Zimbabwe News, Vol. 27, No. 11

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Alternative title Zimbabwe News Author/Creator Zimbabwe African National Union Publisher Zimbabwe African National Union (Harare, Zimbabwe) Date 1996-10-00 Resource type Magazines (Periodicals) Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) Zimbabwe, Southern Africa (region), China, Mozambique Coverage (temporal) 1996 Source Northwestern University Libraries, L968.91005 Z711 v.27 Rights By kind permission of ZANU, the Zimbabwe African National Union Patriotic Front. Description Editorial. Cover Story: Zimbabwe's hour of darkness. Special Report: Samora the greatest. National News: Home-grown economic reforms welcome. Business News: Is the World Bank changing? A future without Lome. Viewpoint: Rich club losing interest in Africa. Talking Point: Is pregnancy a hinderance to equality? Environmental Issues: Who controls Africa's natural resources? Nations urged to guard against toxic waste dumping. I Write As I Like Let us all support the solar programme. Health: Adequate policies on AIDS needed. Features: No death penalty in new SA constitution. Affirmative Action: The theory and the practice. International News: New China at 47. The Labour Party. Consumer File: Abusive language not welcome. Books: Children in the New Southern Africa. Sport: 1996 soccer review. Format extent 28 page(s) (length/size)

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http://www.aluka.org Zimbabwe News

Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF Department of Information and Publicitv, 144 Union Avenue, Harare Tel: 790148 Volume 27, No. 11 1996, Registeredat the G.RO as a Newspaper OCTOBER 1996 $2.50 (incl. sales tax) Machel was murdered Page 5 Pregnancy and equality Page 11 Affirmative Action: The theory and practice Page 16

Zimbabwe News Official Organ of ZANU PF Contents Editorial Cover Story Special Report National News Business News Viewpoint Talking Point Environment.-] Issues I Write As I Like Health Features International News Consumer File Books Sport Zimbabwe's hour of darkness ...... 3 Samora the greatest ...... 5 Home-grown economic reforms welcome ...... 7 Is the W orld Bank changing? ...... 8 A future without Lome ...... 8 Rich club losing interest in Africa ...... 9 Is pregnancy a hinderance to equality? ...... I I W ho controls Africa's natural resources? ...... i..; ...... 12 Nations urged to guard against toxic waste dumping ...... 12 Let us all support the solar programme ...... 14 Adequate policies on AIDS needed ...... 14 No death penalty in new SA constitution ...... 15 Affirmative Action: The theory and the practice ...... 16 New China at 47 ...... 18 The Labour Party ...... 19 Abusive language not welcome ...... 21 Children in the New Southern Africa ...... 22 1996 soccer review ...... 22 Zimbabwe News is the official organ of the Zimbabwe African National Union ZANU PF and is produced on the authority of the Central Committee by the Department of Information and Publicirty, Jongwe Printing and Publishing Co., No. 14 Austin Road, Worldngton, Harare World Copyright, Central Committee (ZANU PF) Editorial Council: Cde. N.M. Shamuyarira, Cde. C.C. Chimulengwende, Cde;-C. Ndhlovu, Cde. S. Kachingwe, Cde. A. Sikhosana. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11

Editorial Never say die GARY Magadzire is no more. The people of Zimbabwe accept that reality. They also uphold the fact that his selfless contributions towards the promotion of the stafus of communal farmers and the rural population in general has transformed him from being a mortal into an immortal being. A natural hero. The ZANU PF culture of sincerely evaluating a person's contributions to the country and honouring them accordingly has taught the people of Zimbabwe to know themselves. They now know that for them, there is no human master. Nature is our servant. It is up to us to use nature for our economic benefit. It we want to be real men in control of all things common to man, we can do so and be truly our own masters. Gary Magadzire proved it in real life and left us a legacy that teaches us that if we fail to hold onto the right to rule ourselves, we will be reduced to the level of the lower animals. If we are not in a position to determine our own destiny then someone else will do that for us. It will be as if we are lower animals and that which the 'real man" bids us do, we shall obey like a donkey, a horse, acow or a dog. If its master says "Go", it goes; if he says "Come", it comes. Up until the year 1980, the people of Zimbabwe had been in the position of being commanded just like the lower animals. Were it not for people like Gary Magadzire, a man of character who understood the evil nature of the age we were living in and took steps to correct it, who quickly realised that the African people in Zimbabwe had no will, no purpose of their own and worked tirelessly for our people to regain their human dignity, we would still be slaves. During the colonial era, there were many who professed to be leaders of the Africans in this country. When the test came they were found to be slaves of the colonialists. They were there to perform the will of their masters without questions. Not so with Gary Magadzire. He was clear that the people of Zimbabwe were colonised and must be liberated. He was confident that no matter how difficult the task was, or how long it took, the people were going to succeed. He had faith in the future of a liberated Zimbabwe and left no stone unturned in his efforts to bring that about. It is through reading the life histories of men such as Gary Magadzire that we learn the reality that a man has no master but God. That man in his own authority, is his own master. That from the individual man is born a nation which also carries the same characteristics of sovereignty. This feeling makes man so courageous, so bold as to make it impossible for anyone to temper with his human ights. It takes people like Gary Magadzire to understand what it takes to make a man who will never say die, a man who will never give up, a man who will never depend upon others to do for him what he ought to do for himself. A man who will not blame nature or fate for his condition, but a man who will take bold steps to make conditions suit himself and the people. That was Gary Magadzire's life, an illustrious son of Zimbabwe. May he rest in peace. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO.11

Bo Zvrzzk Story Cde Magadzire - a reputable leader, farmer and politician o ne of Africa's most illustrous sons is no more. Garikayi Magadzire, Zimbabwe's own testimon' of the intellectually, economical* and politically able Africans, pased away after a short stay at Hasre's Parirenyatwa Hospital on Tuesday. 22 October 1996 at the aRe of 59. But like all those great men who have fallen before him, his works will certalniy live on to tell the rest of the world a story that shall survive the test of time. He was buried at the national shrine on Saturday, 26 October 1996 before thousands of people from all walks of life. Born on 16 August 1937 in Tivugari, Shurugwi, in a family of ten - three boys and seven girls, he was a direct fourth generation descendent of Munhumutapa, the Rovi King. Garikayi was raised in Matabeleland but went to schools in the Chivi area. Owing to lack of money to pay for his fees, he dropped out and secured a clerical job at Gaths mine. Here, Gary did not stay long as he was cancelled out of the payroll on the grounds that he was under-aged. Luck was with him a few years later when Reverend Samkange (now late) sponsored him back to school for Standard 5 and 6 at Pakame Mission. Because he was a brilliant pupil, he went on to secure a place at Tegwani Methodist Mission in Plumtree but was soon expelled for being a Seventh Day Adventist. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11 Gary got a job at Selbourne Furnitures where he met a samaritan who arranged for his acceptance at Tsolo College of Agriculture in South Africa. However, after a year, he was expelled for defying racial dormitory boundaries as he constantly crossed over to the whites-only residence. Back home former head of Tsqlo College who was now at Mzingwane College in Essexvale (now Esigodini), facilitated for 'his return to school and in 1958, Gary graduated from the institute and joined Tobacco Research Centre as a professional advisor. Immediately after, he was asked by the settler government to serve a two- year bonding agreement. He was posted to Fort Victoria (now Masvingo) in 1959.,Here, he married his frist wife, Ettie Hungwe, in 1960. After spending nine years in the Victor, ia Province, Cde. Magadzire joined a fertiliser company, Windmill as a sales representative and rose through the ranks to become chief marketing manager. Come 1979, Cde. Garikayi Magadzire was elected president of the Zimbabwe National Farmers Union while between 1976 and 1978, he had served as vice president of the African Farmers Union. When the Zimbabwe National Farmers Union and the National Farmers Association of Zimbabwe merged in 1991 to form the Zimbabwe Farmers Union (ZFU), he was unanimously elected pregident of the new organisation. All in all, the new organisation represented about one million farmers. He was repeatedly elected ZFU president and was still in this capacity at the time of his untimely death. Cde. Garikayi Magadzire's influence in agriculture spread across the region and the continent as a whole. .In his country, he served on various .statutory boards. Tribal Land Corporation, was vice chairman of the Land' ,Resettlement and Cotton Marketifg boards; served on the ARDA, Natural *Contimued on next page

Zimbabwe's hour of darkness * Continued fron previous page Resources and, the Agricultural Research Council Boards. Cde. Magadzire also served as vice chairman of ARDA's Resettlement Committee, and the Tsetse Board. He was also vice chairman of the Land Tenure Gommission, board member of the Posts and Telecommunications Corporation and, Farm Development Trust. Cde. Magadzire was -also chairman of the Communal Areas Cattle Sales Trust Fund. While serving on the above boards, Cde Magadzire ceaselessly articulated and agitated the respective institutions to focus on problems facing communal and small scale farmers. Thus his magnanimous ideas vis-a-vis the upliftment in the standards of the communal farmer through improved productivity spread throughout the .region and was appointed member of the Southern African Confederation of Agricultural Union (SACAU). He also was an Advisory Committee member of the Institute of Pest Management and the African Farmer in Nairobi, Kenya. At the international level, Cde Gary Magadzire was vice president of the International Federation of Agricultural Producers (IFAP) which sponsors studies and specialises in linkage of farmers, extension and research services; chaired the Standing Committee for African, Carribean Pacific (ACP) countries; served as a member of the International Research loard; and was a member of the International Service for Research Agriculture Advisory Committee (ISNAR). He was also, quite importantly, a Committee Member of the Imminent Persons of the United Nations chaired by former Nigerian leader, General Olisugan Obasanjo. It did not come as a surprise therefore, when Cde Garikayi Magadzire was awarded an honorary diploma in 1990 by an agricultural institute in India "in appreciation of his tireless efforts to develop African farmers". In 1992, he was honoured by the International Federation of Agricultural Producers (Africa Committee.) Come April 1995, Cde Magadzire was nominated for the Ninth Annual Africa Prize for Leadership for the Sustainable End of Hunger by the Hunger Project. Important to note here is that amongst a host of initiatives undertaken by Cde Magadzire were the Adult Literacy Campaign to enable largely rural corinunities to read and write. This was indeed fundamental in raising smallholder and communal agricultural productivity and, subsequently, their per capita income; good farming competitons held in every part of rural and peri-urban Zimbabwe; harnessing of solar energy for communal areas, and; sustainable water supplies with special emphasis on every district having a dam. Also vital is the fact that after championing the adult literacy programme whose curriculum he constantly discussed with the University of Zimbabwe, Cde Magadzire launched The Zimbabwe Farmer magazine now available countrywide and beyond geographical boundaries. Politics Cde Garikayi Magadzire's political cbntribution towards the political liberation of this country 5tarted during his days at Mzingwane College of Agriculture where he had contact with Cde Joshua Nkomo (now Vice President of Zimbabwe and former President of PF ZAPU) who was then a teacher at the Institute. Cde Nkomo politicised Cde Magadzire into joining -the National 'Democratic Party (NDP) which the latter obligingly did. One night following a highly charged NDP meeting, Cde Magadzire, his cousin Cde Josiah Tongogara, Cdes Percy Masvusvu and Nkosana Muzesa (all late), organised youths from Shurugwi and Tokwe to cut down tobacco on the farms of notorious settler farmers in the area. Following this act, a massive manhunt was launched forcing all others to cross the border into Zambia while Gary was saved by the fact that he was a well known Seventh Day Adventist Church leader. During the period he served as an agricultural extension advisor in Victoria, he was appointed team leader of the Land Allocation Commission of the Province. Having a deeper understanding of the political implications of the objectives of the Commission, he organised the beating of whites known to be hard racist and, held secret meetings with chiefs in the area urging them to resist being moved from their holdings to concentrated villages or reserves as they were called. Because of his political activities, his home became a sanctuary for other na. tionalists. For instance, when Cde Sam Ceza, (former secretary for Industry and Energy) was expelled for organising the first political strike by students at Fletcher High School, he stayed with Cde Magadzire; when Cde Dzikamai Danha (former Public Service Commissioner was expelled from Gokomere and placed on restriction, he sought refuge in Gary's home; and so did many others. Two days before Ian Douglas Smith declared the illegal Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), Cde Magadzire was detained but was released a day following the declaration. He finally left government in January 1967 to join Windmill, Cde Magadzire was present at the formation of ZANU in Gweru in 1963 and survived three serious attempts at his life. In 1978, he was kidnapped and cut on the hand by a bayonette. In the process, he discovered that one of the policemen was his uncle, who then stopped the others and instructed Gary to go to Glen Norah where he was expected. He was later surprised to find that he was supposed to have been killed in the incident He was nonetheless taken to Harare Hospital where he was attended to by Dr Oliver Munyaradzi (now late) whom he had been collaborating with in the underground movement. Others included Dr Simon Mazorodze (former Minister of Health and a national hero) and Dr Mazhindu. During the days of Internal Settlement, he was charged by the movement to disrupt the African Farmers Union. He took the opportunity to convince Chief Chirau (then president of the Council of Chiefs and now late) to make a press statement rejecting an internal settlement plan which excluded full participation of "our sons in the bush", in reference to the freedom fighters. During the course of 1978, he organised African businessmen in Salisbury (now .Harare) such as Cdes Mwayera and Denis Makomva (both late now) to donate clothing, food and money to the free. dom fighters. This was at the request of de Tawengwa (father to Harare's executive mayor, now late), who was housing the freedom fighters at his Marondera farm. *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11

