Psdiver Monthly Issue 80

PSDiver Monthly Issue 80

Greetings, them into categories and include surface and subsurface locations. Here is a question for you: When was the last time you got your community or school district involved with your dive or Interactive projects do not have to be simple nor do they water response team? have to be short. These projects can last a semester or extend over years with each group of students contributing Parts of our normal job duties include public education to the work. You might be surprised at what can be programs. For fire departments that can include things like achieved. “Stop, Drop and Roll” programs or even presentations at job fairs. The same thing holds true for law enforcement and Since some of you are going to argue against this idea and could even include a “Citizens on Patrol” course. For even bash me for presenting the argument, I will offer you independent teams it might be a fund raising project or an this. In this issue, students of the Clark Magnet High School informational booth at a local boat show. are once again, presenting YOU with information and tools that could help your teams. I will ask you to respond to their Regardless of the affiliation, the purpose is to increase request at the end of their article. It will help both their class awareness and involve the community. For dive and water and their teacher continue these types of educational response teams, this involvement will help justify your programs. team’s existence and it will help you when petitioning for grants. It should benefit your team directly if you have to Not only have the students presented a paper for publishing, ask for more money for equipment or training from an they were invited and participated in this months Continuing administration or agency with tight purse strings. Education. If you back track a bit, you will discover that the same science class, not the same students have contributed I have offered some ideas on this in the past. Some of these to PSDiver Monthly. This particular group of students is also included doing something I still hold as a valuable public working on another project and their class has partnered relations tool and is one of the only jobs I can identify as a with IIRMES lab at Cal State Long Beach, to test lobster true “Public Safety Dive”. This is the trash fest / collection samples for organic and inorganic toxins to see if the lobster dive. If your team promoted, sponsored or just did the job is truly safe to eat. I am impressed! I wonder if they could of cleaning up the areas in, around and underwater at your use some divers? public beaches, your team will get to practice logistical planning, public relations, and their particular disciplines, Find ways to get involved with your community and share dive, top water rescue, tender etc. them with us. Email your ideas to [email protected].

If you were to take that idea one step farther and involve a Stay Safe, If you would like to discuss this topic local school, it could turn into a science project. The kids Mark Phillips could analyze the materials collected, do a ratio to location Editor / Publisher or any other, join our discussion analysis, conduct a survey of materials collected and divide PSDiver Monthly group at: www.PSDiver.com CLICK HERE TO JOIN

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Environmental Assessment and Coastal Health Program SPECIAL to PSDiver Monthly (BEACH) provides regular bacterial counts at popular marine (and Great Lakes) recreational sites, including a breakdown on what bacteria levels are unsafe. Public Safety Diver – EPA Polluted Water Information on sewer discharge location, overflow Diving frequency, and publicly available bacterial count Modules 1 and 2 (Part 1 of 3) information can be a valuable dive planning tool. In addition, chemical and biological contaminant trends in By: Sean Sheldrake, Unit Diving Officer, EPA Region 10 the water column and sediment are available through Rob Pedersen, Deputy Unit Diving Officer, EPA Region 10 NOAA's Mussel Watch Program. Outfalls can also Alan Humphrey, Unit Diving Officer, ERT discharge a variety of harmful chemicals to the dive site. EPA's Envirofacts database presents outfall location and The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has a data that can be of use in planning for worst case water number of dive teams throughout the country that quality at a particular dive site. In Portland Harbor alone, perform scientific diving services in support of the Agency’s mission. The Region 10 Dive Unit has been around since EPA's inception more than 40 years ago. The team covers a wide area, from cold, marine Alaskan waters, to warmer inland lakes and rivers in Washington, Idaho and Oregon. The Environmental Response Team (ERT) has been in place since 1978, diving in all 50 states to support Superfund cleanups and emergency response. Both EPA dive units primarily conduct polluted water diving in microbial and chemically impacted water bodies. For more information on EPA Dive Units including those doing non-polluted water work, see November 2009 PSD Monthly Issue 68

Module 1; Dive Sites, Dive Planning, and Online Resources

In waters near metropolitan areas, bacteria in the water column can be a problem from a variety of sources, Figure 1: Sewer outfall near downtown Seattle in a including pet waste and sewage overflows. EPA's Beach popular charting program

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there are over 300 outfalls (USEPA, 1998). In addition, a list of chemically impaired water bodies can be obtained from EPA's 303d list. Even use of up to date navigation charts can inform a dive plan with some level of outfall information. Many Superfund Sites are near or include bodies of water, which typically must be treated as polluted water dives. Most Superfund sites have some online chemical data available on the water column and/or sediment. Internet searches on fish advisories are also typically indicative of a polluted water body.

If specific chemical contaminants are known or suspected on a site, a hazard analysis is included in the dive plan to address potential exposure pathways and identify specific equipment or procedures to minimize risk factors, such as upgrading to a helmet directly mated to the drysuit. Several online chemical data bases, such as www.epa.gov/iris, www.cameochemicals.noaa.gov, www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/, or www.atsdr.cdc.gov, contain useful information on chemical properties and human health hazards posed by chemicals. In addition, drysuit manufacturers can be consulted to obtain permeation data for known or suspected contaminants (e.g., http://www.vikingdiving.com/?id=1851). If decontamination solutions (soaps, detergents, biocides) are necessary, the Material Data Safety Sheets (MSDS) at www.hazard.com/msds/ or the manufacturer's web site should be consulted to assess toxicity and biodegradability.

For EPA, scientific diving operations in support of Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation Act, and Superfund programs typically include conducting instrument Figure 2: An example of available GIS data of storm recovery, outfall inspections, and a variety of drains and combined sewer outfalls in the Central environmental media sampling, all in polluted water. EPA Puget Sound.

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good outside of a systematic approach to polluted water: PPE, decontamination, training, and medical monitoring/immunizations.

All of this information provides some ability to forecast various types of exposure, based on the frequency of problems detected in the past, in the case of the BEACH program data. In addition, for sediment, exposures in a Superfund site can be predicted with some certainty, such as within the Portland Harbor area (USEPA, 2009a).

In summary, online tools will help divers assess what contaminants may be present at the dive site, what effect

Figure 3: Diver Rob Rau inspecting a discarded 55 these contaminants may have on the diver or the diver's gallon drum encountered off a former manufactured equipment, and what equipment and/or decontamination gas plant in Seattle, Washington. Photo by Sean procedures may be necessary to protect the diver. Sheldrake, EPA Region 10 Dive Team. However, few dive sites have or will have definitive uses the online tools above for planning a polluted water information before you dive. Those that do have dive or to ensure that a dive being planned is not a likely definitive information only give a general idea of polluted water dive as described above. Concerns over conditions—as conditions can change rapidly. Upgrading pollution exposure lead the EPA to upgrade protective diver PPE and decontamination procedures is the rule for measures, such as keeping the diver completely dry EPA, absent definitive information. (minimum slick drysuit with integrated hood, full face mask (FFM), drygloves), use of decontamination, and Module 2; Training for Polluted Water medical/monitoring/immunizations for divers. Absence of Diving definitive information always results in personal protective equipment (PPE) upgrades to a positive Though there are methods to limit diver exposure to pressure full face mask with drysuit, dryhood, and these contaminants which have been widely published drygloves. Although the positive pressure FFM may be and available since 1985, these methods are not always subject to leakage, this is deemed acceptable for EPA employed by divers in general, which may be due to a uses at low to moderately contaminated sites in lack of formal training. OSHA explicitly requires that conjunction with our medical monitoring program. specific training be undertaken on an initial and Exhaust droplet inhalation, while a concern for the FFM, is reoccurring basis for hazardous waste site operations also of equal concern for helmets that do not exhaust to (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.120). EPA divers doing polluted the surface. No amount of good PPE will do the diver any

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water work undergo this initial 40 hour training along with required annual 8 hour refreshers.

In addition, Region 10 and ERT practice decontamination techniques on training dives, including heat stress management. Classroom and dive training should emphasize means and methods to plan a dive, how to wear and maintain appropriate PPE, techniques/types of decontamination and division of the dive platform into hot, contamination reduction, and cold zones, and techniques to manage heat stress endemic to more protective PPE.

Disclaimer: This paper is an illustration of steps to be taken to minimize exposure to the diver in hazardous environments and does not necessarily represent the official view of the USEPA. Mention of any specific brand or model instrument or material does not constitute Figure 4: Photo of a plume of blood at an EPA dive site in endorsement by Alaska during an enforcement inspection. Photo by Sean the USEPA. Sheldrake, EPA Region 10 Dive Team

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hurricanes, floods, and earthquakes. This software can SPECIAL to PSDiver Monthly be used by teams to model disaster scenarios and justify budget requirements. Hazus-MH is available at no charge.

