Human Nature '

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H O W T O REA D

HUMAN NATURE '

ITS INNER STATES AND OUTER FORMS

By WILLIAM WAL' ER AT' INSON

W ITH NU M ER O U S ILLU STRATION S

L. N . FO WL E R CO .

7 m e rial A rcad e Lu d ate Circ u s , I p . g

Lo ndon. E . C. . E ng land

1916 E O THE ELI'ABETH TOWN C . E MA HO LYO ' , S S .

C O N T E N T S

Chapter Page

I . Inner State and Outer 9 29 II . The Inner Phase ' Character .

. ' 38 III The Outer Form Personality . 4 IV. The Temperaments 7 68 V. The Mental Qualities I 6 V . The Egoistic Qualities 7 T h 81 VII . e Motive Qualities 89 VIII . The Vitative Qualities E 93 IX . The motive Qualities 100 X . The Applicative Qualities

M o diﬁcative 107 XI . The Qualities 114 XII . The Relative Qualities 122 XIII . The Perceptive Qualities 139 XIV . The Reﬂective Qualities

- 148 i a . . XV. The Relig o Moral Qu lities ' I 156 V . Faces 169 XVII . Chins and Mouths 177 V . s X III Eyes , Ears , and Nose 186 XIX . Miscellaneous Signs

CHAPTER I

INNE R STATE AN D OUTE R F ORM

Human Nature is a term most fre quently used and yet but little understood . The average person knows in a general way what he and others mean when this term is v employed , but ery few are able to give an o ff- hand deﬁn ition o f the term o r to state what in their opinion constitutes the real e s sence of the thought expressed by the famil

s of iar phra e . We are the Opinion that the ﬁrst step in the proces s of correct under standing of any subject is that of acquaint h ance wit its principal terms , and, so , we shall begin o u r consideration of the subject of Human Nature by an examination of the term used t o express the idea itself. “ ” “ Human , of course, means of or per ” nk . taining to man or ma ind Therefore , Human Nature means the natu re of man or “ ” mankind . Nature , in this usage , means “ The natural disposition o f mind of any per son ; temper ; personal character ; individual

9 10 HUMA N NA TURE constitution ; the peculiar mental character istics and attributes which serve to distin ” guish one person from another . Thu s we see that the essence o f the natu re of men , or of a particular human being, is

mind characteris the , the mental qualities , tics , properties and attributes . Human Nature is then a pha s e o f psychology and subject to the laws , principles and meth ods of study, examination and consideration

s of that particular branch of cience . But while the general subject of psychology includes the consideration of the inner work

of ings the mind, the processes of thought , of o f the nature feeling, and the Operation

s the will , the pecial subject of Human Na ture is concerned only with the question o f ch e aracter , disposition , temperament , p r sonal attributes , etc . , of the individuals mak

of ing up the race man . Psychology is gen — eral Human Nature is particular . Psychol — o gy is more or less abstract Human Nature is i concrete . Psychology deals w th laws , — causes and principle s Human Nature deals ff with e ects , manifestations , and expressions . Human Nature expresses itself in two gen INNER S T ATE AND OUTER FORM 11

i e 1 o f eral phases , . . , ( ) the phase Inner

States ; and ( 2 ) the phase o f Outer Forms . n These two phases , however, are ot separate o r c o m leme n Opposed to each other , but are p al tary aspects of the same thing . There is ways an action and reaction between the I n ner State and the Outer Form—between the

Inner Feeling and the Outer Expression . If we know the particular Inner State we may infer the appropriate Outer Form ; and if we know the Outer Form we may infer the In ner State . That the Inner State affects the Outer Form is a fact generally ac knowledged by

fo r men , it is in strict accordance with the general experience of the race . We know that certain mental states will result in im parting to the countenance certain lines and expressions appropriate thereto ; certain pe cu liaritie s O f carriage and manner, voice and demeanor . The facial characteristics , man

o ner, walk , voice and gestures f the miser will be recognized as entirely different from that o f the generous per so n ; those of the coward differ materially from those o f the brave man ; those of the vain are distinguished from 12 HUMAN NATURE

tho se of the modest . We know that certain mental attitudes will produce the correspond

s s o f s ing physical expre ions a mile, a frown , an Open hand , a clenched ﬁst, an erect Spine o r v bowed shoulders , respecti ely . We also know that certain feelings will cause the eye

