Covid19 and Diver Training

JUNE 2020 EDITION COVID 19 AND DIVER TRAINING Professional Scuba Schools

English - June 2020 Edition

Photograpy: Stefano D’Urso, B. Iacono, Pixabay, iStock photo, Dive Italia S.r.l./PSS Worldwide Archives.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior written permission from Dive Italia S.r.l./PSS Worldwide, owners of all copyrights. COVID19 AND DIVER TRAINING

June 2020 Edition

English INDEX

1.0 - INTRODUCTION ...... 3

2.0 - PLANNING ...... 4

3.0 - OUT-OF-WATER INSTRUCTION, BRIEFING AND DEBRIEFING ...... 4

4.0 - EQUIPMENT PREPARATION ...... 4

5.0 - DONNING THE EQUIPMENT ...... 6

6.0 - PHASES “EXPLANATION” AND “CONCLUSION” OF IN-WATER LESSON, INDICATIONS OR CORRECTION AT SURFACE, DEBRIEFING IN SHALLOW WATER...... p. 6

7.0 - GENERAL SKILLS ...... p. 7

8.0 - RECREATIONAL COURSES – BASIC SKILLS ...... p. 8 8.1 - SINGLE CYLINDER WITH PONY BOTTLE ...... p. 8 8.1.1 - Configuration ...... p. 8 8.1.2 - Changes in skills ...... p. 10 8.2 - TWO SEPARATE IDENTICAL CYLINDERS ...... p. 10 8.2.1 - Configuration ...... p. 10 8.2.2 - Changes in skills ...... p. 11 8.3 - SINGLE CYLINDER ...... p. 12 8.3.1 - Configuration ...... p. 12 8.3.2 - Changes in skills ...... p. 12

9.0 - RECREATIONAL COURSES – RESCUE SKILLS ...... p. 13 9.1 - Changes in skills ...... p. 13

10.0 - EMERGENCY COURSES ...... p. 16 10.1 - Changes in skills ...... p. 16

11.0 - TECHNICAL COURSES ...... p. 17 11.1 - Changes in skills ...... p. 17 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

INTRODUCTION

At PSS Headquarters we understand that Authorities. Also, review and become diving operators and trainers will need to aware of the information provided and adjust some of their methods during the distributed by specific or general medical continued threats from COVID-19. We organizations that deal with diving activities. would like to provide our members with some The scope of these guidelines is focused useful suggestions for courses carried out as specifically on the training activities part of their operations with PSS to help approved by PSS Worldwide. Refer to the mitigate the threats associated with COVID- protocols/procedures issued by the 19. We learn more about this virus and competent organizations/Authorities for the mitigation efforts almost daily, therefore PSS behavior to be held within a diving center, members should review the PSS COVID-19 diving schools, cylinders refilling centers, portion of their reserved area regularly as we diving boats, as they relate to any medical will update this document as more declaration/certification, for equipment information becomes available. It is the disinfection, and for the resuming diving responsibility of every PSS member to ensure after COVID-19 infection. Some of these that they are using the latest information as documents are provided and downloadable it relates to operations in a potentially from the COVID-19 section of the reserved infected by COVID-19 environment. area of each PSS member. It is the Additionally, all PSS professionals must be responsibility of every professional to ensure aware of and adhere to the mitigation the documents downloaded comply with the measures and regulations provided by the applicable national and local rules and have National, Regional and/or Local not been superseded by further updates. 1.0 3 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

PLANNING EQUIPMENT PREPARATION

All aspects of the training activities must Some divers may be concerned that the undergo a risk assessment and appropriate air in their cylinders contains the virus. safety plans in place to reduce the potential Remind them that the process of compressing risks associated with diver training. gases generates repeated high temperatures As is standard practice, PSS instructors and many scientists and technicians believe must provide students with internet-based that the high internal temperatures of the distance learning systems for self-study, compressor kill the virus as well as other module learning test, final exams, and pathogens. corrective lessons related to the theory Even the production of gas mixes other portions of the courses. This standard can be than air by the mixing of pure gases obtained using the PSS EVO system with (oxygen, helium), if coming from reliable access to the internet and use of a suppliers, should not be a problem as such commercially available video chat/call gases are normally distilled at very low software. Prior to any in-person meeting, it temperatures. is necessary that the student signs the In diving cylinders the parts that can most updated COVID-19 version of the medical easily be contaminated are the pillar valve form/declaration. Students who are positive and the shoulder. Therefore, no one should for any contagious diseases are not allowed touch the valve or the shoulder of the to participate in the courses. cylinder of another diver. If necessary, new disposable protective gloves must be worn. Divers and staff members should place the same care to avoid touching or handling another person’s equipment or bags.

