Fall, 2016

Public Opinion (790-582) Wednesdays, 12:00 - 2:40, Hickman 313

Instructor: Professor Richard Lau (x2-9261; [email protected]) Office Hours: By appointment, Hickman 505

Class Description This course attempts to survey the vast and sprawling literature devoted to public opinion (mostly American). It is based on the assumption that we have learned a lot in the last six decades. Granted the literature is complicated and ridden with debates; nonetheless, our understanding of public opinion is substantially deeper today than it was when V.O. Key was completing Public Opinion and American Democracy over 65 years ago. Isn't it?

Reading Each week's reading assignment is detailed below. Most of the reading will be from journal articles, all of which are available in Alexander Library or can be downloaded from the library’s electronic resources. (When the readings are single chapters from books, I have put scanned copies on Sakai, which I have tried to note on the syllabus.) In addition, the following required books have been ordered from the (Barnes and Noble) bookstore and should be purchased for class. They are all classics (well, nor Berinsky, but it is a good overview), and you will want to have them all on your bookshelves. The should all be on reserve at Alexander Library as well ...

Bartels, Larry M. 2008. Unequal Democracy: The Political Economy of the New Gilded Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Berinsky, Adam J. (Editor). 2012. New Directions in Public Opinion. New York: Routledge.

Delli Carpini, Michael and Scott Keeter, 1996. What Americans Know About Politics and Why It Matters. New Haven: Yale University Press. Mendelberg, Tali. 2001. The Race Card. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Page, Benjamin I., and Robert Y. Shapiro. 1992. The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in Americans' Policy Preferences. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Zaller, John, 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

-1- Requirements The requirements for this class are simple: 1. Do the reading every week, and come to class prepared to discuss it. 2. Make one short presentations in class, where you will be responsible for doing some of the "optional" reading for a week (about 3 articles, or an extra book), and reporting on it to the rest of us. We will coordinate these reports the second week of class. The purpose of this practice (on which we will typically spend the second half of class every week) is to expose all of us to more of the literature than I am comfortable asking you to read every week. Thus I want whoever is responsible for the class presentation to prepare a brief (one-paragraph; or an outline) summary of every optional article/chapter you read, to be distributed to the other members of the class. But the focus of the presentation should be integrating this optional material with what we have all been reading and discussing in class. 3. Write a longer survey-based (?) research paper on some topic related to public opinion. In fact, the goal of this paper is to actually contribute to the public opinion literature, and thus to produce a paper of publishable quality (one that you would be happy to present at a convention, and eventually be willing to submit for publication). The paper can take the form of an extensive, integrating literature review, empirical analyses of extant public opinion data (the norm in this field), or some new data collection. (If you chose the last option, I will not expect your paper before the end of next Fall semester – which is fine with me.] Your topic must be approved by me, and you should choose it by the end of February at the latest. I will ask any of you "auditing" this class to do the short class presentations but not the larger paper (although feel free ...)

Grades will be based on: Class Participation ...... 50% Short Class Presentation ...... 10% Larger Research Paper ...... 40%

-2- WEEKLY TOPICS/READING ASSIGNMENTS

I. COMING TO GRIPS WITH THE HOLY GHOST

Sept. 7 Defining Public Opinion (Class Organization/Get Acquainted)

Lippmann, W. 1922/1991. Public Opinion. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. (Chapter 1, pp 3-20; on SAKAI). Key, V.O., Jr. 1961. Public Opinion and American Democracy. New York: Knopf. (Chapter 1, pp 3-18; on SAKAI)). Lane, R.E., and Sears, D.O. 1964. Public Opinion. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. (Chapter 2, pp 5-16; on SAKAI)).

Converse, Philip E. 1987. “Changing Conceptions of Public Opinion in the Political Process.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 51(Supplement): S12-S24. On SAKAI. Herbst, Susan. 2012. “The History and Meaning of Public Opinion.” In Adam J. Berinsky (Ed.). New Directions in Public Opinion (pp 19 - 31). New York: Routledge.

------Optional ------

Cutler, Reed. 1999. “Jeremy Bentham and the Public Opinion Tribunal.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 63(Fall): 321-346. Edelman, M. 1964. The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. (Chapter 1, pp 1-21). MacKuen, M. 1984. “The Concept of Public Opinion.” In C.F. Turner, C.F. and E. Martin (eds.), Surveying subjective phenomena (Vol. 1, pp 236-245). New York: Russell Sage. Rottinghaus, Brandon. 2007. “Following the ‘Mail Hawks’” Alternative Measures of Public Opinion on Vietnam in the Johnson White House.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 71(Fall): 367 - 391. Tilly, C. 1983. “Speaking Your Mind Without Elections, Surveys, or Social Movements.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 47(Winter): 461-478.

-3- Sept. 14 Theoretical and Informational Underpinnings

Delli Carpini and Keeter 1996. What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters. (particularly Intro, Chs 1, 4, 5, and 6). Bartels, Larry M. 1996. “Uninformed Votes: Information Effects in Presidential Elections.” American Journal of Political Science, 40(February): 194-231. On SAKAI. Prior, Markus. 2005. “News vs. Entertainment: How Increasing Media Choice Widens Gaps in Political Knowledge and Turnout.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(July): 577 - 592. On SAKAI. Jerit, Jennifer. 2009. “Understanding the Knowledge Gap: The Role of Experts and Journalists.” Journal of Politics, 71(April): 442 - 456. On SAKAI.

------Optional ------

Ahn, T.K, Robert Huckfeldt, and John Barry Ryan. 2010. “Communication, Influence, and Informational Asymmetries among Voters.” Political Psychology, 31(October): 763 - 788. Albarracin, Dolores, and Patrick Vargas. 2010. “Attitudes and Persuasion.” In Susan T. Fiske, Daniel Gilbert, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 5th Edition, pp. 353 - 393). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Althaus, Scott L. 1998. “Information Effects in Collective Preferences.” American Political Science Review, 92(September): 545-558. Anderson, Mary R. 2010. “Community Psychology, Political Efficacy, and Trust.” Political Psychology, 31(February): 59 - 84. Arcuri, Lucian, Luigi Castelli Silvia Galdi, Cristina Zogmaister, and Alessandro Amadori. 2008. “Predicting the Vote: Implicit Attitudes as Predictors of the Future Behavior of Decided and Undecided Voters.” Political Psychology, 29(June): 369 - 388. Ashworth, Scott, and Ethan Bueno de Mesquita. 2014. “Is Voter Competence Good for Voters?: Information, Rationality, and Democratic Performance.” American Political Science Review, 108(August): 565 - 587. Atkeson, Lonna Rae, and Ronald B. Rapoport. 2003. “The More Things Change the More They Stay the Same: Examining Gender Differences in Political Attitude Expression, 1952- 2000.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(Winter): 495-521. Avery, James M. 2007. “Race, Partisanship, and Political Trust Following Bush versus Gore (2000).” Political Behavior, 29(September): 327 - 342. Bartels, Larry M. 1994. The American Public's Defense Spending Preferences in the Post-cold War Era. Public Opinion Quarterly, 58, 479-508.

-4- Bartels, Larry M. 1996. Uninformed Votes: Information Effects in Presidential Elections. American Journal of Political Science, 40, 194-231. Bennett, Stephen E.. 1994. Changing Levels of Political Information in 1988 and 1990. Political Behavior, 16, 1-20. Bennett, Stephen E. 1994. The Persian Gulf War's Impact on Americans' Political Information. Political Behavior, 16, 1-20. Bowler, Shaun, and Donovan, T. 1994. Information and Opinion Change on Ballot Propositions. Political Behavior, 16, 411-436. Brewer, Paul R. 2004. “Public Trust in (Or Cynicism About) Other Nations Across Time.” Political Behavior: 26(December): 317 - 342. Bullock, John G. 2011. “Elite Influence on Public Opinion in an Informed Electorate.” American Political Science Review, 105(August): 496 - 515. Cacciatore, Michael A., Sara K. Yeo, Dietram A. Scheufele, Michael A. Xenos, Doo-Hun Choi, Dominique Brossard, Amy B. Becker, and Elizabeth A. Corley. 2014. “Misperceptions in Polarized Politics: The Role of Knowledge, Religiosity, and Media.” PS Political Science & Politics, 47(July): 654 - 662. Campbell, David E. 2009. “Civic Engagement and Education: An Empirical Test of the Sorting Model.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(October): 771 - 786. Chaiken, Shelley, and Stangor, C. 1987. Attitudes and Attitude Change. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 575-630. Claassen, Ryan L., and Benjamin Highton. 2006. “Does Policy Debate Reduce Information Effects in Public Opinion? Analyzing the Evolution of Public Opinion on Health Care.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 410 - 420. Converse, Philip E. 1975. Public Opinion and Voting Behavior. In F. Greenstein and N. Polsby (Eds.) Handbook of Political Science, (Volume 4, pp. 75-169). Reading, Mass: Addison-Wesley. (Particularly Pp. 77-83, 93-98). Converse, Philip E. 1990. Popular Representation and the Distribution of Information. In John Ferejohn and James R. Kuklinski (Eds.) Information and Democratic Processes (pp. 369- 388). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Cook, Fay Lomax, Lawrence R. Jacobs, and Dukhong Kima. 2010. “Trusting What You Know: Information, Knowledge, and Confidence in Social Security.” Journal of Politics, 72(April): 397 - 412. Cook, Timothy E., and Paul Gronke. 2005. “The Skeptical American: Revisiting the Meanings of Trust in Government and Confidence in Institutions.” Journal of Politics, 67(August): 784 - 803. Dalager, Jon K. 1996. "Voters, Issues, and Elections: Are the Candidates' Messages Getting Through?" Journal of Politics, 58(May): 486-515.

-5- Davis, Darren W., and Brian D. Silver. 2003. “Stereotype Threat and Race of Interviewer Effects in a Survey on Political Knowledge.” American Journal of Political Science, 47(January): 33-45. Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. 1991. Stability and Change in the U.S. Public’s Knowledge of Politics. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 583-612. Delli Carpini, Michael X., and Scott Keeter. 1993. “Measuring Political Knowledge: Putting First Things First.” American Journal of Political Science, 37(October): 1179 - 1206. Dow, Jay K. 2009. “Gender differences in Political Knowledge: Distinguishing Characteristics- Based and Returns-Based Differences.” Political Behavior, 31(March): 117 - 136. Downs, A. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row. (Chapters 11-13, pp. 207-259). Druckman, James N. 2001. “The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence.” Political Behavior, 23(September): 225 - 256. Eagly, Alice H., and Shelly Chaiken. 1998. “Attitude Structure and Function.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 269 - 322). Boston: McGraw Hill. Erisen, Elif, and Cengiz Erisen. 2012. “The Effect of Social Networks on the Quality of Political Thinking.” Political Psychology, 33(December): 839 - 866. Esterling, Kevin M., Michael A. Neblo, and David M.J. Lazer. 2011. “Means, Motive, and Opportunity in Becoming Informed about Politics: A Deliberative Field Experiment with Members of Congress and Their Constituents.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(Fall): 483 - 503. Eveland, William P., Jr., and S. Dunwoody. 2001. “User Control and Structural Isomorphism or Disorientation and Cognitive Load? Learning from the Web versus Print.” Communication Research, 28(): 48 - 78. Eveland, William P., Jr., A. F. Hayes, Dhavan V. Shah, and N. Kwak. 2005. “Understanding the Relationship between Communication and Political Knowledge: A Model Comparison Approach Using Panel Data.” Political Communication, 22(): 423 - 446. Eveland, William P. Jr., and Tiffany Thomson. 2006. “Is It Talking, Thinking, or Both? A Lagged Dependent Variable Model of Discussion Effects on Political Knowledge.” Journal of Communication, 56(September): 523 - 542. Fabrigar, L. R., Richard E. Petty, S. M. Smith, and S. L. Crites. 2006. “Understanding Knowledge Effects on Attitude-Behavior Consistency: The Role of Relevance, Complexity, and Amount of Knowledge.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(April): 556-577. Fazio, R. 1985. How Do Attitudes Guide Behavior? In E. Tory Higgins and R.M. Sorrentino, (Eds.), Handbook of Motivation and Cognition (Volume 1, pp 204-243). New York: Guilford.

-6- Feddersen, Timothy J.M., and Wolfgang Pesendorfer. 1999. “Abstention in Elections with Asymmetric Information and Diverse Preferences.” American Political Science Review, 93(June): 381-398. Ferejohn, John A., and James H. Kuklinski, eds. 1990. Information and Democratic Processes. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Finkel, Steven E., and Howard R. Ernst. 2005. “Civic Education in Post-apartheid South Africa: Alternative Paths to the Development of Political Knowledge and Democratic Values.” Political Psychology, 26(June): 333 - 364. Gaines, Brian J., James H. Kuklinski, Paul J. Quirk, Buddy Peyton, and Jay Verkuilen. 2007. “Same Facts, Different Interpretations: Partisan Motivation and Opinion on Iraq.” Journal of Politics, 69(November): 957 - 974. Gastil, John, Don Braman, Dan Kahan, and Paul Slovic. 2011. “The Cultural Orientation of Mass Political Opinion.” PS: Political Science & Politics, 44(October): 711 - 714. Gilens, Martin. 2001. “Political Ignorance and Collective Policy Preferences.” American Political Science Review, 95(June): 379 - 396. Glasman, LR, and D. Albarracin. 2006. “Forming Attitudes That Predict Future Behavior: A Meta-Analysis of the Attitude-Behavior Relation.” Psychological Bulletin, 132(5): 778-822. Gordon, Stacy B., and Gary M. Segura. 1997. “Cross-National Variation in the Political Sophistication of Individuals: Capability or Choice?” Journal of Politics, 59(February): 126 - 147. Green, Donald P. 1992. The Price Elasticity of Mass Preferences. American Political Science Review, 86, 128-148. Green, Donald P., Peter M. Aronow, Daniel E. Bergan, Pamela Greene, Celia Paris, and Beth I. Weinberger. 2011. “Does Knowledge of Constitutional Principles Increase Support for Civil Liberties? Results from a Randomized Field Experiment.” Journal of Politics, 73(April): 463 - 476. Henderson, Michael. 2014. “Issue Publics, Campaigns, and Political Knowledge.” Political Behavior, 36(September): 631 - 658. Hirschman, A.O. 1982. Shifting Involvements: Private Interest and Public Action. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Hobolt, Sara B., James Tilley, and Jill Wittrock. 2013. “Listening to the Government: How Information Shapes Responsibility Attributions.” Political Behavior, 35(March): 153 - 174. Huckfeldt, Robert. 2007. “Unanimity, Discord, and the Communication of Public Opinion.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(October): 978 - 995. Jennings, M. Kent. 1996. "Political Knowledge over Time and Across Generations." Public Opinion Quarterly, 60(Summer): 228-252.

-7- Jerit, Jennifer, and Jason Barabas. 2006. “Bankrupt Rhetoric: How Misleading Information Affects Knowledge about Social Security.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(Fall): 278 - 303. Jerit, Jennifer, Jason Barabas, and Toby Bolsen. 2006. “Citizens, Knowledge, and the Information Environment.” American Journal of Political Science, 50(April): 266 - 282. Joslyn, Mark R. 2003. “The Determinants and Consequences of Recall Error about Gulf War Preferences.” American Journal of Political Science, 47(July): 440-452. Katz, D. 1960. The Functional Approach to the Study of Attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24, 163-204. Keele, Luke. 2005. “The Authorities Really Do Matter: Party Control and Trust in Government.” Journal of Politics, 67(August): 873 - 887. Key, V.O., Jr. 1961. Public Opinion and American Democracy. New York: Knopf. (Particularly Chapter 4, Pp 77-93, and Chapter 9, pp. 207-233). Kiesler, Charles A., Barry E. Collins, and Miller, N. (1969). Attitude Change: a Critical Analysis of Theoretical Approaches. New York: Wiley. Kinder, Donald R., and David O. Sears. 1985. Public Opinion and Political Action. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology (Vol. 2, 3rd Ed., Pp. 659-741). New York: Random House. (Particularly pp. 660-664). Krause, George A., and Jim Granato. 1998. “Fooling Some of the Public Some of the Time? A Test for Weak Rationality with Heterogeneous Information Levels.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 62(Summer): 135-151. Krosnick, Jon A. 1990. Government Policy and Citizen Passion: a Study of Issue Publics in Contemporary America. Political Behavior, 12(March): 59-92. Ksiazkiewicz, Aleksander. 2013. “Implicit Political Knowledge.” PS Political Science & Politics, 46(July): 553 - 556. Kuklinski, James H., and Paul J. Quirk. 2001. “Conceptual Foundations of Citizen Competence.” Political Behavior, 23(September): 285 - 311. Kuklinski, James H., Paul J. Quirk, Jennifer Jerit, and Robert R. Rich. 2001. “The Political Environment and Citizen Decision Making: Information, Motivation, and Policy Tradeoffs.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(April): 410 - 424. Lee, A.Y., and J.L. Aaker. 2004. “Bringing the Frame into Focus: the Influence of Regulatory Fit on Processing Fluency and Persuasion.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(February): 205-218. Leeper, Thomas J. 2014. “The Informational Basis for Mass Polarization.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 78(Spring): 27 - 46. Levendusky, Matthew S. 2011. “Rethinking the Role of Political Information.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(Spring): 42 - 64.

-8- Levitan, Lindsey, and Julie Wronski. 2014. “Social Context and Information Seeking: Examining the Effects of Network Attitudinal Composition on Engagement with Political Information.” Political Behavior, 36(December): 793 - 816. DPTE Lippmann, Walter. 1922/1960. Public Opinion. New York: Macmillan. (Particularly Chapters 2-5, pp. 23-49). Lupia, Arthur. 1992. Busy Voters, Agenda Control, and the Power of Information. American Political Science Review, 86, 390-403. Lupia, Arthur. 1994. “Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections.” American Political Science Review, 88(March): 63-76. Lupia, Arthur, and Mathew D. Mccubbins. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? New York: Cambridge University Press. Luskin, Robert C. 1987. “Measuring Political Sophistication.” American Journal of Political Science, 31(October): 856 - 899. Luskin, Robert C. 1987. “Explaining Political Sophistication.” Political Behavior, 12(December): 331 - 361. McGuire, M.J. 1985. Attitudes and Attitude Change. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson, (Eds.), Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 2 (3rd. Edition, pp 233-346). New York: Random House. Mckelvey, Richard D., and Peter C. Ordeshook. 1985. Sequential Elections with Limited Information. American Journal of Political Science, 29(July): 480-512. Mckelvey, Richard D., and Peter C. Ordeshook. 1986. Information, Electoral Equilibria, and the Democratic Ideal. Journal of Politics, 48, 909-937. Mckelvey, Richard D., and Peter C. Ordeshook. 1990. Information and Elections: Retrospective Voting and Rational Expectations. In J. Ferejohn and J. H. Kuklinski, (Eds.) 1990. Information and Democratic Processes (pp. 281-312). Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Michaud, Kristy E. H., Juliet E. Carlisle, and Eric R. A. N. Smith. 2009. “The Relationship between Cultural Values and Political Ideology, and the Role of Political Knowledge.” Political Psychology, 30(February): 27 - 42. Miller, Joanne M., and David A.M. Peterson. 2004. “Theoretical and Empirical Implications of Attitude Strength.” Journal of Politics, 66(August): 847-867. Mondak, Jeffrey J. 2000. “Reconsidering the Measurement of Political Knowledge.” Political Analysis, 8(Winter): 57-82. Mondak, Jeffrey J. 2001. “Developing Valid Knowledge Scales.” American Journal of Political Science, 29(April): 224 - 238.

-9- Mondak, Jeffery J., and Mary R. Anderson. 2004. “The Knowledge Gap: a Reexamination of Gender-based Differences in Political Knowledge.” Journal of Politics, 66(May): 492-512. Mondak, Jeffery J., Edward G. Carmines, Robert Huckfeldt, Dona-Gene Mitchell, and Scot Schraugnagel. 2007. “Does Familiarity Breed Contempt? The Impact of Information on Mass Attitudes toward Congress.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(January): 34 - 48. Mondak, Jeffrey J., and Belinda Creel Davis. 2001. “Asked and Answered: Knowledge Levels When We Will Not Take ‘Don’t Know’ for and Answer.” Political Behavior, 23(September): 199 - 224. Neuman, W. Russell. 1986. The Paradox of Mass Politics. Knowledge and Opinion in the American Electorate. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Newman, Benjamin J.,Yamil Velez, Todd K. Hartamn, and Alexa Bankert. 2015. “Are Citizens Receiving the Treatment? Assessing a Key Link in Contextual Theories of Public Opinion and Political Behavior.” Political Psychology, 36 (February): 123-131. Ostrom, Thomas M.. 1989. Interdependence of Attitude Theory and Measurement. In Anthony. R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, and Anthony G.. Greenwald, (Eds.). Attitude Structure and Function (Pp. 11-36). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Perez, E.O. 2015. “Mind The Gap: Why Large Group Deficits in Political Knowledge Emerge – And What To Do About Them.” Political Behavior, 37 (December): 933 - 954. Peterson, David A. M. 2004. “Certainty or Accessibility: Attitude Strength in Candidate. Evaluations.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(July): 513-520. Petrocelli, JV, ZL Tormala, and DD Rucker. 2007. “Unpacking Attitude Certainty: Attitude Clarity and Attitude Correctness.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(January): 30-41. Petty, Richard E., and John T. Cacioppo. 1986. Communication and Persuasion: Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change. New York: Springer-Verlag. Pierce, Douglas R. 2015. “Uninformed Votes: Reappraising Information Effects and Presidential Preferences.” Political Behavior, 37 (September): 537 - 566. Pierro, A., L. Mannetti, A.W. Kruglanski, and D. Sleethkeppler. 2004. “Relevance Override: on the Reduced Impact of "Cues" under High-motivation Conditions of Persuasion Studies.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(February): 251-264. Posavac, Steven S., Kira M. Sanbonmatsu, and Russell H. Fazio. 1997. "Considering the Best Choice: Effects of the Salience and Accessibility of Alternatives on Attitude-decision Consistency." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(February): 253-261. Pratkanis, Anthony R. 1989. The Cognitive Representation of Attitudes. In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, and A.G. Greenwald, (Eds.). Attitude Structure and Function (Pp 71-98). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

-10- Prior, Markus, and Arthur Lupia. 2008. “Money, Time, and Political Knowledge: Distinguishing Quick Recall and Political Learning Skills.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(January): 169 - 183. Roch, Christine H. 2005. “The Dual Roots of Opinion Leadership.” Journal of Politics, 67(February): 110 - 131. Schaffner, Brian F., and Matthew J. Streb. 2002. “The Partisan Heuristic in Low-information Elections.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(winter): 559 - 581. Schneider, Mark, Paul Teske, Melissa Marschall, and Christine Roch. 1998. “Shopping for Schools: In the Land of the Blind, the One-Eyed Parent May Be Enough.” American Journal of Political Science, 42(July): 769-793. Schueler, Beth E., and Martin R. West. 2016. “Sticker Shock: How Information Affects Citizen Support for Public School Funding.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(Spring): 90 - 113. Seabrook, Nicholas R., Joshua J. Dyck, and Edward L. Lascher, Jr. 2015. “Do Ballot Initiatives Increase General Political Knowledge?” Political Behavior, 37(June): 279 - 307. Shaker, Lee. 2012. “Local Political Knowledge and Assessments of Citizen Competence.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(Fall): 525 - 537. Shamir, Jacob, and Michael Shamir. 1997. "Pluralistic Ignorance Across Issues and Over Time: Information Cues and Biases." Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(summer): 227-260. Shavitt, S. 1989. Operationalizing Functional Theories of Attitude. In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, and A.G. Greenwald, (Eds.), Attitude Structure and Function (Pp. 311-338). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. (Particularly Pp 311-321). Smith, M.B. 1973. Political Attitudes. In J.N. Knudson (Ed.) Handbook of Political Psychology (Pp 57-82). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Stolle, Dietlind, and Elisabeth Gidengil. 2010. “What do Women Really Know? A Gendered Analysis of Varieties of Political Knowledge.” Perspectives on Politics, 8(March): 93 - 110. Sturgis, Patrick, Nick Allum, and Patten Smith. 2008. “An Experiment of the Measurement of Political Knowledge in Surveys.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(Spring): 90 - 102. Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, and Dmitri Williams. 2004. “The Impact of Political Advertising on Knowledge, Internet Information Seeking, and Candidate Preference.” Journal of Communication, 54(June): 337 - 354. Weissberg, Robert. 2001. “Democratic Political Competence: Clearing the Underbrush and a Controversial Proposal.” Political Behavior, 23(September): 257 - 285. Wolak, Jennifer. 2009. “The Consequences of Concurrent Campaigns for Citizen Knowledge of Congressional Candidates.” Political Behavior, 31(June): 211 - 230. Wolak, Jennifer, and Michael McDevitt. 2011. “The Roots of the Gender Gap in Political Knowledge in Adolescence.” Political Behavior, 33(September): 505 - 533.