Hazus-MH; Hazus-MH is an extension of the ESRI ArcGIS technology Disaster Preparedness for the 21st that produces estimates of hazard-related damage before or after a disaster occurs. Potential loss estimates Century analyzed in Hazus-MH include how floods, hurricane winds or earthquakes will: By Clark Magnet High School students: Yeprem Chavdarian, Edward Kazarian, Tania Khanlari, Steve  Physically affect buildings such as homes, schools, Kechechian and Brian Higgins businesses, and others.  Economically affect communities, including the In the August 2010 issue of the PSDiver Monthly amount of lost jobs, business interruptions, repairs magazine, Mark Phillips posed the and reconstruction costs. question to all first responders,  Socially impact communities including estimates of “Are you prepared?” Does your shelter requirements, displaced families, and team have the proper equipment population exposed to floods, earthquakes and and training to deal with a hurricanes. hurricane or flood scenario? Phillips identified lack of funding as For more information visit: a major obstacle for most teams to http://www.fema.gov/plan/prevent/hazus/ reach an adequate level of readiness. There are To justify a budget for equipment and training, Hazus-MH grant programs available can be used for pre-planning disaster scenarios in your to fund dive teams, but community. Identifying mitigation solutions is also a awards may be difficult to capability of the program. Details about buildings are obtain. Before applying pulled from census data and other data sources that are for any grant, a team or included in the program. This information can be updated agency must be able to by the user for a more detailed and accurate report. justify their request. Mapping essential facilities such as hospitals, police The Federal Emergency stations, fire stations, emergency operation centers, and Management Agency has Download HAZUS-MH MR- schools, is a good place to start in a basic risk developed software called 5 Flyer... assessment for various disaster scenarios. It can also be Hazus-MH to identify risks and mitigate losses from

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important to map out hazmat locations (areas that could receiving certain types of non-emergency disaster contain chemicals and other hazardous materials and assistance. Using Hazus in developing or updating a waste) to ensure disaster plan is considered favorable by FEMA when the safety of allocating rescue personnel. competitive Using Hazus-MH funding. Last year, can assist in FEMA awarded planning $106,085,702 in appropriate funding through the evacuation Emergency locations. Management Performance Grants Running a flood Program alone. To scenario could help find current funding determine which sources, search the facilities should be Department of stocked with water Homeland Security link rescue equipment. on Grants.gov. For For example, example, recently would it be wise to closed store all the flood opportunities from rescue equipment this source include, only at a facility in Flood Mitigation a high risk flood Assistance area? Program, Pre- Disaster Mitigation The Disaster Program, Repetitive Mitigation act of Flood Claims 2000 (DMA 2K) is Importing elevation data allows a network of streams to be generated. From Program and legislation that this point, 10-year to 500-year flood events can be run to analyze the Severe Repetitive reinforces the impact on a community. In this map, students have updated the state Loss Program. importance of pre- database for schools in the Glendale Unified School District and are ready to Some of the planning. It run a flood scenario. descriptions clearly requires an state: “Projects or initiatives that are eligible for funding approved hazard mitigation plan in order to be eligible for under this announcement may involve geospatial (GIS)

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issues.” Hazus-MH could be used to 1) FEMA provides help meet funding Hazus-MH training criteria for all the classes at the above listed Emergency programs. Management Notifications of new Institute (EMI) grant opportunity located on the postings and National Emergency updates on Training Center Grants.gov are sent campus in out as email alerts Emmitsburg, to subscribers (click Maryland. Lodging for link.) and travel may be reimbursed to If Mark Phillip’s those who qualify. question of, “Are To attend a course, you prepared?” was fill out an application a wake-up call to and turn it in to your team, try your state training incorporating new officer. technology to create or update 2) Online courses existing disaster are also available to plans for your help both public community. You and private may find funding organizations comes easier to The Basic Hazus-MH course guides the user through a flood event. In this prepare for and teams that are map, after running through the exercise, students have added the ArcGIS mitigate losses world imagery layer and mapped schools in relation to flood areas. incorporating from natural current technology disasters. The to support mitigation efforts. installation guide and overview of Hazus-MH is available at no charge. There are additional courses available for a To learn more on how to use the program, training small fee that train users to calculate losses from flood, classes are available through five different channels: hurricane winds and earthquake events. Through the set

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of courses, participants are offered the opportunity to download hands-on exercises that provide detailed instructions for the software. When the course is completed, participants are ready to do models for their own communities and take action to reduce losses occurring from earthquakes, floods, and hurricane winds.

3) The Polis Center of Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis offers numerous introductory through advanced Hazus workshops. Polis is a recognized national resource for preparedness training which uses geospatial tools, and has a lot of project experience using these technologies. Hazus courses provide instruction on the entire process of using Hazus and other geospatial technologies to reduce the impacts of natural hazards on communities. One of their most popular courses, Comprehensive Data Management for Hazus-MH, helps participants prepare for Students updated the state database for fire stations in their own data updating project by identifying the Okaloosa County and ran a probabilistic 100-year inventory elements that have the most impact on the hurricane event scenario. This map shows the location of estimation of losses for flood, earthquake, and hurricane fire stations in relation to the storms path events. This course is recommended to those who are

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GIS analysts, database administrators, and others who will be responsible for migrating local data into the Hazus- MH database structure. Polis courses can be offered at their facility in Indianapolis or onsite at a client location. Participants will receive a FEMA EMI Certificate after successful completion of FEMA authorized workshops. Polis can also customize Hazus training to meet the specific needs of participants.

Questions about Polis training or other consulting services can be directed to Kevin Mickey at [email protected].

4) Loma Linda University (School of Public-health,) in Loma Linda, California offers a similar program..

5) Field courses are available by having a Hazus instructor come to your facility. The advantage of contracting a Hazus instructor includes personal training at your facility arranged around your schedule. Assistance with installation and trouble- shooting is provided. If training isn’t your objective, a contractor can perform a detailed risk analysis, loss mitigation plan for your department or community. One such qualified contractor is Vanessa Glynn-Linaris from GeoRevs. Glynn-Linaris is an experienced grant writer and can be a valuable resource in endeavors to secure funding.

Visit http://www.georevs.com/ to schedule an

appointment or email [email protected] with any This map classifies the predicted loss of use in days for questions about the company or service. Okaloosa County fire stations during a 100-year event hurricane. Four sheets from the 11-page report were After the initial training, there are Hazus user groups set added to the map to illustrate that much more up online and around the country for support and information can be gleaned from an analysis.

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assistance using the program. Visit Hazus.org for more Description of Exposure information. Fire fighters may be called on to perform public safety diving actions, including search and rescue and recovery If the information in this article was useful, missions. Fire departments and fire fighters preparing for please email your comments to our teacher. In underwater operations must be aware that dive training our GIS class we work on projects that benefit can be hazardous. Diving hazards include entanglement, the community and environment. running out of air, lung overexpansion injury, panic attacks, and decompression sickness.

We need to quantify our impact to help support Entanglement in rope or aquatic plants is an extremely our program. Your input would be greatly serious hazard that can prevent divers from returning to appreciated. the surface [Hendrick et al. 2000].

Lung overexpansion most commonly occurs when divers Please contact our teacher with a short review panic and make rapid ascent holding their breath. No of our work and how it might benefit your sensation of discomfort provides a warning when community: [email protected] overexpansion is about to occur [NAUI 2000]. New divers

may hold their breath when first learning to use SCUBA equipment [PADI 1990]. Lung overexpansion can result in pulmonary barotraumas causing serious damage to the NIOSH Publication No. 2004-152: lungs, including collapse [Bookspan 1995], even when ascending Divers Beware: Training Dives Present from relatively Serious Hazards to Fire Fighters shallow June 2004 depths and http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/wp-solutions/2004-152/ on relatively short dives. Summary Fire fighters who participate in dive training risk lung Panic damage, illness, or drowning. NIOSH investigated attacks fatalities that have occurred during these training while diving exercises and developed recommendations to decrease may be these risks. provoked by situations such as entanglement, running out of air, or reasons unknown. Panic attacks occur among both

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veteran and novice divers. Adequate a regional trauma center, where attention to panic and anxiety attacks he was pronounced dead. The should be given during diver training. cause of death was listed as More than half of experienced divers drowning. surveyed report having panic episodes Case 2 while SCUBA diving [Morgan 1995]. On August 13, 2000, a 28-year-old Decompression sickness ("the bends") male career fire fighter/SCUBA occurs after extended periods of time diver died during a search and at depth followed by ascending too rescue training exercise at a lake quickly, thus preventing nitrogen gas [NIOSH 2000]. During the accumulated in the diver's tissues exercise, a circular search pattern from dissipating properly. Symptoms was used from a buoy line. The of decompression sickness can range from skin rash, victim’s partner lost the search line and became extreme fatigue, coughing, and painful joints to paralysis separated from the victim. The partner was equipped with and unconsciousness [NAUI 2000]. a conventional regulator and had no electronic communications with the other divers. Case Studies Case 1 Another diver saw the victim, who was distressed and On July 15, 1999, a 25-year-old male career fire frantically screaming and moving around, and knocked off fighter/paramedic/rescue diver drowned during a circular the other diver’s face piece. The victim, who was search training exercise at a lake [NIOSH 1999]. Acting entangled in the buoy line, was pulled to the surface by as the pivot diver, the victim descended and maintained a the buoy line. The victim received medical assistance and fixed location while extending a length of rope to the was then transported by helicopter to a nearby trauma pattern diver. The pattern diver swam increasingly larger center where he was pronounced dead. The cause of circles around him while holding onto the rope. death was stated as pulmonary barotrauma.

About 2 minutes after the victim entered the water, his Controls rope bag surfaced. The pattern diver surfaced and was To minimize the risk when participating in dive training, instructed by the lead diver to retrieve the victim, but NIOSH recommends that fire departments and fire was unsuccessful. The boat driver radioed for emergency fighters take the following precautions: assistance. A rescue search was initiated, and the victim Fire departments should do the following: was found and brought to the surface. The victim’s air regulator was not in his mouth and he was cyanotic and  Establish, implement, and enforce standard unresponsive. The victim was transported by helicopter to operating procedures (SOPs) regarding diver training.