OUT-OF-WATER INSTRUCTION, BRIEFING AND DEBRIEFING

Before and during briefings, debriefings, or when giving instructions to students, make sure that everyone wears Personal Protective Equipment, at least a face-mask (masks equipped with exhalation valve are not to be considered safe, due to the lack of safety for other divers), and maintain a minimum safe distance of at least 1 meter (3.5 feet), better 2 meters (7 feet). The limits of safety distance may be waived only if the divers are members of the

2.0 - 3.0 4.0 same family, living in the same house. 4 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

Every participant in aquatic activities must plastic bags just before they enter the water. use only the equipment assigned to them. The divers may use plastic bags suitable for Ideally, they should own their equipment. food (refrigerator, microwave, etc.), closed Wash hands frequently and thoroughly on the hose. This is designed to protect the with a contact time of at least 20 seconds second stages from any contaminated between the skin and soap or an appropriate droplets or airborne particles present in the hydro-alcoholic solution. air (originated by sneezing, yawning, To dry your hands use disposable paper laughing, talking, etc.). Place the removed towels, instead of fabric towels, or specific plastic bag in a zipped BC pocket or in an air-flow sources. appropriate waste container. Once the towels have been used, they Mask, fins, snorkels and accessories must be closed into a plastic bag and placed should be carried in an enclosed bag (not a in appropriate waste containers. mesh-bag).

Before assembling the equipment wear all the Personal Protective Equipment available. Once removed, disposable gloves must be closed into a plastic bag and placed Do not use the same bucket or container in appropriate waste containers. of water to rinse the masks of different Use disposable paper tissues or sheets, divers. Ask divers not to spit into masks to instead of fabric, to clean any piece of defog them, as this will generate droplets equipment. Once used, the sheets must be into the environment. closed into a plastic bag and placed in If land dry runs are planned (i.e. appropriate waste containers. navigation skills of the Advanced Open Once the regulators are assembled, verify Water Diver course) make sure that their functionality by pushing the purge everyone wears Personal Protective button (turning the mouthpiece downwards, Equipment and maintains a safe distance of not in the direction of other divers). It is at least 2 meters (7 feet) from others. The appropriate to sanitize and close the second limits of safety distance may be waived only stages in protective plastic bags. The diver if the divers are members of the same family,

should take the second stages out of the living in the same house. 4.0 5 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

DONNING THE EQUIPMENT PHASES “EXPLANATION” AND “CONCLUSION” OF IN-WATER Each student must don their individual LESSON, INDICATIONS OR equipment without the aid of a buddy, CORRECTION AT SURFACE, while maintaining a safe distance from DEBRIEFING IN SHALLOW WATER others. The use of benches or supports to put the assembled SCUBA on allows for easier In all phases where the instructor explains donning. an exercise, corrects a performance, or In some cases it may not be possible to reinforces the learning of the students in maintain a safe distance from others. For shallow water or at surface, it is important example, if you need to help a diver to close that everyone keeps the mask in the correct the shoulder zipper of a wetsuit. The ideal position on the face and, if possible, situation would allow for assistance by a breathes from their regulator. family member, living in the same house. If If someone needs to talk, they can remove this is not possible it is recommended that: the second stage from their mouths and cover • Both divers wear all the Personal their mouths with their hands while talking. Protective Equipment available. The distance between divers is essential and • The diver who needs assistance stands must be at least 1 meter (3.5 feet), but ideally and face at right angles (90°) to wind and 2 meters (7 feet). with no one downwind, gives the signal of OK when ready. Ensure their arms are positioned in a correct way to help the closure of the zipper. • The aider approaches the diver only for the time strictly necessary and on the back side of the diver, with the face facing the wind. • The aider closes the zipper keeping the face facing the wind and walks away immediately. 5.0 - 6.0 6 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