Zimbabwe's hour of darkness *Continued fom previous page He constantly travelled to Marondera in the company of Cdes Solomon Tawengwa, Takaona Shisha and Bester Kanyama. These visits facilitated a consistent two-way flow of information on the course of the struggle between the underground activitists and the fighters. In 1979, Cde Garikayi Magadzire led the team that represented the smallholder communal farmers at Lancaster House during the settlement talks that eventually helped bring about peace to this country. Untimely death Cde Magadzire's death came barely two months following ZFU's 57th annual congress held in Mutare last August. The congress, steadfast in its vision for the future as dictated by the humble guidance of a man whose life was attached to the soil as he was for the betterment of the rural folk, reiterated its call for small holder agricultural development action plan to form the most important component of the agricultural policy and strategies but expressed concern over resource allocations to agriculture which account for two percent of the national budget. It also observed that privatisation of the rural market infrastructure which ignored participation of farmers would have a negative impact on the farmer. Instead, the congress resolved that sufficient shareholding should be given to farmers in the marketing organisations. In this regard, it further resolved that the ZFU should endeavour to set up its own marketing institutions to deal with farmers' produce and input requirements. While noting that communal land tenure syste'n was a serious impediment to attracting private investment in rural areas, the congress welcomed the recently announced leasehold in resettlement areas towards title deeds as a step in the right direction. On input costs, the congress resolved that tariffs for fertiliser should be urgently reviewed downwards and the monopoly of the two fertiiser companies checked as they had for far-too long, gone without competitive challenge and; that during the 1996/97 season, the government should introduce a price top-up scheme to cushion farmers against the recent price increases. ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11 It is therefore needless to point out, given, Cde. Magadzire's commitment and dedication towards improved smallholder productivity that his death is indeed a terrible loss to both Zimbabwe and the region as a whole. That smallholder farmers today contribute much more than commercial farmers on the formal markets is because of his unwavering consistency in boosting this sector which for years, was vehemently marginalised by the settler regimes. Thus in his graveside speech at the Heroes Acre, the President Cde. Robert Gabriel Mugabe noted: ". . . Cde. Magadzire was an astute and dedicated farm.er, a brilliant leader and politician whose determination and commitment to duty were unquestionable...-" Said the President: "Despite the fact that he was a successful commercial farmer, he devoted much of his time to mobilising smallholder and communal farmers. He organised rural farmers into participatory groups at the district and national levels. He later started a group collective borrowing system which became the most effective method of lending money to smallholder farmers. "This system was later transformed into Savings Club and Credit Movements. At independence (1980), over 16 000 such clubs had been formed with total savings of over $3 million. These clubs offered opportunities for training, education, demonstration and practical methods of crop and livestock husbandry." In honour of this selflessly dedicated gentleman, the ruling ZANU PF Government befittingly bestowed on him, the highest honour accorded to only those who would have excelled during their time in one field or the other - economically, socially or politically: the national hero status. He became the 42nd person to be declared as such and the 33rd to be buried at the national shrine. Cde. Garikayi Magadzire is survived by three wives and several children. El The legendary Samora Machel CDE SAMORA Moises Machel, one of Africa's greatest 19th century freedom fighters died during the month of October, ten years ago. Samora was born into a peasant family on September 29, 1933 in Zilembene near the Limpopo River Valley in the Gaza Province. His grandparents and greatgrandparents had actively participated in the wars, of resistence to colonial conquest. Samora's paternal grandfather was one of Maguiguana's commanders and, his maternal grandparents were exiled - first to Angola and then to Sao Tome and Principe where they died. During- his childhood, Samora expaienced forced labour at cotton estates farmed by settlers. *Continued on next page SA MORA.... THE...... GREATEST ...... Ry Zv......

Samora the greatest *Continued from previous page The only schools that were available to him were those run by the Roman Catholic Church where in addition to high fees, pupils were also subjected to forced labour. Samora managed to complete primary schooling but since secondary education was virtually closed to Africans he did not go any further. He turned down a request to continue his studies at a seminary. He left. for Lourenco Marques where he trained as a nurse and managed to finance his secondary course which he did at a night school. Politics The end of the 1950s saw a rapid growth in nationalist consciousness throughout the African continent and Mozambique was no exception. As such, Cde Samora Machel closely followed the Vietnam war, the Algerian liberation war and early African independences with keen interest. However, it was the Congo conflict and the launching of the armed liberation struggle in Angola in 1961 that aroused much enthusiasm in his country and subsequently, activated Mozambique's nationalist movement. Upon the founding of the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO) on 25 June 1962, under the leadership of Dr Eduardo Chivambo Mondlane, Cde Machel immediately joined but was to flee the country in 1963 for Tanzania as FRELIMO members were being persecuted by the settler Portuguese regime. Thus he became one of the first Mozambicans to receive military training - he took the course in Algeria. Armed struggle Cde Machel spearheaded the launching of the armed struggle in the eastern part of Niassa Province where he organised a principal Politico-Military Training Centre at Nachingea in 1966. When a FRELIMO Central Committee member, Fillipe Samuel Magaia was murdered the same year, Cde Machel was appointed Secretary of the Defence Department becoming a member of the central committee thus. Under his leadership, the People's Forces for the Liberation of Mozambique (PFLM) immensely raised the level-of the armed struggle and also initiated the process of transforming liberated zones. His real test, however, came between the period 1967-70 when a class struggle took root within FRELIMO. Cde Machel refused to be aliened with any of the factions thus proving that he was an intransigent leader and defender of the wishes At the Second Congress in 1968 he stood side-by-side with Cde. Mondlane to see the revolutionaries triumph within the movement which victory, saw the reactioneries flocking into an open alliance with the settlers. It was this naked greediness on the part of the reactionaries which eventually culminated in the murdering of Cde. Mondlane with a parcel bomb in Dar-es-salaam on February 3, 1969. Owing to the crisis that followed Cde. Modlane's murder, the 3rd Session of the FRELIMO Central committee created a Council of the Presidency and, Cde. eachel was designated one of the coresidency. Following the complete esertion of the reactionaries in May 970, the 4th Session of the Central committee elected Cde. Samora Machel as the President of FRELIMO. Cde. Machel intensified the liberation war, inflicting serious damage on the colonial military machinery. The Portuguese settlers began to succumb but finally collapsed in 1974. On September 7, 1974, the Lusaka Accord was signed with the Portuguese authorities and, the 7th Session of the FRELIMO Central Committee unanimously designated Cde. Machel the first President of the People's Republic of Mozambique as the country's national independence was proclaimed on June 25, 1975. Cde. Machel was unanimously re-elected a the Fourth Congress held in April W83. Murder In his tireless efforts to liberate those countries still languishing. under coloni]a rule, Cde. Machel trotted from one meeting to another in search of lasting peace to the Southen African crisis. It was while returning home from one such mission that the plane he was travelling in crashed in yet to be fully explained circumstances inside South Africa around the Mbuzini area on 19 October 1986. immediately following the crash, confusing reports hit the airwaves here: first, he was said to have survived but later on reported dead. There are others who said he had survived the crash but was finished off by a South African soldier while some contended he died from the injuries he sustained from the crash. Now as we commemorate the death of the legend, one hopes that the South African Truth Commission headed by Archbishop Desmond Tutu will not only tell us who murdered anti-apartheid acivist Mr. Olof Palme, a Swedish premier but bring before the world those responsible for the death of Cde. Machel. Honoured Fully aware of the anxiety building up Omongst the people of the region, Africa and the world at large over what the Commission will bring vis-a-vis Cde. Machel's death, South African President e. Nelson Mandela went a step ahead conferring posthumously, the highest award with which his country honours citizens of the other countries, the Order of Good Hope Class 1: Grand Cross (Gold), on the late Cde. Machel. Cde. Mandela and Mozambique's President Joaquim Chissano, together with Cde. Machel's widow, Cde..Graca, commemorated the late fighter's death at Mbuzini in the Mpumalanga Province. Several Government Ministers and the Premier of Mpumalanga Province were at the site. The honour was bestowed on Cde. Machel on October 19 in Maputo. In this regard, Cde. Mandela told his audience that Cde. Machel was being honoured because through his political conviction and tireless efforts, he made inestimable contribution towards the liberation of the peoples of Southern Africa. President Mandela also dclared the site where Cde. Machel and 33 other passengers died 10 years ago a national monument. As we commemorate the loth anniversay of the death of Cde. Samora Moises Mahel, one only hopes that justice will is y prevail- that those reponsibo bhr* death will findy be eMqONKd and boughit to book; Ma Contimul4 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11