o r to sparkle g row dim, the voice to become resonant and positive o r to become husky and weak ; according to the nature of the feelings . “ of Prof . Wm . James says What kind emotion o f fear would be left if the feeling neither o f trembling lips nor of weakened

o f -ﬂesh limbs , neither goose nor of visceral stirrings , were present , it is quite impossible fo r o one me t think . Can fancy the state of rage and picture no ebullition in the chest , no

of of ﬂushing the face, no dilation the nostrils , of o v no clenching the teeth , n impulse to igor o u s s s action , but in their stead limp mu cle , ” calm breathing, and a placid face ? “ s h Prof. Halleck ays All t e emotions

-d eﬁned s have well muscular expre sion . Dar wm has written an excellent work entitled , T h e E xp res s io n of the E mo tio ns in M an and Animals , to which students must refer for a v detailed account of such expression . A ery INNER STATE AND OUTER FORM 13

fﬁ few examples must su ce here . In all the ex hilaratin g emotions , the eyebrows , the eye s lid , the nostrils , and the angles of the mouth are raised . In the depressing passions it is s the reverse . This general statement convey

o s v s much truth , that a careful ob er er can read a large part of the history o f a human b F or eing written in the face . this reason many phrenologists have wisely turned phys io nomis g ts. Grief is expressed by raising of the inner ends the eyebrows , drawing

' of down the corners the mouth , and trans vers ely wrinkling the middle part o f the fore

. of head In Terra del Fuego , a party na tive s conveyed to Darwin the id ea that a cer

was low - r tain man spi ited, by pulling down their cheeks in order t o make their faces long . Joy is expressed by drawing back f ward and upward the corners o the mouth . The uppe r lip rises and draws the cheeks upi w T he ard , forming wrinkles under the eyes . elevation o f the upper lip and the nostrils ex

s s presse contempt . A skillful ob erver can frequently tell if one person admires another .

disclo s In this case the eyebrows are raised, ing a brightening eye and a relaxed expres sion ; sometimes a gentle smile plays about 14 HUMAN NA TURE

i the mouth . Blushing is merely the phys cal

c expression of certain emotions . We noti e the expression of emotion more in the cou nt e nance, because the effects are there more plainly visible ; but the muscles of the entire

s body, the vital organ , and the viscera , are also v ehicles of expression . These things need but a mention in order dm to be recognized and a itted . This is the tio f ac n o the Inner upon the Outer . There

reac tion o f is , however , a the Outer upon the

so Inner , which while equally true is not gen e rall d y recognized nor a mitted, and we think it well t o brieﬂy call your attention to the same, for the reason that this correspondence — between the Inner and the Outer this r eao — tion as well as the ac tion must be appre ciat ed in order that the —entire meaning and content of the subject o f Human Nature may be fully grasped . That the r eac tio n o f the Outer F orm upon the Inner State may be understood, we ask you to consider the following opinions of well -known and accepted authorities of the

New Psychology, regarding the established fact that a phy sical expr es sio n r elat ed t o a INNE R STATE AND OUTE R FORM 15

mental s t ate will i volu nt aril indu ced , , f y , t end t o in tu rn indu ce the mental s tat e ap

ro riat e t it p p o . We have used these quota

o f tions in other books this series , but will insert them here in this place because they have a direct bearing upon the particular sub

c e j t before us , and because they furnish di rect and unquestioned authority for the

u statements just made by us . We ask y o to

for a consider them carefully, they expres s most important truth .

Prof. Halleck says By inducing an ex pression we can often cause its allied emo tion . Actors have frequently testi ﬁ ed to the fact that emotion will arise if they go through the appropriate muscular move

. t o on ments In talking a character the stage , w if they clench the fist and fro n , they often find themselves becoming really angry ; if they start with counterfeit laughter , they find v themsel es growing cheerful . A German professor says that he cannot walk with a schoolgirl ’s mincing step and air without ” feeling frivolous . “ Prof . Wm . James says ' Whistling to keep up courage is no mere figure o f speech . 16 HUMA N NATURE

On the other hand , sit all day in a moping posture , sigh , and reply to everything with a dismal voice , and your melancholy lingers . If we wish to conquer u ndesirable emotional v s s tendencies in oursel e , we must a siduously, i and n the ﬁrst instance coldbloodedly, go

' through the ou tward mo o ements of those con

t o t rary dispositions which we wish cultivate .