breathe continuously from their regulator it is GENERAL SKILLS necessary that they maintain a safe distance from the others of at least 2 meters (7 feet). When divers are out of the water they This distance can be reduced to 1 meter (3.5 should always place the mouthpiece face feet) if all divers breathe from their regulator down when pressing the purge button on and have the dive mask in place. the second stage, and not in the direction of During the exit the diver should continue other divers. to breathe from their regulator. If this is not The buddy checks must be replaced by possible, they must remove the second stage the self-performed control of the equipment from their mouth only when it is their turn to carried out under the supervision/direction exit and keep a safe distance from others. In of the buddy: the buddy indicates which any case, the dive mask must remain in procedures to carry out, while the diver place until the diver reaches their final follows the directions. position and can remove it, immediately During the entry, the exit, and the replacing the dive mask with their protective surface swimming, if the diver does not covering/mask. 7.0 7 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

RECREATIONAL COURSES – BASIC SKILLS

To assist in mitigating exposure during a pandemic disease, there are some unusual equipment configurations that can offer considerable advantages to limiting possible transition and spread. So, we will deal with them separately. Again, we emphasis that these are recommended mitigation measures for gear configurations and skill changes for your consideration that apply to their use, if adopted. Before discussing equipment configuration and relevant changes to skills, there are two skill points we must address. The exercise of inflating the buddy’s BC at surface should only be performed by the power inflator, not orally. Also, if you still teach “buddy breathing”, please note that many years ago the skill “sharing a single second stage” (therefore different from the alternative air source skill) was deleted for all courses. SINGLE CYLINDER WITH PONY BOTTLE

a sudden blockage to the delivery of the CONFIGURATION breathing gas. This is not difficult as all you have to do is carry, in addition to In case of high risk of infection from orally your main single cylinder, a "pony" transmissible contagious disease, you can cylinder containing a separate supply of avoid any problem of contact with a breathing gas. In practice, this is a smaller regulator given by others by simply sized cylinder – usually from 3 to 7 liters equipping each student with a “pony” (20-50 cubic feet) - fitted with its own cylinder. regulator». This configuration is optimal in such a • «…A small 3-liter (19-20 cubic feet) case because each diver only uses their own aluminum cylinder is sufficient for the regulators and air sources. course. This weighs very little in the water In PSS training this configuration is typical for the Decompression Techniques course (of the Technical division), which all diving professionals should enroll in and complete in order to learn also other procedures that increase the safety of the dives.To assist you in understanding this configuration, below you will find an extract of the information provided in the course: • «…one of the goals of every good technical diver is to be autonomous in every situation. So, it is important to adopt a system that will make you independent of your dive buddies even in the case of

8.0 - 8.1 running out of air in the main cylinder or 8 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

and can also be carried easily on land. A unbalance the diver; even if it is carried in small cylinder like this will not impede a central position it still produces your ability to carry out your tasks as a variations in trim. For this reason diver». While there are some smaller aluminum pony cylinders are preferred. cylinders, often fitted with an integrated Unlike those made of steel, they are regulator, on the market, they are not neutrally buoyant in the water, or almost, appropriate for use as an autonomous air and will not alter your buoyancy if you source for diving, due to the small need to move the cylinder around or autonomy. remove it. In order for your pony cylinder • «In short, a 3 or 5 liter (19 to 40 cubic to be attached correctly and easily, it must feet) aluminum cylinder (“pony cylinder” be properly harnessed. There are several or “pony bottle”) is a comfortable and types of harness available on the market, safe way to independently solve the some fixed and some removable». problem of non-delivery of the breathing • «A single regulator fitted with its own gas from the main supply. The only care pressure gauge is connected to the pony needed is how to position it so it does not cylinder». On the main cylinder you fit hinder your usual movements or those you another first stage with the main second may need to perform in an emergency. In stage, the pressure gauge and the the past it was often preferred to attach connection for the BC hose. If you use a the pony to the main single cylinder». dry suit it is advisable to use the However, today «all BCs have easily connection on the main first stage. accessible D-rings or anchor points and it However, if you like you may have a spare hose on the regulator fitted on the pony cylinder. In doing so, the pony cylinder will always be configured as just a piece of safety equipment.

