Mieli, Maailma Ja Referenssi. John Mcdowellin Mielenfilosofian Ja

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Mieli, Maailma Ja Referenssi. John Mcdowellin Mielenfilosofian Ja JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 328 Petteri Niemi Mieli, maailma ja referenssi John McDowellin mielen filosofian ja semantiikan kriittinen tarkastelu ja ontologinen täydennys JYVÄSKYLÄN YLIOPISTO JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 328 Petteri Niemi Mieli, maailma ja referenssi John McDowellin mielenfilosofian ja semantiikan kriittinen tarkastelu ja ontologinen täydennys Esitetään Jyväskylän yliopiston yhteiskuntatieteellisen tiedekunnan suostumuksella julkisesti tarkastettavaksi yliopiston päärakennuksen salissa C1 tammikuun 12. päivänä 2008 kello 12. Academic dissertation to be publicly discussed, by permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Jyväskylä, in the Main Building, Hall C1, on January 12, 2008 at 12 o'clock noon. UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2008 Mieli, maailma ja referenssi John McDowellin mielenfilosofian ja semantiikan kriittinen tarkastelu ja ontologinen täydennys JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN EDUCATION, PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL RESEARCH 328 Petteri Niemi Mieli, maailma ja referenssi John McDowellin mielenfilosofian ja semantiikan kriittinen tarkastelu ja ontologinen täydennys UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2008 Editors Jussi Kotkavirta Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy/philosophy, University of Jyväskylä Irene Ylönen, Marja-Leena Tynkkynen Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä URN:ISBN:9789513931988 ISBN 978-951-39-3198-8 (PDF) ISBN 978-951-39-3030-1 (nid.) ISSN 0075-4625 Copyright ©2008 , by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2008 ABSTRACT Niemi, Petteri Mind, World and Reference: A Critical Examination and Ontological Supple- ment of John McDowell’s Philosophy of Mind and Semantics Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2008, 283 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in Education, Psychology and Social Research 0075-4625; 328) ISBN 978-951-39-3198-8 (PDF), 978-951-39-3030-1 (nid.) Summary Diss. This study examines and critically evaluates John McDowell’s philosophy of mind and semantics. The most important theme is reference, i.e. the ways in which mind and language refer to their worldly targets. From a broader per- spective, the topics of this study concern the relationships between mind, lan- guage and the world. The two most central questions concerning reference are: What assumptions must we make about mind, language and world and their relations to one another in order to render the general topic of reference under- standable? How exactly do linguistic expressions relate to their counterparts in the world? Causally, physically or in both ways? McDowell claims to be able to prove that there is nothing inherently prob- lematic in either the concept of reference or the relationship between mind and world in general. The research question of this study is whether or not McDow- ell indeed succeeds in his attempt to portray reference as unproblematic. The answer is that he fails to provide profound and detailed answers to the central problems of reference because of his choice of methodology, which rather ob- scurely and ambiguously combines such components as Wittgensteinian quiet- ism and therapeutic philosophy, appeals to common sense, and an anti- constructivist attitude to philosophical theorization. Nonetheless, McDowell does manage to present several promising ideas that can be used as building blocks in the creation of a workable theory of refer- ence. In the constructive part of this study, McDowell’s ideas, which often re- main on the metaphorical level, are opened up and further developed with the help of the ontological theory of the organizational levels of nature. As a result, the study introduces a proposal regarding rational causation and a proposal re- garding empirical concepts describing how they maintain their references via rational-causal links to worldly targets. Keywords: Reference, realism, causality, empirical concepts, rationality, personhood, emergence, reduction, levels of nature Author Petteri Niemi Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy / Philosophy P.O.Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä Supervisor Docent Jussi Kotkavirta Department of Social Sciences and Philosophy / Philosophy University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland Reviewers Docent Jussi Haukioja Department of Philosophy University of Turku Docent Petri Ylikoski Department of Social and Moral Philosophy University of Helsinki Opponent Rector Ilkka Niiniluoto University of Helsinki KIITOKSET Monet ihmiset ovat myötävaikuttaneet työni syntymiseen. Haluan ensinnäkin kiittää ohjaajaani Jussi Kotkavirtaa luottamuksesta ja tuesta. Keskeiset tähän työhön johtaneet ideat syntyivät ja jalostuivat hänen vetämissään työseminaa- reissa, ja olen kirjoittanut pääosan tekstistä työskennellessäni hänen johtamis- saan Suomen akatemian rahoittamissa projekteissa. Suomen akatemian lisäksi tämän työn tekemistä ovat tukeneet taloudellisesti Suomen Kulttuurirahasto sekä Jyväskylän yliopisto. Erityiset kiitokset Heikki Ikäheimolle ja Arto Laitiselle. Jo opiskeluajoista lähtien he ovat olleet esikuviani filosofian saralla. Heiltä olen oppinut sen kes- kustelun ja argumentaation kulttuurin, joka on niin olennainen filosofialle. He ovat olleet yhä uudelleen valmiita lukemaan ja kommentoimaan tekstejäni. Il- man heidän kriittis-analyyttisiä huomioitaan työni olisi todennäköisesti valmis- tunut nopeammin, mutta se olisi myös paljon kehnompi. Veli Verrosta haluan kiittää tutustuttamisesta tieteen tekemisen realiteetteihin, erityisesti se yksi näin jälkikäteen katsottuna terve oppitunti säilyy muistoissani. Kiitokset edelleen Pessi Lyyralle erittäin hyödyllisiksi osoittautuneista kommenteista ja Pasi Poh- jolalle antoisista aiheeseen liittyvistä keskusteluista. Kiitokset työni esitarkastajille dosentti Jussi Haukiojalle ja dosentti Petri Ylikoskelle erittäin perusteellisista ja informatiivisista lausunnoista. Heidän ra- kentavan kriittiset kommenttinsa auttoivat parantamaan työtäni suuresti. Pro- fessori Sami Pihlströmiä haluan kiittää työni viimeisiin lukuihin liittyvistä he- delmällisistä parannusehdotuksista sekä jämäkästä tarttumisesta väitösproses- sin loppuvaiheen käytännön järjestelyihin. Rehtori Ilkka Niiniluotoa kiitän siitä, että hän suostui vastaväittäjäkseni. Ja viimeiseksi, suuret kiitokset vaimolleni Riikka Niemelle kärsivällisyy- destä, varauksettomasta luottamuksesta ja rohkaisusta sekä hyödyllisistä kie- lenhuollollisista korjausehdotuksista. Jyväskylässä 9.11.2007 Petteri Niemi SISÄLLYS ABSTRACT KIITOKSET 1 JOHDANTO........................................................................................................ 11 2 MCDOWELLIN PERUSRATKAISUT............................................................. 27 2.1 ”Epistemologin syndrooma” .................................................................. 27 2.1.1 Annetun myytti, perusteiden avaruus ja lain valtakunta ......... 28 2.1.2 Skeema vs. sisältö, koherentismi ja oskillaatio............................ 31 2.1.3 Hillitsemätön platonismi ja karu naturalismi.............................. 34 2.1.4 Terapeuttinen filosofia ja kvietismi............................................... 35 2.1.5 Illuusion argumentti ja itseriittoisen järjen fantasia ................... 37 2.2 Kokemuksen käsitteellisyys .................................................................... 38 2.2.1 Rationaalisuus ja käsitteellisyys .................................................... 38 2.2.2 Yhteenkuulumisen muoto.............................................................. 40 2.2.3 Kokemuksen teoriapitoisuus?........................................................ 42 2.2.4 Kritiikkiä McDowellin kokemuksen käsitettä vastaan .............. 42 2.3 Luonnon käsitteen laajentaminen .......................................................... 44 2.3.1 Perinne............................................................................................... 45 2.3.2 Järjen ja luonnon suhde .................................................................. 46 2.3.3 Rationaalisuuden konstitutiivinen ideaali................................... 48 2.3.4 McDowell vs. Hegel ........................................................................ 52 2.4 Suora realismi ja eksternalismi ............................................................... 57 2.4.1 Ontologia........................................................................................... 58 2.4.2 Idealismi-syytös ............................................................................... 59 2.4.3 Formaali identtisyys? ...................................................................... 62 2.4.4 Objektit rajoittavat........................................................................... 64 2.4.5 Eksternalismi .................................................................................... 68 2.4.6 Disjunktiivisen käsityksen kritiikkiä ............................................ 69 2.5 Antireduktionismi, mieli ja persoona .................................................... 75 2.5.1 Mentaalinen, mieli ja kriteerit........................................................ 76 2.5.2 Persoona............................................................................................ 81 2.5.3 Kritiikkiä ........................................................................................... 84 2.5.4 Kausaalisuuden laajennus? ............................................................ 87 2.5.5 Eräs mahdollinen vastaväite .......................................................... 93 2.6 Totuuden identtisyysteoria
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