-11- II. IDEOLOGICAL BASIS OF PUBLIC OPINION

Sept. 21 Ideological Innocence?

Lewis-Beck, Michael S., William G. Jacoby, Helmut Norpoth, and Herbert F. Weisberg. 2008. The American Voter Revisited. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. (Ch 9 & 10). Converse, Philip E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics.” In David E. Apter (Ed.) Ideology and discontent (pp 206-261). New York: Free Press. On SAKAI. Reprinted in Critical Review 18.1-3 (Winter 2006): 1-74. Treier, Shawn, and D. Sunshine Hillygus. 2009. “The Nature of Political Ideology in the Contemporary Electorate.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(Winter): 679 - 703. On SAKAI. Lane, Robert E. 1962. Political Ideology. New York: Free Press. (Read enough to get a sense of this book, e.g., the Introduction, Ch. 1, Ch. 4, Ch. 22). On SAKAI.

------Optional ------

Barton, A.H., and Parsons, R.W. 1977. Measuring belief system structure. Public Opinion Quarterly, 41, 159-180. Bennett, W.L. 1977. The growth of knowledge in mass belief studies: An epistemological critique. American Journal of Political Science, 21, 465-500. Berry, William D., Evan J Ringquist, Richard C. Fording, and Russell L. Hanson. 1998. “Measuring Citizen and Government Ideology in the American States, 1960-93.” American Journal of Political Science, 42(January): 327-348. Campbell, Angus, Philip E. Converse, Warren E. Miller, and Donald E. Stokes. 1960. The American Voter. New York: Wiley. (just read Chapters 9 and 10, pp 188-265). Converse, P.E. 1970. “Attitudes and Non-attitudes: Continuation of a Dialogue.” In E.R. Tufte (Ed.), The Quantitative Analysis of Social Problems (pp 168-189). New York: Addison-Wesley. Converse, Philip E. 2000. “Assessing the Capacity of Mass Electorates.” Annual Review of Political Science, 3: 331 - 353. Erikson, R.S., McIver, J.P., and Wright, G.C., Jr. 1987. “State Political Culture and Public Opinion. American Political Science Review, 81, 797-813. Geertz, C. 1973. Ideology as a cultural system. The Interpretation of Cultures. New York: Basic Books. (particularly Chapter 8, pp 193-229). Goren, Paul. 2004. “Political Sophistication and Policy Reasoning: A Reconsideration.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(July): 462-478.

-12- Hill, Jennifer L, and Hanspeter Kriesi. 2001. “An Extension and Test of Converse’s ‘Black-and- White’ Model of Response Stability.” American Political Science Review, 95(June): 397- 414. Hill, Jennifer L., and Hanspeter Kriesi. 2001. “Classification by Opinion-Changing Behavior: A Mixture Model Approach.” Political Analysis, 9(Autumn): 301 - 324. Iyengar, Shanto, Kyu S. Hahn, Jon A. Krosnick, and John Walker. 2008. “Selective Exposure to Campaign Communication: The Role of Anticipated Agreement and Issue Public Membership.” Journal of Politics, 70(January): 186 - 200. Jacoby, William G. 1995. The Structure of Ideological Thinking in the American Electorate. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 314-335. Jennings, M. K. 1992. Ideology among Mass Publics and Political Elites. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56, 419-441. Knight, Kathleen. 2006. “Transformations of the Concept of Ideology in the Twentieth Century.” American Political Science Review, 100 (November): 619 - 626. Lavine, Howard, Cynthia J. Thomsen, and Marti Hope Gonzales. 1997. “The Development of Inter-attitudinal Consistency: The Shared-Consequences Model.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(April): 735-749. Lupton, Robert N., William M. Myers, and Judd R. Thornton. 2015. Political Sophistication and the Dimensionality of Elite and Mass Attitudes, 1980 - 2004.” Journal of Politics, 77 (April): 368 - 380. Matthews, Miriam, Shana Levin, and Jim Sidanius. 2009. “Information Distortion and Voting Choices: The Origins and Effects of Factual Beliefs in Initiative Elections.” Political Psychology, 30(December): 921 - 936. Miller, Arthur H., Hesli, V.L., and Reisinger, W.M. 1995. Comparing Citizen and Elite Belief Systems in Post-Soviet Russia and Ukraine. Public Opinion Quarterly, 59, 1-40. Shor, Boris, and Nolan McCarty. 2011. “The Ideological Mapping of American Legislatures.” American Political Science Review, 105(August): 530 - 551. Weisberg, Herbert F., and Steven P. Nawara. 2010. “How Sophistication Affected the 2000 Presidential Vote: Traditional Sophistication Measures Versus Conceptualization.” Political Behavior, 432(December): 547 - 566.

-13- Sept. 28 Possible Sources of Ideological Constraint: Political and Psychological

Nie, Norman, Sydney Verba, and John Petrocik. 1979. The Changing American Voter. (Skim chapters 6-10, pp 96-173). On SAKAI. Conover, P.J., and Feldman, S. 1984. “How People Organize Their Political World: A Schematic Model.” American Journal of Political Science, 28(February): 95-126. On SAKAI. Druckman, James N., Erik Peterson, and Rune Slothuus. 2013. “How Elite Partisan Polarization Affects Public Opinion Formation.” American Political Science Review, 107(February): 57 - 79. On SAKAI. Iyengar, Shanto, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes. 2012. “Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(Fall): 405 - 431. On SAKAI. Piurkom, Yuval, Shalom H. Schwartz, and Eldad Davidov. 2011. “Basic Personal Values and the Meaning of Left-Right Political Orientations in 20 Countries.” Political Psychology, 32(August): 537 - 562. On SAKAI. Federico, Christopher M. 2012. “Ideology and Public Opinion.” In Adam J. Berinsky (Ed.). New Directions in Public Opinion (pp 79 - 100). New York: Routledge.

------Optional ------

Abramowitz, A.I. 1994. “Issue Evolutions Reconsidered: Racial Attitudes and Partisanship in the U.S. Electorate.” American Journal of Political Science, 38, 1-24. Achen, C.H. 1975. “Mass Political Attitudes and the Survey Response.” American Political Science Review, 69, 1218-1231. Adams, Greg D. 1997. “Abortion: Evidence of Issue Evolution.” American Journal of Political Science, 41(July): 718-737. Bishop, George, et al. 1978. “Change in the Structure of American Political Attitudes: The Nagging Question of Question Wording.” American Journal of Political Science, 22, 250-269. Carmines, Edward G., and James A. Stimson. 1980. “The Two Faces of Issue Voting.” American Political Science Review, 74, 78-91. Claassen, Ryan L., and Stephen Pl Nicholson. 2013. “Extreme Voices: Interest Groups and the Misrepresentation of Issue Publics.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(Winter): 861 - 887. Conover, Pamela J., and Stanley Feldman. 1989. “Candidate Perception in an Ambiguous World: Campaigns, Cues, and Inference Processes.” American Journal of Political Science, 33(November): 912-940.

-14- Converse, Philip E., and Gregory E. Markus. 1979. “Plus ca change ... The New CPS Election Study Panel.” American Political Science Review, 73, 32-49. Devine, Christopher J. 2015. “Ideological Social Identity: Psychological Attachment to Ideological In-Groups as a Political Phenomenon and a Behavioral Influence.” Political Behavior, 37 (September): 509 - 536. Dvir-Gvirsman, Shira. 2015. “Size Matters: The Effects of Political Orientation, Majority Status, and Majority Size on Misperceptions of Public Opinion.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 79 (Spring): 1 - 27. Federico, Christopher M., and Monica C. Schneider. 2007. “Political Expertise and the Use of Ideology: Moderating Effects of Evaluative Motivation.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 71(Summer): 221 - 252. Feldman, Stanley, and Christopher Johnston. 2014. “Understanding the Determinants of Political Ideology: Implications of Structural Complexity.” Political Psychology, 35(June): 337 - 358. Gaskins, Ben, Matt Golder, and David A. Siegel. 2013. “Religious Participation and Economic Conservatism.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(October): 823 - 840. Hagner, P.R., and Pierce, J.C. 1982. Correlative Characteristics of Levels of Conceptualization in the American Public: 1956-1976. Journal of Politics, 44, 779-807. Hetherington, Marc J. 2012. “Partisanship and Polarization.” In Adam J. Berinsky (Ed.). New Directions in Public Opinion (pp 101 - 118). New York: Routledge. Hetherington, Marc J., Meri T. Long, and Thomas J. Rudolph. 2016. “Revisiting the Myth: New Evidence of a Polarized Electorate.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 80 (Special Issue): 321 -350. #candidate traits Jacoby, W.G. 1991. Ideological Identification and Issue Attitudes. American Journal of Political Science, 35, 178-205. Jacoby, William G. 1995. The Structure of Ideological Thinking in the American Electorate. American Journal of Political Science, 39(May): 314-335.

Judd, C.M., and Downing, J.W. 1990. Political Expertise and Development of Attitude Consistency. Social Cognition, 8, 104-124. Kinder, Donald R. 1983. “Diversity and Complexity in American Public Opinion.” In A. Finifter (Ed.) Political Science: The State of the Discipline (pp 389-425). Washington: APSA. (particularly pp 391-401). Klar, Samara. 2014. “A Multidimensional Study of Ideological Preferences and Priorities among the American Public.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 78(Special Issue): 344 - 359. Lerman, Amy E., and Meredith L. Sadin. 2016. “Stereotyping or Projection? How White and Black Voters Estimate Black Candidates’ Ideology.” Political Psychology, 37 (April): 147 - 164.

-15- Levendusky, Matthew S. 2010. “Clearer Cues, More Consistent Voters: A Benefit of Elite Polarization.” Political Behavior, 32(March): 111 - 132. Levendusky, Matthew. 2013. How Partisan Media Polarize America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Lubell, M. 2003. “Collaborative Institutions, Belief Systems, and Perceived Policy Analysis.” Political Research Quarterly, 56(3): 309-324. Mason, Lilliana. 2015. ““I Disrespectfully Agree”: The Differential Effects of Partisan Sorting on Social and Issue Polarization.” American Journal of Political Science, 59 (January): 128 - 145. McCright, Aaron M., and Riley E. Dunlap. 2008. “Social Movement Identity and Belief Systems: An Examination of Beliefs about Environmental Problems within the American Public.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(Winter): 651 - 676. Nie, N., and Andersen, K. 1974. Mass Belief Systems Revisited: Political Change and Attitude Structure. Journal of Politics, 36, 540-587. Nie, N., and Rabjohn, J.N. 1979. Revisiting Mass Belief Systems Revisited: Or, Why Doing Research Is like Watching a Tennis Match. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 139-175. Peterson, Michael Bang, Rune Slothuus, and Lise Togeby. 2010. “Political Parties and Value Consistency in Public Opinion Formation.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 74(Fall): 530 - 550. Petrocik, John. 1978. Comment: Reconsidering the reconsiderations of the 1964 change in attitude consistency. Political Methodology, 5, 361-368. Popp, Elizabeth, and Thomas J. Rudolph. 2011. “A Tale of Two Ideologies: Explaining Public Support for Economic Interventions.” Journal of Politics, 73(July): 808 - 820.

Rudolph, Thomas J., and Jillian Evans. 2005. “Political Trust, Ideology, and Public Support for Government Spending.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(July): 660 - 671. Smith, E.R.A.N. 1980. The Levels of Conceptualization: False Measures of Ideological Sophistication. American Political Science Review, 74, 685-696. Smith, E.R.A.N. 1989. The Unchanging American Voter. Berkeley: University of California Press. Smith, Kevin B., Douglas R. Oxley, Matthew V. Hibbing, John R. Alford, and John R. Hibbing. 2011. “Linking Genetics and Political Attitudes: Reconceptualizing Political Ideology.” Political Psychology, 32(June): 369 - 398. Sullivan, J.L., Piereson, J.E., and Marcus, G.E. 1978. Ideological Constraint in the Mass Public: A Methodological Critique and Some New Findings. American Journal of Political Science, 22, 233-249.

-16- Valentino, Nicholas A., Michael Traugott, and Vincent L. Hutchings. 2002. “Group Cues and Ideological Constraint: A Replication of Political Advertising Effects Studies in the Lab and in the Field.” Political Communication, 19(1): 29 - 48. Verhulst, Brad, Peter K. Hatemi, and Lindon J. Eaves. 2012. “Disentangling the Importance of Psychological Predispositions and Social Constructions in the Organization of American Political Ideology.” Political Psychology, 33(June): 375 - 394. Wood, Thomas, and Eric Oliver. 2012. “Toward a More Reliable Implementation of Ideology in Measures of Publica Opinion.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(Winter): 636 - 662. Zschirnt, Simon. 2011. “The Origins & Meaning of Liberal/Conservative Self-Identifications Revisited.” Political Behavior, 33(December): 685 - 701.

-17- Oct. 5 Reasons for Political Ignorance

Downs, Anthony 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row. (Chapters 11-13). On SAKAI. Taber, Charles S., and Everett Young. 2013. “Political Information.” In Leonie Huddy, David O. Sears, and Jack S. Levy (Eds.) Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology, Second Edition (pp 525 - 558). New York: Oxford University Press. ON RESERVE AT ALEX. Lodge, Milton, Marco R. Steenbergen, and Shawn Brau. 1995. “The Responsive Voter: Campaign Information and the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation.” American Political Science Review, 89 (June): 309-326. On SAKAI. Lupia, Arthur. 1994. “Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections.” American Political Science Review, 88 (March): 63-76. On SAKAI. Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2001. “Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Cognitive Heuristics in Political Decision Making.” American Journal of Political Science, 45 (October): 951 - 971. On SAKAI.

------Optional ------

Conover, P.J., and Feldman, S. 1981. “The Origins and Meanings of Liberal/Conservative Self-Identifications.” American Journal of Political Science, 25(July): 617-645. Darmofal, D. 2005. “Elite Cues and Citizen Disagreement with Expert Opinion.” Political Research Quarterly, 58(3): 381-396. Fiske, S.T., Kinder, D.R., and Larter, W.M. 1983. “The Novice and the Expert: Knowledge Based Strategies in Political Cognition.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 381-400. Fiske, Susan T., Lau, Richard R., and Smith, Richard A. 1990. “On the Varieties and Utilities of Political Expertise.” Social Cognition, 8: 31-48. Hastie, R. 1986. “A Primer of Information-processing Theory for the Political Scientist.” In R.R. Lau and D.O. Sears, (Eds.), Political Cognition: the 19th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition (pp 11-39). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Hurwitz, J., and Peffley, M. 1987. How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? American Political Science Review, 81, 1099-1121. Lau, Richard R. 1986. “Political Schemata, Candidate Evaluations, and Voting Behavior.” In R.R. Lau and D.O. Sears, (Eds.), Political Cognition: the 19th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition (pp 95-125). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Lau, Richard R. 1990. Political Motivation and Political Cognition. In E.T. Higgins and R.M. Sorrentino, (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Volume 2, pp 297-329). New York: Guilford. (particularly pp 306-319).

-18- Lau, Richard R., and Erber, Ralph E. 1985. An Information Processing Perspective on Political Sophistication. In S. Kraus and R. Perloff (Eds.) Mass media and political thought (pp 17-39). Beverly Hills: Sage. Lodge, M., and Hamill, R. 1986. “A Partisan Schema for Political Information Processing.” American Political Science Review, 80, 505-519. Lodge, Milton, Kathleen M. McGraw, and Patrick Stroh. 1989. “An Impression- Driven Model of Candidate Evaluation.” American Political Science Review, 83(June): 399-420. Lupia, Arthur. 1992. Busy Voters, Agenda Control, and the Power of Information. American Political Science Review, 86, 390-403. Lupia, Arthur, and Mathew D. Mccubbins. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need to Know? New York: Cambridge University Press. Mondak, Jeff J. 1993. “Public Opinion and Heuristic Processing of Source Cues.” Political Behavior, 15, 167-192. Mulligan, Kenneth, J. Tobin Grant, Stephen T. Mockabee, and Joseph Quin Monson. 2003. “Response Latency Methodology for Survey Research: Measurement and Modeling Strategies.” Political Analysis, 33(Summer): 289-301. Rahn, W.M. 1993. “The Role of Partisan Stereotypes in Information Processing about Political Candidates.” American Journal of Political Science, 37, 472-496. Sniderman, P.M., Brody, R.A., and Tetlock, P.E. 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press. (particularly chs. 2-8) See also chapters by Hamill and Lodge, Conover and Feldman, and Miller, all in R.R. Lau and D.O. Sears, (Eds.) 1986. Political cognition: the 19th Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition.

-19- III. A COMPREHENSIVE MODEL OF PUBLIC OPINION, AND THE POSSIBILITY OF DELIBERATIVE DEMOCRACY

Oct. 12 Deliberation and Zaller’s RAS Model

Zaller, John, 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. (particularly Chs 1 - 5). Barabas, Jason. 2004. “How Deliberation Affects Policy Opinions.” American Political Science Review, 98 (November): 687-702. On SAKAI. Jackman, Simon, and Paul M. Sniderman. 2006. “The Limits of Deliberative Discussion: A Model of Everyday Political Arguments.” Journal of Politics, 68 (May): 272 - 283. On SAKAI. Mutz, Diana C., and Lori Young. 2011. “Communication and Public Opinion: Plus Ca Change?” Public Opinion Quarterly, 75 (5): 1018 - 1044. On SAKAI.

------Optional ------

Bartels, Larry M. 1993. “Messages Received: The Political Impact of Media Exposure.” American Political Science Review, 87, 267-285. Carmines, Edward G., and James Woods. 2002. :The Role of Party Activists in the Evolution of the Abortion Issue.” Political Behavior: 24(December): 361-377. Delli Carpini, Michael X., Fay Lomax Cook, and Lawrence Jacobs. 2004. "Public Deliberation, Discursive Participation and Citizen Engagement: A Review of the Empirical Literature." Annual Review of Political Science, 7. Delli Carpini, Michael X., Fay Lomax Cook, and Lawrence Jacobs. 2009. Talking Together: Public Deliberation and Political Participation in America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Dobrzynska, Agnieszka, and Andre Blais. 2008. “Testing Zaller’s Reception and Acceptance Model in an Intense Election Campaign.” Political Behavior, 30(June): 259 - 276. Druckman, James N., and Kjerstein R. Nelson. 2003. “Framing and Deliberation: How Citizens’ Conversations Limit Elite Influence.” American Journal of Political Science, 47(October): 729-745. Feldman, S., and Zaller, A. 1991. The political culture of ambivalence: Ideological responses to the welfare state. American Journal of Political Science, 36, 268-307. Green, Donald P., Alan S. Gerber, and Suzanna L. De Boef. 1999. “Tracking Opinion over Time: A Method for Reducing Sampling Error.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 63(Summer): 178- 192.