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 Ensure that divers maintain positive  Ensure that dive communication with each other and coordinators stay with personnel who remain on the informed about each surface. diver’s rate of air  Develop a pre-dive checklist for all consumption. diving situations, including diver Fire fighters/divers should training, equipment function, and do the following: diver experience, which should match the difficulty of the intended  Follow all SOPs. dive.  Maintain continuous  Ensure that backup divers are visual, verbal, or physical trained to perform rescue operations contact with their dive for other divers who may be in distress. partner.  Ensure that an experienced backup diver and a  Perform equipment checks before each dive. ninety-percent-ready diver are in position to help. Equipment checks should be verified by the dive  Provide divers with refresher training on the coordinator. hazards and prevention measures of lung  Ensure that underwater search teams operate overexpansion injuries, entanglement, individually to avoid rope entanglement. decompression, and panic attacks.  Regularly monitor their air consumption.  Practice the training exercise in a closed  Consider performing at least 12 dives per year to environment such as a swimming pool before maintain skills.

attempting it in open water. References  Obtain and update appropriate medical fitness Bookspan J [1995]. Diving physiology in plain English. evaluations for SCUBA divers annually. Kensington, MD: Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical  Ensure that equipment checks are performed on a Society, Inc. scheduled basis and defective equipment is repaired or replaced before a dive takes place. Hendrick W, Zaferes A, Nelson C [2000]. Public safety  Supply divers with an alternative backup air source diving. Saddle Brook, NJ: Fire Engineering Books and such as pony bottles. Videos.  Ensure that instructors and divers are certified for Morgan WP [1995]. Anxiety and panic in recreational SCUBA diving, dive training, and dive rescue scuba divers. Sports Med 20(6):398–421. operations by a nationally recognized organization.  Ensure that a medical unit is on site with oxygen in PADI [1990]. PADI open water diver manual. Santa Ana, case of an emergency. CA: Professional Association of Diving Instructors.

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NAUI [2000]. NAUI scuba diver manual. Tampa, FL: Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program is National Association of Underwater Instructors. available at www.cdc.gov/niosh/firehome.html

NIOSH [1999]. Fire fighter/paramedic drowns during an Contact the underwater SCUBA training drill—Missouri. Cincinnati, Divers Alert OH: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Network Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National (DAN) 24 Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS hour hotline (NIOSH) Publication No. 99F–29. at (919) 684– 8111 in the NIOSH [2000]. Fire fighter/SCUBA diver dies during event of a training evolution—Indiana. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. diving Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for emergency or Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for for questions Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) about a diving Publication No. F2000–38. injury. Additional resources regarding scuba diving include the To receive more information about occupational safety following: and health topics, contact NIOSH at  NFPA 1670—Standard on operations and training NIOSH for technical rescue incidents. Publications Dissemination  NFPA 1006—Standard for rescue technician 4676 Columbia Parkway professional qualifications. Cincinnati, OH 45226–1998

Acknowledgments Telephone: 1–800–35–NIOSH (1–800–356–4674) The principal contributors to this publication were Jay L. Fax: 513–533–8573 E-mail: [email protected]

Tarley, Edward L. Husting, and Steven L. Proudfoot, or visit the NIOSH Web site at www.cdc.gov/niosh Division of Safety Research, NIOSH. For a monthly update on news at NIOSH, subscribe to For More Information NIOSH eNews by visiting The information in this www.cdc.gov/niosh/eNews document is based on fatality investigations, literature and expert review. More information about the Fire http://h2odyssey.com/dive/pages/productpages/airsyst.htm

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Mention of any company or product does not constitute “Underwater NEWS endorsement by NIOSH. In Crime Scene Rescue Dive Team addition, citations to Web sites Investigation” Spotlight 3 Report external to NIOSH do not By Eric Tackett http://www.ktbs.com/news/25846184/detail.html constitute NIOSH endorsement November 18, 2010 VIDEO ON SITE of the sponsoring organizations or their programs or products. SHREVEPORT, La. -- Furthermore, NIOSH is not Drowning remains the responsible for the content of second leading cause these Web sites. of unintentional death This document is in the public for children, as we domain and may be freely saw in August when copied or reprinted. NIOSH six teens drowned in encourages all readers of the the Red River. Workplace Solutions to make Out of print and them available to all interested very hard to find! They were horrifying employers and workers. We found a small images, but the hoard and have children may have As part of the Centers for them here for never been recovered if it weren't for the Shreveport Fire Disease Control and you! Department's Rescue Dive team. Prevention, NIOSH is the

Federal agency responsible for PSDiver Monthly KTBS 3's Jennifer Gray decided the best way to see what conducting research and Subscriber Price it is the dive team does... is to dive right in. making recommendations to $20.00! prevent work-related illnesses On Sale HERE! News For Issue 80 and injuries. All Workplace Solutions are based on Woman's body found in submerged car research studies that show how worker exposures to http://www.dailymercury.com.au/story/2010/12/02/sub hazardous agents or activities can be significantly merged-4wd-divers-locate-drivers-body-divers-sw/ reduced. 2nd December 2010 Tom Williams DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

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POLICE divers and a specialised swift-water rescue team the area surrounding the yesterday located the body of a woman, missing in swollen creek for the floodwater since Tuesday morning. missing woman, however, while the crew was en The 55-year-old woman's body was found inside the car route to the scene, the from which she called for help yesterday morning, woman's body was located minutes before the vehicle was inundated by water. and the helicopter was stood down. It wasn't until yesterday afternoon that dangerous conditions eased enough to allow emergency service Queensland Fire and crews to reach the flooded car. Rescue Service (QFRS) central region zone A Queensland police spokesperson said the body was commander Steve De Pinto retrieved around 1pm. said once the water level fell the swift-water team “Police and emergency service personnel this afternoon and police divers were able retrieved the body of a woman missing in floodwater near to gain access to the Dysart since yesterday morning,” the spokesperson said. vehicle. http://www.scubastik.com

“The body of the 55-year-old Sydney woman was located “A police diver, along with the swift-water rescue team, inside a submerged vehicle around 1pm. was able to attach chains to the vehicle as the fast running water subsided,” Mr De Pinto said. “The vehicle had been pushed off a causeway and into a flooded creek next to Golden Mile Road, approximately “The water rose 15km from Dysart. during the night and emergency “The dissipation of torrential Related links crews rain and the easing of had to floodwater enabled search Police find woman's body relocate crews to recover the vehicle Emergency call from submerged car to the and a report will be prepared Dysart for the Coroner.” side of the river. “The swift-water Whitsunday Water police on the scene requested the team had to swim assistance of the RACQ-CQ Rescue helicopter to search to the vehicle to

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conduct the search.” Investigators are trying to determine how the woman “Unfortunately, we were unable to find someone alive, lost control of her Toyota but the team did a great job in very difficult Camry and ended up in the circumstances,” he said. water at 144th Avenue near SW 11th Street about Driver in Critical Condition After Car 9:30 p.m. The young Plunges Into Canal would-be rescuers told http://www.nbcmiami.com/news/local-beat/Bystanders-Unable-To-Rescue-Woman-From- police she made a series of Car-in-Canal-111321314.html U-turns before her vehicle Young people out riding their bicycles witnessed left the road. the accident, called police, and attempted rescue 12/04/2010 By JANIE CAMPBELL "Several of the witnesses jumped in the canal to try A woman whose to help the driver out of car plunged into a the car," said Miami-Dade canal in Northwest Fire and Rescue Division Miami-Dade Chief Vincent Lombardi. "[But] the car went underwater Saturday night was and they were not able to assist the driver out of the submerged in the vehicle." darkened waters for at least 15 minutes and is Man's body found in floodwaters http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/12/04/3084891.htm?sect now in critical ion=justin condition. Dec 5, 2010

Three young people out riding their bikes witnessed the Police divers have recovered the body of an 81-year-old crash, called police, and bravely leapt into the water to man whose utility was swept off a flooded causeway in help, but could not get the driver free before her car sank Queensland on Friday night. beneath the surface. Alan Kane was trying to cross a creek at Bajool, south- Police divers were able to locate the car underwater and west of Rockhampton, when his utility was washed away remove the driver. Unconscious, she was airlifted to by floodwaters. Police divers and an SES crew found Mr Kendall Regional Medical Center. Kane inside his utility about 150 metres downstream.

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Video: Floods ravage central NSW and QLD (ABC News) we're going to see showers and storms over the south- Audio: Disaster zones declared in flood-hit NSW and east part, and in fact over most parts of the state by Queensland (AM) Tuesday," he said. Audio: Central Qld farmers hit by flooding (AM) Map: Rockhampton 4700 In central Queensland, Emergency Management Queensland says floodwaters are continuing to drop. Photo Gallery: Floods wash through SE Australia Regional director Robbie Medlin says crews have Related Story: Storms, flash flooding continue to hit continued the clean up, but are keeping a close eye on Victoria river levels. "The rain has certainly eased and drifted Related Story: Residents evacuated, disaster zones away," he said."They have had some flood damage declared obviously around the township of Emerald, and Moreso in

the Gemfields area, but those waters are continuing to It is the second such death in the region this week. A 55- recede today," he said. year-old woman died when her car was swept off a flooded crossing near Dysart. OPP divers searching for body... find a The SES said more than 100 homes had been damaged in carpet instead Rockhampton. http://recorder.ca/ArticleDisplay.aspx?e=2877883

12/06/2010 By NICK GARDINER, Staff Writer Meanwhile, the weather bureau says it is not CARDINAL – A expecting further rainfall to frigid search for cause flooding in south- human remains east Queensland. A weak in the St. surface trough that has Lawrence River been sitting off the near the Capricornia-Wide Bay Cardinal Legion coast is expected to move today uncovered towards the south-east. nothing more Forecaster Gavin Holcombe than a soggy says it will bring more rain carpet. to the south-east corner. Police divers and an SES crew found

"The rain will gradually Mr Kane inside his utility about 150 The search, weaken and move metres downstream. which involved southwards. Obviously (7pm TV News QLD) chilled police

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divers from the OPP underwater BAJOOL farmer Alan Kane, 81, died at the weekend after identification unit and the ute he was driving was swept into Station Creek by Snowmobile, All-Terrain Vehicle floodwaters. His body was retrieved around 5pm by police and Vessel Enforcement (SAVE) divers. unit, was prompted by a report from a diver who was in the area It is believed just after 7 o’clock on Friday night, Mr Kane Sunday, Grenville OPP Const. Rob attempted to cross a flooded causeway on Upper Ulam Prophet told The Recorder and Road, Mount Hopeful, in his utility when rising waters Times. swept the vehicle into Station Creek. The vehicle was found around 150 metres downstream from the crossing Prophet said recreational divers on Saturday. were visiting the Conestoga PSDiver – A shipwreck near the Galop Canal Long-time Bajool resident Bruce McCamley said the Textbook for Public when one diver believed he saw a location of the incident was a bad spot. He said motorists Safety Diving body floating near the wreck.The had to drive down a curve into it and then up around By Mark Phillips diver who contacted the OPP said another curve getting out. Mr McCamley said the stretch the body appeared to be wrapped of road had been like that for decades. “When it rains, it’s ~ An introduction to in material and was secure in its bad,” he said. “There’s been accidents there even when Public Safety Diving location and not drifting with the it’s dry. “People up that way have been complaining and and Underwater current, said Prophet. complaining about it for years.” Crime Scene Mr McCamley said the stretch of road was in the Investigation He said police arrived early Click here to order Rockhampton Regional Council area. He said Mr Kane had Monday to examine the site and lived there for found only a carpet – with no body wrapped inside.”It a number of was just a carpet right by the ship," said Prophet, who years. wouldn't speculate how the material got to that location.