Home-grown economic reforms welcome By Sharon Mlambo - Dr Murerwa said ZIMPREST, unlike its Cde Murenva - charting out new reforms onor funding for the second i phase of Zimbabwe's market re-, forms is now assured following the decision by the International Monetary Fund (IMP) to support efforts tbar liberalise the agro-based economy. IMF offials led by managing director chel Camdessus, met a Zimbabwedelegation led by Finance Minister, CeHerbert Murerwa recently and edged to' support the reform p r e, to be launched next year its new name: The Zimbabwe fg e for Economic and Social T rmation (ZMp RES). ZPREST will replace the Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP), whose first five-years ended last December, having achieved most of the major monetary and trade liberalisation targets. Ihis first interview since returning from Washington in October, Dr Murerwa told ZANAthat the new programme, whose fnding needs were still being worked ot would largely dwell on employment reation and poverty reduction. Zmbabwe is currently grappling with an u ployment rate exceeding three milln (about 25 percent of the population), while more than 300 000 pupils are leaving secondary school every year. Dr Murerwa was accompanied to the talks by Reserve Bank governor, Dr Leonard Tsumba and Finance Secretary, Cde Charles Kuwaza. "I met with Michel Camdessus who is the managing director of the IMF and World Bank vice president responsible for Africa, Dr Callisto Madavo and they were favourable of the framework that was presented", Dr Murerwa said. "They (IMF and World Bank) made preliminary comments on the framework with a view to improve its effectiveness", he said. Dr Murerwa also told the national news agency that officials from the multilateral financial institution were expected in the country at the end of October, 1996. Future IMF support for the reforms was thrown into doubt when over Z$1 billion in balance of payments aid, part of the Z$5 billion facility under ESAP 1, was withheld last September following concern about missed fiscal targets The IMF and other donors wanted Zimbabwe to reduce the budget deficit to five percent of GDP, but as it turned out, the deficit doubled to 10 percent during the year ending June 1996. predecessor, was Zimbabwean tailored, having been drafted by local economists. Implementation of the first phase of the reforms, which ended last December, was adversely affected by recurrentdroughts in 1991/92 and 1994/95 which cut GDP growth by over seven percent and three percent respectively. Esap 1, however, was among other successes, credited with liberalising trade and financial controls, facilitating increased investment. But the major downside was rising poverty and unemployment, with reports from social groups showing more people were now living beyond the poverty datum line. Dr Murerwa said unemployment and heavy domestic borrowing by govern-' ment were the biggest challenges facing economic growth. High public expenditure had already resulted in high inflation which was pegged at 20.6 percent last September and, astronomical interest rates which have made money very expensive. Nominal interest rates in Zimbabwe are currently pegged at 30 percent, although indications are that banks will soon cut them to below 26 percent in line with the general decline in money rates. Dr Murerwa said ZIMPREST would also emphasise on accelerating the commercialisation and privatisation of public enterprises, a major sore point with donors who last year, said the government was dragging its feet on disposing of lossmaking state enterprises. Dr Murerwa said the indigenisation programme, under which government wants to pursue initiatives to widen the participation of the majority Africans in the mainstream economy, would also be incorporated into the new reforms. "As we privatise, I expect that most of the money will come to the excheqeuer to help reduce the quantum of (Zimbabwe's) debt", Dr Murerwa said. Zmbabwe, reputed for not failing to meet its debt obligations was, early this year, estimated to owe Z$60 billion, with monthly interest payments exceeding Z$1 billion. - ZIANA El ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11 he coming of a new president whose agenda prioritises Africa, the appointment of two vice presidents for the Africa region, and a new thrust towards increased dialogue with all stakeholders, could signal a changing face of the World Bank. James Wolfensohn, who took office as President of the World Bank in June last year, made headlines with his promise to put Africa, a region once regarded as the "graveyard" of the Bank's policies, at the top of his priority agenda. As part of a move to revamp the Bank's operations in the Africa region, two vice presidents, unlike in the past, were recently appointed to take charge of the region and these are Callisto Madavo, a Zimbabwean national, and Jean-Louis Sarbib, a French national born in Africa. In a statement, Wolfensohn said Madavo, who has 27 years experience with the Bank, and Sarbib, who joined the Bank 16 years ago, "will work in tandem to design and lead the Region's work programme". On country responsibilities, Sarbib is in charge of West, Central and North Africa, while Madavo is responsible for East and Southern Africa, including the 12 Southern African Development Community (SADC) member states. In what analysts have described as a major shake-up at the world's largest financial institution, the top echelons of the Bank have undergone an overhaul and this will see each country director being responsible for fewer countries. Directors will be increased from five to fifteen in charge of the more than 30 countries in which the Bank is active. "The idea is to make the Bank's field presence more effective by moving the locus of activity to Africa," says a Bank official. Eric Chinje, External Affairs Counsellor in the Office of the Vice President, was quoted in Africa Insight, a Harare-based monthly bulletin, as saying the shakeup is to make the Bank's Africa rei operations more responsive to I needs and would herald "very inter ing times full of challenges an opportunities". The World Bank is also changing t way it works with its partners and is creasingly including the different stak holder groups in its policy dialogue an decision-making for project lending. "World Bank projects can be more successful if we consult and work with our partners - NGOS, civil societies, the private sector, governments - and unless Bank believes that participation is an element of its projects," says Wolfensohn. - SARDC 11 A future without Lome By Munetsi Madakufamba s the globalisation of trade intensifies, both generalised and preferential treatment that Africa is currently enjoying from the European Union (EU), under the Lome Convention, are slowly getting eroded and there are doubts over the renewal of the agreement come Year 2 000. David Jessop, A European economic analyst, says: "All the signs are that the new aid and trade package, which is the outcome of the mid-term review of Lome IV, is likely not to be replaced in its present form when it expires in the Year 2 000". The Lome Convention, a cooperation agreement between the EU and African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states, was concluded in February 1975 when 9 member states of the then European Economic Community, now EU, and 46 ACP countries gathered in the Togolese capital, Lome, to sign the first version of the agreement. - LOME 1. The cooperation arrangement was hammered out to promote and expedite the socio-economic development of-ACP nations and to diversify their relations in the spirit of solidarity and mutual interests. The convention has since changed as a five yearly arrangement from Lome I, II, 111 to a 10 year agreement as Lome IV. The future cooperation between EU member states and the ACP nations, which have since increased to 15 and 70 respectively, came into the limelight in Mauritius last November when representatives of the two parties signed what could be the last agreements governing the operations of the convention. Over the past 20 years, the Lome Convention has built on and consolidated what has been achievted, ia pzavious agreements based on the chan trends in the political and econc scene. However, the Uruguay Round negi tions that culminated in the endc ment of a global free trade under General Agreement on Tariffs and Ti (GATT), has rendered some provisior the Lome Convention obsolete. A special report by Overseas Deve ment Institute, a London-based 0l tank, says the Lome Convention i! consistent with GATT/World Trade ganisation (WTO) regulations in its visions for most-favoured-nation (A status and generalised system of pr ences that accord ACP states exclu duty-free access to the EU marke . SARDC For news behind the headlines, get copy of Zimbabwe News every montl ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL., lich club losing iterest in Africa By Martin Stobart t's nearly four decades now since Ithe countries of Black Africa began the process of unshackling themselves from foreign rule. That chapter, i seems, has been completed. But the recurrent question is: While political independence and freedom have been attainedi.baie-the former colonies and iprotectorates realised economic independence? Obviously the response is an emphatic NO. Because of the extent of under-development in the former colonies, their political and nationhood have been systematically and methodically undermined. The imperialists and colonialists were machinating enough to carve much of Black Africa into dwarf states whose people's hopes and aspirations have now been dashed as new forms of alien control, both economic and political, are being wrought on them with formidable sublety. The whole meaning of the world is that which is coined in Bonn, New York, London, Washington, or Paris. In terms of economic development, out side of former apartheid South Africa, and Zimbabwe to a lesser extend, all that the former colonies can pool and exchange among themselves is poverty. This is the tangible legacy that was bequeathed them by their former masters: Portugal, Britain, France, and a few others to a lesser extent. Even the mineral-producing quasi-industrialised, and now disgraced former bastions of institutionalised racism, do not conduct trade among, or rather between themselves in any meaningful extent, prefer ing to export their mineral wealth to Euro-America, The agrarian dwarf states, with their societies of hoes and goats, are small fry vis- a-vis the Euro-American economies of space rockets and blast furnaces (made mostly from Third World natural wealth). Thus the division in this world is not, in economic considerations, between East and West, but between the under- developed countries and the overdleveloped Euro-American countries. wallow in abject poverty, the workers in the super-rich nations disport in high standards of living as they benefit directly from the exploitation of the underdeveloped countries. The attairment and enjoyment of high standards of living and the good quality of life, have contributed to the rapid deterioration of the economic position of the peoples of the under-developed countries. Let's look at this : Some 20 years ago, Nigeria's expansion of production over five years by a commendable 70 percent only brought in 5 percent more in real terms from the sale of these products. The decline of prices was to the advantage of the favoured classes of the favoured countries. It is this sort of exploitation which enabled the big, powerful countries to rise from the ashes of the depressions which had bedevelled them. This exploitation of the poor nations, coupled with the profit motive of the Euro- American industrial and commercial moguls, has accelerated the rate of marginalisation of Africa in particular, Asia and Latin America in general. For is it not ironic that today many of the raw materials produced by the underdeveloped countries of Afro-Asia have become an ever less important component of modern industry? Perhaps the irony quickly disappears when we note that the industrialised world now produces from a handful of basic minerals, substitutes for traditional raw materials. While this may be panegyrised and exalted as human technological inventiveness, closer analyses tell us in unambiguous terms that the development of substitutes has in effect accelerated the speed of the decline of economic development and growth in the agrarian societies of the under-developed countries, basic tradional products such as sisal and cotton must now compete on the market with new chemical substitutes of the likes of man-made fibres from the industrialised countries. club which is increasingly becoming less and less interested in Africa as an area of investment, except where the latter continues to provide irreplaceable raw materials (whose prices on the global market must be determined by the rich club), from which super profits accrue. Another condition imposed on the poor, vulnerable nations, is that of changing, or renouncing, a held political ideology: oh! this has worked like magic. How often have we been told that the terms "comrade", "socialism" and "commumism" scare away investors? Thus leaders of the less developed countries (LDCs) have been humiliated by EuroAmerican nations. We all have personal and national pride and once this pride is injured we don't feel good, because we are human. Third World leaders will always be told that only multi-party democracy is conducive to, and compatible with. foreign investment. An insult, this is. In this day and age few people are ignorant of historical facts. The obvious source of the one-party system of government is simply explained thus: The African leaders who grew to eminence during the colonial era virtually had no experience whatsoever of a system in which competing parties and legitimate opposition were permitted institutions, until the very eve of the assumption of power under majority rule; this transfer of power having come by force of arms. These Africans went through the gailling experience of incaceration and the prescription and repression of the organisations they formed. This hardly is a paradigm of democracy, or is it? To this end, the contemporary argument about multi-party democracy is a null. ty when one takes cognisance of the long- established and deep-rooted process of the "one-race democracy" of the pre- independence era. Oh no, the human mind cannot, can never, forget 100 years of colonialism simply by dwelling While'the peoples of the poor countries The Group of Seven (G7) is a rich man's OContinued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11