-20- Karpowitz, Christopher, Tali Mendelberg, and Lee Shaker. 2012. "Gender Inequality in Deliberative Participation." American Political Science Review, 106(August): 533-547. Kinder, D.R., and Sanders, L. 1990. Mimicking political debate with survey questions: The case of white opinion on affirmative action for blacks. Social Cognition, 8, 73-103. Mutz, Diana C., and Jeffery J. Mondak. 2006. “The Workplace as a Context for Cross-Cutting Political Discourse.” Journal of Politics, 68(February): 140 - 155. Myers, Dan C., and Tali Mendelberg. "Political Deliberation." In Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology. Oxford, Forthcoming. Nicholson, Stephen P. 2003. “The Political Environment and Ballot Proposition Awareness.” American Journal of Political Science, 47(July): 403-410. Pollock, P.H., III. 1994. Issues, values, and critical moments: Did "Magic" Johnson transform public opinion on AIDS? American Journal of Political Science, 38, 426-446. Sturgis, Patrick, Caroline Roberts, and Nick Allum. 2005. A Different Take on the Deliberative Poll: Information, Deliberation, and Attitude Constraint.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(Spring): 30 - 65. Sulkin, Tracy, and Adam F. Simon. 2001. “Habermas in the Lab: A Study of Deliberation in an Experimental Setting.” Political Psychology, 22(December): 809 - 826. Tajima, Yuhki. 2013. “The Institutional Basis of Intercommunal Order: Evidence from Indonesia’s Democratic Transition.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(January): 104 - 119. Tate, Katherine. 2003. “Black Opinion on the Legitimacy of Racial Redistricting and Minority- Majority Districts.” American Political Science Review, 97(February): 45 - 56. Torcal, Mariano, and Gerardo Maldonado. 2014. “Revisiting the Dark Side of Political Deliberation: The Effects of Media and Political Discussion on Political Interest.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 78 (Fall): 679 - 706. Wood, B. Dan, and Arnold Vedlitz. 2007. “Issue Definition, Information Processing, and the Politics of Global Warming.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(July): 552 - 568. Zaller, J. 1990. Political awareness, elite opinion leadership, and the mass survey response. Social Cognition, 8, 125-153. Zaller, J., and Feldman, S. 1992. A simple theory of the survey response: Answering questions versus revealing preferences. American Journal of Political Science, 36(July): 579-616.

-21- IV. ALTERNATE BASES OF PUBLIC OPINION

Oct. 19 Political Tolerance and the Values Underlying Public Opinion

McClosky, H. 1964. “Consensus and Ideology in American Politics.” American Political Science Review, 58 (): 361-382. On SAKAI. Gibson, James L. 2006. “Enigmas of Intolerance: Fifty Years after Stouffer’s Communism, Conformity, and Civil Liberties.” Perspectives on Politics, 4 (March): 21 - 34. On SAKAI. Feldman, Stanley. 1988. “Structure and Consistency in Public Opinion: The Role of Core Beliefs and Values.” American Journal of Political Science, 32 (April): 416 - 440. On SAKAI.

Chong, Dennis. 1993. “How People Think, Reason, and Feel about Rights and Liberties.” American Journal of Political Science, 37 (November): 867 - 899. On SAKAI. Peffley, Mark, and R. Rohrschneider. 2003. “Democratization and Political Tolerance in Seventeen Countries: A Multi-level Model of Democratic Learning.” Political Research Quarterly, 56 (3): 243-258. MUST ADD. Green, Donald P., Peter M. Aronow, Daniel E. Bergan, Pamela Greene, Celia Paris, and Beth I. Weinberger. 2011. “Does Knowledge of Constitutional Principles Increase Support for Civil Liberties? Results from a Randomized Field Experiment.” Journal of Politics, 73 (April): 463 - 476. On SAKAI.

------Optional ------

Almond, G.A., and Verba, S. 1963. The Civic Culture. Princeton: Princeton University Press. (particularly Chapters 1, 5, and 13). Alwin, Duane F., Jacob L. Felson, Edward T. Walker, and Paula A. Tufis. 2006. “Measuring Religious Identities in Surveys.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(Winter): 530 - 564. Andersen, Robert., and Tina Fetner. 2008. “Economic Inequality and Intolerance: Attitudes toward Homosexuality in 35 Democracies.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(October): 942 - 958. Appelbaum, Lauren D. 2001. “The Influence of Perceived Deservingness on Policy Decisions Regarding Aid to the Poor.” Political Psychology, 22(September): 419 - 442. Barker, David C., and Christopher J. Carman. 2000. “The Spirit of Capitalism? Religious Doctrine, Values, and Economic Attitude Constructs.” Political Behavior, 22(March): 1- 28.

Barry, B. 1970. Sociologists, Economists, and Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (particularly Chapters 1, 3, and 4).

-22- Berinsky, Adam J. 2002. “Silent Voices: Social Welfare Policy Opinions and Political Equality in America.” American Journal of Political Science, 46 (April): 276 - 287. Biernat, M. 1989. “Motives and values to achieve: Different constructs with different effects.” Journal of Personality, 57, 69-95. Bloom, Pazit Ben-Nun. 2014. “Disgust, Harm, and Morality in Politics.” Political Psychology 35(August): 495 - 514. Bloom, Pazit Ben-Nun, and O. Bagno-Moldavsky. 2015. “The Conditional Effect of Network Diversity and Values on Tolerance.” Political Behavior, 37 (September): 623 - 652. Brancati, Dawn. 2014. “The Determinants of U.S. Public Opinion Towards Democracy Promotion.” Political Behavior, 36(December): 705 - 730. Brewer, Paul R. 2003. “The Shifting Foundations of Public Opinion about Gay Rights.” Journal of Politics, 65(November): 1208-1220. Brewer, Paul R., Kimberly Gross, Sean Aday, and Lars Willnat. 2004. “International Trust and Public Opinion About World Affairs.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(January): 93-109. Brown, R.D., and Carmines, E.G. 1995. “Materialists, post-materialists, and the criteria for political choice in U.S. presidential elections.” Journal of Politics, 57, 483-494. Canetti-Nisim, Daphna. 2004. “The Effect of Religiosity on Endorsement of Democratic Values: The Mediating Influence of Authoritarianism.” Political Behavior: 26(December): 289 - 316. Carmines, Edward G, and Geoffrey C. Layman. 1997. “Value Priorities, Partisanship, and Electoral Choice: The Neglected Case of the United States.” Political Behavior, 19 (December): 283-316. Chauchard, Simon. 2014. “Can Descriptive Representation Change Beliefs about a Stigmatized Group? Evidence from Rural India.” American Political Science Association, 108(May): 403 - 422. Chong, Dennis. 2006. “Free Speech and Multiculturalism In and Out of the Academy.” Political Psychology, 27(February): 29 - 54. Clarke, Harold D., Nitish Dutt, and Jonathan Rapkin. 1997. "Conversations in Context: zThe (Mis)Measurement of Value Change in Advanced Industrial Societies." Political Behavior, 19(March): 19-40. (See also response by Abramson and following rejoinder) Clarke, Harold D., Allan Kornberg, Chris McIntyre, Petra Bauer-Kaase, and Max Kaase. 1999. “The Effect of Economic Priorities on the Measurement of Value Change: New Experimental Evidence.” American Political Science Review, 93(September): 637-649. Clifford, Scott. 2014. “Linking Issue Stances and Trait Inferences: A Theory of Moral Exemplification” Journal of Politics, 76(July): 698 - 710.

-23- Crawford, Jarret T., and Jane M. Pilanski. 2014. “The Differential Effects of Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance Orientation on Political Intolerance.” Political Psychology 35(August): 557 - 576. Davidov, Eldad, Peter Schmidt, and Shalom H. Schwartz. 2008. “Bringing Values Back In: The Adequacy of the European Social Surveys to Measure Values in 20 Countries.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(Fall): 420 - 445. Davis, Darren W. 1995. “Exploring black political intolerance.” Political Behavior, 17, 1-22. Davis, Darren W., and Christian Davenport. 1999. “Assessing the Validity of the Post- materialism Index.” American Political Science Review, 93(September): 649-664. (See also reply by Inglehart and Abramson) Davis, Darren W, and Brian D. Silver. 2004. “Civil Liberties vs. Security: Public Opinion in the Context of the Terrorist Attacks on America.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(January): 28-46. de Figueiredo, Rui J.P., Jr., and Zachary Elkins. 2003. “Are Patriots Bigots? An Inquiry into the Vices of In-Group Pride.” American Journal of Political Science, 47(January): 171-188. Duck, R.M., and Taylor, M.A. 1993. Postmaterialism and the economic condition. American Journal of Political Science, 37, 747-779. Easterlin, R.A., and Crimmins, E.M. 1991. “Private Materialism, Personal Self-fulfillment, Family Life, and Public Interest: The Nature, Effects, and Causes of Recent Changes in the Values of American Youth.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 499-533. Federico, Christopher M. 2004. “When Do Welfare Attitudes Become Racialized? The Paradoxical Effects of Education.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(April): 374-391. Feldman, Stanley. 2003. “Values, Ideology, and the Structure of Political Attitudes.” In David O. Sears, Leonie Huddy, and Robert Jervis (Eds.) Oxford Handbook of Political Psychology (pp. 477 - 508). New York: Oxford University Press. Feldman, Stanley, and Marco R. Steenbergen. 2001. “The Humanitarian Foundation of Public Support for Social Welfare.”American Journal of Political Science, 45(July): 658-677. Gamson, W.A., and Lasch, K.E. 1983. The political culture of social welfare policy. In S.E. Spiro and E. Yuchtman-Yaar (Eds.), Evaluating the welfare state (pp 397-415). New York: Academic Press. Gerber, Alan S., and Gregory A. Huber. 2010. “Partisanship, Political Control, and Economic Assessments.” American Journal of Political Science, 54(January): 153 - 173. Gibson, J.L. 1992. “Alternative measures of political tolerance: Must tolerance be ‘least-liked’?” American Journal of Political Science, 36, 560-577. Gibson, J.L. 1992. “The political consequences of intolerance: Cultural conformity and political freedom.” American Political Science Review, 86, 338-356.

-24- Gibson, James L. 2002. “Truth, Justice, and reconciliation: Judging the Fairness of Amnesty in South Africa.” American Journal of Political Science, 46(July): 540 - 556. Gibson, James L. 2004. “Does Truth Lead to Reconciliation? Testing the Causal Assumptions of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Process.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(April): 201-217. Gibson, James L. 2008. “Intolerance and Political Repression in the United States: A Half- Century after McCarthyism.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(January): 96 - 108. Gibson, James L. 2013. “Measuring Political Tolerance and General Support for Pro-Civil Liberties Policies: Notes, Evidence, and Cautions.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(Special Issue): 45 - 68. Gibson, James L., and Amanda Gouws. 2000. “Social Identities and Political Intolerance; Linkages Within the South African Mass Public.” American Journal of Political Science, 44(April): 278 - 292. Gibson, James L., and Amanda Gouws. 2001. “Making Tolerance Judgments: The Effects of Context, Local and National.” Journal of Politics, 63(November): 1067 - 1090. Golebiowska, Ewa A. 1995. Individual value priorities, education, and political tolerance. Political Behavior, 17, 23-48. Golebiowska, Ewa A. 1999. “Gender Gap in Political Tolerance.” Political Behavior, 21(March): 43-66. Gordon, A., and J.L. Miller. 2004. “Values and Persuasion During the First Bush-Gore Presidential Debate.” Political Communication, 21(January-March): 71-92. Goren, Paul, Christopher M. Federico, and Miki Caul Kittilson. 2009. “Source Cues, Partisan Identities, and Political Value Expression.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(October): 805 - 820. Hetherington, Marc J., and Suzanne Globetti. 2002. “Political Trust and Racial Policy Preferences.” American Journal of Political Science, 46(April): 253 - 275. Hill, Kim Quaile, and Tetsuya Matsubayashi. 2008. “Church Engagement, Religious Values, and Mass-Elite Policy Agenda Agreement in Local Communities.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(July): 570 - 584. Huddy, Leonie, and Nadia Khatib. 2007. “American Patriotism, National Identity, and Political Involvement.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(January): 63 - 77. Hurwitz, J. and Peffley, M. 1992. Traditional versus social values as antecedents of racial stereotyping and policy conservatism. Political Behavior, 14, 395-422. Inglehart, R. 1971. “The Silent Revolution in Europe: Inter-generational Change in Post- Industrial Societies.” American Political Science Review, 65(September): 991 - 1017. Inglehart, R., and Abramson, P.R. 1994. “Economic Security and Value Change.” American Political Science Review, 88(June): 336-354.

-25- Jackman, R. 1972. Political elites, mass publics, and support for democratic principles. Journal of Politics, 34, 753-773. Kam, Cindy D., and Donald R. Kinder. 2007. “Terror and Ethnocentrism: Foundations of American Support for the War on Terrorism.” Journal of Politics, 69(May): 320 - 338. Kertzer, Joshua D., Kathleen E. Powers, Brian C. Rathbun, and Ravi Iyer. 2014. “Moral Support: How Moral Values Shape Foreign Policy Attitudes.” Journal of Politics, 76(July): 825 - 840. Koopmans, Ruud, and Susanne Veit. 2014. “Cooperation in Ethnically Diverse Neighborhoods: A Lost-Letter Experiment.” Political Psychology, 35(June): 379- 400. Kuklinski, J.H., Riggle, E., Ottati, V., Schwarz, N., and Wyer, R.S., Jr. 1991. “The Cognitive and Affective Bases of Political Tolerance Judgments.” American Journal of Political Science, 35, 1-27. Lakatos, Zoltan. 2015. “Traditional Values and the Inglehart Constructs.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 79 (Special Issue): 291 - 324. Lane, Robert E. 2001. “Self-Reliance and Empathy: The Enemies of Poverty – and of the Poor.” Political Psychology, 22(September): 473 - 492. Lewis, Gregory B. 2003. “Black-White Differences in Attitudes toward Homosexuality and Gay Rights.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(Spring): 59-78. Marcus, George E., John L. Sullivan, Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, and Sandra L. Wood. 1995. With Malice Toward Some: How People Make Civil Liberties Judgments. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Marquart-Pyatt, and Pamela Paxton. 2007. “In Principle and in Practice: Learning Political Tolerance in Eastern and Western Europe.” Political Behavior, 29(March): 89 - 114. McCann, James A. 1997. “Electoral Choices and Core Value Change: The 1992 Presidential Campaign.” American Journal of Political Science, 41(April): 564-583. McClosky, H., and Brill, A. 1983. Dimensions of Tolerance. New York: Russell Sage. McClosky, H., and Zaller, J. 1984. The American Ethos: Public Attitudes Toward Capitalism and Democracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. McCoy, Shannon K., and Brenda Major. 2007. “Priming Meritocracy and the Psychological Justification of Inequality.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(May): 341 - 351. McFarland, Sam, and Melissa Mathews. 2005. “Who Cares about Human Rights?” Political Psychology, 26(June): 365 - 386. Mondak, Jeffery J., and Mitchell S. Sanders. 2003. “Tolerance and Intolerance, 1976-1998. American Journal of Political Science, 47(July): 492-502. Opp, K-D. 1990. Postmaterialism, collective action, and political protest. American Journal of Political Science, 34, 212-235.

-26- Peffley, Mark, Marc L. Hutchinson, and Michal Shamir. 2015. “The Impact of Persistent Terrorism on Political Tolerance: Israel, 1980 - 2011.” American Political Science Review, 109 (November): 817 - 832. Peffley, Mark, P Knigge, and John Hurwitz. 2001. “A Multiple Values Model of Political Tolerance.” Political Research Quarterly, 54(2): 379 - 406. See also response by A. Miller et al and reply by Peffley et al which immediately follow. Peterson, Michael Bang, Rune Slothuus, and Lise Togeby. 2010. “Political Parties and Value Consistency in Public Opinion Formation.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 74(Fall): 530 - 550. Piurkom, Yuval, Shalom H. Schwartz, and Eldad Davidov. 2011. “Basic Personal Values and the Meaning of Left-Right Political Orientations in 20 Countries.” Political Psychology, 32(August): 537 - 562. Prothro, J. W., and C.W. Grigg. 1960. “Fundamental Principles of Democracy: Bases of Agreement and Disagreement.” Journal of Politics, 22, 276-294. Robinson, Carin. 2010. “Cross-Cutting Message and Political Tolerance: An Experiment Using Evangelical Protestants.” Political Behavior, 432(December): 495 - 516. Roccas, Sonia, Shalom H. Schwartz, and Adi Amit. 2010. “Personal Values Priorities and National Identification.” Political Psychology, 31(June): 393 - 420. Ryan, Timothy J. 2014. “Reconsidering Moral Issues in Politics.” Journal of Politics, 76 (April): 380 - 397. Sangster, Roberta L., and Robert W. Reynolds. 1996. "A Test of Inglehart's Socialization Hypothesis for the Acquisition of Materialist/ Postmaterialist Values: The Influence of Childhood Poverty on Adult Values." Political Psychology, 17(June):253-270. Schwartz, Shalom H., Gian Vittorio Caprara, and Michele Vecchione. 2010. “Basic Personal Values, Core Political Values, and Voting: A Longitudinal Analysis.” Political Psychology, 31(June): 421 - 452. Schwartz, Shalom H., Gian Vittorio Caprara, and Michele Vecchione, et al. 2014. “Basic Personal Values Underlie and Give Coherence to Political Values: A Cross National Study in 15 Countries.” Political Behavior, 36(December): 899 - 930. Shamir, M., and Shamir, J. 1995. Competing values in public opinion: A conjoint analysis. Political Behavior, 17, 107-133. Sibley, Chris G., and John Duckitt. 2010. “The Ideological Legitimation of the Status Quo: Longitudinal Tests of a Social Dominance Model.” Political Psychology, 31(February): 109 - 138. Sniderman, Paul M., Richard A. Brody, and James H. Kuklinski. 1984. “Policy Reasoning and Political Values: The Problem of Racial Equality.” American Journal of Political Science, 28(February): 75-94. Sniderman, P.M., Carmines, E.G., Layman, G.C., and Carter, M. 1996. Beyond Race: Social justice as a race-neutral idea. American Journal of Political Science, 40, 33-55.

-27- Sullivan, J.L., Fried, A., and Dietz, M.G. 1992. Patriotism, politics, and the presidential election of 1988. American Journal of Political Science, 36, 200-234. Sullivan, John L., Marcus, G.E., Feldman, S., and Piereson, J.E. 1981. ‘The Sources of Political Tolerance: A Multivariate Analysis.” American Political Science Review, 75, 92-106. Sullivan, J.L., Piereson, J.E., and Marcus, G.E. 1982. Political Tolerance and American Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (particularly chapters 1-3, pp 1-81). Vecchione, Michele, Gianvittorio Caprara, Francesco Dentale, and Shalom H. Schwartz. 2013. “Voting and Values: Reciprocal Effects over Time.” Political Psychology, 34 (August): 466 - 486. Verba, S., and Orren, G.R. 1985. Equality in America: The view from the top. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (particularly Chapters 1, 3-6). Warwick, Paul V. 1998. “Disputed Cause, Disputed Effect: The Postmaterialist Thesis Re- Examined.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 62(Winter): 583-609. Weatherford, M. Stephen. 1992. Measuring political legitimacy. American Political Science Review, 86, 149-168.

-28- Oct. 26 Tangible (Economic) Interests and Public Opinion

Sears, David O., Richard R. Lau, Tom R. Tyler, and Harris M. Allen, Jr. 1980. ”Self-interest versus Symbolic Politics in Policy Attitudes and Presidential Voting.” American Political Science Review, 74, 670-684. On SAKAI. Kinder, Donald R., D. Roderick Kiewiet. 1979. “Economic Discontent and Political Behavior: The Role of Personal Grievances and Collective Economic Judgments in Congressional Voting.” American Journal of Political Science, 23(September): 495-527. On SAKAI. Chong, Dennis, Jack Citrin, and Patricia Conley. 2001. “When Self-Interest Matters.” Political Psychology, 22(September): 541 - 570. On SAKAI. Bartels, Larry M. 2008. Unequal Democracy. (Chs 1 - 4)

------Optional ------

See the special issue of Political Psychology, March 1995 (Vol. 16, No. 1). Allen, Michael W., and Sik Hunk Ng. 2000. “Self-Interest, Economic Beliefs, and Political Party Preference in New Zealand.” Political Psychology, 21(June): 323-345. Bergan, Daniel E. 2009. “The Draft Lottery and Attitudes Towards the Vietnam War.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(Summer): 379 - 384. Bishop, Bradford H. 2014. “Focusing Events and Public Opinion: Evidence from the Deepwater Horizon Disaster.” Political Behavior, 36(March): 1 - 22. Blair, Graeme, C. Christine Fair, Neil Malhotra, and Jacob N. Shapiro. 2013. “Poverty and Support for Militant Politics: Evidence from Pakistan.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(January): 30 - 48. Boninger, David S., Jon A. Krosnick, and Matthew K. Berent. 1995. "Origins of Attitude Importance: Self-Interest, Social Identification, and Value Relevance." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(January): 61-80. Books, John, and Charles Prysby. 1999. “Contextual Effects on Retrospective Economic Evaluations: The Impact of the State and Local Economy.” Political Behavior, 21(March): 1-16. Bowler, Shaun, Todd Donovan, and Jeffrey A. Karp. 2006. “Why Politicians Like Electoral Institutions: Self-Interest, Values, or Ideology?” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 434 - 446. Burden, Barry C., and Anthony Nughan. 2003. “The International Economy and Presidential Approval.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(Winter): 555-578. Campbell, Andrea Louise. 2002. “Self-Interest, Social Security, and the Distinctive Participation Patterns of Senior Citizens.” American Political Science Review, 96(September): 565 - 574.

-29- Campbell, Andrea Louise. 2003. “Participatory Reactions to Policy Threats: Senior Citizens and the Defense of Social Security and Medicare.” Political Behavior: 25(March): 29-50. Cavaille, Charlotte, and Kris-Stella Trump. 2015. “The Two Facets of Social Policy Preferences.” Journal of Politics, 77 (January): 146 - 160. Chong, Dennis, and Anna-Maria Marshall. 1999. “When Morality and Economics Collide (or Not) in a Texas Community.” Political Behavior, 21(June): 91-122. Chzhen, Kat, Geoffrey Evans, and Mark Pickup. 2014. “When Do Economic Perceptions Matter for Party Approval?” Political Behavior, 36(June): 291 - 313. Citrin, Jack, Donald P. Green, Christopher Muste, and Cara Wong. 1997. "Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform: The Role of Economic Motivations." The Journal of Politics, 59(August): 858-881. Claibourn, Michele P., and Paul S. Martin. 2012. “Creating Constituencies: Presidential Campaigns, the Scope of Conflict, and Selective Mobilization.” Political Behavior, 34(March): 27 - 56. Crano, William D. 1997. "Vested Interest, Symbolic Politics, and Attitude-Behavior Consistency." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(March): 485-491. [See also comment by David O. Sears and rejoinder by Crano that immediately follow.] Davenport, Tiffany C. 2015. “Policy-Induced Risk and Responsive Participation: The Effect of a Son’s Conscription Risk on the Voting Behavior of His Parents.” American Journal of Political Science, 59 (January): 225 - 241. Dixon, R.D., Lowery, R.C., Levy, D.E., and Ferraro, K.F. 1991. Self-interest and Public Opinion Toward Smoking Policies: A Replication and Extension. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55, 241-254. Downs, Anthony 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row. (Chapters 1-3, pp 3-50). Duch, Raymond M., Harvey D. Palmer, and Christopher J. Anderson. 2000. “Heterogeneity in Perceptions of National Economic Conditions.” American Journal of Political Science, 44(October): 635 - 652. Duch, Raymond M., and Randy Stevenson. 2010. “The Global Economy, Competency, and the Economic Vote.” Journal of Politics, 72(January): 105 - 123. Egan, Patrick J., and Megan Mullin. 2012. “Turning Personal Experience into Political Attitudes: The Effect of Local Weather on Americans’ Perceptions about Global Warming.” Journal of Politics, 74(July): 796 - 809. Enns, Peter K., Paul M. Kellstedt, and Gregory E. McAvoy. 2012. “The Consequences of Partisanship in Economic Perceptions.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(Summer): 287 - 310. Enns, Peter K., Nathan J. Kelly, Jana Morgan, Thomas Volscho, and Christopher Witko. 2014. “Conditional Status Quo Bias and Top Income Shares: How U.S. Political Institutions Have Benefited the Rich.” Journal of Politics, 76(April): 289 - 303.