Smooth the brow, brighten the eye , contract the d orsal rather than the v entral aspec t Of ﬂ s the frame, and speak in a major key, pa s the in genial compliment , and your heart must i ” deed be frig d if it does not gradually thaw . “ . T Dr Wood Hutchinson, says ' o what extent. muscular contractions condition emo tions , as Prof . James has suggested, may be easily tested by a quaint and simple little ex pe riment upon a group of the smallest v olu n

o f s tary muscles the body, tho e that move the eyeball . Choose some time when you are sitting quietly in your room , free from all disturbing inﬂuences . Then stand up , and s assuming an easy position, ca t the eyes u p ward and hold them in that position for thirty seconds . Instantly and involuntarily you will be conscious of a tendency toward IN NER STA TE AND OUTER FORM 17

reverential , devotional , contemplative ideas and thoughts . Then turn the eyes sideways ,

o r t o glancing directly to the right the left ,

- through half closed lids . Within thirty sec o nd s o r o f images of suspicion , of uneasiness , dislike will rise unbidden to the mind . Turn

o ne the eyes n o Side and slightly downward , and suggestions o f jealousy o r coquetry will be apt to spring unbidden . Direct your gaze

o u downward toward the ﬂoor , and y are likely to go o ff into a ﬁt o f reverie o r ab i n s tract o .

Prof. Maudsley says The specific mus cular action is not merely an exp onent o f pas f o . sion, but truly an essential part . it If we try while the features are fixed in the expres Sion of o ne passion to call up in the mind a d ff do i erent one , we shall find it impossible to ” so . We state the fact of the reac tion of the

Outer upon the Inner , with its supporting

no quotations from the authorities , t for the purpose of instructing our readers in the art of training the emotions by means of the h im physical , for while t is subject is highly n portant , it forms o part of the particular 18 HUMA N NA TURE

— subject under o u r present consideration but that the student may realize the close rela tio nship existing between the Inner State and or the Outer Form . These two elements phases , in their constant action and reaction , manifest the phenomena of Human Nature ,

o f v o and a knowledge each , and both gi e t us the key which will Open for us the doo r of the

o f understanding Human Nature . L et us now call your attention to an illus — t ration which embodies both principles that — of the Inner and the Outer and the action

a i ' and reaction between them, s g ven by that

o f r n master subtle ratiocination, Edga Alla “ P o L et Poe . e in his story The Purloined ” ter tells o f a boy at school who attained great proﬁciency in the game of even o r ” odd in which one player strives to g uess whether the marbles held in the hand of his ’ o dd or n Opponent are even . The boy s pla was to gauge the intelligence of his Opponent regarding the matter of making changes , and “ as Poe says ' this lay in mere Observation and admeasurement of the astutenes s of his ” opponents . Poe describes the process as fol “ ' is lows For example, an arrant Simpleton

20 HUMA N NATURE

s or o r one tupid, how good , how wicked is any , o r I what are his thoughts at the moment ,

as hion th e ex res s ion o m ace as accu -l f p f y f , rat ely as p os s ible in acco rdanc e with the ex

ression his and then ai t s ha p of , w t o ee w t thoug hts o r s entiments aris e in my mind o r _ h eart as i t o mat ch o r o r o n h , f c resp d wit the ’ ex ress ion f p . This response o the s chool boy lies at the bo ttom of all the spurious pro fu ndity which has been attributed to Roche

L a B ou i ve foucauld , to g , to Machiavelli , and ' ” t o Campanella . In this consideration of Human Nature we m shall have uch to say about the Outer Form . But we must ask the reader t o always remem ber that the Outer Form is always the expres

o f sion and manifestation the Inner State, be that Inner State latent and dormant within the depths of the subconscious mentality, or else active and dyn amic in conscious expres in sion . Just as Prof. James s o strongly

o r sists , we cannot imagine an inner feeling emotion without its corresponding outward t o physical expression, so is it impossible imagine the outward expressions generally associated with a particular feeling or emo INNE R STATE AND OUTE R FORM 21

tion without its corresponding inner state .