Rich club losing intere *Continued from previous page political circumstances. The verbiage has reached saturation point. on the contemporary relationships. The human mind can not relegate into the subconscious, the actions of the preindependence wielders of political power, viz the colonial officials, who dominated the culture of the time. When the liberation movements triumphed in over-throwing the one-race system, the conditioned culture of the colonisers remained intact. It manifests itself in the articulations of the African pseudo-democrats and purveyors of neo-colonialism all over the continent. In Nigeria and Ghana there are several agents of neo-colonialists who mascarade as. proponents of democracy by writing satires about African leaders. They defect to the West for refuge. That is not the way to change undemocratic regimes, military or otherwise. Frankly speaking, I don't hold in high esteem the likes of Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe, et cetera. How can these writers espouse Western democracy when it has never existed anywhere in Africa prior to the advent of majority rule? Here in Zimbabwe we have a segment of the Press championing neocolonialism with gay abandon. Upon what do the owners of this Press, and their ilk, predicate their evangelism about democracy, when it has never existed before? In any case there is no multi-party democracy in Britain, in America, in France, in Germany or even elsewhere in Europe. Multi-partyism is bad in that it does not allow for mobility and over-lapping of party membership; thus it creates subcultural cleavages and the entrenchment and intensification of primordial affiliations among the tribes. Multi-partyism makes it difficult for government to aggregate national interests: it is as mythical as the LockNess. Multi-party states have one thing in common: sanguinary wars. These wars don't end due to poverty, which poverty is a direct result of colonial exploitation. During the colonial times the theory and practice of government and opposition was never allowed to take root. So when the bigoted, selfproclaimed advocates of multi-partyism preen themselves extolling the imaginary virtues of "democratic and transparent governance", they ought not to forget the compulsions of the present This tragi-comedy by the right-wing segment ought not to cease. The civilisations of Asia crumbled one by one: industries were destroyed to make way for the products of Brussels, Lyons, Amsterdam and London. The clap-trap about global villagisation is partaken of by irretrievable and irredeemable neocolonialists (who happen to be black), who lack the gumption to recognise that the concept of strategy is to bring about the consummate engorgement of peoples of the weaker nations. It is a process of assimilatiorr which destroys identity and personality. This process is effectuated by various means: condign power compensatory power or conditioned power, or a combination of all. Conditioned power has affected the right-wing element of the Zimbabwean society, including the rightwing Press. The West is today, as yesterday, prepared to destroy everything and everybody in concerted pursuit of the' illusionary ideologies it is propagating in the less developed nations. Thus it has forfeited all clain on human respect, surely! The interests of the West override all else. During the colonial era, Rhodesia and pre-independence South Africa were not democratically ruled. The regimes in these countries were totalitarian and racist. So the high-sounding pronouncements about democracy are so much hypocricy. In these countries Blacks and Whites faced each other in total opposition in church, in State institutions, in buses, in parks, et cetera. There was total repression, and repression has to be buttressed by totalitarian force. Totalitarianism regulates all aspects of life. To enforce repression, the police, soldiers, armoured cars, torture, informers and the whole panopy of oppressive regulations become the normal conditions of life. Totalitarianism, as we all know, allows no freedom of any sort. The social structure is kept in place by brute force alone. In the old SA and Rhodesia there were no common values which pervaded the respective societies, respected by all so as to provide a basis for legitimacy of the rulers. The right to rule was never accepted by the majority: it was imposed on them. it was a phantom democracy which had to crumble sooner or later, by the might of the oppressed, in the same way that the st in Africa nineteenth century Tsars of Russia and the British in India had fallen at the hands of the liberals. As for the vested interests of the everdeveloped countries, Rhodesia and South African diamonds, gold, uranium and other raw materials weighed much heavier in the balance of economic scales than did the bananas, frankineense, myrrh, cocoa, coffee and other products of the Third World. if democracy did not exist in the past what plausible reason is there now that it will work this time around? Maybe the right- wingers would tell us. But then I don't think they will because they abhor constructive debate. Funny how the indigenous people are allowed to use the medium of the capitalist right-wing Press to make incessant strident noises about "freedom and democratic governance'! These people do not have the welfare of the majority at heart On the economic scenario: Falls in the prices of raw materials of the poorer countries grossly outweigh aid given by the industrialised nations and the international agencies. Expanded production by the less developed countries is quick. ly soaked up by worsening trade terms, and capital keeps flowing increasingly to the rich as the gradient of the socalled multilateral trade cants in favour of these rich nations. The Euro-American nations, by flooding the world market with chemical substitutes, have accelerated the economic nations. The West's power apparatus is just too strong for the poor nations. This power apparatus is today oppressing all humanity. The proletarian nations will have to pull out all the stops to survive on their own initiative. The primordial enemies are capitalism and neocolonialism. With the neo-colonialist camp playing an active role of complicity in the establishment of the West's New World Order, the progressive nations of the Third World have their work cut out for them. The capital-intensive investment plans formulated by the West's rich nations for the agrarian nations ensures a permanent feature of gross unemployment on the face of these nations. The labourabundancy comparative advantage has been totally neglected for inclusion in the economic development of the poorer nations. This is as baffling as it is naive, because it cuts across the grain of job creation. Time seems to be running out! 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11 I Viewpoint i hinderance to equality? By Fred Zindi ast year, a female student-teacher at one of Zimbabwe's teachers' colleges fell pregnant. No one koticed, but she secretly told her fosest 'friends' at the college about ier plight. Because she desperately vanted to complete her course, she decided to have an abortion. rhe principal of the college knew nothng about this incident until rumours ibout the student's abortion began to ;urface. The student was summoned o the principal's office where she adnitted that she had in fact had an abortion three months earlier. She also added that during her brief period of pregnancy she never missed a single lecture. Despite her honest confession, the principal expelled her from college. In another incident, a married female student also fell pregnant. She managed to successefully conceal her pregnancy from college authorities as she was away on teaching practice for a year during which time she was only visited twice by her supervisors. The headmistress of the school where the student was practising did not inform the college authorities about the student's pregnancy as she sympathised with her plight. In fact, she even gave her three weeks off in order to give birth and settle the baby whom she left with her husband and maid. on return to college, six months after her birth of the baby, the student was informed that the principal had received some anonymous letters from other students who knew about the incident. At first she denied having given birth during teaching practice, but when threatened with a medical check-up by the principal, she eventually admitted that the incident had taken place and apologised. The principal'became very furious and punitiv e measures were taken. Despite the fact that the student had submitted all her assignments in time and had got a distinction for her project, she was still exipeled for not having told the principal that she had fallen pregnant during teaching practice. Although student-teachers at the Univer§ity of Zimbabwe are not usually penabsed for falling pregnant during their programmes for as long as the Dean of Faculty is made aware of their condition and for as long as they attend all or most of their lectures and complete their assignments on time, this is not the case with students in colleges of education or teacher-training institutions. Once admitted, students sign an undertaking which stipulates that they will not fall pregnant during the course, among other things. The Chief Education Officer's Circular, Minute No. 29, of 1983, states that "All students who are pregnant or are involved in some behaviour unbecoming of a teacher, shall be withdrawn from the course. In cases where a male student is involved, action shall be taken to withdraw both the male and female student". It adds: "This ruling shall apply even if the student is on Teaching Practice"; and, "On learning of one's pregnancy a female student is dutybound to inform the princinal, in writing without delay". There is no automatic re-admission of the students withdrawn under these circumstances as re-admission is at the discretion of the Ministry of Higher Education. As there are hundreds ot married female students in teacher-training colleges, shouldn't provision be made for an exception to the general rule in their case? Expelling one after she has already given birth seems absurd. It can only be regarded as discrimination on the grounds of sex especially if the female student is doing well in all the given assignments and college work. We are all advocating tor gender equality and the education advancement of women who in the past have been discriminated against by backward traditional and cultural values which only saw the woman's role as that of being in the kitchen and looking after children, yet we do not seem to want to fight against some of these discriminatory rules which militate against female ad.vancement. Why should it take four or five years for a female to complete a diploma course which takes her male counterpart onlythree years if she is not failing? it Is unfortunate that some of the principals responsible for expelling these female students (who fall pregnant) are also- female. One would think that it is these female principals who should be at the fore-front of fighting against this rather oppressive ruling and that they would ask the Ministry of Higher Education to allow them to use their discre tion in such cases. Unfortunately, they all follow the rules by the books. What does the law of the land say to discrimination on sexual grounds? Biological differences in gender are a human factor which cannot be altered. This fact cannot be ignored and wherever possible, tolerance must be exercised. The burden of pregnancy is silent on the responsibility of the male studentteachers who father the children in or out of wedlock by female student teachcers. Even though there is a clause in the government circular which stipulates that both male and female students shall be withdrawn in cases of pregnancies occurring during the period of their course, most principals do not seem to bother to find out who the male student culprit is, especially if the female student who falls pregnant is unmarried. If the promotion of morality is the purpose behind expulsion, then why should the male student be immune from punishment if he is also responsible for the pregnancy? The type of 'equality' being exercised in these institutions at the moment is similar to that described by George Orwell (1945) in 'Animal Farm' where he says: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others". I am almost certain that if men could get pregnant, both abortion and pregnancy would become a sacrament. Who is making the rules here? The argument often given for the expulsion of women is that they are unable to concentrate in class if pregnant and that they also need the time to look after their babies. This may be true but why should men decide for them? Is it not also true that "she who feels it knows it best"? Zimbabwe's traditional society is made up of a supportive infrastructure where the extended family often offers domestic help. if-the woman feels that she can cope with child-rearing at weekends and studies during the week, then the decision to stay on or drop out of college should be hers. El IMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11