-30- Erikson, Robert S. 1990. “Economic Conditions and the Congressional Vote: A Review of the Macrolevel Evidence.” American Journal of Political Science, 34, 373-399. (see response by Jacobson and reply by Erikson which immediately follow). Erikson, Robert S., and Laura Stoker. 2011. “Caught in the Draft: The Effects of Vietnam Draft Lottery Status on Political Attitudes.” American Political Science Review, 105(May): 221 - 237. Evans, Geoffrey, and Robert Andersen. 2006. “The Political Conditioning of Economic Perceptions.” Journal of Politics, 68(February): 194 - 207. [See reply by Michael Lewis- Beck immediately following] Evans, Geoffrey, and Mark Pickup. 2010. “Reversing the Causal Arrow: The Political Conditioning of Economic Perceptions in the 2000 - 2004 U.S. Presidential Election Cycle.” Journal of Politics, 72 (October): 1236 - 1251. Evans, Geoffrey, and James Tilley. 2012. “The Depoliticization of Inequality and Redistribution: Explaining the Decline of Class Voting.” Journal of Politics, 74(October): 963 - 976. Fair, Ray C. 2009. “Presidential and Congressional Vote-Share Equations. American Journal of Political Science, 53(January): 55 - 72. Feddersen, Timothy J. 2004. “Rational Choice Theory and the Paradox of Not Voting.” The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18(January): 99-112. Feldman, Stanley. 1983. “Economic Individualism and American Public Opinion.” American Politics Quarterly, 11(1): 3 - 21. Fullerton, Andrew S., and Jeffrey C. Dixon. 2010. “Generational Conflict of Methodological Artifact? Reconsidering the Relationship Between Age and Policy Attitudes in the U.S., 1984 - 2008. Public Opinion Quarterly, 74(Winter): 643 - 673. Funk, Carolyn L. 2000. “The Influence of Self-Interest and Societal Interest in Public Opinion.” Political Research Quarterly, 53(March): 37-62. Gerber, Alan S., and Gregory A. Huber. 2009. “Partisan and Economic Behavior: Do Partisan Differences in Economic Forecasts Predict Real Economic Behavior?” American Political Science Review, 103(August): 407 - 426. Glasgow, G. 2005. “Evidence of Group-Based Economic Voting: NAFTA and Union Households in the 1992 U.S. Presidential Election.” Political Research Quarterly, 58(3): 427-434. Gomez, Brad T., and Thomas G. Hansfford. 2015. “Economic Retrospection and the Calculus of Voting.” Political Behavior, 37 (June): 309 - 330. Gomez, Brad T., and J. Matthew Wilson. 2001. “Political Sophistication and Economic Voting in the American Electorate: A Theory of Heterogeneous Attribution.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(October): 899 - 914. Grafstein, Robert, and Ann Moser. 2001. “Confronting Political-Economic Theories of Voting with Evidence.” Political Analysis, 9(Autumn): 362 - 378.

-31- Hacker, Jacob S., and Paul Pierson. 2005. “Abandoning the Middle: The Bush Tax Cuts and the Limits of Democratic Control.” Perspective on Politics, 3(March): 33-54. Haller, H.B., and Norpoth, H. 1994. “Let the Good Times Roll: The Economic Expectations of U.S. Voters.” American Journal of Political Science, 38, 625-650. Healy, Andrew, and Gabriel S. Lenz. 2014. “Substituting the End for the Whole: Why Voters Respond Primarily to the Election-Year Economy.” American Journal of Political Science, 58(January): 31 - 47. Hellwig, T., and D.M. Marinova. 2015. “More Misinformed than Myopic: Economic Retrospections and the Voter’s Time Horizon.” Political Behavior, 37 (December): 865 - 888. Hibbs, D.A., Jr. 1987. The American Political Economy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. (Chapter 5, pp 142-184). Hopkins, Daniel J. 2012. “Whose Economy? Perceptions of National Economic Performance During Unequal Growth.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(Spring): 50 - 71. Horowitz, Michael G., and Matthew S. Levendusky. 2011. “Drafting Support for War: Conscription and Mass Support for Warfare.” Journal of Politics, 73(April): 524 - 534. Huddy, Leonie, Jeffrey M. Jones, and Richard E. Chard. 2001. “Compassionate Politics: Support for Old-Age Programs Among the Non-Elderly.” Political Psychology, 22(September): 443 - 472. Johnston, Ron, Charles Pattie, Daniel Dorling, Iain MacAllister, Helena Tunstall, and David Rossiter. 2000. “Local Context, Retrospective Economic Evaluation, and Voting: The 1997 General Election in England and Wales. Political Behavior, 22(June): 121-144. Kam, Cindy D., and Yunju Nam. 2008. “Reaching Out or Pulling Back: Macroeconomic Conditions and Public Support for Social Welfare Spending.” Political Behavior, 30(June): 223 - 258. Kelly, Nathan J., and Peter K. Enns. 2010. “Inequality and the Dynamics of Public Opinion: The Self-Reinforcing Link Between Economic Inequality and Mass Preferences.” American Journal of Political Science, 54(October): 855 - 870.. Kinder, Donald .R., G.S. Adams, and Paul W. Gronke. 1989. “Economics and Politics in the 1984 American Presidential Election.” American Journal of Political Science, 33(): 491-515. Kramer, G. 1971. “Short-term Fluctuations in U.S. Voting Behavior, 1896-1964.” American Political Science Review, 65, 131-143. Kramer, Gerald. 1983. “The Ecological Fallacy Revisited: Aggregate- Versus Individual-Level Findings on Economics, and Elections, and Sociotropic Voting. American Political Science Review, 77(March): 92 - 111. Krause, George A., and Benjamin F. Melusky. 2014. “Retrospective Economic Voting and the Intertemporal Dynamics of Electoral Accoutability in the American States.” Journal of Politics, 76 (October): 1102 - 1115. #Governors

-32- Krosnick, J.A. 1991. “The Stability of Political Preferences: Comparisons of Symbolic and Nonsymbolic Attitudes.” American Journal of Political Science, 35, 547-577. Lau, Richard R. 1990. “Political Motivation and Political Cognition.” In E.T. Higgins and R.M. Sorrentino, (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Volume 2, pp 297-329). New York: Guilford. (particularly pp 302-306). Lau, Richard R., and Caroline Heldman. 2009. “Self-Interest, Symbolic Attitudes, and Support for Public Policy: A Multilevel Analysis.” Political Psychology, 30(August): 513 - 537. Lacy, Dean. 2014. “Moochers and Makers in the Voting Booth: Who Benefits from Federal Spending and How Did They Vote in the 2012 Presidential Election?” Public Opinion Quarterly, 78(Special Issue): 255 - 275. Lewis-Beck, Michael S., Richard Nadeau, and Angelo Elias. 2008. “Economics, party, and the Vote: Causality Issues and Panel Data.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(January): 84 - 95. MacKuen, M.B., Erikson, R.S., and Stimson, J.A. 1992. “Peasants or Bankers? The American Electorate and the U.S. Economy.” American Political Science Review, 86, 597-611. Malhotra, Neil, Yotam Margalit, and Cecilia H. Mo. 2013. “Economic Explanations for Opposition to Immigration: Distinguishing between Prevalence and Conditional Impact.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(April): 391 - 410. Markus, Gregory B. 1988. “The Impact of Personal and National Economic Conditions on the Presidential Vote: A Pooled Cross-Sectional Analysis.” American Journal of Political Science, 32(February): 137 -154. Miller, Dale T. 1999. “The Norm of Self-Interest.” American Psychologist, 54(December): 1053- 1060. Miller, Dale T., and Rebecca K Ratner. 1998. “The Disparity Between the Actual and Assumed Power of Self-Interest.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(January): 53- 62. Monroe, Kristen R. 1979. “Econometric Analyses of Electoral Behavior: A Critical Review.” Political Behavior, 1(2): 137 - 173. Mutz, D.C. 1993. “Direct and Indirect Routes to Politicizing Personal Experience: Does Knowledge Make a Difference?” Public Opinion Quarterly, 57, 483-502. Nadeau, Richard, and Michael S. Lewis-Beck. 2001. “National Economic Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections.” Journal of Politics, 63(February): 159 - 181. Niemi, Richard G., John Bremer, and Michael Heel. 1999. “Determinants of State Economic Perceptions.” Political Behavior, 21(June): 175-193. Norpoth, Helmut. 1996. "Presidents and the Prospective Voter." Journal of Politics, 58 (August):776-792. (See also response by MacKuen et al., and rejoinder by Norpoth, that follow.) Norpoth, Helmut. 2001. “Divided Government and Economic Voting.” Journal of Politics, 63(May): 414 - 435.

-33- Pickup, Mark, and Geoffrey Evans. 2013. “Addressing the Endogeneity of Economic Evaluations in Models of Political Choice.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(Fall): 735 - 754. Plutzer, Eric, and Michael Berkman. 2005. “The Graying of American and Support for Funding the Nation’s Schools.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(Spring): 66 - 86. Ramirez, Mark D., and Nathan Erickson. 2014. “Partisan Bias nad Information Discounting in Economic Judgments.” Political Psychology, 35(June): 401 - 416. Rankin, David M. 2001. “Identities, Interests, and Imports.” Political Behavior, 23(December): 351 - 376. Ratner, Rebecca K., and Dale T. Miller. 2001. “The Norm of Self-Interest and Its Effects on Social Action.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81(July): 5 - 16. Reeves, Andrew, and James G. Gimpel. 2012. “Ecologies of Unease: Geographic Context and National Economic Evaluations. Political Behavior, 34 (September): 507 - 534. Rudolph, Thomas J. 2009. “Political Trust, Ideology, and Public Support for Tax Cuts.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(Spring): 144 - 158. Sauermann, Jan, and Andre Kaiser, 2010. “Taking Others into Account: Self-Interest and Fairness in Majority Decision Making.” American Journal of Political Science, 54(July): 667 - 685. BARRY PROJECT Sears, David O., and Carolyn Funk. 1991. “The Role of Self-Interest in Social and Political Attitudes.” In L. Berkowitz (Ed.) Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 24, pp. 1-91). New York: Academic Press. Sears, D.O., and Richard R. Lau. 1983. Inducing apparently self-interested political preferences. American Journal of Political Science, 27, 233-252. Shah, Dhavan V., Mark D. Watts, David Domke, David P. Fan, and Michael Fibison. 1999. “News Coverage, Economic Cues, and the Public’s Presidential Preferences, 1984 - 1996. Journal of Politics, 61(November): 914 - 943. Simonovits, G. 2015. “An Experimental Approach to Economic Voting.” Political Behavior, 37 (December): 977 - 994. Stoker, L. 1992. “Interests and Ethics in Politics.” American Political Science Review, 86,369- 380. Tedin, K.L. 1994. “Self-interest, Symbolic Values, and the Financial Equalization of the Public Schools.” Journal of Politics, 56, 628-649. Tedin, Kent L., Richard E. Matland, and Gregory R. Weiher. 2001. “Age, Race, Self-Interest and Financing Public Schools Through Referenda.” Journal of Politics, 63(February): 270 - 294. Tverdova, Yuliya V. 2012. “The Formation of Economic Perceptions in Post-Communist Countries of East Central Europe.” Political Behavior, 34(March): 137 - 158. Walsh, Katherine Cramer. 2012. “Putting Inequality in Its Place: Rural Consciousness and the Power of Perspective.” American Political Science Review, 106(August): 517 - 532. -34- Weatherford, M. Stephen, and Boris Sergeyev. 2000. “Thinking about Economic Interests: Class and Recession in the New Deal.” Political Behavior 22(December): 311 - 340. Wlezien, Christopher, Mark Franklin, and Daniel Twiggs. 1997. "Economic Perceptions and Vote Choice: Disentangling the Endogeneity. Political Behavior, 18(March): 7-18. Wolpert, Robin M., and James G. Gimpel. 1998. “Self-Interest, Symbolic Politics, and Public Attitudes toward Gun Control.” Political Behavior, 20(September): 241-262. Wood, B. D. 2009. “Presidential Saber Rattling and the Economy.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(July): 695 - 709.

-35- Nov. 2` Public Opinion and Race

Kinder, D.R., and Sears, D.O. 1981. “Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism Versus Racial Threats to the Good Life.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 414-431. On SAKAI. Banks, Antoine J, and Nicholas A. Valentino. 2012. “Emotional Substrates of White Racial Attitudes.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(April): 286 - 297. On SAKAI. Mendelberg, Tali. 2001. The Race Card. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. (Particularly Chs 1, 6, and 7). Nelson, Thomas E., Kira Sanbonmatsu, and Harwood K. McClerking. 2007. “Playing a Different Race Card: Examining the Limits of Elite Influence on Perceptions of Racism.” Journal of Politics, 69(May): 416 - 429. On SAKAI. Burns, Nancy, and Donald R. Kinder. 2012. “Categorical Politics: Gender, Race, and Public Opinion.” In Adam J. Berinsky (Ed.). New Directions in Public Opinion (pp 139 - 167). New York: Routledge. Tesler, Michael. 2012. “The Spillover of Racialization into Health Care: How President Obama Polarized Public Opinion by Racial Attitudes and Race.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(July): 690 - 704. On SAKAI.

------Optional ------

Alvarez, R. Michael, and John Brehm. 1997. “Are Americans Ambivalent Toward Racial Policies?” American Journal of Political Science, 41(April): 345-374. Avery, James M., and Jeffrey A. Fine. 2012. “Racial Composition, White Racial Attitudes, and Black Representation: Testing the Racial Threat Hypothesis in the United States Senate.” Political Behavior, 34 (September): 391 - 410. Baker, Andy 2015. “Race, Paternalism, and Foreign Aid: Evidence from U.S. Public Opinion.” American Political Science Review, 109 (February): 93 - 109. Banks, Antoine J., and Melissa A. Bell. 2013. “Racialized Campaign Ads: The Emotional Content in Implicit Racial Appeals Primes White Racial Attitudes.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(Summer): 549 - 560. Berinsky, Adam J., Vince L. Hutchings, Tali Mendelberg, Lee Shaker, and Nicholas A. Valentino. 2011. “Sex and Race: Are Black Candidates More Likely to be Disadvantaged by Sex Scandals?” Political Behavior, 33(June): 179 - 202. Bizumic, Boris, and John Duckitt. 2012. “What Is and Is Not Ethnocentrism? A Conceptual Analysis and Political Implications.” Political Psychology, 33(December): 887 - 910. Blinder, Scott, Robert Ford, and Elisabeth Ivarsflatern. 2014. “The Better Angels of Our Nature: How the Antiprejudice Norm Affects Policy and Party Preferences in Great Britain and Germany.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(October): 841 - 857.

-36- Block, Ray Jr. 2011. “What About Disillusionment? Exploring the Pathways to Black Nationalism.” Political Behavior, 33(March): 27 - 52. Bobo, Larry D. 1983. “Whites' Opposition to Busing: Symbolic Racism or Realistic Group Conflict?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 1196-1210. Bobo, Larry D., and C. Fox. 2003. “Racism, and Discrimination: Bridging Problems, Methods, and Theory in Social Psychological Research.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 66(4): 319-332. Brandt, Mark J., and Christine Reyna. 2014. “To Love or Hate Thy Neighbor: The Role of Authoritarianism and Traditionalism in Explaining the Link Between Fundamentalism and Racial Prejudice.” Political Psychology 35(April): 207 - 224. Branton, Regina P., and Bradford S. Jones. 2005. “Reexamining Racial Attitudes: The Conditional Relationship Between Diversity and Socioeconomic Environment.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(April): 359 - 372. Canache, Damarys, Matthew Hayes, Jeffery J Mondak, and Mitchell A. Seligson. 2014. “Determinants of Perceived Skin Color Discrimination in Latin America.” Journal of Politics, 76(April): 506 - 520. Cohen, Jeffrey E. 2010. “Perceptions of Anti-Semitism among American Jews, 2000 - 05, A Survey Analysis.” Political Psychology, 31(February): 85 - 108. Craemer, Thomas. 2010. “Possible Implicit Mechanisms of Minority Representation.” Political Psychology, 31(December): 797 - 830. Davenport, Lauren D. 2016. “Beyond Black and White: Biracial Attitudes in Contemporary U.S. Politics.” American Political Science Review, 110 (February): 52 - 67. Dawson, Michael. 1994. Behind the Mule: Race and Class in African American Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Ditonto, Tessa M., Richard R. Lau, and David O. Sears. 2013. “AMPing Racial Attitudes: Comparing the Power of Explicit and Implicit Racism Measures in 2008.” Political Psychology, 34(August): 487 - 510. Dyck, Joshua J., and Laura S. Hussey. 2008. “The End of Welfare as We Know It? Durable Attitudes in a Changing Information Environment.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(Winter): 589 - 618. Federico, Christopher M. 2005. “Racial Perceptions and Evaluative Responses to Welfare: Does Education Attenuate Race-of-Target Effects?” Political Psychology, 26(October): 683 - 698. Federico, Christopher M. 2006. “Race, Education, and Individualism Revisited.” Journal of Politics, 68(August): 600 - 610. Federico, Christopher M., and Justin W. Holmes. 2005. “Education and the Interface between Racial Perceptions and Criminal Justice Attitudes.” Political Psychology, 26 (February): 47 - 76.

-37- Federico, Chris M., and Jim Sidanius. 2002. “Sophistication and the Antecedent of Whites’ Racial Policy Attitudes: Racism, Ideology, and Affirmative Action in America.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(Summer): 145 - 176. Federico, Chris M., and Jim Sidanius. 2002. “Racism, Ideology, and Affirmative Action Revisited: The Antecedents and Consequences of ‘Principled Objections’ to Affirmative Action” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(April): 488-502. Fein, Steven, and Steven J. Spencer. 1997. "Prejudice as Self-Image Maintenance: Affirming the Self Through Derogating Others." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(July): 31-44. Feldman, Stanley, and Leonie Huddy. 2005. “Racial Resentment and White Opposition to Race- Conscious Programs: Principles or Prejudice?” American Journal of Political Science, 49(January): 168-183. Fowler, Matthew. 2016. “Race Still Matters: Political Ideology and the South.” PS: Political Science & Politics, 49 (April): 215 - 220. Gilliam, Frank D., Jr. 1996. Exploring Minority Empowerment: Symbolic Politics, Governing Coalitions, and Traces of Political Style in Los Angeles. American Journal of Political Science, 40, 56-81. Glaser, James M. 2001. “The Preference Puzzle: Educational Differences in Racial-Political Attitudes.” Political Behavior, 23(December): 313 - 334. Goldman, Seth K. 2012. “Effects of the 2008 Obama Presidential Campaign on White Racial Prejudice.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(Winter): 663 - 687. Gomez, Brad T., and J. Matthew Wilson. 2006. “Rethinking Symbolic Racism: Evidence of Attribution Bias.” Journal of Politics, 68(August): 611 - 625. Hainmueller, Jens, and Michael J. Hiscox. 2010. “Attitudes toward Highly Skilled and Low- skilled Immigration: Evidence from a Survey Experiment.” American Political Science Review, 104(February): 40 - 60. Hajnal, Zoltan L. 2007. “Black Class Exceptionalism: Insights from Direct Democracy on the Race versus Class Debate.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 4(Winter): 560 - 587. Hartman, Todd K., Benjamin J. Newman, and C. Scott Bell. 2014. “Decoding Prejudice Toward Hispanics: Group Cues and Public Reactions to Threatening Immigrant Behavior.” Political Behavior, 36(March): 143 - 163. Hassell, H.J.G., and N. Visalvanich. 2015. “Call to (in)Action: The Effects of Racial Priming on Grassroots Mobilization.” Political Behavior, 37 (December): 911 - 932. Henry, P.J., and David O. Sears. 2002. “The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale.” Political Psychology, 23(June): 253 - 284. Henry, P.J., and David O. Sears. 2009. “The Crystallization of Contemporary Racial Prejudice across the Lifespan.” Political Psychology, 30(August): 569 - 590.

Hood, M.V. III, and Seth C. McKee. 2015. “True Colors: White Conservative Support for Minority Republican Candidates.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 79 (Spring): 28 - 52.