o one in Whether r not of these, the outer or

cau s e o f — which ner , is the the other and if so , — o ne is the cause and which the effect need m not concern us here . In fact , it would see more reasonable to accept the theory that they are correlated and appear Simultane ou sl y . Many careful thinkers have held that action and reaction are practically the same thing—merely the Opposite phases of ~ the n same fact . If this be so , then indeed whe we are studying the Outer Form of Human Nature we are studying psychology just as much as when we are studying the Inner

States . Prof . Wm . James in his works upon psychology insists upon the relevancy of the consideration o f the outward expressi ons of n the in er feeling and emotion , as we have seen . The same authority Speaks even more

of emphatically upon this phase the subject , as follows

c re - v The feeling, in the oarser emotions ,

ul s s t from the bodily expression . My theory 1 s that the bodily changes follow '

o c directly the perception f the exciting fa t , and that our feeling o f the same changes as t 22 HUMAN NATURE

P r i u they occur is the emotion . a t c lar perceptions certainly do produce wide spread bodily effects by a sort of immediate

‘ i th arou sal physical nﬂuence , antecedent to e of an emotion or emotional idea .

o ne v Every of the bodily changes , whatsoe er

elt it may be, is f , acutely or obscurely, the

me . moment it occurs . If we fancy s o strong emotion , and then try t o abstract , from ou r consciousness o f it all the feelings m of its bodily sy ptoms , we have nothing left ; behind . A disembodied human emo tion is a sheer nonentity . I do not say that

of it is a contradiction in the nature things , or that pure Spirits are necessarily con d emne d t o cold intellectual lives ; but I s ay that for u s emotion disassociated from all bodily feeling is inconceivable . The more closely I scrutinize my states , the more per

‘ ’ s u aded I become that whatever coarse af fe ctions and passions I have are in very truth constituted by , and made up of, those bodily changes which we ordinarily call their ex

o B u ou r pression or c nsequence . t emotions must always be inw ardly what they are, whatever may be the physiological INNE R STA TE AND OUTER FORM 23

ground of their apparition . If they are deep , pure , worthy, spiritual facts on any con

e i a l c v b e theory of their physiological source , they remain no less deep , pure , spiritual , and worthy of regard on this present sensational ” theory . ' ay says Does the mind or spirit of man , whatever it may be , in its actings in

o a im and through the b dy, leave material pression or trace in its structure o f ev erv h m conscious action it performs , whic re ains permanently ﬁxed , and forms a material record of all that it has done in the body, to which it can afterward refer as to a book and recall to mind , making it again , as it were , present to it ? We ﬁnd nature every where around us recording its movements and marking the changes it has undergone —in f in material forms , the crust o the earth ,

o f o f the composition the rocks , the structure

e h ou r the tr es , t e conformation of bodies ,

o f s o and those spirits ours , closely connected

o u r as with material bodies , that so far we w kno , they can think no thought , perform no

c o c O - a tion , with ut their presence and opera i t on , may have been so joined in order to pre 24 HUMA N NATURE serve a material and lasting reco rd of all that they think and do . “ ' Marsh says Every human movement ,

o r every organic act, every volition , passion ,

a o emotion, every intellectu l process , is acc m ” anied c p with atomi disturbance . Pic ton “ says ' The soul never doe s one single action by itself apart from some excitement of bod “ ily tissue Emerson says ' The rolling rock leaves its scratches on the mountain ; the river its channel in the soil ; the animal its bones in the stratum ; the fern and leaf their modest epitaph in the coal . The falling drop makes its sculpture in the sand o r stone . The ground is all memoranda and signatures , and every object covered over with hints which speak to the intelligent . In ” - i i nature this s elf reg stration s incessant . Morell says ' The mind depends for the manifestation of all its activities upon a ma ” “ erial t organism . Bain says The organ of the mind is not the brain by itself ; it is the

o f brain , nerve , muscles , organs sense , vis cera . It is uncertain how far even

o r s thought , reminiscence , the emotion of the pa s t and ab s ent could be su stained without INNER STATE A N D OUTE R FORM 25 the more distant communication between the ” brain and the rest of the body . And , thus , as we consider the subject carefully we see that psychology is a s muc h concerned with the physical manifestations o f the mental im pulses and states as with the metaphysical — aspect o f tho s e states as much with the Outer Form as with the Inner State—for it is practically impossible to permanently sep arate them . A S an illustration of the physical aecom