Who controlsAfrica's natural resources? early 100 years after colonisation, there is debate around who controls the continent's natural resources or who should sustainably: the private sector, local communities or governments. arth Action, a global network for the environment, peace and social justice, says the world is closer than ever before to finally stop rich countries from dumping their poisonous waste in the backyards of the poor. The international community recently agreed to ban all such toxic waste exports forever. However. some governments and industrialists, with a lot to lose from the ban, were already working on tactics to get around it. In one of its last August bulletins, Earth Action said for decades, industrialised counties have been paying the world's less-developed nations to import the unwanted poisons produced by their industries. "Instead of investing in safe methods of waste disposals or recycling, they often find it cheaper to simply sent their hazardous waste overseas - to countries whose people had nothing to do with producing them, and where the facilities for safe disposal are often nonexistant," says the organisation. Pursuaded that this was both unjust and environmentally damaging, over 100 of the world's governments met in the Swiss town of Basel where they negotiated and signed the Besel Convention. In this international treaty, the signatory nations agreed to work towards controlling toxic waste exports. In 1995, the international community adopted an amendment to the Basel Convention, banning all toxic waste exports from the rich countries which make up the OECD - the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. However, the 1995 amendment will By Maxwell Chivasa Certainly, it would seem to be the private sector, as the benefits accrue to themselves. For local communities or governments, certain weaknesses and strengths exist, either governments might lack the capacity or the local com- only become legally binding when two thirds of the 82 governments who agreed to it have ratified the same in their national parliaments. Sadly, none of them has done so yet. ToXIc waste Every year, industries of the world's richest countires produce millions of tones of highly poisonous waste products which include mercury to lead scraps and, from asbestos to battery acid. For decades, poisonous wastes were simply piled into huge ships, tranported halfway across the world and unloaded, along with a disposal fee on unscrupulous businessmen who promised to dispose or recycle it. As such, industrial poisons have beeen found dumped in places all over the world: On beaches in the pacific, in disused huts in Paupua New Guinea, in fields in the Philippines and in old factories in Russia. Wastes not dumped were 'recycled'. Such recycling, argues the toxic waste exporters, was one reasnn why the trade snould not be banned. Yet waste products sent for 'Recycling' were simply 'recycled' in dirty, inefficient facilities that often proved as dangerous to the people and the surrounding environment just as a toxic waste dump itself. The toxic waste trade not only damages the environment and public health in receiving countries but encourages investment in clean productions, recycling and disposal methods in exporting countries. Zimbabwe is not amongst the 16 African counties that have ratified the Basel Convention while the United States of America is the only OECD country that has not as yet ratified the same Convention. o waste1 dumII pingal ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11 munities might lack the legal framework to protect the natural resources sustainably. The role of traditional chiefs, who controlled the local communities and the land, including the natural resources be. fore settlers, is emerging at various for on how much power they can retain since most African governments are still firmly in control of natural resources. Local communities became "poachers" in their own lands as settlers moved in and the conditions still prevail in many parts of Africa because at independence local communities did not regain much control which was placed under government departments. Any hunting or harvesting from the wild is illegal in most of Africa, except for peopie in possession of licences. Interest of the local communities have only been accommodated recently with the new bottom-up approaches to sustainable development and democracy efforts. In response to appeals from local communities for a stake in the benefits from wildlife inheritance, experiments are being tried which include Zimbabwe and Zambia programmes of sharing wildlife benefits with the local communities under the Communal Areas Management Programme for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) and (Administrative Management Design for Game Management Areas (ADMADE) programmes effectively. So far, the best known solutions to sharing wildlife resources with local communities, have however been criticised for only focusing on wild animals. With scarcity of natural resources against population pressure, sustainable utilisation is becoming an even more critical issue than ever before. Scientists are also warning that the era of "romanticising" with Africa's traditional systems sn the protection of natural resources may be over now. While protected areas have played a major role and will continue to do so in the conservation of natural resources, policy guidlines remain necessary for sustainable resource management. At a recent symposium in Harare (24-27 June 1996) organised by the University of Zimbabwe, the World Conservation Union- Regional Office of Southern Afrl*Continued on next page Who controlsAfrica's natural resources? OContinued from previous page ca (IUCNROSA), the French Institute of Research in Africa (IFRA) and the International Cooperation Centre in Agronomic Research for Development (CIRAD), participants observed that pressure is mounting on the continent's dwindling natural resources. Entitled the Pan-African Symposium on Sustainable Use of Natural Resources and Community Participation, the meeting learnt that there are conceptual differences on the topic throughout Africa, even in cases where governments controlled the resources. In fact, two neighbouring villages or wards in one district may have totally different concepts on the use of natural resources in terms of participation of the local comn.nities and control of the projects or natural resources. The frameworks, involving local communities in Africa's sustainable utilisation of natural resources, the role of the state and its capacity to control, tenure, decentralisation, authority of local communities, need urgent attention, they recommended. Professor Karimou J Ambouta, of the University of Chad concluded that generally there is no African policy as such on utilisation of natural resources. Policies will be developed and might need improvement in future. While there are different interpretations of community participation and management of natural resources, Zimbabwe's CAMPFIRE programme was generally accepted as a possible solution during the symposium. Some delegates felt it was "an excellent idea" and could be experimented with in other countries. But the programme needed broadening its attention from only wild animals to other natural resources such as trees and water. Professor Marshall Murphree, head of the Centre for Applied Social Sciences at the University of Zimbabwe, and one of the architects of the CAMPFIRE programme warned the delegates that "behind a policy lies-politics." Community participation, commonly known as "the bottom-up approach" had only come up recently in the 1980s, otherwise it was conservation of natural resources "against the people" not for the people, he said. And locals found themselves with "no alternative" but to poach. A representative from Siera Leone agreed: "I do not know how you can carry out a new project in an area without the local communities in that area. There is no choice of not involving them because they are the people who will live with project 24 hours a day. You want their support." Dr. Andrew Venter (South Africa) and Dr. Charlesd Breen, director of the Institute of Natural Resources in Pretoria, South Africa, in a joint presentation said stakeholder groupings had been identified and guidelines presented for the development of partnership projects and the general evaluation of the forum was funcitoning. A number of lessons had also been learnt in the development of South Africa's Kruger National Park's Intergrated Conservation and Development Programme as some traditional protected areas based on conservation strategies were failing. Hence, protected areas have been developed into active economic centres with high income-generating potential for sustainable land-use practices. Harvests in protected areas fluctuate according to "good years" and decrease in "bad years" too. Backson Sibanda of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Nairobi, Kenya, says if a community has to conserve any natural resources, they must have a stake in it. A chief in the remote rural areas in Gokwe in Zimbabwe had asked Sibanda during a field tour why the government moved into an area to tell "us to conserve our natural resources" if it has no control over "our natural resources". The chief felt that once the government comes in, it is difficult to convince local communities that it is not "a government property". Such properties are often abused or vandalised and therefore ownership or control of the project is very important especially in areas where land tenure was still being debated. Dr. James Murombedzi, of the University of Zimbabwe's Centre for Applied Social Sciences, the department involved in organising the symposium, concluded at the end of the symposium that a mult disciplinary approach is necessary but "we should always involve local communities". Institutional capacity-building was also crucial for the local communities. Building up positive relationships between researchers and policy-makers, and further research into traditional systems and tenure were part of the process. But critics are also asking who has to intiate the empowerment of local communities: Is it governments, the chiefs or the people themselves? "Real power is automatic, no one needs to tell local communities how to look after their natural resources," said an observer at the symposium. (SARDC). 0 ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11 We would like to apologise to our valued readers for not being able to publish the Second Part to Cde Phillip Chlyangwa's article on the indigenisation of the economy. This is due to circumstances beyond our control and we sincerely regret the Inconvenience - Editor

Let us all support the solar programme fter more than a year of preparation for the World Solar Summit, about 2.4 billion people in 400 million or so homes in at least 61 countries will remember the Harare (Solar) Declaration as an instrument that will redeem them from life in the dark. Of particular importance is the potential of the World Solar Programme (WSP) to change the course of the lives of millions of people in the world. The disadvantaged localities of the globe of which Zimbabwe venue of the First World Summit see in the solar initiative the solutions to global problems of poverty and environmental degradation. The envisaged world solar decade is underpinned by political and moral commitment by heads of State, Government and other development agencies who wish to see a sustained assault on global poverty particularly in the third world countries. More importantly, however, the Harare Declaration adopted on Tuesday, 17 September, 1996, is probably the best universal development programme ever attempted in the sphere of human endeavour. There is no doubt that such a noble idea took too long at least, 40 years for UNESCO, the Mother Body of the World Solar Programme to materialise. We have now become accustomed to the concept of a borderless world known as a global village. The WSP represents the best hope in the improvement of the lives of poor rural communities and other economically marginalised societies by providing them with clean adequate renewable energy. This energy factor will transform these communities from deprivation to self-sustenance initially and to meaningful players into the mainstream of the economy thereafter. The majority of Zimbabweans live in rural areas and it is fitting that the thrust of the WSP be rural based. To some extent this is the one national, albeit rural locally based project where there can be close co- operation and liaison between the ruling party, ZANU PF, and the structures of Central Government. It is these structures that can pinpoint areas of greatest development potential on which bankable projects would be based. There should be much enthusiasm and unparalleled support for such a productive programme. The advantages of solar energy speak for themselves. Amongst these are lighting, cooking or heating, facilitation of audio-visual and other appliances in addition to its renewable character. One of the early beneficiaries of the WSP could be the Mwenezi community in Masvingo Province whose District has made plans to benefit from a selfsustaining Manyuchi Mini-hydro scheme. This venture would cost $17 million and has received pledges of support for technical equipment, expertise and basic infrastructure from the leading power users of the world. Overally, the WSP would in the Zimbabwean context, fit well with the concept of Vision 2020 although there are more optimistic targets of making solar energy widely available to rural communities by the year 2005. Elements of the solar programme would form components of the successor to the just end- espite the considerable work be Ing done in response to the SAIDS pandemic in Southern Africa lack of or WInaequate poais to create an enabling envrmoeunt for dealing with in sodoewwak ubct remains a chuilenge. ed Economic Structural Adjustment Programme Phase. The second phase is aptly styled Zimbabwe Programme on Economic and Social Transformation. Solar energy shoud be part of it. The participating countries presented a Solar Energy Programme covering 300 million projects worth billions of dollars. Our delegation to the Summit did well to prioritise the country's solar projects into four areas whose funding would be $380 million. Besides the critical role of project funding, it is beneficial to learn from experience of India which has set in motion a massive renewable energy programme that fits well with rural development initiatives whose net effect has been improvement in the quality of life, productivity and employment creation. The WSP has come when a lot of our alternative forms of energy such as wood fuel are no longer sustainable due in part to the apparent deforestation of the en. vironment that is a common sight. The WSP will fill the energy gap and ensure long-term socio-economic development to any scale that may be contemplated. Funds should be sourced both locally and internationally for such a noble venture which is both humanitarian and developmental. 0 In countries where AIDS policies do exist, there is need for these to be dissemi nated and have structures for enforce ment in place. Several multi-sectoral orRanisations are-working on Ailn-related *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. Healthga

No death penalty in new SA constitution outh Africans from al walks of life are anxiously waiting for the new constitution which amongst its unique proposals, seeks to do away with the death penalty. The new constitution would replace the present interim document which has been effective since late 1993. The Constitutional Assembly (CA) comprising negotiators from all South Afican political parties, has been working tirelessly over the past months to come up with an acceptable document which, upon its ratification by the Constitutional Court, will mark an earnest beginning of a new era. The constitutional draft was however, turned down by the Constitutional Court in a unanimous judgement handed down on Friday, September 8, 1996 in Johannesburg. Explaining why the Constitutional Court (CC) could not certify the proposed national constitution, CC president, Judge Arthur Chaskalson said nine chapters and clauses did not comply with the 34 constitutional principles put in the interim document. He said the proposed constitution did not recognise and protect the right of employers to engage in collective bargaining. The independence and impartiality of the public protector and auditor-general were also not adequately safeguarded. The proposed document did not adequately safeguard the Public Service Commission or clearly specify its powers and functions. Although the CC was satisfied collective powers of the provinces had not been reduced, some specific powers were less than provided for in the interim constitution. It was noted that the constitution also did not provide a sufficiently clear framework for the structures of local government or for formal legal procedures to be adhered to by legislatures at the local government level. The KwaZulu-Natal constitution was also dealt a blow as the Constitutional Court refused to certify it. The major flaw, it was noted, was that it claimed to give powers to the provincial legislative and executive above and beyond those al- Staff Writer towed by the national interim constitution. Although the CC declined to give President Nelson Mandela the go-ahead to sign the document into law, it said the CA has drafted "a constitutional text which complies with the overwhelming majority of the requirements of the constitutional principles". Noting that the 140-page document failed in several aspects to satisfy the minimum conditions thrashed out in multi-party negotiations leading to democracy in 1994, Judge Chaskalson said "the instance of non- compliance, although singly and collectively important should present no significant obstades to the formulation of a text which complies fully with those requirements". OContinued from previous page issues but sometimes tnere is duplication of efforts in some areas while some remain uncovered as a result of lack of coordination. The rising number of AIDS orphans has also resulted in some calling for specific policies to effectively deal with the attendant problems. Another area that needs specific policies is employment. Previously, the stigma attached to AIDS resulted in some people being victimised or not seeking counselling or treatment. The resulting secrecy had adverse effects in that there was no way of assessing the extent of the problem or putting in place programmes to deal with it, More recently, some policies have been developed as a result of increased awareness of the need to have such guidelines. At a regional level, in July 1995, the Southern African Trade Union Coordinating Council (SATUCC) developed a draft regional code on AIDS and employment. KwaZulu-Natal constitution In rejecting a provincial constitution for Inkatha's home province, KwaZuluNatal, the CC said the province was not an independent state adding that the province awarded itself too much power at the expense of the national government. Stated the Court: "We are unable to, and therefore decline to, cerify that the text of the constitution of the province of KwaZulu-Natal 1996, adopted on 15 March 1996, by the KwaZulu-Natal legislature, is not in consistent with the provisions of the constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 200 of 1993...". The Constitutional Court said it was ap*Continued on next page Trade union representatives trom 10 countries - Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe were represented. Among some of the main points of the regional draft are that: HIV and AIDS should be differentiated, with the former being seen as not disabling a person from performing their duties while the latter should be treated as any life-threatening disease; HIV status shall not be a factor in job status, promotion or transfer; hnected employees or those suspected to be shall be protected from stigmatisation by co-workers, employers or clients. In Zimbabwe, a draft policy on AIDS orphans has been prepared after extensive consultation by the Department of Social Welfare under the Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare in conjuction with the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF). SARDC C ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL 27 NO. 11 A 117777l -jd iit poi',