-38- Hopkins, Daniel J. 2009. “No More Wilder Effect, Never a Whitman Effect: When and Why Polls Mislead about Black and Female Candidates.” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 769 - 781. Hunt, Matthew O. 2007. “African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality, 1977 - 2004.” American Sociological Review, 72(June): 390 - 415. Hurwitz, Jon, and Mark Peffley. 1997. “Public Perceptions of Race and Crime: The Role of Racial Stereotypes.” American Journal of Political Science, 41(April): 375-401. Hutchings, Vincent L. 2009. “Change or More of the Same? Evaluating Racial Attitudes in the Obama Era.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(Special Issue): 917 - 942. Hutchings, Vincent L., Nicholas A. Valentino, Tasha Philpot, and Ismail K. White. 2004. “The Compassion Strategy: Race and the Gender Gap in American Politics.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 68(Winter): 512 - 541. Hutchings, Vincent L., Hanes Walton Jr., and Andrea Benjamin. 2010. “The Impact of explicit Racial Cues on Gender Differences in Support for Confederate Symbols and Partisanship.” Journal of Politics, 72 (October): 1175 - 1188. Imhoff, Roland, and Julia Recker. 2012. “Differentiating Islamophobia: Introducing a New Scale to Measure Islamoprejudice and Secular Islam Critique.” Political Psychology, 33(December): 811 - 824. Iyengar, Shanto, Simon Jackman, Solomon Messing, Nicholas Valentino, Toril Aalberg, Raymond Duch, Syu S. Hahn, Stuart Soroka, Allison Harell, and Tetsuro Kobayashi. 2013. “Do Attitudes about Immigration Predict Willingness to Admit Individual Immigrants? A Cross-National Test of the Person-Positivity Bias.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(Fall): 641 - 665. Jacobsmeier, M.I. 2015. “From Black and White to Left and Right: Race, Perceptions of Candidates’ Ideologies, and Voting Behavior in U.S. House Elections.” Political Behavior, 37 (September): 595 - 622. Johnson, Christopher D., Benjamin J. Newman, and Yamil Velez. 2015. “Ethnic Change, Personality, and Polarization over Immigration in the American Public.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 79(Fall): 662 - 686. Junn, Jane, Tali Mendelberg, and Erica Czaja. 2012. “Race and the Group Bases of Public Opinion.” In Adam J. Berinsky (Ed.). New Directions in Public Opinion (pp 119 - 138). New York: Routledge. Kalkan, Kerem Ozan, Geoffrey C. Layman, and Eric M. Uslaner. 2009. “‘Bands of Others?’ Attitudes toward Muslims in Contemporary American Society.” Journal of Politics, 71(July): 831 - 846. Kalmoe, Nathan Pl, and Specner Piston. 2013. “Is Implicit Prejudice against Blacks Politically Consequential? Evidence from the AMP.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 77(Spring): 305 - 322. Kawakami, K, C.E. Phills, J.R. Steele, and J.F. Dovidio. 2007. “(Close) Distance Makes the Heart Grow Fonder: Improving Implicit Racial Attitudes and Interracial Interactions Through Approach Behaviors.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(June): 957-971. -39- Kinder, Donald R., and Katherine W. Drake. 2009. “Myrdal’s Prediction.” Political Psychology, 30(August): 539 - 568. Kinder, Donald R., and Corrine M. McConnaughy. 2006. “Military Triumph, Racial Transcendence, and Colin Powell.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(Summer): 139 - 165. Kinder, D.R., and Mendelberg, T. 1995. “Cracks in American Apartheid: The Political Impact of Prejudice among Desegregated Whites.” Journal of Politics, 57, 402-424. Kinder, Donald R., and Lynn M. Sanders. 1996. Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kinder, D.R., and Sears, D.O. 1981. “Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism Versus Racial Threats to the Good Life.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 414-431. Kinder, Donald R., and Nicholas Winter. 2001. “Exploring the Racial Divide: Blacks, Whites, and Opinion on National Policy.” American Journal of Political Science, 45(April): 439 - 456. Lee, Taeku. 2002. Mobilizing Public Opinion: Black Insurgency and Racial Attitudes in the Civil Rights Era. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. McFarland, Sam. 2010. “Authoritarianism, Social Dominance, and Other Roots of Generalized Prejudice.” Political Psychology, 31(June): 453 - 478. Mendelberg, Tali. 2008. “Racial Priming Revived.” Perspectives on Politics, 6(March): 109 - 124. [See also response by Huber and Lapinski, and rejoinder by Mendelberg.] Moss-Racusin, Corinne, Julie Phelan, and Laurie Rudman. 2010. “‘I’m Not Prejudiced, but ...’: Compensatory Egalitarianism in the 2008 Democratic Presidential Primary.” Political Psychology, 31(August): 543 - 562. Neblo, Michael A. 2009. “Three-Fifths a Racist: A Typology for Analyzing Public Opinion About Race.” Political Behavior, 31(March): 31 - 52. Oliver, J. Eric, and Tali Mendelberg. 2000. “Reconsidering the Environmental Determinants of Racial Attitudes.” American Journal of Political Science, 44(July): 574 - 589. Orey, Bryan D., Thomas Craemer, and Melanye Price. “Implicit Racial Attitude Measures in Black Samples: IAT, Subliminal Priming, and Implicit Black Identification.” PS Political Science & Politics, 46(July): 550 - 552. Overby, L.M., Henschen, B.M., Strauss, J., and Walsh, M.H. 1992. “Courting Constituents? An Analysis of the Senate Confirmation Vote on Justice Clarence Thomas.” American Political Science Review, 86, 997-1006. Pasek, Josh, Tobias H. Stark, Jon A. Krosnick, Trevor Tompson, and B. Keith Payne. 2014. “Attitudes Toward Blacks in the Obama Era: Changing Distributions and Impacts on Job Approval and Electoral Choice, 2008 - 2012. Public Opinion Quarterly, 78(Special Issue): 276 - 302. Pasek, Josh, Alexander Tahk, Yphtach Lelkes, Jon A. Krosnick, B. Keith Payne, Omair Akhtar, and Trevor Tompson. 2009. Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(Special Issue): 943 - 994.

-40- Peffley, Mark, and Jon Hurwitz. 2002. “The Racial Components of ‘Race-Neutral’ Crime Policy Attitudes.” Political Psychology, 23(March): 59 - 76. Peffley, Mark, and Jon Hurwitz. 2007. “Persuasion and Resistance: Race and the Death Penalty in America.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(October): 996 - 1012. Peffley, Mark, Jon Hurwitz, and Paul M. Sniderman. 1997. “Racial Stereotypes and Whites’ Political Views of Blacks in the Context of Welfare and Crime.” American Journal of Political Science, (January): 30-60. Perez, Efren O. 2015. “Xenophobic Rhetoric and Its Political Effects on Immigrants and Their Co-Ethnics.” American Journal of Political Science, 59 (July): 549 - 564. Pettigrew, Thomas F., and L.R. Tropp. 2006. “A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(May): 751-783. Piston, Spencer. 2010. “How Explicit Racial Prejudice Hurt Obama in the 2008 Election.” Political Behavior, 432(December): 431 - 452. Rabinowitz, Joshua L, David O. Sears, Jim Sidanius, and Jon A. Krosnick. 2009. “Why Do White Americans Oppose Race-Targeted Policies? Political Psychology, 30(October): 805 - 828. Reyna, Christine, Amanda Tucker, William Korfmacher, and P. J. Henry. 2005. “Searching for Common Ground between Supporters and Opponents of Affirmative Action.” Political Psychology, 26(October): 661 - 666. Rudolph, Thomas J., and Elizabeth Popp. 2010. “Race, Environment, and Interracial Trust.” Journal of Politics, 72(January): 74 - 89. Sears, David O., M. Fu, P.J. Henry, and K Bui. 2003. “The Origins and Persistence of Ethnic Identity Among the "New Immigrant" Groups.” Social Psychology Quarterly, 66(4): 419-437. Sears, David O., and P.J. Henry. 2005. “Over Thirty Years Later: A Contemporary Look at Symbolic Racism.” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 37: 95 - 150. Sears, D.O., and Kinder, D.R. 1985. “Whites' Opposition to Busing: On Conceptualizing and Operationalizing Group Conflict.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1141-1147. Sears, David O., and Victoria Savalei. 2006. “The Political Color Line in America: Many ‘Peoples of Color’ or Black Exceptionalism?” Political Psychology, 27(December): 895 - 924. Sears, David O., Colette Van Laar, Mary Carrillo, and Rick Kosterman. 1997. “Is It Really Racism? The Origins of White Americans’ Opposition to Race-Targeted Policies.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(Spring): 16 - 53. Sidanius, Jim, Felicia Pratto, and Lawrence Bobo. 1996. “Racism, Conservatism, Affirmative Action, and Intellectual Sophistication: A Matter of Principled Conservatism or Group Dominance?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3): 476-490. Sibley, Chris G., John Duckitt, Robin Bergy, Danny Osborne, Ryan Perry, Frank Asbrock, Andrew Robertson, Gavin Armstrong, Marc Stewart Wilson, and Fiona Kate Barlow. -41- 2013. “A Dual Process Model of Attitudes toward Immigration: Person X Residential Area Effects in a National Sample.” Political Psychology, 34(August): 558 - 572. Sniderman, Paul M., Louk Hagendoorn, and Markus Prior. 2004. “Predisposing Factors and Situational Triggers: Exclusionary Reactions to Immigrant Minorities.” American Political Science Review, 98(February): 35-50. Sniderman, P.M., Piazza, T., Tetlock, P.E., and Kendrick, A. 1991. “The New Racism.” American Journal of Political Science, 35 (), 423-447. Sniderman, P.M., and Tetlock, P.E. 1986. “Symbolic Racism: Problems of Motive Attribution in Political Analysis.” Journal of Social Issues, 42, 129-150. (See also the reply by Kinder and Sears, and the rebuttal by Sniderman and Tetlock, both of which follow.) Suthammanont, Christina, David A.M. Peterson, Chris T. Owens, and Jan E. Leighley. “Taking Threat Seriously: Prejudice, Principle and Attitudes Toward Racial Policies.” Political Behavior, 32(June): 231 - 254. Tarman, Christopher, and David O. Sears. 2005. “The Conceptualization and Measurement of Symbolic Racism.” Journal of Politics, 67(August): 731 - 761. Taylor, Marylee C., and Stephen M. Merino. 2011. “Assessing the Racial Views of White Conservative Protestants: Who Do We Compare with Whom?” Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(Winter): 761 - 778. Tesler, Michael. 2015. “The Conditions Ripe for Racial Spillover Effects.” Advances in Political Psychology, 36 S1 (February): 101 - 118. Transue, John E. 2007. “Identity Salience, Identity Acceptance, and Racial Policy Attitudes: American National Identity as a Uniting Force.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(January): 78 - 91. Unnever, James D., and Francis T. Cullen. 2010. “The Social Sources of Americans’ Punitiveness: A Test of Three Competing Models.” Criminology, 48(1): 99 - 129. Valentino, Nicholas A., and Ted Brader. 2011. “The Sword’s Other Edge: Perceptions of Discrimination and Racial Policy Opinion after Obama.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(Summer): 201 - 226. Valentino, Nicholas A., Ted Brader, and Ashley E. Jardina. 2013. “Immigration Opposition Among U.S. Whites: General Ethnocentrism or Media Priming of Attitudes about Latinos?” Political Psychology, 34(April): 149 - 166. Valentino, Nicholas A., and David O. Sears. 2005. “Old Times There Are Not Forgotten: Race and Partisan Realignment in the Contemporary South.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(September): 672 - 688. Virtanen, Simo V., and Leonie Huddy. 1998. “Old-Fashioned Racism and New Forms of Racial Prejudice.” Journal of Politics, 60(May): 311-332. Weaver, Vesla M. 2012. “The Electoral Consequences of Skin Color: The “Hidden” Side of Race in Politics.” Political Behavior, 34(March): 159 - 192. Weber, Christopher R., Howard Lavine, Leonie Huddy, and Christopher M. Federico. 2014. “Placing Racial Stereotypes in Context: Social Desirability and the Politics of Racial Hostility.” American Journal of Political Science, 58(January): 63 -78. -42- White, Ismail K. 2007. “When Race Matters and When It Doesn’t: Racial Group Differences in Response to Racial Cues.” American Political Science Review, 101(May): 339 - 354.

-43- Nov. 9 (No class this week, Charter Day preparation!)

Nov. 16 Mass Media, Framing, and Public Opinion

Iyengar, Shanto, Mark D. Peters, and Donald R. Kinder. 1982. “Experimental Demonstrations of the "Not-so-Minimal" Consequences of Television News Programs.” American Political Science Review, 76(December): 848-858. MUST ADD. Druckman, James N. 2001. “On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?” Journal of Politics, 63(November): 1041 - 1066. On SAKAI. Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2010. “Dynamic Public Opinion: Communication Effects over Time.” American Political Science Review, 104(November): 663 - 680. On SAKAI. Bennett, W. Lance, and Shanto Iyengar. 2008. “A New Era of Minimal Effects? The Changing Foundations of Political Communication.” Journal of Communication, 58(4): 707 - 731. On SAKAI. Merolla, Jennifer, S. Karthick Ramaskrishnan, and.a Chris Haynes. 2013. ““Illegal,” “Undocumented,” or “Unauthorized”: Equivalency Frames, Issue Frames, and Public Opinion on Immigration.” Perspective on Politics, 11(September): 789 - 807. MUST ADD. Baum, Matthew. 2012. “Media, Public Opinion, and Presidential Leadership.” In Adam J. Berinsky (Ed.). New Directions in Public Opinion (pp 258- 270). New York: Routledge.

------Optional ------Aaroe, Lene, and Michael Bang Petersen. 2014. “Crowding Out Culture: Scandinavians and Americans Agree on Social Welfare in the Face of Deservingness Cues.” Journal of Politics, 76(July): 684 - 697. Aarts, Kees, and Holli S. Semetko. 2003. “The Divided Electorate: Media Use and Political Involvement.” Journal of Politics, 65(August): 759.784. Althaus, Scott L., and Young Mie Kim. 2006. “Priming Effects in Complex Information Environments: Reassessing the Impact of News Discourse on Presidential Approval.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 960 - 976. Ansolabehere, S., and Iyengar, S. 1994. Riding the wave and claiming ownership over issues: The joint effects of advertising and news coverage in campaigns. Public Opinion Quarterly, 58, 335-357. Ansolabehere, S., Iyengar, S., Simon, A., and Valentino, N. 1994. Does attack advertising demobilize the electorate? American Political Science Review, 88, 829-838.

-44- Ansolabehere, Stephen, Erik C. Snowberg, and James M. Snyder, Jr. 2005. “ Unrepresentative Information: The Case of Newspaper Reporting on Campaign Finance.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(Summer): 213 - 231. Arceneaux, Kevin, Martin Johnson, and Chad Murphy. 2012. “Polarized Political Communication, Oppositional Media Hostility, and Selective Exposure.” Journal of Politics, 74(January): 174 - 186. Barabas, Jason, and Jennifer Jerit. 2009. “Estimating the Causal Effects of Media Coverage on Policy-Specific Knowledge.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(January): 73 - 89. Barker, David, and Kathleen Knight. 2000. “Political Talk Radio and Public Opinion.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 64(Summer): 149-170. Bartels, L.M. 1993. Messages Received: The Political Impact of Media Exposure.” American Political Science Review, 87, 267-285. Baum, Matthew A., and Tim Groeling. 2009. “Shot by the Messenger: Partisan Cues and Public Opinion Regarding National Security and War.” Political Behavior, 31 (June): 157 - 186. Baum, Matthew A., and Angela S. Jamison. 2006. “The Oprah Effect: How Soft News Helps Inattentive Citizens Vote Consistently.” Journal of Politics, 68(November): 946 - 959. Berinsky, Adam J., and Donald R. Kinder. 2006. “ Making Sense of Issues Through Media Frames: Understanding the Kosovo Crisis.” Journal of Politics, 68(August): 640 - 656. Binder, M., M. Childers, and N Johnson. 2015. “Campaigns and the Mitigation of Framing Effects on Voting Behavior: A Natural and Field Experiment.” Political Behavior, 37 (September): 703 - 722. Bolsen, Toby, James N. Druckman, and Fay Lomax Cook. 2014. “How Frames Can Undermine Support for Scientific Adaptations: Politicization and the Status-Quo Bias.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 78(Spring): 1 - 26. Brewer, Paul R. 2002. “Framing, Value Words, and Citizens’ Explanations of Their Issue Opinions.” Political Communication, 19(July): 303 - 316. Brewer, Paul R. 2003. “Values, Political Knowledge, and Public Opinion about Gay Rights: A Framing-Based Account.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(Summer): 173-201. Brewer, Paul R., and Kimberly Gross. 2005. “Values, Framing, and Citizens’ Thoughts about Policy Issues: Effects on Content and Quantity.” Political Psychology, 26(December): 929 - 948. Brians, C.L., and Wattenberg, M.P. 1996. Campaign issue knowledge and salience: Comparing reception from TV commercials, TV news, and newspapers. American Journal of Political Science, 40, 172-193. Budak, Ceren, Sharad Goel, and Justin M. Rao. 2016. “Fair and Balanced? Quantifying Media Bias through Crowdsourced Content Analysis.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 80 (Special Issue): 250 - 271.

-45- Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2007. “Framing Public Opinion in Competitive Democracies.” American Political Science Review, 101(4): 637 - 655. Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2007. “Framing Theory.” Annual Review of Political Science, 10: 103-126. Clinton, Joshua D.,and Ted Enamorado. 2014. “The National News Media’s Effect on Congress: How Fox News Affected Elites in Congress.” Journal of Politics, 76 (October): 928 - 943. Cobb, Michael D., and James H. Kuklinski. 1997. “Changing Minds: Political Arguments and Political Persuasion.” American Journal of Political Science, 41(March): 88 - 121.

D’Alessio, Dave, and Mike Allen. 2000. “Media Bias in Presidential Elections: A Meta- Analysis.” Journal of Communication, 50(4): 133 - 156. Dalton, Russell J., Paul A. Beck, and Robert Huckfeldt. 1998. “Partisan Cues and the Media: Information Flows in the 1992 Presidential Election.” American Political Science Review, 92(March): 111-126. Dancey, Logan, and Paul Goren. 2010. “Party Identification, Issue Attitudes, and the Dynamics of Political Debate.” American Journal of Political Science, 54(July): 686 - 699. Danielian, L.H., and Page, B.I. 1994. The heavenly chorus: Interest group voices on TV news. American Journal of Political Science, 38, 1056-1078. Davis, Nicholas T., and Johanna L. Dunaway. 2016. “Party Polarization, Media Choice, and Mass Partisan-Ideological Sorting.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 80 (Special Issue): 272 - 297. Dilliplane, Susanna, Seth K. Goldman, and Diana C. Mutz. 2013. “Televised Exposure to Politics: New Measures for a Fragmented Media Environment.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(January): 236 - 248. Dreier, Peter, and Christopher R. Martin. 2010. “How ACORN was Framed: Political Controversy and Media Agenda Setting.” Perspectives on Politics, 8(September): 761 - 792. Druckman, James N. 2003. “The Power of Television Images: The First Kennedy-Nixon Debate Revisited.” Journal of Politics, 65(May): 559-571. Druckman, James N., Cari Lynn Hennessy, Kristi St. Charles, and Jonathan Webber. 2010. “Competing Rhetoric Over Time: Frames Versus Cues.” Journal of Politics, 72(January): 136 - 148. Druckman, James N., and Thomas J. Leeper. 2012. “Learning More from Political Communication Experiments: Pretreatment and Its Effects.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(October): 875 - 896. Druckman, James N., and Kjersten R. Nelson. 2003. “ Framing and Deliberation: How Citizens’ Conversations Limit Elite Influence.” American Journal of Political Science, 47(4): 729 - 745. Druckman, James N., and Michael Parkin. 2005. “The Impact of Media Bias: How Editorial Slant Affects Voters.” Journal of Politics, 67(4): 1030 - 1049. -46- Entman, Robert. 2004. Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and US Foreign Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Entman, Robert, and Susan Herbst. 2001. "Reframing Public Opinion as We Have Known It." In L. Bennett and R. Entman (eds.) Mediated Politics: Communication in the Future of Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press. Erbring, L., Goldenberg, E.N., and Miller, A.H. 1980. Front-page news and real-world cues: A new look at agenda-setting by the media. American Journal of Political Science, 24, 16-49. Eveland, William P., Jr., and S. Dunwoody. 2001. “User Control and Structural Isomorphism or Disorientation and Cognitive Load? Learning from the Web versus Print.” Communication Research, 28(): 48 - 78. Eveland, William P., Jr., A. F. Hayes, Dhavan V. Shah, and N. Kwak. 2005. “Understanding the Relationship between Communication and Political Knowledge: A Model Comparison Approach Using Panel Data.” Political Communication, 22(): 423 - 446. Eveland, William P., Jr., and Dhavan V. Shah. 2003. “The Impact of Individual and Interpersonal Factors on Perceived News Media Bias.” Political Psychology, 24(March): 101 -118. Feldman, Lauren. 2011. “The Opinion Factor: The Effects of Opinionated News on Information processing and Attitude change.” Political Communication, 28(2): 163 - 181. Flaxman, Seth, Sharad Goel, an d Justin M. Rao. 2016. “Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers, and Online news Consumption.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 80 (Special Issue): 298 - 320. Gasper, John. 2011. “Shifting Ideologies? Re-examining Media Bias.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science, 6(August): 85-102. Gentzkow, Matthew, and Jesse Shapiro. 2010. “What Drives Media Slant? Evidence from U.S. Daily Newspapers.” Econometrica, 78(1): 35 - 71. Gilens, Martin. 1996. "Race and Poverty in America: Public Misperceptions and the American News Media." Public Opinion Quarterly, 60(Winter): 515-541. Gilens, Martin. 1996. “‘Race-Coding’ and White Opposition to Welfare.” American Political Science Review, 90(September): 593-604. Gilens, Martin. 1999. Why Americans Hate Welfare. Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press. Gilens, Martin, and Craig Hertzman. 2000. “Corporate Ownership and News Bias: Newspaper Coverage of the 1996 Telecommunications Act.” Journal of Politics, 62(May): 369 - 386. Gilens, Martin, Lynn Vavreck, and Martin Cohen. 2007. “The Mass Media and the Public’s Assessments of Presidential Candidates, 1952 - 2000.” Journal of Politics, 69(November): 1160 - 1175. Gilliam, Jr., Franklin D., and Shanto Iyengar. 2000. “Prime Suspects: The Influence of Local Television News on the Viewing Public.” American Journal of Political Science, 44(July)5:6 0 - 573.