"It turned out all right, and that's the important thing," he Parts of said. Banana Shire

were Farmer, 81, swept away subjected to http://www.gladstoneobserver.com.au/story/2010/12/06/farmer-81- flooding and swept-away/ Kerri-Anne Mesner | 6th December 2010 storm activity at the weekend with

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Local Disaster Amelia Earhart's Finger Bone Management Recovered? Committee put on http://news.discovery.com/history/zooms/amelia- stand-by on Friday earhart-castaway-finger-bone-101210.html night by Gladstone Dec 10, 2010 By Rossella Lorenzi police.

A tiny bone fragment Banana Shire Mayor collected on a remote John Hooper said tropical island could be flooded areas were turtle -- or it could mostly in the southern belong to the legendary part of the shire as pilot, researchers say. the Dawson River had risen, particularly at A T bone fragment found Baralaba. on a remote island in the Pacific is being The Leichhardt investigated as possible Highway was cut off at remains of Amelia Taroom, both north Turtle or human bone? Earhart. Researchers recovered the and south of the fragment from a remote bridge; while the Initially researchers island in the Pacific Ocean Baralaba-Woorabinda Road, the Duraringa-Biloela Road in believed it was turtle where, they believe, Amelia the north and the Dawson Highway between Banana and bone. Earhart may have perished as Biloela were closed. a castaway. Click to enlarge Only DNA testing can this image. Cr Vaughn Becker said while there had been no confirm whether the evacuations, there were some people who had relocated fragment is, in fact, human. to stay in town as people had become more flood- prepared following the February/March event. He said the High Water Delays Divers river rose to 7.26 metres in March and it was at 7.11m at December 14 noon yesterday. “This is now officially the wettest year since records have been kept at Taroom Post Office from Divers tried to get to the body over the weekend, but the 1870s,” Cr Becker said. debris and fast-moving water prevented a recovery, he said.

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Photos He estimates the body is will watch the operation from the bank, and a fourth will December rain in about 35 feet from shore. be downstream ready to rescue the diver in the water Central Queensland “We’re dealing with high, should he become detached from his safety line. swift water so we can’t get a boat in there at all,” Clark A grappling hook or other device will not be used to said. “The body is trapped in retrieve the body. The case is a homicide “so we don’t an eddy, so a boat above it want to tear anything or cause injury to the body,” he would just turn in circles. said. That’s why we will work To read ALL of the article, Click HERE from the bank.” Asylum seekers perish as boat sinks off Members of the county’s search and rescue team will Australia View Photo Gallery » http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/asia-pacific/asylum- carry the divers’ gear down seekers-perish-as-boat-sinks-off-australia/article1838209/ a 160-foot embankment to the dive site when conditions Dec. 14, 2010 KRISTEN GELINEAU and TANALEE are right. It will take four certified divers to perform the SMITH The Associated Press recovery. SYDNEY— A wooden The diver in the boat packed with water will be asylum seekers attached to a smashed against safety rope jagged rocks in a containing a storm off an communication Australian island line. Visibility is Wednesday, flinging about a foot, so terrified occupants a diver on the Video SES on scene of search for a into churning waters bank will guide submerged vehicle and 81-year- Asylum seekers die as boat and killing at least 28 the diver in the old man missing from Upper Ullam. hits rocks people. water to the area Sharyn O'Neill where the body Related links Christmas Island residents on a cliff above watched in is using the line, Rain affects Gladstone coal horror as the boat — carrying about 70 people — broke Clark said. Divers to join search for vehicle apart with a crack, dumping screaming men, women and

Another diver children into monstrous waves that pounded them against the rocks.

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target of refugee hopefuls, who are “It was just horrible. People getting housed in a detention center there. crushed. Bodies, dead children, the Australia is a prime destination for whole thing was pretty awful,” people from poor, often war- island resident Simon Prince told ravaged countries such as The Associated Press. Afghanistan who want to start a new life. In Canberra, Immigration Minister Chris Bowen told Sky News that 28 “This incident is a tragic reminder of people died and 44 have been the danger faced by people fleeing rescued. Of those saved, 11 were persecution and human rights under age 18. violations in their home countries, and the desperate measures they will resort to in search of safety,” said Officials gave no immediate word on the nationality of the Richard Towle, the United Nations Refugee Agency's victims. regional representative.

“The rescue is being conducted in extremely difficult and Photos and videos taken by dangerous conditions,” the customs department said. witnesses at the scene “The search and rescue situation is ongoing.” show the wooden boat crashing into the rocks and Women and children were among the dead, Western breaking apart. The images Australia state Premier Colin Barnett said in a statement. also show people floating in the water amid the The Royal Flying Doctor Service sent doctors to the island wreckage. It is unclear if to treat 30 injured victims, said Joeley Pettit-Scott, the they are alive or dead. The group's spokeswoman. Three patients were critically boat was about 20 to 30 injured, two men with head injuries and one woman with feet long, with a cabin blunt abdominal trauma, she said. covered by a sheet of fabric or plastic. Acting Prime Minister Wayne Swan said the vessel was a people smuggler's boat, but it was not clear where the Mr. Prince, who lives next passengers were from. to the cliff where the boat crashed, said he was Christmas Island is a remote Australian territory closer to woken early Wednesday by Indonesia than the Australian mainland and a frequent what he thought were

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cheers. He walked to the cliff www.carterbag.com Spain, and Greece — the main and instead heard cries for help areas worldwide of large-scale from a boat just offshore. migration.

“The engine had failed,” Mr. “Climbing over razor wire fences, Prince told the AP. “They were taking to sea in leaking boats or washing backward and forward stowing away in airless very close to the cliffs here, containers, refugees and which are jagged limestone migrants around the world risk cliffs, very nasty.” their lives every day in desperate attempts to find safety or a Mr. Prince called the police and soon there were dozens of better life,” the UNHCR says on its website. locals standing on the cliff, wondering how they could help despite the storm and crashing waves. He said the International Organization for Migration spokesman Jean- boat tossed for an hour before it finally hit the rocks at Philippe Chauzy said asylum seekers pay $6,000-$7,000 the base of the cliff. to people smugglers, only to be told to pay another $1,000-$1,500 for the last stretch from Indonesia to “When the boat hit the cliff there was a sickening crack. Australia. All the people on board rushed to the land side, which is the worst thing they could do, but I don't think anybody “Indonesia has been a stepping stone for economic could swim,” he said. migrants ... Many become stranded in Indonesia when they run out of money, are cheated by people smugglers, Resident Michael Foster watched in horror as women and or are intercepted by the Indonesian authorities,” said Mr. children screamed out for help in the churning seas Chauzy. below. “They had lifejackets on them, but the water was just pushing them up ... and throwing them towards the Boat victims may not be identified rocks,” Mr. Foster said. “It was a pretty horrible http://www.perthnow.com.au/news/western-australia/christmas-island- situation.” tragedy-forces-review-of-alps-asylum-stance/story-e6frg14u-1225972531804 December 17, 2010 VIDEO ON SITE In recent years, many asylum seekers have come from Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq and Myanmar. Generally, they WA POLICE have conceded that it may be first fly to Indonesia and then continue on to Australia in impossible to name every victim of the Christmas cramped, barely seaworthy boats. Island tragedy, as officers start the painstaking According the UN refugee agency, an estimated 848 task of positively identifying the dead. people died or went missing in 2009 in Italy, Yemen,

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Superintendent Jon  Boat tragedy: Heroes haunted by the victims' Tuttle, head of WA Police screams forensic services, said  Wreck: Overpowering distress as ocean beat man disaster victim  Boat horror: Detainee lost seven relatives identification officers  Latest pictures: Christmas Island tragedy were conducting the initial identification of "This just makes it a little more complex.'' recovered bodies but the protracted operation could run into weeks. Asked if it was possible some of the victims may never be identified, Supt Tuttle said: "Anything is possible, but ... "It's extremely we will work professionally and painstakingly to identify painstaking, it's a human all of these people so that their families can have tragedy,'' Supt Tuttle closure." said. It is not yet known when the bodies will begin arriving in "You've got a lot of Perth, where post mortems will be conducted. people that have died. A lot of detail needs to be assembled, it's a very detailed operation and it will take time.

"We have to identify the people to the satisfaction of the coroner and that will be from a range of opportunities - visual identification, in a typical sense ... fingerprints, DNA, dental records.