is now much more common to carry the pony cylinder attached to the BC. This solution certainly offers more advantages as you can observe it throughout the dive, preventing any dangerous leaks…».. • «A pony cylinder that is still "heavy" in the

water, such as those in steel, tend to 8.1 9 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

from the mouth the main second stage and CHANGES IN SKILLS switch to the auxiliary one on the pony cylinder. The student must then use an • When teaching the “breathing from an agreed signal (i.e. the closed fist again alternative air source given by their chest used for “low on air”) to inform instructor/assistant” skill, the instructor the buddy that they are using the reserve should teach the students to take and and show them the residual pressure in the breathe from their own auxiliary second pony cylinder. The buddy approaches, stage (on their pony cylinders).. checks the pressure in his main cylinder • The skill “breathing from another diver’s and stays in contact with the diver in alternative air source” is to be replaced difficulty. Together they decide whether to with “breathing from your own pony ascend immediately if the ascent line is not cylinder”. When the student receives the too far, or to go back immediately to the signal from the instructor they must remove ascent line and ascend on it.

TWO SEPARATE IDENTICAL CYLINDERS

PSS Accelerated Decompression course (of CONFIGURATION Technical division) and in the “Side-mount” specialty course, as this is a special Another alternative solution to the normal equipment configuration that requires octopus configuration is to use two separate additional training for the instructor and cylinders instead of one larger (single modification of training gear. Here are tthe cylinder). Unlike the pony cylinder, the two highlights: cylinders are of equal capacity • The two cylinders can be put side-by-side This way you no longer have two different with a special locking systems, and both cylinders (one main and one pony), but both carried on the shoulders ("back- play the role of main and pony cylinders. mounted"), or they can be kept separate

8.1 - 8.2 This configuration is well explained in the and carried on the sides (“side-mounted”). 10 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

use (due to the alternating regulators rule) than a pony cylinder configuration and is therefore not recommended for introductory courses (Scuba Experience, Scuba Diver).

CHANGES IN SKILLS

• The skill “breathing from another diver’s alternative air source” is to be replaced with “breathing from your other regulator”. When the student receives the signal from the instructor they must remove from the mouth the second stage in use and switch to the one on the other cylinder. The student must then use an agreed signal (i.e. the closed fist again their chest used for “low on air”) to inform the buddy that they are using the reserve and show them the residual pressure in the sole cylinder working properly. The buddy approaches, checks the pressure in • Each cylinder is fitted with a regulator and their own cylinders and stays in contact a pressure gauge. Generally, everything with the diver in difficulty. Together they (second stage, pressure gauge, etc. decide whether to ascend immediately if supporting the cylinder on the right comes the ascent line is not too far, or if it is from the right and everything supporting better to go back immediately to the the cylinder on the left comes from the left. ascent line and ascend on it. The BC hose is usually fitted to the regulator on the left cylinder, while that of the dry suit, if used, is connected to the regulator on the right cylinder. • A supplementary task of the diver is to alternate the regulators during the dive, making sure to limit the difference in pressure between the two cylinders. Thus, in case of emergency for no air flow from a cylinder, there is as much air as possible to breathe in the other cylinder. Instead, if you consume all the air of one cylinder and then breathe from the other and the latter has a problem, the diver would remain without air to breathe.

• This configuration is more complex in its 8.2 11 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