No death penalty in new SA constitution * Continued from previous page parent that the province's constitution was "fatally flawed. Our analysis has been directed to the flaws relating to what we have categorised as the usurpation of national powers". In an expalanatory note issued with the judgement, the CC pointed out that KwaZulu-Natal was not an independent state and had no original legislative or executive powers. "The only legislative and executive powers it has are those given to it by the interim constitution." Examples of such provisions are those which enact that the province is a selfgoverning province which regulate the relationship between the province and the national government, which provides for a constitutional court; and which grant certain exlusive legislative powers to the province and confer on it executive powers. "The Court found that these were attempts to usurp the powers of the national government." Elaborating on KwaZulu-Natal's attempt to usurp national powers and the functions of the national parliament, the CC said: "This process begins in Chapter One, dealing with fundamental principles. Clause 1 (1) for example provides that: 'The province of KwaZulu-Natal is a self-governing province within the Republic of South Africa.' "That purpots to be an operative provision of the provincial constitution and not a record of a fact or an aspiration. It is clearly beyond the capacity of the provincial legislature to pass constitutional provisions concerning the status of a province within the republic. After all, the provinces are the recipients and the source of power." said the CC adding: "There is no provision in the interim constitution which empowers a province to regulate its own status." It said clause 1 (1) and others "would appear to have been passed by the KwaZulu- Natal legislature under a misrepresentation that it enjoyed a relationship of co- supremacy with the national legislature, and even the Consitutional Assembly". Clause 2 (1) of Chapter 5 proclaims that the constitution recognises exclusive legislative authority of the national government over certain matters, and clause 2 (2) similarly purports to recognise the 'competence' of the national parliament in certain respects. "These assertions of recognition purpot to be the constitutional acts of a sovereign state. They are inconsistent with the interim constitution because KwaZulu-Natal is not a sovereign state and it simply has no power or authority to grant constitutional 'recognition' to what the national government may or may not do," ruled the Court. Upon receiving news of the CC's judgement, Constitutional Assembly chairman, Cde. Cyril Ramaphosa welcomed the ruling saying that he was confident the necessary changes would be made within the next three months (at least 30 days from now). Recent developments In the meantime, African National Congress and the National Party negotiators struck a deal a few weeks following the ruling on amendments to most clauses of the constitution referred back to the CA by the CC. Amongst areas of agreement between the two parties were changes to the Labour Relations clause to give individual employers the right to engage in col- HERE is one of the unpublished works by prolific writer, Cde Malachia Mabii Basvi Madimutsa who passed away last June in Harare. Cde Madimutsa, a veteran politician arld freedom fighter was Features Editor for both The People's Voice"nd Zimbabwe News at the time of his death. He unequivocally stood by socialist principles which calls for equal distribution of wealth and in this article, he discusses black economic empowerment. Black aspirations for economic empowerment have reached their turning point with the co-ordination of separate pressure groups into the United Indigenous Pressure Group (UIPG) which held a public demonstration in the centre of the Capital City on January 5, 1995. Participants in the UIPG demonstration were representatives of the In- lective bargaining. Provision was made for national regulations on collective bargaining. The two parties have also agreed on a revised section on policing which will give provisional executives a say in appointing provisional police commissioners. If the national commissioner and an executive are unable to agree on an appointment, the Safety and Security Minister will have to mediate. The new section gives an executive the power to fire a commissioner who has lost its confidence. Congress of South African Trade Unions spokesman Neil Coleman said the formulation of the labour clauseappeared to be "reasonably balanced and reflected the realities of our industrial relations system". Following the enactment of correctional amendments, the draft document was, at the time of writing, reported to have been send back to the CC and its decision was expected early November. C- digenous Business Development Centre (BDC),the Indigenous Business Women's Organistion (IBWO), Zirnbabwe Bank Workers Union (ZIMBAWU) Boka Group of Companies and University of Zimbabwe's Sangano Munhumutapa. The UIPG targeted banks, building societies and real estate agents. The leaders of the demonstrators handed petitions to several targeted institutions. Some people nave questioned whether this form of public activism can go beyond being a mere demonstration. Others have concluded that the demonstration was engineered by personalities who were worried that they were about to be overshadowed by the Affirmative Action Group (AAG), another pressure group which did not participate in the demonstration *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11 Affirmative Action: the theory and the practice

Affirmative Action: the theory and the practice *Continued from previous page Public attention The issue is not who organised what and who did not. Public demonstrations are a Constitutional right of any citizen or group of citizens as long as they are peacefully conducted in the interests of law and order. While public demonstrations serve to draw attention to particularly nagging issues, this nation should try to avoid taking to demonstrations as a culture of protest. Pressure groups and concered citizens should first exhaust diplomatic treatment of all outstanding issues in society. A public demonstratior can only be justified when there is an uncontrollable loss of patience. People who struggle against age-old injustices, arising from colonial racial discrimination should take heed of the words of Cde Thabo Mbeki, Deputy President of South Africa: "Liberation does not give a people freedom on Monday and a house on Tuesday." Demonstrations like the gne staged by the UIPG may serve the dramatic purpose of drawing public attention to burning issues but the drama of public attention is not the aim of any struggle. A struggle should be executed from a well thought- out, planned and systematised strategy. The strategy, of necessity, has to be put into action following tactics which are known to be certain to produce results. Haphazard strategies and tactics in carrying out historic struggles end in ad hoc solutions leaving the core of the problem to resurface in cyclic recurrances. Affirmative Action was adopted in merica haphazardly about 30 years ago. At that time black Civil Rights activists were euphoric that their public demostrations for non-racial equality were, at last, to bear fruits. When we revisit the struggle of black Americans for racial equality in the land of their birth today, we see that achievements have been cosmetic and that the.struggle continues. An American journalist, Mr. Neil Lurssen has written from Washington recently: "While South Africans get ready to live with Affirmative Action to overcome thelegacies of apartheid, fed-up aifornians are being asked to dumb the Affirmative Action Programmes they have argued about for decades." Lurssen goes on to reveal that voters "are now being asked to approve a State Constitutional Amendment that will scrap government policies that give blacks and females preference for jobs, promotions, business contracts and admissions to Universities and colleges." Whites in USA are saying Affirmative Action Programmes violate the USA Constitution in that it favours one race against the other. The few blacks who have benefited from AffirmatiVe Action Programmes are living a life of so much affluence that they are now looking down upon other blacks who are still poor. Affluent black Americans have been successfully co-opted into the exclusive club of rich whites. These affluent blacks are America's "Kaffirs" with the mentality of their former white exploiters. They have now joined white Americans in co- operative arrangements for exploiting the labour of all poor people - black or white. Such is the class nature of capitalist society! Bourgeois tactics The struggle for racial equality has been theorised upon too much at the expense of practical considerations. There are Shona words of wisdom which say: Imbwa inohukura haina kuruma bvupa (A dog which is barking hasn't got a juicy bone between its teeth). When a dog has a juicy bone between its teeth, it becomes too contented .to bark. In their own wisdom, the English say batking dogs do not bite - they only bark to attract attention to themselves. Public demostrations may attract attention as a news- making gimmick but they are never a substitute for planned strategies. Drawing attention to one's persistent poverty may succeed in attracting charitable sympathy from a few who may give but gifts delivered out of sympathy do not constitute a basis for a permanent solution. The struggle for black economic empowerment centres on the question of wanting to have. The struggle for wanting to have should culminate in the victory of having. Those who already have resist sharing equitably what they have. They would rather seek safe refuge in the mere theory that Constitutionally enohrined equal opportunities should be seized upon by those who do not have so that they can also have. This reasoning is the classic bourgeois tactic for maintaining the status ante and also the status quo. This bourgeois tactic rejects the overhauling of an unjust capitalist system and its replacement by a humane so- cialist one. Those who organise public demostrations against an age-old racially unjust system without seeking to destroy it and built a just -ne on its ruins will repeat in Zimbabwe what African Americans have experienced in the United States. Whites accumulated their wealth by disadvantaging blacks. Blacks have now to do the same against whites until such time that the two racially and economically divided ethnicities reach the same level of wealth distribution. Successive settler regimes subsidised white education by 500 to 1 against blacks. After independence, a black government decreed that all school children and students were to be given equal treatment. Whites who did not want this racial equality either sent their children overseas or selected special private schools entrance into which was only after the payment of exorbitant school fees, levies and other charges. Most white parents had no problem of money because they had long accumulated a lot of it through disadvantaging blacks. Some blacks who wanted their children to enjoy the same educational privileges-as white children started accumulating a lot of money by dishonest means in order to match up to the level of white standards of living. When black Chamunorwas compete to attain the status of white Joneses, the cut-throat speed at which the participants run to overtake one another leaves the nation in a mess of corruption scandals. The same whites Who are the causes of this scandalous mess turn, around and sneer at the economic mismanagement of the country's finances by an "uppish" black elite. This trend is inevitable in a bourgeois society. Lasting equality The capitalist system which Zimbabweans have inherited is, by its very nature, incapable of being reformed. It thrives on the existence of inequality through its practice of one Isection of the population exploiting the labour power of the other. It was an accident of history that a white settler population exploited the indigenous black population. By inheriting the capitalist system without first destroying it at independence, blacks thought their attainment of political power would automatically translate itself into a state of economic non-racial *Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11