"The fact of the matter is that we have no passenger manifest. We don't know who these people are and normally, in a DVI event, you have some sense of who the people are so you have a starting point. SEARCH: An Australian Navy rescue vessel and Related Coverage Navy divers search for bodies where the asylum  Riot: Island detainees lash out in protest vessel sank. Picture: Toby Zerna Source: PerthNow

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Death toll from asylum seeker boat "There is a detailed crash rises to 48 process we have to http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/8213450/De undertake. We have to ath-toll-from-asylum-seeker-boat-crash-rises-to-48.html undertake that with 20 Dec 2010 dignity and respect for the deceased people. We The number of asylum seekers believed killed when have to be culturally their boat smashed into rocky cliffs on at remote sensitive and we will be Australian island has risen to 48. working to our processes so we can resolve this at the earliest opportunity,'' he said. The days of dragging Today, three police your fins in and out of the divers joined the water are finally over! contingent of 13 WA 1-877-FlipFin police officers on the island. They include OmegaAquatics.com Major Crime detectives, disaster victim identification experts, search and rescue police and coronial investigators.

Specialist skills of WA police have been used in other large scale recovery efforts, including the Bali bombings, Dozens of asylum seekers including women and the 2004 Boxing Day tsunami and the Black Saturday children, died after their boat smashed into cliffs bushfires in Victoria. Photo: REUTERS

Officers have been told to expect to be on the island for a Thirty bodies have been recovered since the wooden boat month, if not longer. packed with Iraqi, Iranian and Kurdish asylum seekers crashed into the rocks on Christmas Island last week. Supt Tuttle could not say how many bodies had already been identified. Forty-two people were pulled alive from the churning surf by Navy rescue teams and 30 people were known to have died but there was uncertainty over the exact number of

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missing people because it Resources instituted a full scale search of the area for was unclear how many over an hour. asylum seekers were on the boat to begin with. Firefighters were dispatched to the 8000 block of Combs Road and five divers searched the water. Officials have been interviewing survivors in IFD Capt. Rita Burris says in the state of Indiana, no ice is attempts to determine how safe ice. IFD is asking for parents to talk with their many people were on children about the dangers of retention ponds and warn board. them to stay off the water.

Julia Gillard, the prime Divers to resume searching Red River for minister, announced that body of six-year-old boy about 90 asylum seekers http://winnipeg.ctv.ca/servlet/an/local/CTVNews/20101221/wpg_search_101221/2010122 were on the boat, which 1/?hub=WinnipegHome meant 18 people remained Dec. 21 2010 1ctvwinnipeg.ca unaccounted for.

She said it was likely that the bodies of some of those people will never be recovered.

Dangers of Ice Revisited After Water Rescue Search http://www.wibc.com/news/Story.aspx?id=1330831 12/19/2010 By Alex Brown and Jill Sheridan

A phone call, foot prints and a sled floating on a retention pond was reason enough to activate a drown rescue response from the Indianapolis Fire Department Saturday Morning. The underwater search and recovery unit spent two days searching for Nathaniel Thorassie in the Red No victims were located in the water but not before IFD River firefighters, IMPD officers and the Department of Natural

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Winnipeg police said they plan to resume their search for CAST will also be conducting searches. the Red River for six-year-old Nathaniel Thorassie. "The dive operation will continue for as long as conditions permit. We are committed to this action to help The boy fell into the river on Nathaniel's family find closure in this tragedy," said police Dec. 4 while playing with his in a press release. 10-year-old brother by the Six-year-old water near the Disraeli Nathaniel Thorassie Crossbow Cannibal CCTV: Shocking Bridge. A passerby was able fell into the Red video of killer Stephen Griffiths to rescue the 10-year-old River on Dec. 4, boy, but Nathaniel is 2010. moments after murder http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2010/12/27/crossbow-cannibal-cctv-shocking-video-of-killer- presumed to have drowned. stephen-griffiths-moments-after-murder-115875-22809053/ Police divers spent two days searching for the boy in the 27/12/2010 by Lucy Thornton, Daily Mirror water before calling it off due to "extremely dangerous" conditions because of thin ice.

A volunteer team of divers from the Canadian Amphibious Search Team (CAST) and Manitoba Search and Rescue carried out later searches, which also were unable to locate Nathaniel's body.

Tuesday morning, officers said conditions on the river are improving and police divers hope to be back Serial killer Stephen Griffiths flashes a sick gesture searching the and brandishes his crossbow seconds after murdering river soon, Suzanne Blamires. possibly as http://bcove.me/22a0w33g WATCH THE VIDEO early as Jan. 2.

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The sign was made to a CCTV camera which filmed the But it was not needed because Griffiths admitted the horror outside his Bradford flat. IT was the display of three murders last week brutal arrogance that proved just how deranged killer and was jailed for the rest Stephen Griffiths was. of his life at Leeds crown court. Minutes after murdering terrified Suzanne Blamires with a crossbow, the maniac marches up to the CCTV camera The film was taken on that captured his act of horror and defiantly waves his May 22 by camera 14 at weapon at the lens. the end of a communal corridor in Holmfield He then gives a one-fingered gesture and even toasts the Court, Bradford, West brutal attack with a bottle of Sprite – before returning to Yorks, where Griffiths his flat to butcher and eat 36-year-old Suzanne. lived.

But despite his sick bravado, the self-styled Crossbow The psycho had shot Cannibal knew being caught on camera meant the game Suzanne in the head with was up. the crossbow before plunging a knife into her And it brought to an end a killing spree that also claimed skull as she tried to flee the lives of prostitutes Susan Rushworth, 43, and 31- his murderous clutches. http://browniesmarinegroup.com/ year-old Shelley Armitage. Another camera shows the moment he returns with the The sickening unsuspecting prostitute to his one-bedroom flat in the 31-minutes of city’s red light district. footage, which has At 2.30am Suzanne is filmed tottering along, clutching been obtained her pink handbag and following him inside. exclusively by the Mirror, She appears relaxed, taking deep drags on a cigarette. would have been crucial Her jet black hair is tied back in a tight ponytail with a evidence at pink bobble and she seems unsteady on her feet. his trial.

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The pair chat away as Suzanne continues puffing on a dragging Suzanne’s - cigarette while they pass the no smoking signs in the seemingly lifeless body back building. down the corridor by the - shoulders to his flat. As they enter the lifts on their way to flat 33, she accidentally blows smoke in the former public schoolboy’s He only makes it to the face. Griffiths appears stone-cold sober, watchful and doorway and her legs are stern, while carrying the bottle of Sprite and cigarettes. still visible. Griffiths, 41, Dressed in black from head to foot, he is seen gesturing then calmly steps over her with his hands as if telling a story in the lift. body and retrieves his crossbow from the scene of But minutes after entering the flat, Suzanne’s night takes the attack before returning a terrifying and fatal twist. She suddenly re-appears and shooting her in the screaming, running petrified down the corridor, looking head. over her shoulder as Griffiths, now wearing black gloves, chases her in a snarling rage. He then drags her by the leg into the flat. Seconds later He is carrying the crossbow that he will use to hunt her he appears again, defiantly holding his crossbow in the air down so cruelly. just inches away from the camera.

Suzanne tries to fend off He puts his middle finger up and then gives the camera a the criminology student close-up of his soft drink, as if making a toast. Over the with her right arm as she - weekend, Griffiths is seen leaving the flat clutching bin desperately runs for her liners and holdalls. life. On one occasion he balances a heavy black plastic bin But he bares his teeth like bag on his right shoulder. an animal – and goes in for the kill. Just off camera a The killer leaves the flat complex and with his sleeves struggle on the floor can be rolled up, casually dodges traffic as he crosses the road. made out but suddenly her body goes limp. In part of Griffiths was on his way to the railway station to take a the video the Mirror has train to nearby Shipley and dump the remains of Suzanne decided not to publish, in the River Aire. Griffiths walks backwards,

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FOUND ON THE WEB The footage of his act of He admitted to boiling or cooking the first two and eating brutality was first spotted on the third raw. the following Monday morning by a caretaker reviewing the After his arrest, Griffiths told stunned officers: “This is the cameras. end of the line for me … I’ve killed loads.”

When armed police raided his Crossbow cannibal CCTV: The woman who escaped flat Griffiths yelled from the Stephen Griffiths - video bedroom: “I’m in here. I’m Osama bin Laden.” Read more: http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top- stories/2010/12/27/crossbow-cannibal-cctv-shocking- Police divers later found 81 video-of-killer-stephen-griffiths-moments-after-murder- pieces of Suzanne’s body in 115875-22809053/#ixzz19jNkHBy5 the water, including her hands and head. It still had the crossbow bolt and knife Related Stories embedded in it.  Relatives of Crossbow Cannibal victim Susan Parts of victim Shelley’s spine Rushworth reveal they cannot even bear to say and flesh were also recovered his name in the same area. Dec 28 2010