SINGLE CYLINDER gauge and act as necessary, remaining CONFIGURATION close). • In the case of teaching “recovering the This is the typical configuration with a main second stage by the second single cylinder, one or two first stages, a method” (thus with personal use of the main second stage, an auxiliary second auxiliary second stage), the instructor must stage (for the buddy) a pressure gauge and not include the skills of air sharing with the hoses for the BC and the dry suit (if used). another diver using the same auxiliary second stage during the same session. Alternatively, the “recovering the main second stage with the second method" skill can be taught in three steps: o First step: the student removes the main second stage from the mouth and lays it over their shoulders; tries to recover the main second stage by the first method and not finding it; so the student get their auxiliary second stage ready to be used. CHANGES IN SKILLS o Second step: before the student puts the auxiliary second stage in their mouth, • During the “buddy check on the surface” the instructor or assistant recovers the the diver does not have to test their own student’s main second stage and hands auxiliary second stage, in this case their it over to the student to breathe from it; buddy test it. then the instructor takes the student’s • Teaching the “breathing from an auxiliary second stage and places it alternative air source given by over the student’s shoulders. In instructor/assistant” skill, the instructor practice, at half-execution the instructor should avoid donating their auxiliary inverts the two second stages. second stage to more than one student or o Third step: the student, breathing from assistant. Alternatively, the technique can the main second stage, recovers the be carried out with more divers in a two auxiliary stage and pretends to put it in steps simulation: their mouth, actually repositioning it in o First step: the student removes the main place. second stage from the mouth and asks • In teaching any “air sharing” skills, the the instructor or assistant for air. instructor should avoid allowing the o Second step: the instructor or the auxiliary second stage of each student to assistant approaches with their be used by more than one other diver (the auxiliary second stage in hand but at buddy). the last moment they replaces it with the • The “transporting another diver" skill main second stage of the student; the must be taught by the fin push method skill continues (stationary, swimming or with both divers breathing from their own

8.3 ascending) as usual (show the pressure regulator and their dive mask in place. 12 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

RECREATIONAL COURSES – RESCUE SKILLS

CHANGES IN SKILLS

• Equipment for use by more than one person (floats, floating lines, etc.) must be disinfected after use by each student or staff member with products based on ethyl alcohol or ethanol (with a percentage greater than 75%) or solution with 0,1% pure sodium hypochlorite in water; the suggested contact time is 10 minutes. • The approach to the exhausted diver at surface should be performed always staying at a distance, without direct contact. If available, you can provide the • The approach to the diver in active panic diver in difficulty a floating object (i.e. an at surface should be performed always inflated surface marker buoy) equipped staying at a distance, without direct with a line and tow the exhausted diver at contact. You must an provide the diver in a distance by the line. Otherwise, you difficulty a floating object (i.e. an inflated have to wait until the exhausted diver has surface marker buoy) equipped with a inflated the BC and has laid on the surface floating line, ask them to inflate the BC (if on their back before transporting them they can cooperate), and tow the using the fin push method with both divers exhausted diver at a distance by the line. breathing from their own regulator and If the diver in panic gets too close, it must keeping their dive masks in place. always be possible to get away (ability to leave the line). • Among the various techniques for exits from the water with an exhausted diver it is better to use the “crawling” technique. At the beginning of a water session the students could practice the other exit skills (one rescuer or two rescuers supporting them by sides, chair lift, back carry) before donning the scuba equipment and wearing a high efficiency protective mask (N95), the diving mask and disposable gloves. For added safety, it is better every student practice back carry technique using a soft manikin, equipped with limbs,

head and with a weight suitable to 9.0 13 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

simulate a human being (which must be boat (lifeguard’s lift, back carry on a disinfected between the execution of one ladder, lifting in stages, on a ladder, two- student and the next one). man lift, rolling on the side, using additional aids) before donning the scuba equipment and wearing a high efficiency protective face mask (N95), the diving mask and disposable gloves. For added safety, it is better every student could practice all these techniques using a soft manikin, equipped with limbs, head and with a weight suitable to simulate a human being (which must be disinfected between the execution of one student and the next one). • When checking if there are any signs of breathing in a diver you should put a suitable protective barrier (i.e. a pocket mask with one-way valve) on the victim’s face and not get too close to the victim’s • Students should not practice the "do-si- face. Therefore, pay close attention to do" method of transport. The instructor chest movements. must only explain it and, if possible, • The instructor should emphasize that the demonstrate it (using as a victim a decision whether or not to ventilate the member of their own family, living in the victim in water is also subject to risk same house or a full floating manikin). assessment due to COVID19. If there is • At the beginning of a water session the any boat or shore near the victim, where students could practice the various exits are people who can help the rescuer, they from the water with an unconscious diver should just take care to bring the victim to (sack carry, saddle carry, fireman’s carry, the boat (or shore) as soon as possible, drag lift, jack, lifeguard’s lift, on a ladder, without ventilations. with more than one rescuer) before donning the scuba equipment and wearing a high efficiency protective face mask (N95), the diving mask and disposable gloves. For added safety, it is better every student could practice all these techniques using a soft manikin, equipped with limbs, head and with a weight suitable to simulate a human being (which must be disinfected between the execution of one student and the next one). • At the beginning of a water session the students can practice the various skills to