animm t o r p Outer Form , of the psychical o r feeling Inner State, the following quota ’ “ tion from Darwin s Origin o f the Emo ” s tions , will well erve the purpose “ b Fear is often preceded y astonishment , and is so far akin to it that both lead t o the senses of sight and hearing being instantly aroused . In both cases the eyes and mouth are widely opened and the eyebrows raised . The frightened man at ﬁrst stands like a

o r statue, motionless and breathless , crouches down as if instinctively t o escape observa tion . The heart beats quickly and violently, so that it palpitates or knock s against the ribs ; but it is very doubtful if it then works 26 HUMA N NA TURE

fﬁ so d more e ciently than usual, as to sen a greater supply of blood to all parts o f the body ; for the skin instantly becomes pale as

s o f during incipient faintnes . This paleness the surface, however, is probably in large

or s v - part , is exclu ively, due to the aso motor centre being aﬁ ec ted in such a manner as to cause the contraction o f the small arteries of

aﬁ ec e d the skin . That the skin is much t

of under the sense great fear, we see in the marvelous manner in which perspiration 1m mediately exudes from it . This exudation is all the more remarkable, as the surface is s then cold, and hence the term , a cold weat ; wherea s the su doriﬁc glands are properly excited into action when the surface is heated .

The hair s also on the skin stand erect, and

v the superﬁcial muscles shi er . In connection e of the with the disturb d action . the heart breathing is hurried . The salivary glands act imperfectly ; the mouth become s dry and is n ofte Opened and Shut . I have noticed that under slight fear there is a strong ten

e o f den y to yawn . One the best marked symptoms is the trembling o f all the muscle s of the body ; and this is often s een in the lips .

28 HUMAN NATURE boldest s oldiers may b e seized with a sudden panic .

In conclusion , let us say that just as the above striking description of the master

ar icu scientist , Darwin, shows us that the p t lar emotion has its outer manifestations the particular Inner State its Outer Form s o has the general charact er of the person its

r . outer manifestation , and Oute Form And , just as to the eye of the experienced observer

‘ at a distance ( even in the case of a photo

c graphic representation, parti ularly in the case o f a moving picture) may rec ognize the Inner State from the Outer Form o f the feel

or e s o ing motion, may the experienced character reader interpret the whole char acter of the person from the Outer Form thereof. The two interpretations are based o The n exactly the s ame general principles . inner thought and feeling manifest in the

who al outer physical form . He learns the phab et o f Outer Form may read page after f page of the book o Human Nature . CHAPTER II

T H E INNE R PHASE CHARA CTE R

“ Do y ou know what character is ? The i s and O word itself, in t derivation riginal

or en usage, means a stamp , mark Sign , ” graved or stamped . As time passed the term was applied to the personal peculiarities “ o f v ' indi iduals , and was deﬁned as the per sonal qualities or attributes of a person ; the o f L disting uishing traits a person . ater the “ term was extended to mean ' the part en ” ac ted by anyone in a play . In the common u sage of the term we seek t o convey an idea in which each and all of the above stated mean ’ ings are combined . A man s character is the result o f imp res sions made upon his own

s . mind, or tho e of the race It is also the sum o f his personal qualities and attributes . is It also , in a sense , the part he plays in the of g reat drama life . Each man ’s character has its inner phase consisting of the accumulated impressions of the past which seek t o manifest in the pres

of ent . And, likewise , the character each 29 30 HUMAN NATURE

o f man manifests in an outer phase form ,

ers o nalit mark, and stamp of p y . There are

s no two characters precisely alike . There i an inﬁnite possibility of combination of the elements that go to make up character . This is accordance with what appears to be a uni

o f versal law nature , for there are no two

of tw o blades grass exactly alike, nor grains o f sand bearing an exact resemblance to each other . Nature seems to seek after and to

o f manifest variety form and quality . But ,

still , just as we may classify all things , ani mate and inanimate , into general classes and then into subordinate ones—each genus and each species having its particular character istic s , qualities and attributes , so we may, and do , classify human character into general classes and then into particular subdivisions into which each individu al is found to ﬁt . This fact makes it possible for us t o study