Griffiths held up six fingers  Crossbow cannibal CCTV: The woman who when police asked how many women he had killed, escaped Stephen Griffiths - video although what he said was “five”. Dec 27 2010  Why Crossbow Cannibal killer Stephen Griffiths But he has refused to discuss with police any cases other played to the camera when shooting his final than those of Susan, Shelley and Suzanne. victim Dec 27 2010 The killer has told how after murdering the three women,  Vice girl tells of two hours locked in car of he mutilated, dismembered and skinned them using Crossbow Cannibal power tools, knives and even a samurai sword – turning Dec 26 2010 his flat into “a slaughterhouse”.  Crossbow Cannibal Stephen Griffiths

threatened to kill teacher at private school,

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former classmate claims Dec 24 2010 Derek's  Crossbow Cannibal Stephen Griffiths said he mother says would kill my children he is a hero, Dec 24 2010 because he got his friends  Crossbow cannibal Stephen Griffiths swallows out of the batteries in protest at being constantly freezing lake observed first. Dec 23 2010 However, Derek was Mother calls son who died in freezing unable to lake a hero hang on in the icy conditions. http://www.whas11.com/home/Mother-calls-son-a-hero- who-died-in-freezing-lake-112469024.html Joshua's grandmother says she told the kids the lake was December 26, 2010 by WHAS11.com too dangerous. The boys had all been students at Columbus Signatory Columbus, Ind. (WHAS11)- The surviving two southern Academy. Derek had just moved this year to Related: Indiana teenagers pulled from a freezing lake were out of 16-year-old the hospital in time for the holidays, but the family of a Iowa, but came back to visit for the dead after third teen was forced to plan a funeral. holiday. It took rescuers three hours to falling pull Derek's body out of the pond. This weekend, that teen's family is calling him a hero, but through they are also wondering why first responders could not There were trained police divers lake’s ice get to him sooner. available on scene, but they could not proceed because they were not certified for the icy Dylan Godsey, 15, Joshua Corrie, 16, and Derek waters. Lodestein, 16, were trapped. Pig cadaver may help Winnipeg rescue A witness, Robert Snow, called 911 and rushed his boat workers find drowned boy http://www.vancouversun.com/news/cadaver+help+Winnipeg+rescue+workers+find+drowned/4064647/ to the lake. story.html Snow was able to rescue Dylan and Joshua, but he could January 5, 2011 Winnipeg Free Press not save Derek’s life. Dylan and Joshua were out of the hospital on Christmas.

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WINNIPEG — It's an unorthodox bid to bring closure to Riffel said a large majority of search missions are a Manitoba family's tragedy. successful within a few days, making this case particularly baffling. A month after six-year-old Nathaniel Thorassie drowned, officials in Winnipeg on Wednesday brought a pig cadaver A pig cadaver was to be to the Red River in hopes it will lead divers to the boy's lowered into the river in body. hopes it will give the search team a better idea of what Nathaniel and his happened to Nathaniel. 10-year-old brother, Ralph "Because of their similar lung Chartrand Jr., structure and similar muscle were playing mass (to humans), they're with hockey used a lot in drowning sticks and research," Riffel said. "This breaking chunks isn't anything super of ice by the scientific; it's just another open water on Mclaine Flett, the mother of thing that we're trying." Dec. 4 when the missing six-year-old Nathaniel http://t-rescue.com ice's edge broke Thorassie, kneels at a makeshift University of Manitoba memorial as rescue workers away. professor Gordon Giesbrecht, an expert on cold water searched under the Disraeli Bridge in Winnipeg for the boy's survival, was overseeing the experiment. Both boys fell body. into the river but File photo by: Joe Bryksa / Chartrand was Winnipeg Free Press FOUND ON THE WEB pulled to safety by a passerby who threw him a rope. New test could estimate age of crime Officials have been perplexed as to location of the young suspects from bloodstains boy's body, which should be near the spot he drowned, http://www.world-science.net/othernews/101122_age said Sgt. Rob Riffel, head of the Winnipeg Police Service Nov. 22, 2010 Courtesy of Cell Press and World Science staff dive unit. A new test can estimate crime suspects’ or missing peo- "We're kind of wracking our brain on what happened to ple’s ages to an accuracy of nine years based on blood- Nathaniel," he said. stains at a crime scene, scientists report.

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viruses, parasites, or malignant cells. That diversity of re- “Human age can be esti- ceptors is achieved through a specific rearrangement of mated from blood with the T cells’ DNA, a process that produces small circular reasonable accuracy using DNA molecules as a by-product. a simple, robust, and sen- sitive test assay,” said The number of those circular DNA molecules, known as Manfred Kayser of the signal joint TCR excision circles, declines at a constant Erasmus MC University rate with age. The new test measures the concentrations Medical Center Rotterdam of these circles “in the total DNA extracted from a small in the Netherlands, one of blood sample and use a reference gene not affected by the developers. “Our age to compensate for the total amount of DNA in the method is applicable in sample,” Kayser explained. situations where only bloodstains are avail- Kayser said the test is at least as accurate as any test de- The Forensic Teacher able, which covers a large Online signed to estimate a human trait from DNA information. proportion of crime cases.” theforensicteacher.com Its prediction accuracies are comparable to or better than those recently demonstrated for predicting brown versus In principle, the technique could be put to immediate use blue eye color from DNA, a test that has already been put by law enforcement, say the researchers, who report their to forensic use, he added. findings in the Nov. 23 issue of the journal Current Biolo- gy. They have begun a required validation of the test, de- The new techniques may be harbingers of what’s to come signed to ensure quality standards are met. as researchers uncover new methods to reconstruct the appearance of unknown persons from crime scene sam- The method will be especially useful in cases in which age ples. Conventional DNA profiling “can only identify per- information is important to provide leads, Kayser added. sons already known” to investigators, Kayser said. Existing methods for age estimation have limited use for crime investigation, he said, because they depend on the availability of teeth, bones, or other identifiable body FOUND ON THE WEB parts. Cold weather may lead to fish kills The new method takes advantage of a feature of immune cells known as T cells. These play a key role in recogniz- As temperatures drop in Florida, the number of cold- ing foreign invaders, an ability that depends on structures related fish kills is likely to increase. Chilly winter on the cellular surfaces called T cell receptors. Each re- ceptor matches specific molecules derived from bacteria,

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temperatures can lead to fish die-offs in Florida’s marine It is important for Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation habitats, rivers and lakes. Commission scientists to keep track of the location and extent of fish kills in natural lakes and estuaries, to see if The good news is that these events are natural there are problems developing in an ecosystem that occurrences and typically do not cause permanent might require investigation or restorative measures. damage to the ecosystem or to fish populations. In some cases they are even beneficial, in that they help limit the Although it is not necessary to report fish kills in private spread of invasive, exotic species. ponds, FWC scientists can assist the public by providing

information about cold-weather fish kills in these water Fish kills are often caused by sudden temperature bodies. Residents can report fish kills in natural water fluctuations or by extended periods of extreme bodies to the FWC at http://research.MyFWC.com/fishkill/submit.asp temperatures. Such kills can occur any time of the year in or call the FWC Fish Kill Hotline at 800-636-0511. For Florida, but they are most common in winter, when air more information on fish kills, visit http://research.MyFWC.com temperatures drop. Although water stays relatively warm and select “Fish and Wildlife Health” under the “Explore” for awhile after the air cools, extended cold snaps can section. cause water temperatures in inland water bodies and estuaries to drop. The cold may kill fish outright by cold stress or weaken them so that they are more susceptible Telltale bacteria could reveal time of to disease. Another phenomenon, called lake-turnover, drowning may occur when suddenly cooled surface water sinks and http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn19729-telltale-bacteria-could- mixes with deeper, oxygen-poor water. This can cause reveal-time-of-drowning.html fish to suffocate, often leading them to gulp at the November 2010 by Wendy Zukerman surface before they die. When a fisherman's body washed ashore on Australia's Warm-water species, including popular game fish like Queensland coast last week, police initially had no way of snook, are particularly vulnerable to cold temperatures. working out when he had died. "Unless a body is Exotic species such as butterfly peacock bass, tilapia, and witnessed entering the water, there is no reliable method sucker-mouth catfish are also especially susceptible to for determining the length of time that a body has been cold weather. submerged," says Gemma Dickson, a forensic biologist at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. Fish affected by the cold may appear lethargic and may be seen at the surface where the water may be warmer That could soon change. Dickson and colleagues have from the sun. All recreational regulations still apply to fish discovered how the type of marine bacteria colonising a impacted by the cold temperatures, even if they appear body changes as it decomposes, providing a "clock" of to be dead or dying. how long bodies have been in the water.

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At present, forensic scientists have no accurate way of But more research will be needed before the technique estimating time of death for bodies fished out of water. can be used in the real world, says Ian Dadour, a forensic Looking at how badly decomposed the body, for instance, scientist at the University of Western Australia in Perth, is unreliable. And well-established methods that also not involved in the study. He says the small size of determine time of death for corpses on land, such as the study and the fact that the heads were submerged in insect infestation, aren't likely to be useful with different seasons mean that the results will have to submerged bodies. replicated elsewhere before they can be useful.

So Dickson and colleagues submerged three adult pigs' In any event, Queensland police will not need the new heads in Otago Harbour, New Zealand, while sampling the technique. Witnesses had seen a fisherman fall into the bacteria on their decomposing skin every two to four water after trying to retrieve a rod, only a few hours days. The heads were underwater for three weeks, or before the body was washed ashore. until they were reduced to a skull. To see how water temperature affected the bacteria, the team submerged When this article was first, posted, we mistook the first head in autumn, the second in early winter and Pseudoalteromonas for Psychromonas. We have also the third in late winter. replaced a "several genera of flavobacteria only emerged after 17 days underwater" with "specific genera in the Dickson found that stages of decomposition had different Bacteroidales order only colonised after 10 days of bacterial signatures. For example, for the heads submersion. 'These genera could be analysed in isolation submerged in winter, Psychromonas bacteria colonised or together to predict time of entry into the water,' says during the first stages of decomposition, while specific Dickson." genera in the Bacteroidales order only colonised after 10 days of submersion. "These genera could be analysed in How firefighters can make a difference - isolation or together to predict time of entry into the water" says Dickson. There are two keys for building The results will be published in the journal Forensic successful teams in a fire department Science International. http://www.firerescue1.com/cod-company-officer- development/articles/920711-How-firefighters-can-make-a-difference/ December 13, 2010 By Linda Willing Developing decay "This opens a lot of possibilities and there is a lot of A few years ago, I was invited to speak at a conference in potential to develop this further," says entomologist California. A young firefighter from the Oakland Fire Helen Spafford at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa, who Department picked me up at the airport. He had around was not involved in the work. three years on the job and was brimming with enthusiasm for his newfound identity. I asked him, "How

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do you like being a firefighter?" and he responded without look on his face that day," the young firefighter said. "It hesitation, "I love it." made all the difference in the world to him."

