recruitment agreement between both of these policies, but particularly look at states.20 With the ratification of a other and rather new developments such recruitment agreement in 1961, the as the foundation of the Presidency of migration from Turkey became a new Turks Abroad and Related Communities dynamic as mentioned above. More (Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar and more workers from Turkey were Başkanlığı, hereafter YTB) and the sent to Germany for a limited time, 132 Binding the Almancı to the “Homeland” – Notes from Turkey most of them of middle and “upper of Turkish citizens in Germany rose lower” socio-economic background in from around 10,000 in 1962 to around the beginning, followed by members of 530,000 in 1973.23 Figure 2 shows the poorer households.21 We can characterise number of workers who were sent from this first stage of migration as circular Turkey to Germany every year. By 1973 migration organised and controlled by it is estimated that about 2 million the two states involved. However, the Turkish state had little influence on the migrants from Turkey were involved increasing extent of out-migration in in this cyclical form of temporary this first period.22 So the total number migration.24 Figure 2: The Turkish-German Migration Balance (1961-1973) 300000 250000 200000 Migration from Turkey to Germany 150000 (Turkish Citizens) (Re)Migration from Germany to 100000 Turkey (Turkish Citizens) 50000 0 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 Source: Statistische Jahrbücher 1961-1973, calculated by the authors.
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