Human Nature as a science . The character of each individual is held to be the result of the impressions made U pon m the plastic material of the ind , either in the form of past impressions upon his ancestors or of past impressions received by the indi T H E INN E R PHASE ' CHARACTER 31 vidual The past impression s reach him

o f through the channel heredity, while the personal impressions come to him through do environment . But by heredity we not mean the transmission of the personal char ’ ac te ristic s of one s parents or even grand parents , but something far deeper and broader . We believe that one inherits far ’ less of the qualities o f one s parents than is generally believed . But , we believe that much that goes t o make up ou r character is derived from the a s sociated qualities and im pressions o f many generations of ancestors . Inasmuch as each individual contain s within him the transmitted qualities of nearly every individual who lived several thousand years ago , it may be said that each individual is an heir t o the accumulated impressions of the a r ce, which however form in an inﬁnite variety of combinations , the result being that altho ugh the root o f the race is the same yet each individual differs in combination from

v A L each other indi idual . s uther Burbank “ has s ' s aid Heredity mean much , but what is heredity ? Not some hideous ancestral S pecter, forever crossing the path of a human 32 HUMAN NATURE

' being. Heredity is simply the sum of all the e ﬁ e ct s o f all the environments of all past gen orations on the responsive ever-moving life ” forces . The records of the past environment of the race are stored away in the great region of the subconscious mentality, from whence they arise in response to the call of some at

or al tractive object of thought perception , w ays , however , modiﬁed and restrained by the opposite characteristics . As Prof . Elmer “ Gates has said ' At least ninety per cent of

- ou our mental life is sub conscious . If y will analyz e your mental operations you will ﬁnd that conscious thinking is never a continu ou s o f b u o f on line consciousness , t a series c scious data with great intervals o f sub co n

ciou snes s s . We sit and try t o solve a prob lem and fail . We walk around, try again and

a fail . Suddenly an ide dawns that leads to

- a solution o f the problem . The sub conscious processes were at work . We do not volition

own ally create our thinking. It takes place v in us . We are more or less passi e recip ie nt s . We cannot change the nature O f a T H E INNE R PHASE ' CHARA CTER 33

O f thought , or a truth , but we can , as it were , l ” guide the ship by a moving of the he m . But character is depe ndent upon race in

fo r r aw heritance only its material s, which are then worked into shape by the inﬂuence o f environment and by the will o f the indi

‘ ’ vidual . A man s environment is , to some ex

‘

at o . A tent least, dependent up n the will man hi v may change s en ironment , and by the use o f his will he may overcome many inherited “ ' tendencies . As Halleck well says Hered ity is a powerful factor, for it supplies raw

f r material o the will to shape . Even the will cannot make anything without material . Will of eu acts through choice , and some kinds vironment aﬁ ord far more opportunities for

choice than others . Shakespeare found in L o f s al ondon the germ true theatrical ta te ,

v iviﬁed ready by a long line of miracle plays ,

moralities and interludes . In youth he con

nected his himself with the theatre, and will

responded powerfully t o his environment .

Some surroundings are rich in suggestion , ff a ording Opportunity for choice , while others

r e w o a poor . The ill is absolutely conﬁned t

Charac e r a choice between alternatives . t 34 HUMAN NATURE

then is a resu ltant o l w er heredit , f wi l p o , y an e ir m nt d nv on e . The modern tendency is to overestimate the effects of heredity and

on environment in forming character ; but, the other hand , we must not underestimate

o f u them . The child a Hottentot p t in ’ Shakespeare s home , and afterward sent L away to ondon with him , would never have made a Shakespeare ; for heredity would not have given the will sufﬁcient raw material

to fashion over into such a noble product . We may also suppose a case to Show the great

o f power of environment . Had a band gyp him sies stolen Shakespeare at birth, carried to Tartary, and left him among the nomads , his environment would never have allowed him to produce such plays as he placed upon ” the English Stage . Many persons are reluctant to admit the

effect of heredity upon character . They seem to regard heredity as the idea o f a monster n and ruling the individual with an iron ha d, with an emphasis upon undesirable traits of o f character . Such people lose sight the fact that at the best heredity merely supplies u s with the r aw material of character rather

36 HUMAN NATURE

s and the best surrounding example , and see

n ir n nt . e v o the result Remember, that in me

o is included the inﬂuence f other person s . The effect of énvir onment arises from Sug gestion,) that great moulding and creative “ o f . A S principle the mind It is true that , a ” ’ i b u man thinketh, SO s he, t a man s thoughts depend materially upon the as s ociations o f environment , experience , and suggestion . “ ' ' As iehen says We cannot think as we will , but we must think as just those associations ” which happen to be present prescribe .