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-50- Mendelberg, Tali. 1997. "Executing Hortons: Racial Crime in the 1988 Presidential Campaign. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(Spring): 134-157. Mendelberg, Tali. 2001. The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Message, and the Norm of Equality. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Mendelsohn, M. 1996. The media and interpersonal communications: The priming of issues, leaders, and party identification. Journal of Politics, 58, 112-125. Miller, Arthur H., Goldenberg, Edie N. and Erbring, Lutz. 1979. “Type Set Politics: Impact of Newspapers on Public Confidence.” American Political Science Review, 73, 67-84. Miller, Joanne M. 2007. “Examining the Mediators of Agenda Setting: A New Experimental Paradigm Reveals the Role of Emotions.” Political Psychology, 28(December): 689 - 718. Miller, Joanne M., and Jon A Krosnick. 2000. “News Media Impact on the Ingredients of Presidential Evaluations: Politically Knowledgeable Citizens are Guided by a Trusted Source.” American Journal of Political Science, 44(April): 301 - 315. Mondak, J.J. 1995. Media exposure and political discussion in U.S. elections. Journal of Politics, 57, 62-85. Mondak, J.J. 1995. Newspapers and political awareness. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 513-527. Morris, Jonathan S. 2009. “The Daily Show with Jon Steward and Audience Attitude Change During the 2004 Party Convention.” Political Behavior, 31(March): 79 - 102. Mutz, D.C. 1992. Mass media and the depoliticization of personal experience. American Journal of Political Science, 36, 483-508. Mutz, D.C. 1994. Contextualizing personal experience: The role of mass media. Journal of Politics, 56, 689-714. Mutz, Diana C., and Paul S. Martin. 2001. “Facilitating Communication across Lines of Political Difference: The Role an Mass Media.” American Political Science Review, 95(March): 97 - 114. Mutz, Diana C., and Byron Reeves. 2005. “The New Videomalaise: Effects of Televised Incivility on Political Trust.” American Political Science Review, 99(February): 1 - 16. Mutz, Diana C., and Joe Soss. 1997. “Reading Public Opinion: The Influence of News Coverage on Perceptions of Public Sentiment.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(Fall): 431-451. Nelson, Thomas E. 2004. “Policy Goals, Public Rhetoric, and Political Attitudes.” Journal of Politics, 66(May): 581-605. Nelson, Thomas E., Rosalee A. Clawson, and Zoe M. Oxley. 1997. “Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance.” American Political Science Review, 91(September): 567-584. Nelson, Thomas E., Rosalee A. Clawson, and Zoe M. Oxley. 1997. “Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects.” Political Behavior, 19(3): 221 - 246.

-51- Nelson, Thomas E., and Zoe M. Oxley. 1999. Issue Framing Effects on Belief Importance and Opinion.” Journal of Politics, 61(November): 1040 - 1067. Niederdeppe, Jeff, Sarah E. Gollust, and Colleen L. Barry. 2014. “Inoculation in Competitive Framing: Examining Message Effects on Policy Preferences.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 78 (Fall): 634 - 655. Page, Benjamin I., Robert C. Shapiro, and G.R. Dempsey. 1987. “What Moves Public Opinion?” American Political Science Review, 81, 23-44. Pan, Z., and Kosicki, G.M. 1994. Voters' reasoning processes and media influences during the Persian Gulf war. Political Behavior, 16, 117-156. Price, Vincent, Lilach Nir, and Joseph N. Cappella. 2005. “Framing Public Discussion of Gay Civil Unions.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(Summer): 179 - 212. Price, Vincent, and John Zaller. 1993. Who gets the news: Alternative measures of news reception and their implications for research. Public Opinion Quarterly, 57, 133-165. Prior, Markus. 2007. Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement and Polarizes Elections . New York: Cambridge University Press. Prior, Markus. 2009. “The Immensely Inflated News Audience: Assessing Bias in Self- Reported News Exposure.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(Spring): 130 - 143. Prior, Markus. 2012. “Who Watches Presidential Debates? Measurement Problems in Campaign Effects Research.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(Summer): 350 - 363. Sanders, David, and Neil Gavin. 2004. “Television News, Economic Perceptions and Political Preferences in Britain, 1997 - 2001. Journal of Politics, 66(November): 1245 - 1266. Shah, Dhavan V., Mark D. Watts, David Domke, and David P. Fan. 2002. “News Framing and Cuing of Issue Regimes: Explaining Clinton’s Public Approval in Spite of Scandal.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(Fall): 339 - 370. Slothuus, Rune. 2008. “More than Weighting Cognitive Importance: A Dual-Process Model of Issue Framing Effects.” Political Psychology, 29(February): 1 - 28. Slothuus, Rune, and Claes H. de Vreese. 2010. “Political Parties, Motivated Reasoning, and Issue Framing Effects.” Journal of Politics, 72(July): 630 - 645. Smith, Glen, and Kathleen Searles. 2014. “Who Let the (Attack) Dogs Out? New Evidence for Partisan Media Effects.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 78(Spring): 71 - 99. Stevens, Daniel. 2008. “Measuring Exposure to Political Advertising in Surveys.” Political Behavior, 30(March): 47 - 72. Stroud, Natalie Jomini. 2008. “Media Use and Political Predispositions: Revisiting the Concept of Selective Exposure.” Political Behavior, 30(September): 341 - 366. Stroud, Natalie Jomini. 2010. “Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure.” Journal of Communication, 60(3: 556 - 576.

-52- Soroka, Stuart N., Dominik A. Stecula, and Christopher Wlezien. 2015. “It’s (Change in) the (Future) Economy, Stupid: Economic Indicators, the Media, and Public Opinion.” American Journal of Political Science, 59 (April): 457 - 474. Tesler, Michael. 2015. “Priming Predispositions and Changing Policy Positions: An Account of When Mass Opinion is Primed or Changed.” American Journal of Political Science, 59 (October): 806 - 824. Tewksbury, D., and Scott Althaus. 2000. “Differences in Knowledge Acquisition among Readers of the Paper and Online Versions of a National Newspaper.” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 77(): 457 - 479. van der Brug, Wouter, Holli A Semetko, and Patti M. Valkenburg. 2007. “Media Priming in a Multi-Party Context: A Controlled Naturalistic Study in Political Communication.” Political Behavior, 29(March): 115 - 141. Wagner, J. 1983. Media do make a difference: The differential impact of mass media in the 1976 presidential race. American Journal of Political Science, 27, 407-430. Weber, Christopher, and Matthew Thornton. 2012. “Courting Christians: How Political Candidates Prime Religious Considerations in Campaign Ads.” Journal of Politics, 74(April): 400 - 413. West, D.M. 1994. Political advertising and news coverage in the 1992 California U.S. Senate campaigns. Journal of Politics, 56, 1053-1075. Winter, J.P., and Eyal, C.H. 1981. Agenda setting for the civil rights issue. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 376-383. Young, Gary, and William B. Perkins. 2005. “Presidential Rhetoric, the Public Agenda, and the End of Presidential Television’s Golden Age.” Journal of Politics, 67(November): 1190 - 1205. Zaller, J. 1991. Information, Values, and Opinion. American Political Science Review, 85(December): 1215-1237. Zaller, John. 1996. “The Myth of Massive Media Impact Revisited.” In Diana Mutz, Paul Sniderman, and Richard Brody (Eds.) Political Persuasion and Attitude Change. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. Zhao, X., and Chaffee, S.H. 1995. Campaign advertisements versus television news as sources of political issue information. Public Opinion Quarterly, 59, 41-65. Zukin, Cliff, and Robin Snyder. 1984. “Passive Learning: When the Media Environment Is the Message.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 48(Fall): 629 - 638.

See also the “Symposium: Media and Politics” in PS: Political Science and Politics, 29, 10-36.

-53- V. PUBLIC OPINION AND DEMOCRACY

Nov. 30 Presidential Popularity

Kernell, Samuel. 1978. “Explaining Presidential Popularity.” American Political Science Review, 72 (June): 506 - 522. On SAKAI. MacKuen, Michael B. 1983. “Political Drama, Economic Conditions, and the Dynamics of Presidential Popularity.” American Journal of Political Science, 27 (May): 165 - 192. On SAKAI. Rivers, Doug, and Rose, N.L. 1985. “Passing the President's Program: Public Opinion and Presidential Influence in Congress.” American Journal of Political Science, 29 (May): 183 - 196. On SAKAI. Miller, Arthur H. 1999. “Sex, Politics, and Public Opinion: What Political Scientists Really Learned from the Clinton-Lewinsky Scandal.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 32 (December): 721 - 729. On SAKAI. Althaus, Scott L., and Young Mie Kim. 2006. “Priming Effects in Complex Information Environments: Reassessing the Impact of News Discourse on Presidential Approval.” Journal of Politics, 68 (November): 960 - 976. MUST ADD. Berinsky, Adam. 2007. “Assuming the Costs of War: Events, Elites, and American Public Support for Military Conflict.” Journal of Politics, 67 (November): 1030 - 1049. On SAKAI.

------Optional ------

Arceneaux, Kevin. 2006. “The Federal Face of Voting: Are Elected Officials Held Accountable for the Functions Relevant to Their Office?” Political Psychology, 27(October): 731 - 754. Bailey, M., Lee Sigelman, and C. Wilcox. 2003. “ Presidential Persuasion on Social Issues: A Two-way Street?” Political Research Quarterly, 56(1): 49-58. Baum, Matthew A., and Samuel Kernell. 1999. “Has Cable Ended the Golden Age of Presidential Television?” American Political Science Review, 93(March): 99-115. Baum, Matthew A., and Samuel Kernell. 2001. “Economic Class and Popular Support for Franklin Roosevelt in War and Peace.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 65(Summer): 198 - 229. Bond, Jon R., Richard Fleshed, and B. Dan Wood. 2003. “The Marginal and Time-Varying Effect of Public Approval on Presidential Success in Congress.” Journal of Politics, 65(February): 92-110. Bordello, S.A., and Simmons, G.L. 1993. Congressional Responsiveness to Presidential Popularity: The Electoral Context. Political Behavior, 15, 93-112.

-54- Bowler, Shaun, and Jeffrey A. Karp. 2004. “Politicians, Scandals, and Trust in Government.” Political Behavior, 26(September): 271-287. Brody, R.A. 1991. Assessing the President: The Media, Elite Opinion, and Public Support. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. Calvo, E. 2007. “The Responsive Legislature: Public Opinion and Law Making in a Highly Disciplined Legislature.” British Journal of Political Science, 37(2):: 263-280. Canes-Wrone, Brandice, and Scott de Marchi. 2002. “Presidential Approval and Legislative Success.” Journal of Politics, 64(May): 491 - 509. Canes-Wrone, Brandice, and Kenneth W. Shotts. 2004. “The Conditional Nature of Presidential Responsiveness to Public Opinion.” American Journal of Political Science, 48(October): 690-706. Clarke, Harold D., and Stewart, Maryann C. 1994. “Prospections, Retrospections, and Rationality: the “Bankers” Model of Presidential Approval Reconsidered.” American Journal of Political Science, 38, 1104-1123. Clarke, Harold D., Maryann C. Stewart, M. Ault, and E. Elliott. 2005.“Men, Women and the Dynamics of Presidential Approval.” British Journal of Political Science, 35(1): 31-52. Cohen, Jeffrey E., and James D. King. 2004. “Relative Unemployment and Gubernatorial Popularity.” Journal of Politics, 66(November): 1267 - 1282. Collier, K., and Sullivan, T. 1995. “New Evidence Undercutting the Linkage of Approval with Presidential Support and Influence.” Journal of Politics, 57, 197-209. Druckman, James N., and Lawrence R. Jacobs. 2006. “Lumpers and Splitters: The Public Opinion Information that Politicians Collect and Use.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(Winter): 453 - 476. Edwards, G.C., III, Mitchell, W., and Welch, R. 1995. "Explaining Presidential Approval: the Significance of Issue Salience." American Journal of Political Science, 39, 108-134. Edwards, George C., III, and Tami Swenson. 1997. "Who Rallies? The Anatomy of a Rally Event." The Journal of Politics, 59(February): 200-212. Geys, Benny. 2010. “Wars, Presidents, and Popularity: The Political Costs(s) of War Re- Examined.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 74(Summer): 357 - 374. Gibson, James L., and Gregory A. Caldeira. 2003. “Defenders of Democracy? Legitimacy, Popular Acceptance, and the South African Constitutional Court.” Journal of Politics, 65(February): 1-30. Groeling, Tim, and Matthew Baum. 2008. “Crossing the Water’s Edge: Elite Rhetoric, Media, Coverage, and the Rally-Round-the-Flag Phenomenon.” Journal of Politics, 70(October): 1065 - 1985. Gronke, Paul, and B. Newman. 2003. “FDR to Clinton, Mueller to?: Regarding Presidential Approval.” Political Research Quarterly, 56(4): 501-512

-55- Gronke, Paul, Jeffrey Koch, and J. Matthew Wilson. 2003. “Follow the Leader? Presidential Approval, Presidential Support, and Representatives’ Electoral Fortunes.” Journal of Politics, 65(August): 785-808. Grossback, Lawrence J., David A.M. Peterson, and James A. Stimson. 2005. “Comparing Competing Theories on the Causes of Mandate Perceptions.” American Journal of Political Science, 49(April): 406 - 419. Hetherington, Marc J. 1998. “The Political Relevance of Political Trust.” American Political Science Review, 92(December): 791-808. Hetherington, Marc J. 1999. “The Effect of Political Trust on the Presidential Vote, 1968-96.” American Political Science Review, 93(June): 311-327. Hetherington, Marc J., and Michael Nelson. 2003. “Anatomy of a Rally Effect: George W. Bush and the War on Terrorism.” PS Political Science and Politics, 36(January): 37-44. Highton, Benjamin. 2012. “Updating Political Evaluations: Policy Attitudes, Partisanship, and Presidential Assessments.” Political Behavior, 34(March): 57 - 78. Howell, Susan E., and Huey L Perry. 2004. “Black Mayors/White Mayors: Explaining their Approval.” Public Opinion Quarterly,68(Spring): 32-56. Hurwitz, Jon, and Peffley, Mark. 1987. “The Means and Ends of Foreign Policy as Determinants of Presidential Support.” American Journal of Political Science, 31, 236 - 259. Hurwitz, Jon, and Mark Peffley. 1987. “How Are Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? A Hierarchical Model.” American Political Science Review, 81(): 1099 - 1120.

Johnson, Timothy R., and Jason M. Roberts. 2004. “Presidential Capital and the Supreme Court Confirmation Process.” Journal of Politics, 66(August): 663 - 684. Just, Marion, and Ann Crigler. 2000. “Leadership Image-Building: After Clinton and Watergate.” Political Psychology, 21(March): 179-198. Kam, Cindy D., and Jennifer M. Ramos. 2008. “Joining and Leaving the Rally: Understanding the Surge and Decline in Presidential Approval Following 9/11.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(Winter): 619 - 650. Kernell, Samuel.1977. “Presidential Popularity and Negative Voting.” American Political Science Review, 71, 44-66. Kernell, Samuel. 1993. Going Public: New Strategies for Presidential Leadership (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. Kriner, Douglas L. 2006. “Examining Variance in Presidential Approval: The Case of FDR in World War II.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 70(Spring): 23 - 47. Kriner, Douglas L, and Eric Schickler. 2014. “ Investigating the President: Committee Probes and Presidential Approval, 1953 -2006. Journal of Politics, 76(April): 521 - 534. Ladd, Jonathan McDonald. 2007. “Predispositions and Public Support for the President during the War on Terrorism.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 4(Winter): 511 - 538.

-56- Lau, Richard R. 1982. “Negativity in Political Perception.” Political Behavior (December): 353 - 378. Lau, Richard R. 1985. “Two Explanations for Negativity Effects in Political Behavior.” American Journal of Political Science, 29(February): 119 - 138. Lebo, Matthew J., and Daniel Cassino. 2007. “The Aggregated Consequences of Motivated Reasoning and the Dynamics of Partisan Presidential Approval.” Political Psychology, 28(December): 719 - 746. Model 2 Levendusky, Matthew S., and Michael C. Horowitz. 2012. “When Backing Down Is the Right Decision: Partisanship, New Information, and Audience Costs.” Journal of Politics, 74(April): 323 - 338. Mueller, John .E. 1970. “Presidential Popularity from Truman to Johnson.” American Political Science Review, 64(March): 18 - 34. Mueller, John E. 1971. “Trends in Popular Support for the Wars in Korea and Vietnam.” American Political Science Review, 65, 358-375. Nelson, Michael. 1995. “Why Americans Hate Politics and Politicians.” PS: Political Science and Politics, 28, 72-77. Newman, Brian. 2003. “Integrity and Presidential Approval, 1980-2000.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(Fall): 335-367. Nicholson, Stephen P., Gary M. Segura, and Nathan D. Woods. 2002. “Presidential Approval and the Mixed Blessing of Divided Government.” Journal of Politics, 64(August): 721 - 740. O'Neal, J.R., and Bryan, A.L. 1995. The Rally ‘Round the Flag Effect in U.S. Foreign Policy Crises, 1950-1985. Political Behavior, 17, 379-402. Parker, S.L. 1995. Toward an Understanding of “Rally” Effects: Public Opinion in the Persian Gulf War. Public Opinion Quarterly, 59, 526-546. Peffley, M., Langley, R.E., and Goidel, R.K. 1995. Public Response to the Presidential Use of Military Force: A Panel Analysis. Political Behavior, 17, 307-337. Price, Vincent, and Anca Romantan. 2004. “Confident in Institutions Before, During, and After ‘Indecision 2000'.” Journal of Politics, 66(August): 939-956. Rottinghaus, Brandon. 2006. “Rethinking Presidential Responsiveness: The Public Presidency and Rhetorical Congruency, 1953 - 2001.” Journal of Politics, 68(August): 720 - 732. Rudolph, Thomas J. 2003. “Who’s Responsible for the Economy? The Formation and Consequences of Responsibility Attributions.” American Journal of Political Science, 47(October): 698-713. Schubert, James N., Patrick A. Stewart, and Margaret Ann Curran. 2002. “A Defining Presidential Moment: 9/11 and the Rally Effect.” Political Psychology, 23(September): 559 - 584.

-57- Shah, Dhavan V., Mark D. Watts, David Domke, and David P. Fan. 2002. “News Framing and Cuing of Issue Regimes: Explaining Clinton’s Public Approval in Spite of Scandal.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(Fall): 339 - 370. Treisman, Daniel. 2011. “Presidential Popularity in a Hybrid Regime: Russia under Yeltsin and Putin.” American Journal of Political Science, 55(July): 590 - 609. Wood, B. Dan, Chris T. Owens, and Brandy M. Durham. 2005. “Presidential Rhetoric and the Economy.” Journal of Politics, 67(August): 627 - 645.

-58- Dec. 7 Public Opinion and Public Policy

Page, B.I., and Shapiro, R.Y. 1983. “Effects of Public Opinion on Policy.” American Political Science Review, 77 (March): 175-190. On SAKAI. Bartels, Larry M. 2008. Unequal Democracy. (Chs 6, 7, and 9) Barber, Michael J. 2016. “Representing the Preferences of Donors, Partisans, and Voters in the US Senate.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 80 (Special Issue): 225 - 249. MUST ADD. Casillas, Christopher J., Peter K. Enns, and Patrick C. Wohlfarth. 2011. “How Public Opinion Constrains the U.S. Supreme Court.” American Journal of Political Science, 55 (January): 74 - 88. On SAKAI. Enns, Peter K. 2014. “The Public’s Increasing Punitiveness and Its Influence on Mass Incarceration in the United States.” American Journal of Political Science, 58 (October): 857 - 872. On SAKAI.

------Optional ------Avery, J.M. 2015. “Does Who Votes Matter? Income Bias in Voter Turnout and Economic Inequality in the American States from 1980 - 2010.” Political Behavior, 37 (December): 955 - 976. Bafumi, Joseph, and Michael C. Herron. 2010. “Leapfrog Representation and Extremism: A Study of American Voters and their Members in Congress.” American Political Science Review, 104(August): 519 - 542. Barabas, Jason. 2004. “How Deliberation Affects Policy Opinions.” American Political Science Review, 98(November): 687-702. Barber, Michael J. 2016. “Representing the Preferences of Donors, Partisans, and Voters in the US Senate.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 80 (Special Issue): 225 - 249. #Correct voting Barker, David C., Jon Hurwitz, and Traci L. Nelson. 2008. “Of Crusades and Culture Wars: ‘Messianic’ Militarism and Political Conflict in the United States.” Journal of Politics, 70(April): 307 - 322. Bartels, Brandon L., and Christopher D. Johnston. 2012. “Political Justice? Perceptions of Politicization and Public Preferences Toward the Supreme Court Appointment Process.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(Spring): 105 - 116. Bartels, Brandon L., and Christopher D. Johnston. 2013. “On the Ideological Foundations of Supreme Court Legitimacy in the American Public.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(January): 184 - 199. Bartels, Brandon L., and Diana C. Mutz. 2009. “Explaining Processes of Institutional Opinion Leadership.” Journal of Politics, 71(January): 249 - 261. Bartels, Larry M. 1991. “Constituency Opinion and Congressional Policy Making: The Reagan Defense Buildup.” American Political Science Review, 85, 457-474.

-59- Bartels, Larry M. 2005. “Homer Gets a Tax Cut: Inequality and Public Policy in the American Mind.” Perspective on Politics, 3(March): 15-32. See comment by Lupia, Levine, Manning, and Sin, Perspectives on Politics, 2005, 5(December): 773 - 784; and response by Bartels immediately following ... Baum, Matthew A. 2013. “The Iraq Coalition of the Willing and (Politically) Able: Party Systems, the Press, and Public Influence on foreign Policy.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(April): 442 - 458. Benesh, Sara C. 2006. “Understanding Public Confidence in American Courts.” Journal of Politics, 68(August): 697 - 707. Berelson, Bernard. “Democratic Theory and Public Opinion.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 16(): 313 - 330. Berinsky, Adam J. 2007. “Assuming the Costs of War: Events, Elites, and American Public Support for Military Conflict.” Journal of Politics, 69(November): 975 - 997. Bizumic, Boris, Rune Stubager, Scott Mellon, Nicolas Van der Linden, Ravi Iyer, and Benjamin M. Jones. 2013. “On the (In)Compatibility of Attitudes Toward Peace and War.” Political Psychology, 34(October): 673 - 694. Brace, Paul, and Brent D. Boyea. 2008. “State Public Opinion, the Death Penalty, and the Practice of Electing Judges.” American Journal of Political Science, 52(April): 344 - 359. Branton, Regina, Erin C. Cassese, Bradford S. Jones, and Chad Westerland. 2011. “All Along the Watchtower: Aculturation Fear, Anti-Latino Affect, and Immigration.” Journal of Politics, 73(July): 664 - 679.