Affirmative Action: the theory and the prac *Continued from previous page equality. This was an ideological naivety of the first degree. Transformations Revolutionary transformations in society are brought about by the planned actions of revolutionaries. It is idle to expect revolutionary transformation from the actions of groups who themselves oppose a real social revolution. A real revolution occurs when socialism replaces capitalism as a result of the dass struggle. If one does not accept the class struggle, then one should not expect qualitative changes in the status quo. Aspirations for enonomic equality should be premised on the recognition that existinginequalities are not the consequences of innocent historical spontaneity. Existing inequalities are the inescapable product of capitalist production relations. Their uniqueness is that these capitalist production relations operated on racial lines because of colonial racial conquest. In Europe where capitalist production relations have flourished for centuries, there is great economic inequality which is hidden by immigrations and also by the fact that the marginalised masses who are white can settle in any Third World country, including settling in Zimbabwe, and exploit the local population to become wealthy over night. The fact that these new European immigrants settle among us unnoticed is due to the fact that past racial practices provided all whites with ways and means of absorbing them without any fanfair. ' The process of absorbing poor European immigrants into Third Vorld countries is behind the call for population control programmes in Third World countries but not in Europe although Zaire alone is bigger than the whole of Western Europe. The population of only four European countries is greater than that of all 51 African countries put together. Our black groups which want to demonstrate for racial equality in the economic field should first commit themselves to fighting against capitalist exploitation Capitalism survives on exploiting the dis advantaged sections of the populatio and is incapable of bringing about equl ity.1.f the disadvantaged sections want equality, they should struggle for the destruction of capitalism and not want to be capitalist themselves. If blacks in this country concentrate their energies on wanting to be capitalists like the whites, then only few of them can succeed in attaining this coveted status. The majority of the black population will remain disadvantaged as long as capitalist production relations persist. The few blacks who may attain the status of full-blown capitalists should be warned that the whites who already occupy this privileged niche in our society will not gladly give them room. This reality was aptly stated by Sir Roy Welensky who said in 1960. "What we have, we shall hold firmly in our'hands and what we do not have we will always c o v e t ". New China at 47 Staff Writer he Chinese people have made remarkable achievements in the past 47 years during which period the People's Republic of China opened up to the outside world. China which turned 47 early October adopted the new policies at the initiation of its leader Cde. Deng Xiaoping soon after the end of the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). The new China was born on October 1, 1949. On that day, leader of the popular Chinese Revolution, Cde. Mao Zedong, declared that the people of his country had stood up after waging long and arduous struggles against foreign aggression and domestic warlords since the Opium War in 1840. Economic development China's fast but sustained economic development since the adoption of reforms Cde. Deng Xiaoping and open policies is now attracting worldwide attention. During the last five years, its gross national product (GNP) registered an annual growth of 12 percent. In agriculture, the country has managed to feed its population of 1.2 billion, about 22 percent of the world's total. In 1995 for instance, it produced 465 million tonnes of grain, a moderate 4.2 percent increase over five years ago while its edible oil crop jumped by 38 percent to 22.5 million tonnes; meat production rose by about 74 percent to 50 million tonnes; and aquatic products ,went up by 94 percent to 25.38 million tonnes. In the manufacturing sector, China produced 94 million tonnes of steel in 1995, 1.3 billion tonnes of coal, 149 million tonnes of crude oil, 1 000 billion kilowatts of electricity, 24.5 million tonnes of chemical fertilisers (1"00 percent purity), 2.9 million tonnes of chemical fibres and 19.58 million colour televisions. eContinued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 271

New China at 47 OContinued from previous page The above stated level of production has elevated China to one of the world's industrial giants although it still lags behind developed countries in terms of per capita production. These achievements, contend Chinese authorities, have been realised following the economic reforms initiated by Cde. Xiaoping under a programme called "building socialism with Chinese characteristic". Among other things, the reforms aim to establish a market economy in place of central planning. The authorities also note that the country's policy of opening up to the outside world has helped accelerate its economic growth by attracting huge amounts of foreign investment and technology. For instance, during 1991-1995, China received a total of US$160 billion (about n the September issue,'we brought you the first part of Britain's Labour Party line-up to afford the readerihip, the opportunity to know who is Mw in this political party which aims to brmg to an end Conservative rule in the uK come May next year. The Conservatives swept into power in 1979 under Mrs Margaret Thatcher *aed the Iron Lady the world over. Nwunder M John Major, the Tories hve one of ther bigest electoral battee on their hands as Mr. Tony Blair, 1qader of the Labour Party, is widely *pedto inflict a sensational elector'a!- srrise. Read on ... Home Affairs lack Straw MP: Shadow Home Secretary. Overall responsibility for home affairs issues; regional government; financing of political parties; monarchy; security and terrorism issues. Alun Michael MP: Deputy to Jack Straw MP; Shadow Minister for the Voluntary Sector with responsibility for the Leader's review; leader on European issues. Police and crime prevention; criminal justice, probation and after-care; juvenile offenders; miscarriages of justice; voluntary sector; charities; coroners; life sentences; firearms; gay and lesbian issues. Z$1 600 billion) in foreign capital of which 70 percent was direct investment from foreign businesses, and the rest from foreign governments and banks. The number of foreign invested enterprises in the country has now reached 260 000 and more such investment is still expected. Its exports and imports reached U$280.9 billion (about Z$2 800.9 billion) in 1995 thus claiming 11 th position in the world's top trading nations. By the end of 1996, China's foreign exchange reserves stood at US$73.6 billion (about Z$730.6 billion). General welfare Chinese living standards have risen with the net income of urban citizens increasing annually by 7.7 percent while that of rural families has been rising by about 4.5 percent over the last five years. People living below the poverty datum line Doug Henderson MP: Immigration and nationality; passports; refugee settlement; extradition; community and race relations; data protection and privacy; constitutional issues, including Bill of Rights; obscenity; local legislation and bye laws; electoral laws; summertime; animals. George Howarth MP: Prisons; fire service and emergency planning; drugs; green issues; deregulation and market testing; gambling; Sunday trading; liquor licensing; mentally disordered offenders. Law Officer Rt. Hon. John Morris QC MP: Overall responsibility. Leader of the House Ann Taylor MP: Overall responsibility. Jeff Rooker MP: Deputy in all matters. Lord Chancellor's Department Paul Boateng MP: Overall responsibility. National Heritage Rt. Hon. Dr. Jack Cunningham MP: Shadow Secretary of State for National Heritage. Overall responsibility and specific responsibility for the media, perOContinued on next page have been reduced from 85 to 65 million, representing about 5.4 percent of the total population. The country's rapid expansion of telephone networks, construction of new east-west and north-south trunk railways and express highways - demonstrate China's scientific and technological levels have being rising over the years. All this has massively contributed towards the upliftment and improvement of the people of China's livelihood. However, new China remains a developing country. Its huge population weighs down its per capita GNP to about US$540 (about Z$5 540), according to an estimate of the World Bank. in the country's current five-year plan (1995-2000), the government aims to control the population and eliminate poverty in China. By the year 2010, China hopes to be in full control of its population and, at the same time, double its year 2000 GNP. internatonal relations New China has emerged as a strong power in the world, pursuing an independent and peaceful foreign policy and, playing an important role in the world's political arena in its capacity as a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The government abolished all treaties imposed by foreign J ers in old China and, has effectively done away with all socio-economic equalities brought about by colonialism. Of particular importance to the Chinese people in their fight towards total independence and sovereignty is that on July 1, 1997, Hong Kong, seized old China during the Opium War, will be returned to the motherland under a Sino- British agreement. China will also recover its sovereignity over Macao in 1999 from Portuguese rule under a similar agreement with Portugal. This development will indeed mark the elimination of the last vestige of colonial rule in China. The Asian country enjoys strong socioeconomic and political ties with Africa which dates back to the days when black African countries were fighting the repressive colonial rule. Presently, China and Africa are busy exploring further areas of mutual concern E ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11

The Labour Party - *Continued from previous page forming arts, the National Lottery, public expenditure and taxation, European Union and other intemationl matters, and public appointments. Mark Fisher MP: All aspects of the Arts, museums and gallaries, built heritage and libraries, arts aspects of the National Lottery. Tom Pendry MP: Sport, tourism and tourist industries, leisure, sport aspects of the National Lottery. Lewis Moonie MP: Broadcasting, press, information technology, and the National Lottery. Northern Ireland Marjorie Mowlam MP: Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland with overal responsibility for the work of the Northern Ireland office and of the Northern Ireland Departments, dealing with political and constitutional matters, security policy and operations; crime; broad economic questions; relations with the Irish community in Britain; women's issues; liaison with the Foriegn Affairs, Home Affairs and Defence teams. Tony Worthington MP: Deputy; political development and community relations; security; education and training; the arts and the National Lottery. Jim Dowd MP: Finance and personnel, fair employment; environment; local government and quangos; health; social security; transport; tourism. Eric illsley MP: Industry and economic development; training; energy; water industry; housing; agriculture and fisheries; sport; clubs and trade unions. Overseas Development Joan Lestor MP: Shadow Minister for Overseas Development. George Foulkes MP: Deputy in all matters. Scotland George Robertson MP: Shadow Secretary of State for Scotland. Overall responsibility; Europe; constitution. John McFall MP: Industry and economic ifairs; employment and training; home affairs; transport and roads; Highlands and Islands. John McAllion MP: Local Government; -housing constitutional affairs; health and community care; sport; rural affairs. Helen Liddell MP: Education; social work; arts and heritage; tourism; (with John McFall) industry and economic affairs; agriculture; forestry; fishing; environments; machinery of government. Social Security Chris Smith MP: Shadow Secretary of State for Social Security. Responsible for all aspects of the brief. Keith Bradley MP: Shadow Social Security Minister. Deputy to Chris Smith. Responsible for Housing Benefit; Income Support; Incapacity Benefit and other benefits for disabled people; Jobseekers' Allowance; Social Fund; Sickness Benefit. John Denham MP: Shadow Social Security Minister. Responsible for pensions, and the social security implications of long- term care. Malcolm Wicks MP: Shadow Social Security Minister. Responsible for family policy (Child Support Agency, Child Benefit, Maternity Benefit, etc.) Trade and Indutry Rt Hon. Margaret Beckett MP: Shadow President of the Board of Trade and Shadow Secretary of State for Trade and Industry. Adam Ingram MP: Responsible for science and technology, innovation, research and development, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, electronics, engineering, aerospace, Patent Office, copyright. Stuart Bell MP: Responsible for trade and corporate affairs. Responsibilities include trade policy, export support, Single Market, GAT1, policy for financial services and the insurance industry, finance for industry issues, insolvency and company law, inward investment. Nigel Griffiths MP: Responsible for consumer affairs. Responsibilities include consumer safety, trading standards, weights and.measures and the utilities John Battle MP: Responsible for energy. Responsibilities include coal, electricity, nuplear power, renewable energy, oil and gas industries. Energy and environmental issues. Kim Howells MP: Responsible for competition policy regulation policy, Post Office, regional policy. Geoff Hoon MP; kResponsible for superhighway, communications and related isssues. Barbara Roche MP: Responsible for small businesses and related issues. Transport Clare Short MP: Shadow Secretay of state for Transport. Overall responsibilty, financial planning and environmental aspects of tranport. London transport issues including Crossrail and the Jubilee Line extension liasising with the Shadow Secretary of State for the Envionment. Brian Wilson MP: Railways including privatisaion and the channel tunnel rail link. Graham Allen MP: Roads, tolling and the Highways Agency, road safety. Local and urban transport nationwide (excluding London), public tranport and cycling issues, transport of disabled people and equal opportunities. Airlines, airports, marine and shipping matters including the ports and watherways. Treasury and Economic Affairs Gordon Brown MP*: ShadoW'Chancellor - overall responsibility. Allistair Darling MP: Special responsibility for the City; monetary policy, including funding and responsibility for the National Investment and Loans Office; ieasury responsibilities for the financial system, including banks, building and friendly societies and other financial institutions; financial services the CSO and Royal Mint. Dawn Primarolo MP: Special responsibility for: Customs and Excise duties and taxes including Value Added Tax; thp environment; Paymaster General's Office: Stamp Duties; Betting Duties; Treasury interest in women's issues Parliamentary financial'business; Actuary-Departmert; Treasury. responsibilit fof small businesses;- Valuation Office. Mike O'Brien MP: Specialresponsibility- for. public spending, Assisting Shadow Chief Secretary; international financil issues and insfUowmdud' ing international debt)- European Union budget and future financing; Inland Revenue; Civil service pay; competition and deregulation policy; privatisation; Treasury interest in University for Industry, charties; National Loftery; legislative programme. Chiat Secretary to the.Treasury Andrew Smith MP: Shadow Chief Secretary to the Treasury. Official-deputy on all matters, with special responsibility for: public expenditure planning (including local authorities, nationalsed indus*Continued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11