But, without going further into the ques tion of the elements which go toward form

ou r ing character , let us take position ﬁrmly upon the fact that each individual is stamped with the impression of a special character

ow E hi s a character all his n. ach has own c haract er o r part t o play in the great drama of life The character o f s ome s eem s ﬁxed

o f and unchangeable , while that others is seen

s o f to be in the proces change . But in either case each and every man has his own char

o r o f acter manifestation Human Nature, in in its inner and outer aspects . And each

s dividual , while in a s ense forming a pecial cla s s b himself nevert heless belon s to a T H E INNE R PHAS E ' CHARA CTE R 37

f larger class , which in turn is a part o a still larger , and so on . Instead of study ing the philosophy o r metaphysics of character , or even its general in psychology, let us this particular volume devote ou r attention t o the elements which g o to form the character of each and every person , so that we may understand them when we meet them in manifested form . And let us learn the Outer Form which ao company these Inner States . Upon the stage o f Life move backward

s and forward many character , each having own his or her form , manner and appearance , which like those of the characters upon the mimic stage, may be recognized if we will but bestow a little care upon the subject . The

Othellos , Hamlets , Shylocks , Iagos , Richards , L ears , and the rest are to be found in every day life . The Micawbers , Chuzzlewits , ‘ d Twists , and the rest are in as full evi ence on ff the streets and in the O ices , as in the h books . The person w o is able to read and interpret Human Nature is possessed of a kn owledge far more useful t o him than that contained within the covers of musty books upon impractical subjects . CHAPTER III

T H E OUTE R PHASE ' PE RS ONAL ITY

Just as charac t er is the inner pha se of

ers o nalit Human Nature , so is p y its Outer phase . To many the two terms are sy nony m o f ous , but analysis will Show the shades ’ f charac ter di ference between them . A man s

ers nalit is his inner self, while his p o y is the

o f outward indication his self. The word, in “ ' this sense , is deﬁned as That which con s titu t e s the personal traits of a person, as his manner , conduct , habits , appearance , and ” other observable personal peculiarities . L The word is derived from the atin word , “ ers ona - ao p , meaning, a mask used by play ” tors , which in turn was derived from the “ ” er two words p , meaning through , and “ ” “ s ono o r , meaning, to sound , combined , to ” sound through . And the derivation of the term really gives us an idea of its inner

for meaning, the personality is really the

throu h mask worn by the character , and g which it s o u nds k , spea s , or manifests itself, “ Jeremy Taylor once said ' N0 man can long 38 T H E OUTE R PHASE ' PERSONAL ITY 39 put on p ers on and act a part but his evil man ners will peep through the corners o f his ” white robe . Archbishop Trench once said “ a that the real me ning of the phrase, God is ” no respecter of p e rs o ns is that the Almighty cared nothing for what p ar t in life a person

how - plays , but he plays it . The old time play- actor was wont to assume a mask of the features of the part he played , just as the modern actor “ makes up ” for the part and walks , speaks and acts in accordance there

O n o with . Whether r t the individual be aware of the fact, Nature furnishes to each — — his mask o f personality his p ers ona by which those who understand may recognize

o r . the part he plays , his character In both

haract er ers onal the inner c , and the outer p it of y , each individual struts the stage life and plays his part . “ ” r The mask o make up , of personality , by which men may read each other ’s charac in ter , is evolved and developed from the s tinctiv e physical expression accompanying

. t thought , feeling and emotion Jus as the frown accompanying the feeling o f annoy ff ance or anger will , if repeated su iciently 40 HUMA N NATURE

often, become ﬁxed upon the countenance of

the man , so will all of his general thoughts , feelings and emotions register themselves in

e his manner , gait , tone Of voic , carriage and

r s facial exp e sion . Moreover, his inherited tendencies will show themselves in the same w ay .

Professor Wm . James says , regarding the “ genesis of emotional reactions ' How come; the various objects which excite emotion to?