Brooks, Deborah Jordan, and Benjamin A. Valentino. 2011. “A War of One’s Own: Understanding the Gender Gap in Support for War.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(Summer): 270 - 286. Bullock, John G. 2011. “Elite Influence on Public Opinion in an Informed Electorate.” American Political Science Review, 105(August): 496 - 515. Burstein, P. 2003. “The Impact of Public Opinion on Public Policy: A Review and an Agenda.” Political Research Quarterly, 56(1): 29-40. Caldarone, Richard Pl, Brandice Canes-Wrone, and Tom S. Clark. 2009. “Partisan Labels and Democratic Accountability: An Analysis of State Supreme Court Abortion Decisions.” Journal of Politics, 71(April): 560 - 573. Caldeira, G.A., and Gibson, J.L. 1992. “The Etiology of Public Support for the Supreme Court.” American Journal of Political Science, 36, 635-664. Caldeira, G.A., and Gibson, J.L. 1995. “The Legitimacy of the Court of Justice in the European Union: Models of Institutional Support.” American Political Science Review, 89, 356- 376.

-60- Caldeira, Gregory A., and Charles E. Smith Jr. 1996. "Campaigning for the Supreme Court: The Dynamics of Public Opinion on the Thomas Nomination." Journal of Politics, 58 (August): 627-654. Christenson, Dino P., and David M. Glick. 2015. “Chief Justice Roberts’s Health Care Decision Disrobed: The Microfoundations of the Supreme Court’s Legitimacy.” American Journal of Political Science, 59 (April): 403 - 418. Christenson, Dino P., and David M. Glick. 2015. “Issue-Specific Opinion Change: The Supreme Court and Health Care Reform.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 79(Winter): 881 - 905. Clawson, Rosalee A., Elizabeth R. Kegler, and Eric N, Waltenburg. 2003. “Supreme Court Legitimacy and Group-Centric Forces: Black Support for Capital Punishment and Affirmative Action.” Political Behavior: 25(December): 289-312. Clinton, Joshua D., Anthony Bertelli, Christian R. Grose, David E. Lewis, and David C. Nixon. 2012. “ Separated Powers in the United States: The Ideology of Agencies, Presidents, and Congress.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(April): 341 - 354. Cook, Fay Lomax, Jason Barabas, and Benjamin I. Page. 2002. “Invoking Public Opinion: Policy Elites and Social Security.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 66(Summer): 235 - 264. Djupe, Paul A., and Brian R. Calfano. 2013. “Divine Intervention? The Influence of Religious Value Communication on U.S. Intervention Policy.” Political Behavior, 35(December): 643 - 664. Drezner, Daniel W. 2008. “The Realist Tradition in American Public Opinion.” Perspectives on Politics, 6(March): 51 - 70. Durr, Robert H., Andrew D. Martin, and Christina Wolbrecht. 2000. “Ideological Divergence and Public Support for the Supreme Court.” American Journal of Political Science, 44(October): 768 - 776. Edwards, George C., III, and B. Dan Wood. 1999. “Who Influences Whom: The President and the Public Agenda.” American Political Science Review, 93(June): 327-345. Ehrlich, Sean, and Cherie Maestas. 2010. “Risk Orientation, Risk Exposure, and Policy Opinions: The Case of Free Trade.” Political Psychology, 31(October): 657 - 684. Erikson, R.S. 1978. Constituency opinion and congressional behavior: A reexamination of the Miller-Stokes representation data. American Journal of Political Science, 22, 511-535. Fiskin, James, Thad Kousser, Robert C. Luskin, and Alice Siu. 2015. “Deliberative Agenda Setting: Piloting Reform of Direct Democracy in California.” Perspectives on Politics, 13 (December): 1039 - 1042. Flemming, Roy B., John Bohte, and B. Dan Wood. 1997. “One Voice Among Many: The Supreme Court’s Influence on Attentiveness to Issues in the United States, 1947-1992.” American Journal of Political Science, 41(October): 1224-1250.

-61- Flemming, Roy B., and B. Dan Wood. 1997. “The Public and the Supreme Court: Individual Justice Responsiveness to American Policy Moods.” American Journal of Political Science, 41(April): 468-498. Gadarian, Shana Kushner. 2010. “The Politics of Threat: How Terrorism News Shapes Foreign Policy Attitudes.” Journal of Politics, 72(April): 469 - 483 Gartner, Scott Sigmund. 2008. “The Multiple Effects of Casualties on Public Support for War: An Experimental Approach.” American Political Science Review, 102(February): 95 - 106. Gibson, James L. 2008. “Challenges to the Impartiality of State Supreme Courts: Legitimacy Theory and “New-Style” Judicial Campaigns.” American Political Science Review, 102(February): 59 - 75. Gibson, James L. 2009. ““New-Style” Judicial Campaigns and the Legitimacy of State High Courts.” Journal of Politics, 71(October): 1285 - 1304. Gibson, J.L., and Caldeira, G.A. 1995. The legitimacy of transnational legal institutions: Compliance, support, and the European Court of Justice. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 459-489. Gibson, James L., and Gregory A. Caldeira. 2009. “Confirmation Politics and the Legitimacy of the U.S. Supreme Court: Institutional Loyalty, Positivity Bias, and the Alito Nomination.” American Journal of Political Science, 53(January): 139 - 155. Gibson, James L., and Gregory A. Caldeira. 2009. “Knowing the Supreme Court? A Reconsideration of Public Ignorance of the High Court.” Journal of Politics, 71(April): 429 - 441. Gibson, James L., and Gregory A. Caldeira. 2009. Citizens, Courts, and Confirmations: Positivity Theory and the Judgments of the American People. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. Gibson, James L., and Gregory A. Caldeira. 2012. “Campaign Support, Conflicts of Interest, and Judicial Impartiality: Can Recusals Rescue the Legitimacy of Courts?” Journal of Politics, 74(January): 18 - 34. Gibson, James L., Gregory A Caldeira, and Lester Kenyatta Spence. 2003. “Measuring Attitudes toward the United State Supreme Court.” American Journal of Political Science, 47(April): 354-367. Gibson, James L., and Michael J. Nelson. 2015. “Is the U.S. Supreme Court’s Legitimacy Grounded in Performance Satisfaction and Ideology? American Journal of Political Science, 59 (January): 162 - 174. Gilens, Martin. 1995. Racial attitudes and opposition to welfare. Journal of Politics, 57, 994- 1014. Gilens, Martin. 2005. “Inequality and Democratic Responsiveness.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 69(5): 778 - 796.

-62- Giles, Michael W., Bethany Blackstone, and Richard L. Vining, Jr. 2008. “The Supreme Court in American Democracy: Unraveling the Linkage between Public Opinion and Judicial Decision Making.” Journal of Politics, 70(April): 293 - 306. Gimpel, J.G., and Ringel, L.S. 1995. Understanding court nominee evaluation and approval: Mass opinion in the Bork and Thomas cases. Political Behavior, 17, 135-154. Ginsberg, B. 1986. The captive public. New York: Basic Books.(particularly chapter 3, pp 59-85). Gravelle, Timothy B. 2016. “Party Identification, Contact, Contexts, and Public Attitudes toward Illegal Immigration.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 80(Spring): 1 - 25. Gray, Virginia, David Lowery, M. Fellows, and A. McAtee. 2004. “Public Opinion, Public Policy, and Organized Interests in the United States.” Political Research Quarterly, 57(3): 411-420. Hansen, J. Mark. 1998. “Individuals, Institutions, and Public Preferences over Public Finance.” American Political Science Review, 92(June): 513 - 531. Hartley, T., and Russett, B. 1992. Public opinion and the common defense: Who governs military spending in the United States? American Political Science Review, 86, 905-915. Harvey, Anna, and Barry Friedman. 2009. “Ducking Trouble: Congressionally Induced Selection Bias in the Supreme Court’s Agenda.” Journal of Politics, 71(April): 574 - 592. Hayes, Danny, and Matt Guardino. 2011. “The Influence of Foreign Voices on U.S. Public Opinion.” American Journal of Political Science, 55(October): 831 - 851. Herrmann, Richard K., Philip E. Tetlock, and Penny S. Visser. 1999. “Mass Public Decisions on Going to War: A Cognitive-Interactionist Framework.” American Political Science Review, 93(September): 553-574. Hetherington, Marc J., and Joseph L. Smith. 2007. “Issue Preferences and Evaluations of the U.S. Supreme Court.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 71(Spring): 40-66. Hibbing, John R., and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse. 2001. “Process Preferences and American Politics: What People Want Government to Be.” American Political Science Review, 95(March): 145 - 154. Hill, K.Q., and Hinton-Andersson, A. 1995. Pathways of representation: A causal analysis of public opinion- public policy linkages. American Journal of Political Science, 39, 924- 935.

Hoekstra, Valerie J. 2000. “The Supreme Court and Local Public Opinion.” American Political Science Review, 94(March): 89 - 100. Hurley, Patricia A., and Kim Quaile Hill. 2003. “Beyond the Demand Input Model: A Theory of Representational Linkages.” Journal of Politics, 65(May): 304-326.

-63- Jacobs, Lawrence R., Eric D. Lawrence, Robert Y. Shapiro, and Steven S. Smith. 1998. “Congressional Leadership of Public Opinion.” Political Science Quarterly, 113(1): 21 - 41. Johns, Robert, and Graeme A. M. Davies. 2012. “Democratic Peace or Clash of Civilizations? Target States and Support for War in Britain and the United States.” Journal of Politics, 74(October): 1038 -1052 Johnson, Timothy R., and Andrew D. Martin. 1998. “The Public’s Conditional Response to Supreme Court Decisions.” American Political Science Review, 92(June): 299-310. Johnston, Christopher D., and Brandon L. Bartels. 2010. “Sensationalism and Sobriety: Differential Media Exposure and Attitudes Toward American Courts.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 74(Summer): 260 - 285. Johnston, Christopher D., D. Sunshine Hillygus, and Brandon L. Bartels. 2014. “Ideology, the Affordable Care Act Ruling, and Supreme Court Legitimacy.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 78 (Winter): 963 - 973. Kane, Emily W., and Kimberly J. Whipkey. 2009. “Predictors of Public Support for Gender- Related Affirmative Action: Interests, Gender Attitudes, and Stratification Beliefs.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 73(Summer): 233 - 254. Kastellec, Jonathan P., Jeffrey R. Lax and Justin H. Phillips. 2010. “Public Opinion and Senate Confirmation of Supreme Court Nominees.” Journal of Politics, 72(July): 767 - 784. Key, V.O., Jr. (Op cit). (Chapters 16-21). Koch, Jeffrey W. 1998. “Political Rhetoric and Political Persuasion: The Changing Structure of Citizens’ Preferences on Health Insurance during Policy Debate.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 62(Summer): 209-230. Kriner, Douglas, and Francis Shen. 2014. “Responding to War on Capitol Hill: Battlefield Casualties, Congressional Response, and Public Support for the War in Iraq.” American Journal of Political Science, 58(January): 157 - 174. Kritzer, H.M. 1979. Federal judges and their political environments: The influence of public opinion. American Journal of Political Science, 23, 194-207. Kuklinski, J.H. 1977. Constituency opinion: A test of the surrogate model. Public Opinion Quarterly, 41, 34-40. Lax, Jeffrey R., and Justin H. Phillips. 2009. “Gay Rights in the States: Public Opinion and Policy Responsiveness.” American Political Science Review, 103(August): 367 - 386. Lax, Jeffrey R., and Justin H. Phillips. 20012. “The Democratic Deficit in the States.” American Journal of Political Science, 56(January): 148 - 166. Mansbridge, Jane. 2003. “Rethinking Representation.” American Political Science Review, 97 (November): 515-528. Marshall, T. R. 1989. Public opinion and the Supreme Court. Boston: Unwin Hyman.

-64- McCall, Leslie, and Lane Kenworthy. 2009. “Americans’ Social Policy Preferences in the Era of Rising Inequality.” Perspectives on Politics, 7(September): 459 - 484. McGraw, K.M., Best, S., and Timpone, R. 1995. “What they say or what they do? The impact of elite explanation and policy outcomes on public opinion.” American Journal of Political Science, 39, 53-74. McGuire, Kevin T. 2004. The Institutionalization of the U.S. Supreme Court.” Political Analysis, 12(Spring): 128-142. McGuire, Kevin T., and James A. Stimson. 2004. “The Least Dangerous Branch Revisited: New Evidence on Supreme Court Responsiveness to Public Preferences.” Journal of Politics, 66(November): 1018 - 1035. McKenzie, Brian D., and Stella M. Rouse. 2013. “Shades of Faith: Religious Foundations of Political Attitudes among African Americans, Latino, and Whites.” American Journal of Political Science, 57(January): 218 - 235. Miller, W.E., and Stokes, D.E. 1963. “Constituency Influence in Congress.” American Political Science Review, 57 45-56. Mishler, W., and Sheehan, R.S. 1993. “The Supreme Court as a counter-majoritarian institution? The impact of public opinion on Supreme Court decisions.” American Political Science Review, 87, 87-101. Mishler, W., and Sheehan, R.S. 1996. “Public opinion, the attitudinal model and Supreme Court decision making: A micro-analytic perspective.” Journal of Politics, 58, 169-200. Mondak, Jeffery J., and Shannon Ishiyama Smithey. 1997. “The Dynamics of Public Support for the Supreme Court.” The Journal of Politics, 59(November): 1114-1142. Monroe, Alan D. 1998. “Public Opinion and Public Policy, 1980-1993.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 62(Spring): 6-29. Nicholson, Stephen P. 2011. “Dominating cues and the Limits of Elite Influence.” Journal of Politics, 73(October): 1165 - 1177. Nicholson, Stephen P., and Robert M. Howard. 2003. “Framing Support for the Supreme Court in the Aftermath of Bush v. Gore.” Journal of Politics, 65(August): 676-695. Nicholson, Stephen P., and Thomas G. Hansford. 2014. “Partisans in Robes: Party Cues and Public Acceptance of Supreme Court Decisions.” American Journal of Political Science, 58(July): 620 - 636. Nicholson-Crotty, Sean, David A. M. Peterson, and Mark D. Ramirez. 2009. “Dynamic Representation(s): Federal Criminal Justice Policy and an Alternative Dimension of Public Mood.” Political Behavior, 31(December): 629 - 655. Pacheco, Julianna. 2012. “The Social Contagion Model: Exploring the Role of Public Opinion on the Diffusion of Antismoking Legislation across the American States.” Journal of Politics, 74(January): 187 - 202.

-65- Perez, Efren O. 2010. “Explicit Evidence on the Import of Implicit Attitudes: The IAT and Immigration Policy Judgments.” Political Behavior, 432(December): 517 - 546. Rosenblat, Alan J. 1998. “Aggressive Foreign Policy Marketing: Public Response to Reagan’s 1983 Address on Lebanon and Grenada.” Political Behavior, 20(September): 225-240. Sattler, Thomas, and Johannes Urpelainen. 2012. “Explaining Public Support for International Integration: How Do National Conditions and Treaty characteristics Interact with Individual Beliefs.” Journal of Politics, 74(October): 1108 - 1124. Segal, Jeffrey A., Chad Westerland, and Stefanie A. Linquist. 2011. “Congress, the Supreme Court, and Judicial Review: Testing a Constitutional Separation of Powers Model.” American Journal of Political Science, 55(January): 89 - 104. Shapiro, Robert Y. 2011. “Public Opinion and American Democracy.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(5): 982 - 1017. Sharp, E. 1994. “The Dynamics of Issue Expansion: Cases from Disability Rights and Fetal Research Controversy.” Journal of Politics, 56, 919-939. Small, Deborah A., and Jennifer S. Lerner. 2008. “Emotional Policy: Personal Sadness and Anger Shape Judgments about a Welfare Case.” Political Psychology, 29(April): 149 - 168. Sobel, Richard. 2001. The Impact of Public Opinion on U.S. Foreign Policy Since Vietnam: Constraining the Colossus. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Soss, Joe, Laura Langbein, and Alan R. Metelko. 2003. “Why Do White Americans Support the Death Penalty?” Journal of Politics, 65(May): 397-421. Stimson, James A., MacKuen, M.B., and Erikson, R.S. 1995. “Dynamic Representation.” American Political Science Review, 89, 543-565. Tedin, Kent L., and Gregory R. Weiher. 2004. “Racial/Ethnic Diversity and Academic Quality as Components of School Choice.” Journal of Politics, 66(November): 1109 - 1133. Todorov, Alexander, and Anesu N. Mandisodza. 2004. “Public Opinion on Foreign Policy: The Multilateral Public that Perceives Itself as Unilateral.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 68(Fall): 323-348. Ura, Joseph Daniel, and Patrick C. Wohlfarth. 2010. “An Appeal to the People”: Public Opinion and Congressional Support for the Supreme Court.” Journal of Politics, 72 (October): 925 - 938. Uslaner, E.M. and Weber, R.E. 1983. “Policy Congruence and American State Elites: Descriptive Representation Versus Electoral Accountability.” Journal of Politics, 45, 183-197. Verba, S., and Nie, N.H. 1972. Participation in America. New York: Harper. (Chapters 15-20, pp 265-343). Warshaw, Christopher, and Jonathan Rodden. 2012. “How Should We Measure District-Level Public Opinion on Individual Issues?” Journal of Politics, 74 (January): 203 - 219.

-66- Wlezien, C.B., and Goggin, M.L. 1993. “The Courts, Interest Groups, and Public Opinion about Abortion.” Political Behavior, 15, 381-405.

-67- Dec. 14 Collective Public Opinion

Page and Shapiro 1992. The Rational Public. [particularly Chs 1, 2, 8, 9, and 10] Stimson, James A., Michael B. MacKuen, and Robert S. Erikson. 2002. “Dynamic Representation.” American Political Science Review, 89 (September): 543 - 565. On SAKAI. Gilens, Martin. 2012. “Two-Thirds Full? Citizen Competence and Democratic Governance.” In Adam Berinsky (Ed.) New Directions on Public Opinion (pp 52 - 76). New York: Routledge.

------Optional ------

Ahler, Douglas J. 2014. Self-Fulfilling Misperceptions of Public Polarization.” Journal of Politics, 76(July): 607 - 620. Barabas, Jason. 2006. “Rational Exuberance: The Stock Market and Public Support for Social Security Privatization.” Journal of Politics, 68(February): 50 - 61. Bølstad, Jørgen. 2012. “Thermostatic Voting: Presidential Elections in Light of New Policy Data.” PS: Political Science & Politics, 45(January): 444 - 50. Ellis, Christopher, and Christopher Faricy. 2011. “Social Policy and Public Opinion: How the Ideological Direction of Spending Influences Public Mood. Journal of Politics, 73(October): 1095 - 1110. Erikson, Robert S., Michael B. MacKuen, and James A. Stimson. 2002. Macro Policy. New York : Cambridge University Press. Gershkoff, Amy, and Shana Kushner. 2005. “Shaping Public Opinion: The 9/11-Iraq Connection in the Bush Administration’s Rhetoric.” Perspective on Politics, 3(September): 525 - 538. Jacobs, Lawrence R., and Benjamin I. Page. 2005. “Who Influences U.S. Foreign Policy?” American Political Science Review, 99(February): 107 - 124. Jones, Bryan D., Heather Larsen-Price, and John Wilkerson. 2009. “Representation and American Governing Institutions.” Journal of Politics, 71(January): 277 - 290. McGann, Anthony J. 2014. “Estimating the Political Center from Aggregate Data: An Item Response Theory Alternative to the Stimson Dyan Ratios Algorithm.” Political Analysis, 22(Winter): 61 - 85. Mondak, J.J. 1993. “Source Cues and Policy Approval: The Cognitive Dynamics of Public Support for the Reagan Agenda.” American Journal of Political Science, 37, 186-212. Mulligan, Kenneth, Tobin Grant, and Daniel Bennett. 2013. “ The Dynamics of Public Opinion on Cultural Policy Issues in the U.S., 1972 - 2010.” Political Behavior, 35(December): 807 - 829.

-68- Rahn, W.M., Kroeger, B., and Kite, C.M. 1996. “A Framework for the Study of Public Mood.” Political Psychology, 17, 29-58. Ramirez, Mark D. 2013. “Punitive Sentiment.” Criminology, 51(2): 329 - 364. Stevenson, Randolph T. 2001. “The Economy and Policy Mood: A Fundamental Dynamic of Democratic Politics?” American Journal of Political Science, 45 (July): 620 - 633. Stimson, James A. 1999. Public Opinion in America: Moods, Cycles, and Swings (2nd edition). Boulder, CO: Westview. Ura, Joseph Daniel. 2014. “Backlash and Legitimation: Macro Political Responses to Supreme Court Decisions.” American Journal of Political Science, 58 (January): 110 - 126. Wlezien, Christopher. 1995. “The Public as Thermostat: Dynamics of Preferences for Spending.” American Journal of Political Science, 39 (): 981 - 100. Wlezien, Christopher. 2004. “Patterns of Representation: Dynamics of Public Preferences and Policy.” Journal of Politics, 66 (February): 1-24.

-69- Dec. xx Student Presentations (not this year)

Date Topic

Attitude Theory Reading: Petty, Richard, and Duane T. Wegener. 1998. “Attitude Change: Multiple Roles for Persuasion Variables. In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 323 - 390). Boston: McGraw Hill. Billig. 2003. “Political Rhetoric.” Handbook, Chapter 7. Optional:

Abelson, R.P. 1986. “Beliefs Are Like Possessions.” Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 16, 223-250. Abelson, R.P. 1988. “Conviction.” American Psychologist, 43, 267-276. Abelson, R.P., Aronson, E., McGuire, W.J., Newcomb, T.M., Rosenberg, M.J., and Tannenbaum, P.H., editors. 1968. Theories of Cognitive Consistency: A Sourcebook. Chicago: Rand McNally. Bassilli, John N. 1996. “Meta-Judgmental Versus Operative Indexes of Psychological Attributes: The Case of Measures of Attitude Strength. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(October): 637-653. Bassilli, John N., and Jean-Paul Roy. 1998. “On the Representation of Strong and Weak Attitudes About Policy in Memory.” Political Psychology, 19(December): 669-682. Bem, D.J. 1970. Beliefs, Attitudes, and Human Affairs. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Bizer, George Y., and Jon A. Krosnick. 2001. “Exploring the Structure of Strength-Related Attitude Features: The Relation between Attitude Importance and Attitude Accessibility.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(October): 566 - 586. Bobo, Lawrence. 1997. "Race, Public Opinion, and the Social Sphere. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(Spring): 1-15. Chaiken, Shelly, and Durairaj Maheswaran. 1994. "Heuristic Processing Can Bias Systematic Processing: Effects of Source Credibility, Argument Ambiguity, and Task Importance on Attitude Judgment." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66(March): 460- 473. Chaiken, S., and Stangor, C. 1987. Attitudes and attitude change. Annual Review of Psychology, 38, 575-630. (particularly pp 575-603).