Cosue Filegag IW Abuiv lngag nt elom he Consumer Council of Zimbabwe has received a number of complaints with people being aggressive, using abusive language and some getting on the verge of fighting. MemThe Labour Party *Continued from previous page tries and University for Industry); Eur4, pean Union macro-economic issues; Economic and Monetary Union; export credit; public services; public sector pay; procurement policy; competitive tendering (including local authorities). Wales Ron Davies MP*: Shadow Secretary of State for wales. Overall responsibility for Welsh matters. Win Griffiths MP: Education and training, including the curriculum and Assessment Authority for Wales; local government; housing; financial and Revenue Support Grant matters; Programme for the Valleys; transport and roads; arts and culture, including the Arts Council of Wales; the National Library of Wales and the National Museum of Wales; CADW, including the Royal commission for Ancient and Histori.cal Monuments; sport, including the Sports Council for Wales; women's issues; youth issues, including the Wales Youth Agency; urban affairs; land use planning; construction. Rhodri Morgan MP: Health, including Health Promotion authority for Wales and Welsh National Board for Nursing, Midwifeiy and Health Visiting; community care; personal social services; Welsh Larnguage, including Welsh Language Board; European Affairs; economic matters and enterprise; industrial policy; regional -policy, Regional Selective Assistance (RSA); Cardiff Bay; small btsi' nesses; rural affairs; water and environmental protection; agriculture; fisheries; countryside Council for Wales; National Parks; forestry; broadcasting. women Tessa lowell MP: Overal responsibility. *Denotes elected member of the Shadow Cabinet. hers of the Consumer Council are issued with membership cards which -they should produce and show to the provider of goods and services as proof that you know your rights whenever you are convinced they are being violated. This card should not be abused by members. There are quite a lot of people who have been to our offices Who become so emotional and may choose to be violent because they feel they have been wronged to a great degree. A person can choose to be aggressive, submissive or communicate their opinion by making a statement. The first two are compared with 'fight' or 'flight' - survival reactions found among animals and pre-historic man. The latter is more suited to modem man who has the power of communication and reconciliation and illustrates man's ability to openly discuss problems and differences without feeling or actually being threatened. This is called assertiveness. The art of communicating properly is essential. There must not be a discrepancy between what is said and what is done, the two should be in harmony. Assertiveness is the ability to speak one's mind without disregarding the feelings of others. This is an important skill needed to improve inter-personal relationships at work and at home as well. When you are seeking for a redress at a shop, it is important to demand justice without shouting. You might need to go back to the same shop for something else next time and will only be too embarassed to do so because of your last performance. Assertiveness is a healthy balance between self-respect for one's fellow man. Three very important pre.-requisites for assertiveness are self-respect, sell- confidence and positive self image. To gain self-confidence, one must establish what one's strong and weak points are. If you have a weakness in retaliating when the provider of goods you are dealing with decides to "shout" instead "talk", then next time you should condition yourself to be calm. To maintain a fair balance between one's own rights and rights of others, one has to remember that one has the right to evaluate one's behaviour, as well as the right not to have to explain one's balance behaviour to other's. However, this does not give us room to be aggressive and not be held accountable for it. With patience and strategy, you can solve your problem amicably. Combine compliment and firmness next time you are seeking for a fair settlement. You can also provide the other party with a grateful way to give in. Smile it takes little to do this and it takes a lot to grumble and shout. Some people are difficult to communicate with, without getting harsh. Do not stand by to start a fight - when the situation proves hopeless, visit our offices .before your temper is tried. Remember that if you stand by to argue, and not settle anything, people might end up thinking one of you or both are fools. Prove to be a diplomat and not a fool in maintaining your rights. If you do not obtain any satisfactory results, you need expert advice. Take the matter up with the governing body or trade organisation if there is one. You can contact the Consumer Council, or take legal action if you are still disgruntled. Remember it is your right to complain when you are not satisfied- but BE POLITE AND FIRM - Do not get angry or make personal remarks. 0] ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL 27 NO. 11 For the news behind the headlines buy a copy of The Zimbabwe News at your nearest newsstand

Children in the New Southern Africa f I he popular publication TranI scning the Legacy! Children in I the Newo Souther Africa was recently officially launched at a special ceremony at the South African Parliament in Cae Town. The book was presented to Deputy President Thabo Mbeki by the UNICEF Director for East and Southern Africa, Shahida Azfar, at a ceremony attended by the Vice-President of Botsina, Festus Mogae, government ministers from Malawi, Namibia and Tanzania; Speakers of Parliament from Lesotho, South Africa, Swaziland and Zimbabwe; and over 100 parliamentarians from 27 countries in Europe and Southern Africa The book was produced in a partnership involving UNICEF, the African European Institute in Amsterdam, and the Southern African Research and Documentation Centre (SARDC), a regional organization with offices in HararerMaputo and Dar es Salaam. Directors of the participating organizations attended the ceremony in the old chambers of the -South African Parliament, where the apartheid parliament once met and where its architect, Hendrik Voerwoerd, was assassinated 30 years ago. This book is about transcending the legacy of damage left by the system Voerword created, a system of racial separation knowras separate development or apartheid, a destructive force which destabilized the whole of southern Africa. Noting that the gathering was taking place in a new democratic South Africa, Ms Azfar said that despite these fundamental changes, the book highlights the many and complex after effects- the bitter fruits of apartheid - that will not melt away overnight. Concerted efforts will have to be made, she said, to put the needs of "children first" on the regional Reconstruction and Development agenda for some time. Vice President Mbeki took up the socioeconomic theme in reference to his own country, saying "Democracy is not sustainable if people are hungry". "Transcending the Legacy describes the burdens of the past, analyses its consequences and suggests practical actions to address these challenges", the UNICEF regional director said. "The publication does not shy away from the magnitude of the tasks ahead but what comes through loud and clear is the richness of experience that already exist - ranging from the educational reforms of Zimbabwe and Namibia since independence to the post-war child rehabilitation efforts in Mozambique, the nutrition-based community programmes in Tanzania and public health programmes in Botswana". The book has a Foreword by Cde Nelson Mandela and contains contributions by authors from most of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) countries on topics ranging from education and health to the rights of women and children, and economic factors. It is a positive attempt to exchange and share experiences between neighbouring states in the SADC region. D Alois Bunjira APS United made history by becoming the first dub in this country to take the lead on the Premier League log from the beginning to the end of the season and justifiably so clinched the championship which had eluded them for the past 17 years. Out of 30 matches played this seasonThe Manchester Road boys won 22, drew five and lost three.They were beaten by Dynamos 1- 0, Arcadia United 1- 0 and lost 1- 0 to Blackpool.They scored 75 goals and conceded 26, finishing the league race on 71 points. Chief contributor to CAPS success this season was Alois Bunjira, who scored 21 of the 75 goals in league matches before he was injured in August. Othets who helped the pharmaceutical side rdll past their opponents were Joe Mugabe who scored 15 league goals, Stewart Murisa (13), and Morgan Nkatazo (9). eContinued on next page ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO.11 I Sport I Stcvs-(,-! Mlurisa

1996 soccer review * Continued from previous page But while at this stage it looks like it was plain sailing, CAPS will be the first to admit that they were given a run for their money by second placed Dynamos who mantained second position right from the start. At one stage CAPS appeared to be running away with the championship as they took a~i 11-point lead which was later whittled down to seven points before The Glamour Boys faltered again thereby enabling CAPS to open up a nine-point lead at the too. CAPS' match against Arcadia United at Rufaro Stadium last September saw the gap between the top sides reduced to six points following Arcadia's 1-0 win. Then CAPS had four games to go and all Dynamos hoped for was that Makepekepe lose two games and they win all theirs which would see the two sides equal on points with Dynamos winning on a superior goal aggregate. This was not to be. CAPS won all their games except for one and thus clinched the league title. Arcadia also made history by beating all the giants of Harare, CAPS, Dynamos and Blackpool. The Graniteside-based outfit dismembered Dynamos 3-0 before they embarrK..- ed Blackpool 1-. and went on to beat CAPS United 1-0 to establish themsleves as the best team in the northern zone. Arcadia also reached the final of the BP League Cup where they were beaten 4-2 by CAPS United. Captain Shepherd Muradzikwa was crowned the player of the tournament and also shared the top goalscorer award with CAPS' Morgan Nkatazo after they had each scored five goals. The 1996 Kingsgate Premier League championship also saw the return of Gift "Umbro" Muzadzi to local club soccer when he joined Dynamos. He had spent years globe-trotting with little success. The gifted 24-year-old goalkeeper finally broke his marriage with Darryn T. where his talent blossomed before he became national squad material. New side Blue Swallows, made sure they remained in top flight soccer for another year by engaging shrewd mentor, Lovemore "Mukadota" Nyabeza to help the team out of the relegation zone. He did it quite magnificently as the Air Force of Zimbabwe side held their own against the country's better sides. A star was also bom in the process, in the name of Jonathan Chigwinya, a hard runner, whose glamorous role in Swallows counted on the plus side for the soldiers. While other Premier League side coaches were enjoying their jobs at their different clubs, the same could not be said of mentors like Mutare United's July Sharara, Highlanders Madinda Ndlovu, Lancashire Steel's David Mandigora, Tongogara's James Takavada, Ziscosteel's Benedict Moyo and Rufaro Rovers Clever Muzuva all of whom saw their respective teams struggling throughout the season. Not so lucky were Moyo and Muzuva whose teams will be playing First Division soccer next season. Zisco started off badly while Rufaro appeared to be in the running but later faded as the season progressed. One would only wish them the best in Division One and hope that they return to top flight soccer at the end of next year. Tongogara, who survived the chop by the skin of their teeth, would be advised to put everything into their preparations for next season as they might find the going even tougher next year. New stars were also born during the 1996 Kingsgate Premier League soccer championship. Among them were CAPS United's Farayi "Mr. Perfect" Mbidzo, Lloyd Chitembwe, Stewart "Shutto" Murisa, Blessing "Yogo Yogo" Makunike, goalkeeper, George Mudiwa, and Joseph "Shabba" Takaringofa while from Dynamos came the likes of Watson Muhoni, Makwinji Soma-Phiri and Callistus Pasuwa. Mhangura brought into perspective the talent of young Moses Milanzi, from Blackpool emanated Liberty Masunda, from Highlanders Mackay Nyathi, from Arcadia United Edzai Kasinauyo, from Zimbabwe Saints Ronald Sibanda and Muzondiwa Mugadza, Black Aces provided Knowledge Zinyama, Blue Swallows brought Jonathan Chigwinya to the limelight while Stanley Nagoli was outstanding for Ziscosteel. The National Premier Soccer League, who administer the premier league, must also be commended for a job well done as they, for the first time, made sure the league programme was not disrupted thereby making for the smooth running of the games. There was no backlog and the few postponements that came about because of international engagements were quickly cleared. There were no major incidents of violence involving clubs during league matches and the few that were witnessed were quickly dealt with by the soccer administrators, who must also get the credit for their no-nonsense approach during the season under review. A major change still awaitiig approval is the proposal that the league programme begins in August ending in May. a ZIMBABWE NEWS VOL. 27 NO. 11 The Editor and staff of Zimbabwe News and Management and Staff of Jongwe Press would like to convey their heartfelt condolences to the Munyati family on the loss of their son, MICHAEL. May His Soul Rest In Peace

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