I asked him, "What do you like most about the job?" He At that point the firefighter dropped me off at my hotel had a ready answer. "Oakland is a busy fire department. and I did not see him again, but the conversation stuck We get to fight fires a lot and it's great, it's fun and with me. It occurred to me later that he had described rewarding, and a real rush." two key aspects of successful team building.

No surprises there. Firefighters love fires, especially when The first is: Make sure people get the chance to do what they are new on the job. But I pressed him further. they are supposed to do. You can't fight a fire every day, "Sure, fighting fires is great. But is there anything else and some departments have very few fires anymore. But you especially like about the job?" firefighters are still the only ones FOUND ON THE WEB – who fight fire. It is imperative for He thought for a moment. Then his Gang Signs For Drowning? them to feel competent and face brightened. "We have this confident in their skills, and to use really cool program here," he said. those skills in a meaningful way on "It's called Random Acts. If we see a regular basis. a problem or someone in need out in the community, we can put in a On a busier department, this request through the organization to means making sure some people help them out." don't get lost out at the quieter stations. On a department with He went on to describe how the fewer fires, it means designing previous summer some firefighters training that is creative and went on a call for a person who meaningful, and not just the same was paralyzed. The man lived in a old thing done in the same old single room and the air conditioner way, with people giving only half was broken. The room was their attention to it. unbearably hot. So the firefighters put in a request to get the man a Firefighters fight fire. It's what they new air conditioner. do, but the job is more than that, which leads to the young man's 'Made all the difference' second point. Firefighting was a The foundation bought him one, rush, but he really remembered and the firefighters got to give it to the look on that man's face when him. "It was so great seeing the http://triggerpit.com/gallery/2010/11/24/brown-water/ he received the air conditioner. It

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was important to him that firefighters could make that For more information about the Oakland Fire Department kind of difference. Random Acts program, go to www.ofrandomacts.org.

The motto of the Random Acts program is "No egos, badges or resumes." Anyone, even a first year firefighter, Neighborhood can recommend a citizen for assistance. If the request is Disaster granted, that person is part of the team that delivers the Tabletop air conditioner, or the bicycle, or the new crib. There is Exercises for real fulfillment for individuals being empowered in this way, and real gain for the fire department when CERTs, individuals feel connected to their communities at a Neighborhood deeper level. Watch

Available to anyone Programs and The best news is that these two critical ways of building Neighborhood teams and morale are available to anyone. You don't Associations and others have to be a chief or even an officer. Valuing skills and supporting one another in practicing them in a meaningful A team of national, regional and state way are things that can happen at the shift level, within a organizations invites Community Emergency Response station, or even between two firefighters who take the Teams (CERT) and Neighborhood Watch programs along initiative to informally train on a piece of equipment. with Neighborhood Associations to participate in one of

As for connecting with the community, the needs there the scheduled disaster tabletop exercises being facilitated are so great that all eyes are required to clearly see how via the internet. best the fire department can be utilized. And the most important part of the Random Acts model is that not only These exercises have been designed specifically for can anyone report an observed need, but that same organizations that work to support the disaster caused person gets to go full circle and see that need fulfilled. needs of community and neighborhood residents during and following a disaster. Too often, input and real participation from all members of the department is unwelcome, unused, or simply By participating in one or several of these exercises you ignored. To provide all individuals the opportunity to will be able to assess your organizations existing disaster really do the job and to see the results of their efforts on response capabilities. a large or small scale are key aspects of building an effective and satisfied team. There is NO CHARGE for participation in any of the exercises.

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Six distinctive exercise scenarios are available. Diving Medicine  Earthquake  Flood  Hurricane Online  Influenza Pandemic  Tornado Ernest Campbell, MD, FACS

 Wildfire http://www.scuba-doc.com

For additional information and registration Comprehensive information about diving and undersea please access the following web site: medicine for the non-medical diver, the non-diving physician www.drc-group.com/project/footprint.html and the specialist.

Please Share This Important Disaster Exercise Opportunity With Others Panic Attacks and the Blue Orb Syndrome

Recent studies are beginning to suggest that episodes of Disaster Resistant Communities Group LLC panic or near-panic may explain many recreational diving 6224 Wake Robin Ln accidents and possibly throw light on the cause of some Tallahassee, FL 32309 diving fatalities. United States Most think of scuba diving as taking place in a serene 850-241-3565 [email protected] paradise surrounded by beauty and the thrill of weightlessness, but in a recent national survey, more

than half of divers reported experiencing at least one panic or near-panic episode, according to William Morgan, director of Sport Psychology Laboratory at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the principal author of the study.

http://www.forensicmag.com/ The panic attack was often spurred by something that a non-diver would deem serious -- entanglement, an equipment malfunction or the sight of a shark. But the attacks don't make things better; instead, they can lead

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to irrational and dangerous behavior. If divers and the diver to ascend rapidly enough to cause an air instructors knew more about the phenomenon, Morgan embolism (bubble) in the bloodstream, which can be adds, they could screen out people who might be fatal. This would be considered a panic response if the susceptible to life-threatening panic attacks. diver had other safe options, such as access to a pony bottle (an emergency air supply), or was diving with other The primary cause of diving fatalities is listed as divers who could share their air supply, allowing a gradual drowning, 60% of all deaths usually caused by specific ascent. problems such as lack of air, entanglement (in fishing nets, rope or kelp), air embolism, narcosis and panic. There are some obvious diving activities which tend to lead to panic episodes, such as the stresses of equipment In Morgan’s study, over half of the scuba divers reported malfunctioning, dangerous marine life (e.g., sharks), loss that they had experienced panic or near-panic episodes of orientation during a cave, ice or wreck dive, and so on. on one or more occasions. Panic was significantly higher Diving with faulty or inappropriate equipment or in women (64%) than in men (50%), but more performing high-risk dives has greater potential for panic men(48%) perceived the events as being life-threatening episodes; these problems can be prevented or minimized than women (35%). with appropriate training and cautionary actions.

The panic attacks are not restricted to beginning divers; There is a psychological variable known as "trait anxiety" sometimes experienced scuba divers with hundreds of that is regarded as a stable or enduring feature of logged dives experience panic for no apparent reason.It is personality, whereas state anxiety is situational or thought that in such cases the panic occurs because transitory. In this regard, it can be accurately predicted divers lose sight of familiar objects, become disoriented that individuals who score high on trait anxiety are more and experience a form of sensory deprivation. This likely to have increased state anxiety and panic during problem has been labeled the "blue orb syndrome." scuba activities and are at potentially greater risk than However, among inexperienced divers, there is usually an those scoring in the normal range. These people probably objective basis (e.g., loss of air or a shark) behind the should not dive because it has been found that panic response. interventions such as biofeedback, hypnosis, imagery and

relaxation have not been effective in reducing the anxiety Panic response is when a diver behaves irrationally. There responses associated with the panic attacks. Psychological is usually an observable stimulus responsible for this research has shown that hypnosis is effective in relaxing behavior, such as the sudden appearance of a shark, loss scuba divers, but it can also have the undesired effect of of visibility, loss of air, entrapment in fishing line, or any increasing heat loss in divers. Relaxation can lead to unexpected occurrence perceived by the diver as a threat. increased anxiety and panic attacks in some "high The diver’s attention narrows and he loses the ability to anxious" individuals (this phenomenon is known as sort out his options. If, for example, a problem develops relaxation-induced-anxiety, or RIA). Individuals with a with the air regulator, the restricted air flow could prompt

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history of high anxiety and panic episodes should approximately 600-900 divers are treated for probably be identified and counseled during scuba decompression illness (DCI) in the United States each training classes about the potential risks. year. This category includes decompression sickness (DCS) and arterial gas embolism (AGE). The risks and dangers of scuba diving are not well known among recreational scuba divers. Since 1970, the number Nine hundred and fifty-eight cases of DCI were treated in of annual U.S. scuba diving fatalities has varied from a the U.S. during 1993. However, this figure includes low of 66 to a high of 147. The real severity of the neither divers who experienced DCI but did not seek problem is masked by several unknown variables, having treatment, nor does it include those who sought to do with the total number of divers. treatment but may have been treated for other problems. Furthermore, a wide variety of additional problems such First, the total number of active scuba divers is unknown. as cardiopulmonary difficulties, near-drowning episodes Estimates range from 1.5 to 3.5 million in the United and musculoskeletal injuries occur each year. It is States alone and therefore, valid estimates of risk using unknown what proportion of these problems goes traditional methods are not possible. Fatality estimates unreported. range from a low of 2-3 per 100,000 to 6-9 per 100,000, depending on the number of fatalities and estimations of Anxiety and panic are not discussed in commonly used the number of active divers in a given year. instructional materials of the national certifying bodies involved in scuba training. Panic, along with the problems Second, most studies of diver fatalities define a diver as that can occur in scuba diving as a consequence of panic, someone certified as a diver. This is problematic because isn't even addressed in these training manuals. some individuals (a) scuba dive, but have not been certified, (b) are certified and never dive, and (c) may Here are some excellent presentations about panic by a hold as many as 25 advanced level certifications with the diving psychiatrist, David Colvard, MD. These are result that such a diver would be treated statistically as Powerpoint Presentations that may be downloaded, 25 divers. authors’ permission.