-70- Crites, Stephen L., Leandre R. Fabrigar, and Richard E. Petty. 1994. "Measuring the Affective and Cognitive Properties of Attitudes: Conceptual and Methodological Issues." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(December): 619-634. Eagly, Alice H., and Shelly Chaiken. 1998. “Attitude Structure and Function.” In Daniel Gilbert, Susan T. Fiske, and Gardner Lindzey, eds., The Handbook of Social Psychology (Volume One, 4th Edition, pp. 269 - 322). Boston: McGraw Hill. Fazio, R. 1985. How do attitudes guide behavior? In E.T. Higgins and R.M. Sorrentino, (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Volume 1, pp 204-243). New York: Guilford. Fazio, Russell H., Janet E. Ledbetter, and Tamara Towles-Schwen. 2000. “On the Costs of Accessible Attitudes: Detecting that the Attitude Object Has Changed.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(February): 197-210. Greenwald, Anthony G, and M.R. Banaji. 1995. “Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self- Esteem, and Stereotypes.” Psychological Review, 102(January): 4-27. Guadagno, Rosanna E., Kelton v.L. Rhoads, and Brad J. Sagarin. 2011. “Figural Vividness and Persuasion: Capturing the ‘Elusive’ Vividness Effect.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(May): 626 - 638. Hartman, Todd K., and Christopher R. Weber. 2009. “Who Said What? The Effects of Source Cues in Issue Frames.” Political Behavior, 31(December): 537 - 559. Holbrook, AL; Matthew K. Berent, Jon A. Krosnick, Penny S. Visser, and D.S. Boninger. 2005. “Attitude Importance and the Accumulation of Attitude-Relevant Knowledge in Memory.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(May): 749-769. Katz, D. 1960. The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24, 163-204. Keele, Luke, and Jennifer Wolak. 2008. “Contextual Sources of Ambivalence.” Political Psychology, 29 (October): 653 - 674. Kenny, C.B. 1994. The microenvironment of attitude change. Journal of Politics, 56, 715-728. Kiesler, C.A., Collins, B.E., and Miller, N. 1969. Attitude change: A critical analysis of theoretical approaches. New York: Wiley. Kraus, Stephen J. 1995. "Attitudes and the Prediction of Behavior: A Meta-Analysis of the Empirical Literature." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(January): 58-75. Krosnick, J.A. 1989. Attitude importance and attitude accessibility. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 15, 297-308. Krosnick, John A., David S Boninger, Yao C. Chuang, Matthew K. Berent, and Catherine G. Carnot. 1993. "Attitude Strength: One Construct or Many Related Constructs?" Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(December): 1132-1151. Leeper, Thomas J. and Rune Slothuus. 2014. “Political Parties, Motivated Reasoning, and Public Opinion Formation.” Advances in Political Psychology, 35, Supplement 1(February): 129 - 156.

-71- McGuire, M.J. 1985. Attitudes and attitude change. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson, (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (Vol. 2, 3rd. edition, pp. 233-346). New York: Random House. Meyer, Marco, and Harald Schoen. 2014. “Response Latencies and Attitude-Behavior Consistency in a Direct Democratic Setting: Evidence form a Subnational Referendum in Germany.” Political Psychology, 35(June): 431 - 440. Ostrom, T.M. 1989. Interdependence of attitude theory and measurement. In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, and A.G. Greenwald, (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp 11-36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Petty, R.E., and Cacioppo, J.T. 1981. Attitudes and persuasion: Classic and contemporary approaches. Dubuque, IA: Brown. Petty, R.E., and Cacioppo, J.T. 1986. Communication and persuasion: Central and peripheral routes to attitude change. New York: Springer-Verlag. Posavac, Steven S., David M. Sanbonmatsu, and Russell H. Fazio. 1997. "Considering the Best Choice: Effects of the Salience and Accessibility of Alternatives on Attitude-Decision Consistency." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72(February): 253-261. Pratkanis, A.R., Breckler, S.J., and Greenwald, A.G., editors. 1989. Attitude structure and function. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [An excellent overview.] Pratkanis, A.R. 1989. The cognitive representation of attitudes. In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, and A.G. Greenwald, (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp 71-98). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Pratto, Felicia, Deborah G. Tatar, and Sahr Conway-Lanz. 1999. “Who Gets What and Why: Determinants of Social Attitudes.” Political Psychology, 20(March),127-150. Shavitt, S. 1989. Operationalizing functional theories of attitude. In A.R. Pratkanis, S.J. Breckler, and A.G. Greenwald, (Eds.), Attitude structure and function (pp 311-338). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum (particularly pp. 311-321). Skitka, Linda J., and Philip E. Tetlock. 1993. "Providing Public Assistance: Cognitive and Motivational Processes Underlying Liberal and Conservative Policy Preferences." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(December): 1205-1223. Smith, M.B. 1973. Political attitudes. In J.N. Knudson (Ed.) Handbook of political psychology (pp 57-82). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Smith, M.B., Bruner, J., and White, R. 1956. Opinions and personality. New York: Wiley. Tesser, Abraham. 1993. “The Importance of Heritability in Psychological Research: The Case of Attitudes.” Psychological Review, 100(January): 129-142.

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Political Attitudes, Inference, and Persuasion

Reading: Kinder. 2003. “Communication and Politics in the Age of Information.” Handbook, Chapter 11. Conover, Pamela J., and Stanley Feldman. 1989. “Candidate Perception in an Ambiguous World: Campaigns, Cues, and Inference Processes.” American Journal of Political Science, 33(November): 912-940. Nelson, Thomas E., and Donald R. Kinder. 1996. "Issue Frames and Group- Centrism in American Public Opinion." The Journal of Politics, 55 (November): 1055-1078. Druckman, James N. 2001. “On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?” Journal of Politics, 63(November): 1041 - 1066. Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2010. “Dynamic Public Opinion: Communication Effects over Time.” American Political Science Review, 104(November): 663 - 680. Ksiazkiewicz, Aleksander, and James Hedrick. 2013. “An Introduction to Implicit Attitudes in Political Science Research.” PS Political Science & Politics, 46(July): 525 - 531.

Also worth a look: Alvarez, R. Michael, and Charles H. Franklin. 1994. “Uncertainty and Political Perceptions.” Journal of Politics, 56, 671-688. Arcuri, Lucian, Luigi Castelli Silvia Galdi, Cristina Zogmaister, and Alessandro Amadori. 2008. “Predicting the Vote: Implicit Attitudes as Predictors of the Future Behavior of Decided and Undecided Voters.” Political Psychology, 29(June): 369 - 388. Baumeister, Roy F., and Leonard S. Newman. 1994. "Self-Regulation of Cognitive Inference and Decision Processes." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(February): 3- 19. Beckwith, Jon, and Corey A. Morris. 2008. “Twin Studies of Political Behavior: Untenable Assumptions?” Perspectives on Politics, 6(December): 785 - 792. [See response by Alford, Funk, and Hibbing immediately following.] Berent, Matthew K., and Jon A. Krosnick. 1995. “The Relation between Political Attitude Importance and Knowledge Structure.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M. McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 91 - 110). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

Bizer, George YU., and Richard E. Petty. 2005. “How we Conceptualize Our Attitudes Matters: The Effects of Valence Framing on the Resistance of Political Attitudes.” Political Psychology, 26(August): 553 - 568. [Negativity]

-73- Borgida, Eugene, and Andrea Miller. 2013. “Implicit and Explicit Measurement Approaches to Research on Policy Implementation.” PS Political Science & Politics, 46(July): 532 - 536. Brannon, Laura A., Michael J. Tagler, and Alice H. Eagly. 2007. “The Moderating Role of Attitude Strength in Selective Exposure to Information.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(July): 611 - 617. Model 2 Brewer, Paul R. 2002. “Framing, Value Words, and Citizens’ Explanations of Their Issue Opinions.” Political Communication, 19(July): 303 - 316. Budesheim, Thomas Lee, and Stephen J. DePaola. 1994. "Beauty or the Beast? The Effects of Appearance, Personality, and Issue Information on Evaluations of Political Candidates." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(August): 339-348. Charney, Evan. 2008. “Genes and Ideologies.” Perspectives on Politics, 6(June): 299 - 320. [See also responses by Alford, Funk and Hibbing, and Hannagan and Hatemi, that follow, and rejoinder by Charney.] Cobb, Michael D., and James H. Kuklinski. 1997. “Changing Minds: Political Arguments and Political Persuasion.” American Journal of Political Science, 41(January): 88-111. Conover, P.J. 1981. Political cues and the perception of candidates. American Politics Quarterly, 9, 427-448. Conover, P.J., and Feldman, S. 1983. Candidates, issues and voters: The role of inference in political perception. Journal of Politics, 45, 810-839. Conover, P.J., and Feldman, S. 1986. The role of inference in the perception of political candidates. In Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears (Eds.) Political cognition: The 19th annual Carnegie symposium on cognition (pp. 127-158). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Craemer, Thomas. 2010. “Possible Implicit Mechanisms of Minority Representation.” Political Psychology, 31(December): 797 - 830. Dancey, Logan. 2012. “The Consequences of Political Cynicism: How Cynicism Shapes Citizens’ Reactions to Political Scandal.” Political Behavior, 34 (September): 411 - 423. Dillon, M. 1993. Argumentative complexity of abortion discourse. Public Opinion Quarterly, 57, 305-314. Druckman, James N., Cari Lynn Hennessy, Kristi St. Charles, and Jonathan Webber. 2010. “Competing Rhetoric Over Time: Frames Versus Cues.” Journal of Politics, 72(January): 136 - 148. Egan, Patrick J., and Megan Mullin. 2012. “Turning Personal Experience into Political Attitudes: The Effect of Local Weather on Americans’ Perceptions about Global Warming.” Journal of Politics, 74(July): 796 - 809. Feldman, Stanley, and John Zaller. 1992. “The Political Culture of Ambivalence: Ideological Responses to the Welfare State.” American Journal of Political Science, 36(May): 268- 307.

-74- Glaser, Jack, and Christoper Finn. 2013. “How and Why Implicit Attitudes Should Affect Voting.” PS Political Science & Politics, 46(July): 537 - 544. Granberg, Donald, and Edward E. Brent. 1974. Dove-hawk Placements in the 1968 Election: Applications of Social Judgment and Balance Theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29(May): 687-695. Granberg, Donald, and Edward E. Brent. 1980. “Perceptions of Issue Positions of Presidential Candidates.” American Scientist, 68(November): 617-625. Granberg, Donald, and R. Jenks, 1977. “Assimilation and Contrast Effects in the 1972 Election.” Human Relations. 30(): 623-640. Green, D.P. l988. On the dimensionality of public sentiment toward partisan and ideological groups. American Journal of Political Science, 32, 758-780. Haider-Markel, Donald P., and Mark R. Joslyn. 2001. “Gun Policy, Opinion, Tragedy, and Blame Attribution: The Conditional Influence of Issue Frames.” Journal of Politics, 63(May): 520 - 543. Haider-Markel, Donald P., and Mark R. Joslyn. 2008. “Beliefs about the Origins of Homosexuality and Support for Gay Rights: An Empirical Test of Attribution Theory.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 72(Summer): 291-310. Holsti, Ole R. 1996. Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Huckfeldt, R. and Sprague, J. 1988. Choice, social structure, and political information: The informational coercion of minorities. American Journal of Political Science, 32, 467-482. Huckfeldt, Robert. John Sprague, and Jeffrey Levine. 2000. “The Dynamics of Collective Deliberation in the 1996 Election: Campaign Effects on Accessibility, Certainty, and Accuracy.” American Political Science Review, 94(September): 641 - 652. Hurwitz, J., and Peffley, M. 1987. The means and ends of foreign policy as determinants of presidential support. American Journal of Political Science, 31, 236-259. Jackman, Simon, and Paul M. Sniderman. 2006. “The Limits of Deliberative Discussion: A Model of Everyday Political Arguments.” Journal of Politics, 68(May): 272 - 283. Jacoby, W.G. 1994. Public attitudes toward government spending. American Journal of Political Science, 38, 336-361. Jacoby, William G. 2000. “Issue Framing and Public Opinion on Government Spending.” American Journal of Political Science, 44(October): 750 - 767. Johnson, W. 2007. “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Behavior: Capturing All the Interplay.” Psychological Review, 114(2): 423-440. Judd, Charles M., and James W. Downing. 1995. “Stereotypic Accuracy in Judgments of the Political Positions of Groups and Individuals.” In Milton Lodge and Kathleen M.

-75- McGraw, eds. Political Judgment: Structure and Process (pp. 65 - 90). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Judd, C.M., and Krosnick, J.A. 1982. Attitude centrality, organization, and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 436-447. Kenny, C.B. 1994. The microenvironment of attitude change. Journal of Politics, 56, 715-728. Kenney, P.J. 1993. An examination of how voters form impressions of candidates' issue positions during the nomination campaign. Political Behavior, 15, 265-288. Kinder, Donald R. 1978. “Political Person Perception: the Asymmetrical Influence of Sentiment and Choice on Perceptions of Presidential Candidates.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(): 859-871. Krosnick, Jon A. 1988. “The Role of Attitude Importance in Social Evaluation: a Study of Policy Preferences, Presidential Candidate Evaluations, and Voting Behavior.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55(August): 196-210. Krosnick, Jon A. 1990. Government policy and citizen passion: A study of issue publics in contemporary America. Political Behavior, 12, 59-92. Krosnick, Jon A. 1991. Psychological perspectives on political candidate perception: A review of research on the projection hypothesis. (Unpublished manuscript). Ksiazkiewicz, Aleksander. 2013. “Implicit Political Knowledge.” PS Political Science & Politics, 46(July): 553 - 556. Kuklinski, James H., Michael D. Cobb, and Martin Gilens. 1997. "Racial Attitudes and the 'New South.'" The Journal of Politics, 59(May): 323-349. Lau, Richard R., Richard A. Smith, and Susan T. Fiske. 1991. “Political Beliefs, Policy Interpretations, and Political Persuasion.” Journal of Politics, 53 (August): 644-675. Lavine, Howard, John L. Sullivan, Eugene Borgida, and Cynthia J. Thomsen. 1996. "The Relationship of National and Personal Issue Salience to Attitude Accessibility on Foreign and Domestic Policy Issues." Political Psychology, 17(June):293-316. Lerner, A.W., Rundquist, B.S., and Cline, M. 1984. The effect of misperception on strategic behavior in legislative settings: Social psychology meets rational choice. Political Behavior, 6, 111-128. Levendusky, Matthew S., and Michael C. Horowitz. 2012. “When Backing Down Is the Right Decision: Partisanship, New Information, and Audience Costs.” Journal of Politics, 74(April): 323 - 338. Lupia, Arthur. 1994. “Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance Reform Elections.” American Political Science Review, 88(March): 63-76. Malhotra, Neil.,and Alexander G. Kuo. 2008. “Attributing Blame: The Public’s Response to Hurricane Katrina.” Journal of Politics, 70(January): 120 - 135.

-76- Markus, Greg B. 1982. Political attitudes during an election year: A report on the 1980 NES panel study. American Political Science Review, 76, 538-560. Nelson, Thomas E., and Jennifer Garst. 2005. “Value-Based Political Messages and Persuasion: Relationships among Speaker, Recipient, and Evoked Values.” Political Psychology, 26(August): 489 - 516. Nelson, Thomas E., Zoe M. Oxley, and Rosalee A. Clawson. 1997. "Toward a Psychology of Framing Effects." Political Behavior, 19(September): 221-246. Norpoth, H., and Buchanan, B. 1992. Wanted: The education president. Issue trespassing by political candidates. Public Opinion Quarterly, 56, 87-99. Orey, Bryan D., Thomas Craemer, and Melanye Price. “Implicit Racial Attitude Measures in Black Samples: IAT, Subliminal Priming, and Implicit Black Identification.” PS Political Science & Politics, 46(July): 550 - 552. Ottati, V.C. 1990. Determinants of political judgments: The joint influence of normative and heuristic rules of inference. Political Behavior, 12, 159-180. Ottati, V.C., Fishbein, M., and Middlestadt, S.E. 1988. Determinants of voters' beliefs about the candidates' stands on the issues: The role of evaluative bias heuristics and the candidates' expressed message. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 55, 517-529. Pierce, R., and Converse, Philip E. 1990. Attitudinal sources of protest behavior in France. Public Opinion Quarterly, 54, 295-316. Powell, L.W. 1989. Analyzing misinformation: Perceptions of congressional candidates' ideologies. American Journal of Political Science, 33, 272-293. Ray, Leonard. 1999. “Conversion, Acquiescence, or Delusion: The Contingent Nature of the Party-Voter Connection.” Political Behavior, 21 (December): 325-348. Rudolph, Thomas J. 2006. Triangulating Political Responsibility: The Motivated Formation of Responsibility Judgments.” Political Psychology, 27(February): 99 - 122. Sanders, Lynn, and Donald R. Kinder. 1991. “Mimicking political debate with survey questions: The case of white opinion on affirmative action for blacks.” Social Cognition, 8, 73-103. Schwarz, N., and Bliss, H. 1992. Scandals and the public's trust in politicians: Assimilation and contrast effects. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 574-579. Sigelman, Lee, and Conover, P.J. 1981. Knowledge and opinions about the Iranian crisis: A reconsideration of three models. Public Opinion Quarterly, 45, 477-491. Sniderman, P.M., Brody, R.A., and Tetlock, Philip E. 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press. Taber, Charles S., Damon Cann, and Simona Kucsova. 2009. “The Motivated Processing of Political Arguments.” Political Behavior, 31(June): 137 - 156. Theodoridis, Alexander G. 2013. “Implicit Political Identity.” PS Political Science & Politics, 46(July): 545 - 549.

-77- Valentino, Nicholas A. 1999. “Crime News and the Priming of Racial Attitudes during Evaluations of the President.” Public Opinion Quarterly, 63(Fall): 293-320. Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchins, and Ismail K. White. 2002. “Cues the Matter: How Political Ads Prime Racial Attitudes During Campaigns.” American Political Science Review, 96(March): 75 - 90. Wood, B. Dan, and Arnold Vedlitz. 2007. “Issue Definition, Information Processing, and the Politics of Global Warming.” American Journal of Political Science, 51(July): 552 - 568. Yoo, Sung-jin. 2010. “Two Types of Neutrality: Ambivalence versus Indifference and Political Participation.” Journal of Politics, 72(January): 163 - 177. Zaller, John R.1987. “Diffusion of political attitudes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 821-834. Zaller, John R., and Stanley Feldman. 1992. “A simple theory of the survey response: Answering questions versus revealing preferences.” American Journal of Political Science, 36, 579-616.

-78- Metaphors and Public Opinion DROP? Certainly drop Lakoff

Lakoff, George, 1996. Moral Politics: What Conservatives Know that Liberals Don't. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. (Read chapters 1-9). Students really hated this book last time. Don’t use again. Barker, David C., and James D. Tinnick III. 2006. “Competing Visions of Parental Roles and Ideological Constraint.” American Political Science Review, 100 (May): 249 - 264. Schlesinger, Mark, and Richard R. Lau. 2000. "The Meaning and Measure of Policy Metaphors." American Political Science Review, 94 (September): 611-626.

------Optional ------Beer, Francis A., and Christ’l D. Landtsheer (Eds.). 2004. Metaphorical World Politics. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press. Cohn, Carol. 1987. Sex and Death in the Rational World of the Defense Intellectuals. Signs (Winter):687-718. Drucker, H.M. 1970. Just Analogies? The Place of Analogies in Political Thinking. Political Studies, 18(December): 448-460. Gamson, William. 1992. Talking Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. Graber, Doris. 1976. Verbal Behavior and Politics. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. Lakoff, George. 1987. Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories reveal About the Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Lakoff, George. 1993. “The Contemporary Theory of Metaphor.” In Andrew Ortony (ed.) Metaphor and Thought (Volume 2, pp. 202-251). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Lakoff, George and Mark Johnson, 1980. Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Landau, Martin. 1961. On the Use of Metaphor in Political Analysis. Social Research, 28(Fall): 331-353. Lau, Richard R., and Mark Schlesinger. 2005. “Policy Frames, Metaphorical Reasoning, and Support for Public Policies.” Political Psychology, 26(February): 77-114. Miller, Eugene. 1979. Metaphor and Political Knowledge. American Political Science Review, 73(March): 155-170. Moses, Jennifer Filson, and Marti Hpe Gonzales. 2015. “Strong Candidate, Nurturant Candidate: Moral Language in Presidential Television Advertisements.” Political Psychology, 36 (August): 379 - 398.

-79- Ottati, Victor, Susan Rhoads, and Arthur C. Graesser. 1999. “The Effect of Metaphor on Processing Style in a Persuasion Task: A Motivational Resonance Model.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(October): 688-697. Rein, Martin and Donald Schön, 1994. Frame Reflection: Toward the Resolution of Intractable Policy Controversies (New York: Basic Books). Saccaro-Battisti, Giuseppa. 1983. Changing Metaphors of Political Structures. Journal of the History of Ideas, xx(December): 31-54. Stone, Deborah, 1989. "Causal Stories and the Formation of Policy Agendas." Political Science Quarterly 104(2): 281-300. Stone, Deborah, 1988. Policy Paradox and Political Reason. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company. Voss, James F., Joel Kennet, Jennifer Wiley, and Tonya Y.E. Schooler. 1992. “Experts at Debate: The Use of Metaphor in the U.S. Senate Debate on the Gulf Crisis.” Journal of Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 7(3 and 4):197-214. Winter, David G. 2010. “Circulating Metaphors of Sexuality, Aggression, and Power: Otto Rank’s Analysis of “Conquering Cities and ‘Conquering’ Women.” Political Psychology, 31(February): 1 - 20. Winter, Stephen. 1989. Transcendental Nonsense, Metaphoric Reasoning, and the Cognitive Stakes for Law. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 137:1105-1237. Winter, Stephen. 1989. The Cognitive Dimension of the Agon Between Legal Power and Narrative Meaning. Michigan Law Review, 87:2225-. Zashin, Elliot and Phillip Chapman, 1974. "The Uses of Metaphor and Analogy: Toward a Renewal of Political Language" Journal of Politics, 36: 290-326.

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