9.0 recover a diver in distress on board of a 14 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

• To simulate mouth-to-mouth ventilation loses its effectiveness, in a real rescue in water it is better to leave the victim’s there is the risk of spreading the virus mask in place (the rescuer must press it from the rescuer to the victim, but if the with the hand during the ventilation); the victim needs artificial ventilation is a risk rescuer will simulate the ventilation that can be taken into account. For the remaining at a distance and blowing into learning of the ventilations using the the water. During inhaled breaths the pocket mask (which must be pressed with rescuer must turn their face sideways the hand by the rescuer during the (toward the opposite side of the victim’s ventilation) it is necessary to remove the body). valve and the filter; the rescuer will • The instructor must explain it is better to simulate the inhalations remaining with use a pocket mask equipped with the head at a distance and blowing in the silicone or rubber or plastic one-way water. During inhaled breaths the rescuer valve for in water ventilation. Because a must turn their face sideways (toward the wet non-woven (i.e. TNT fabric) filter opposite side of the victim’s body). 9.0 15 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

EMERGENCY COURSES

with disinfectant products compatible with CHANGES IN SKILLS the equipment material and must dry in the air. • The new First Aid - CPR (2020 edition) • If the CPR manikin is actually used, it is course already includes many suggestions necessary to use the type with an on the procedures to be applied in case of interchangeable mouth/airway/lungs. possible contamination by viruses or other Change the mouth/airway/lungs between easily transmissible infectious pathogens. the use by one student and the next one. • As indicated by ERC, anyone should stay at a safe distance of 2 meters (7 feet) from the student performing the CPR technique. • You must also apply the safety procedures indicated for the First Aid - CPR course during the Oxygen in Diving Emergencies course.

• At the beginning of every practical session be sure everyone wears the Personal Protective Equipment and maintains a safe distance of at least 2 meters (7 feet), as indicated by ERC. The limits of safety distance may be waived only if the students are members of the same family, living in the same house. • In performing techniques give greater emphasis to simulations performed at a safe distance. • Equipment for use by more than one person (manikin, etc.) must be disinfected

10.0 after use by each student or staff member 16 COVID19 AND DIVERS TRAINING - June 2020 Edition

TECHNICAL COURSES

with every equipment configuration - just CHANGES IN SKILLS reverse the two second stages: the main will be placed on the short hose and will • In recent years, the Hogarthian remain in the mouth to the diver (also configuration of the equipment has equipped with the necklace), the spread, with the second main stage auxiliary will be placed on the long hose equipped with a long hose and the and fixed to a D-ring so that it can be auxiliary second stage hanging from the released "tearing" (therefore not with neck of the diver by a necklace. In case carabiner) on the right shoulder strap, of sharing a gas reserve with a buddy, after having fixed the main to the the divers pass their main second stage necklace (to avoid any wrong (the one they were breathing from) to the overlapping of the hoses in passing it to buddy, and then use the auxiliary second the buddy). In case of need of the stage hanging around their neck. This bottom mix sharing the diver passes to procedure presents a high risk of the buddy in difficulty the auxiliary infection if one of the two divers is second stage with the long hose. positive for COVID19 (or other airborne • During the “buddy check on the surface” pathogens). PSS Rules do not require any the diver does not have to test their own standardized configuration, so to solve auxiliary second stage, in this case their the problem and try to avoid infections - buddy test it. 11.0 17 COVID-19 AND DIVER TRAINING

COVID 19 AND DIVER TRAINING Professional Scuba Schools

English - June 2020 Edition

Photograpy: Stefano D’Urso, B. Iacono, Pixabay, iStock photo, Dive Italia S.r.l./PSS Worldwide Archives.