Third, risk estimates in this activity have not considered  “Understanding Stress, Anxiety & Panic in the fact that someone who dives once in a given year is Divers treated statistically in the same way as a diver who  “Identifying Anxiety & Panic Risk in Divers” makes several hundred dives.  “Prevention Strategies for Anxiety & Panic in The risk of scuba diving causing non-fatal accidents is Divers” also difficult to answer because we don’t have valid data on the number of active divers or an estimate of degree  “Anxiety, Panic and Psychiatric Problems in of involvement or exposure. We do know that Divers”

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Side Scan Sonar Training * EVENTS* Black Laser Learning® annual 3-day intensive side scan sonar training program will be February 8, 9, and 10, 2011 at the University of Delaware, Newark Delaware. The program is the most detailed and Evidence Photographer Certification January 11, comprehensive sonar training available. This seminar is 2011 - January 18, 2011 San Antonio, TX open to all civilian, law enforcement and government Subsea UK 2011 organizations. Course Syllabus. Contact us about special Feb. 9-10 Aberdeen, Scotland on-going Law Enforcement, Hummingbird Marine Rescue www.subseaUK.com or Navy sonar Training programs.

Our World Underwater, Chicago. USA Underwater Intervention February 22 - 24, 2011 18-20 February 2011 New Orleans, LA, USA AAFS February 21, 2011 - February 26, 2011 The New Orleans Boat and Sportshow Chicago, IL From 27 Jan. 2011 to 30 Jan. JOIN US FOR AN UPCOMING “A TO Z SWAT Counter Terrorism 2011 GRANTWRITING” INTENSIVE SEMINAR Operations New Orleans Morial Convention March 8-11, 2011 - Camp Center - New Orleans, LA, USA February 5 & 19 and March 5 & 19, 2011 Blanding, FL Boat & Scuba - More information (Saturdays), “A to Z Funding Your Passion” 4- BOOT, Dusseldorf, Germany - Day Seminar + Non Profit Development Beneath The Sea 2011 Expo 20-30 January 2011 Certificate Program at Loyola Marymount March 25, 26, 27 University - Call Peggy Dobreer at LMU for details February 8, 2011 - February 10, and registration at (310) 338-1971 SWAT Counter Terrorism 2011 Operations ACSR Annual Training A to Z Grantwriting Workshops and April 12-15, 2011 - Yakima Firing Conference Seminars available for national and international Range, WA Jacksonville, FL www.acsr.org non-profit organizations, institutions, and agencies National Drowning Prevention International Armored Vehicle Symposium Conference Loyola Marymount Seminar and Certificate April 14 -26 Colorado Springs, 07 - 10 February, 2011, ExCeL Program Information CO Centre, London, UK A to Z Grantwriting Seminar Details and Evaluations at www.atozgrantwriting.com

PSDiver Monthly Issue 80 42

6th Annual Homeland Security Professionals Conference & Expo Vintage Scuba October 3-7, 2011 - Las Vegas, NV

If you have an event or know of an event that might Scott Hydro-Pak full be of interest to PSDiver Monthly subscribers send face mask with built in the information to: [email protected] second stage regulator. These were introduced in about 1954 and were

PSDiver Monthly is a free subscriber E-Zine considered the distributed by Press Release notice and website "Cadillac" of scuba gear at the time. download. We have a world wide distribution and a

verified email subscriber list of over 13,000.

PSDiver Monthly is the magazine for PSDiver and is edited and published by Mark Phillips

Assistant Editors: Lynn Wright Dominique Evans-Bye

Continuing Education Editor: Chuck Elgin The unusual Sportsways Navy depth gauge with revolving numbers (on the left) was used by "Mike For advertising and sponsor rates, please email: Nelson" in the TV series "Sea Hunt" in the early [email protected] 1960's. The Swimaster gauge (center) reads to 260 feet, and was manufactured in West Germany. It is PSDiver is a downloadable Internet Magazine. liquid filled, and the face includes markings for no Subscribers are notified via permission based email decompression limits. Shown on the right is that a new issue is available for download. Scubapro's finest gauge ever, from the 1970's. It is helium filled and reads up to an incredible depth of PSDiver Monthly is not bound by borders and while 500 feet, way beyond the limits of SCUBA diving. It our largest subscriber base is in North America, we was made in Italy by SOS.

have a world wide subscriber base. http://www.vintagescubasupply.com/accsview.html

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c. software installation and trouble-shooting PSDiver Monthly Continuing d. all of the above

Education 6. Using Hazus-MH is so easy even a. a fireman can do it b. a policeman can do it PSDM-CE-80 c. a high school student can do it 1. Hazus-MH will perform all of the following except d. all of the above

a. loss estimations 7. Hazus-MH loss estimates include b. loss mitigation analysis a. social, physical and economic losses c. file tax returns b. personal, emotional and spiritual losses d. risk assessments c. tactical military losses 2. Using Hazus-MH can help water response teams d. all of the above

a. achieve funding 8. Hazus-MH can help justify budget for training b. identify high risk flood areas and equipment for water response teams by c. create a pre-plan for disaster readiness a. providing stimulus money d. all of the above b. modeling flood scenarios 3. Basic skills in ______are necessary to c. providing virtual flood response training use Hazus-MH d. providing swiftwater rescue training

a. computer programming 9. To improve accuracy b. Black-Ops a. data can be updated by the user c. GIS b. upgrades are available for a fee d. Photoshop c. local high school students can reprogram the 4. Training programs in Hazus-MH is provided by system a. FEMA at EMI d. change your monitor settings

b. the Polis Center 10. Support network for Hazus-MH users can be c. Loma Linda found through d. all of the above a. Hazus support groups 5. Contracting a Hazus-MH instructor can provide b. Hazus users anonymous you with c. every high school a. a detailed risk assessment for your community d. your local librarian b. personalized training

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11. The Environmental Response Team dives to a. Techniques to communicate with the underwater a. Support Superfund cleanups and emergency creatures response b. Methods on dive planning b. Document numbers of endangered fish c. Decontamination techniques c. Free Willy d. Ways to manage heat stress d. Rescue drowning spotted owls 16. All dive sites have some sort of information of 12. The EPA’s Envirofacts Database conditions a. Presents location and data of invasive flora and a. False fauna infestations b. True b. Presents locations of beach cleanups c. Presents outfall location and data that can be of 17. Exhaust droplet inhalation is a potential use for worst case water quality at a certain dive problem for which type of protective gear. site. a. PPE d. Shows certain areas where divers are not allowed b. FFM to dive. c. Helmets d. B and C 13. In Portland Harbor alone there are over ______sewage outfalls. 18. Given that under most circumstances definitive a. 3 information about contaminants and dive conditions b. 30 will not be available, what is the rule governing EPA c. 300 action? d. 3000 a. Don’t dive b. Choose the gear which best fits the situation. 14. EPA Divers need drysuits when diving because c. Upgrade diver PPE and decontamination a. The amount of nitrogen in saltwater can cause procedures to be prepared for the worst. the bends d. Act on the best information you can find. b. It was part of the grant c. They need to a barrier from the contaminated 19. Which is a crucial part of a safe approach to and polluted water polluted water? d. Certain fishes or plants are dangerous a. PPE underwater b. Decontamination c. Medical Examinations/Immunizations 15. EPA Divers under training go through all of d. All of the Above these except

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20. In which location is bacterial contamination 5. Have your GIS analyst provide a map of superfund especially a problem to watch out for. sites in your community or nearby your response a. Waters near metropolitan areas jurisdiction. Reference: Superfund Sites b. The open ocean cSwamps 6. As a team, rate your ability to safely respond to a d. Black water situation in a polluted environment. Discuss this in terms of: 21. Where can information such as recent bacterial  equipment counts and a breakdown of safe and unsafe  procedures bacterial levels be found?  types of contaminants a. The Center for Strategic Data Gathering  Decon abilities b. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention  training c. The Special Activities Division d. The BEACH (Beach environmental assessment 7. Divide your team into two equal groups. One team will and Coastal Health Program. conduct an inventory of available resources and equipment that could be used for a polluted water dive and the decontamination afterwards. The other team will Team Discussion: review the policies and operational guidelines currently in place that apply to a polluted water dive and the 1. Poll team members for grant writing experience. Chose decontamination processes required. Consideration should qualified/interested individuals to search for funding be given to the relationship or differences in the opportunities. decontamination process relative to a hazardous materials decontamination operation. 2. As a team, discuss which opportunities would be the best fit for your team. Form a grant writing team to share 8. As a team, compare the results of the two groups and the responsibilities of completing research, identify needs, weaknesses, equipment shortages, documentation and the application process. manpower requirements etc. If revisions need to be made to operational guidelines, these results should offer 3. As a team, discuss specific ways that Hazus could be proof of need, justification for budget and manpower etc. used to support a grant submission for your community.

VOLUNTEERS NEEDED to help with our monthly CE 4. Through Department of Public Works, City or County offerings. If you would like to assist, email Office of GIS, find an analyst that can provide your team [email protected]. Leave your contact with a map of sewage outfalls and storm drains for local information and one of us will contact you with details. waterways.

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These training agencies have recognized Issue 80 CE Answers PSDiver Monthly as a valued addition to their 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 programs and Continuing Education C D C D D D A B A A

requirements. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Public Safety Diving A C C C A B D C D A Association(PSDA) recognizes and 21 - D approves the PSDiver CE program. Each month’s Q&A program credits 1 CEU for NOTES: renewal up to a maximum of 3 CEUs from this source for each year’s renewal.

ERDI Recognizes and supports the PSDiver Monthly CE Program. Contact your ERDI Instructor for details.

Life Saving Resources Lifesaving Resources advocates the need for Public Safety and Rescue personnel to be trained in Water and Ice Rescue and recognizes the PSDiver Monthly CE Program for continuing education training and credits. Lifeguard Systems – TEAM LGS

We welcome all training agencies and organizations to participate. For details, email [email protected]

PSDiver Monthly Issue 80 47

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