’ f ef-f produce such special and di ferent bodily , fe ct s ? This question was no t asked till quite

recently, but already some interesting sug gestions toward answering it have been

o f ' made . Some movements expression can be accounted for as weakened repetitions ofl , movements which formerly ( when they were ’

‘ stronger) were of utility t o the subject . Others are similarly weakened repetition s of movements which under other conditions were physiologically necessary concomitants of the

v useful mo ements . Of the latter reactions , the respiratory disturbances in anger and fear — might be taken as examples organic reminis

r cences , as it were , reve berations in imagina tion Of the blowings of the man making a T H E OUTER PHASE ' PERSONAL ITY 41

o f f series combative e forts , or the pantings o n f o e in precipitate ﬂight . Such at least is w a suggestion made by Mr . Spencer hich has found approval .

on Herbert Spencer says , this subject To have in a slight degree such psychical states as accompany the reception of wounds , and are experienced during ﬂight , is to be in f a state o what we call fear . And to have in a slight degree such psychical states as the im processes of catching, killing, and eating ply, is to have the desires to catch, kill and eat That the propensities to the acts are nothing else than nascent excitations o f the

c psychical state involved in the a ts , is proved by the natural l anguage of the propensities . in Fear, when strong, expresses itself in cries , ff in e orts to escape in palpitations , trem blings ; and these are just the manifestations that go along wi th an actual suffering of the

c evil feared . The destru tive passion is shown

f s in a general tension o the muscular sy tem , in gnashing of teeth and protrusion of the claws , in dilated eyes and nostrils in growls ; and these are weaker forms of the actions

s h that accompany the killing of prey . To uc 42 HUMAN NA TURE objective evidences every one can add sub

e ive j ct evidences . Everyone can testify that the psychical state called fear consist s of mental representations of certain painful re su lt s ; and that the one called anger consists of mental representations of the actions and impressions which would occur while inﬂict ” ing some kind of pain .

Professor Wm . James adds the following “ to the discussion ' S o slight a symptom as

o r one - the snarl sneer , the sided uncovering of the upper teeth, is accounted for by Dar win as a survival from the time when ou r

s and u nﬂe she d ancestor had large canines ,

o r him ( as dogs do now) f attack . Similarly the raising of the eyebrows in outward at o f in tention , the opening the mouth astonish ment , come , according to the same author , from the utility of these movements in ex o f treme ca s es . The raising the eyebrows goes with the Opening o f the eye fo r better

o f in vision , the opening the mouth with the t tenses listening, and with the rapid catch ing o f the breath which prec edes muscular ff e ort . The distension of the nostrils in anger is interpreted by Spencer as an echo

44 HUMA N NA TURE tend to ﬁx in the physical organism the ex “ pression associated with them . As thoughts take form in action , so habitual mental

t o O f states tend register traces those actions . A piece o f paper folded in a certain way sev eral times shows plainly the marks on the fold

ou r ing. In the same manner the creases in

v s clothing, shoes and glo e , Show the marks o f o u r personal physical form . A habitual mental state o f cheerfulness is accompanied by a frequent exercise of the muscle s express

s i n s ing the phy ical s g of that feeling, and ﬁnally the smile wrinkles are formed that all may read them . In the same way the gloomy, pessimistic mental attitude produces the marks and wrinkles showing the habit of fre quent down -turning o f the corners o f ou r

o f mouths . A habitual mental attitude sus picion will tend to impart the appearance of “ ” the suspicious peering to our eyes . The mental attitude of combativeness will like wise give u s the traditional set jaw and tightly compressed lips . The mental attitude of lack o f self- respect will show itself in ou r walk , and so , in the opposite manner with

- the mental attitude of self respect . People T H E OUTE R PHASE ' PERSONAL ITY 45

w a c gro to walk, t lk, arry themselves , and “ look like their habitual mental attitude . l ‘ . S choﬁe d ' Dr . A . T , says He IS a dull ’ ‘ ’ who c scholar, it is said, annot read a man s ’ e a character ev n from a back view . Round statue Of the prince Consort in Edinburgh stand representative groups paying homage to him . If you get a back view of any of these you can see unconscious mind impressed

can on matter , and tell at once the sailor or

r . soldier, peasant or scholar o workman L ook at the body and face of a man when

L h of the mind is gone . ook at t e body a man

- L who has lost his self respect . ook at the

f s e o f o t . body a thief, of a , a miser Compare

of the faces and expressions a philanthropist, of a of a beggar, of policeman , a scholar , of

of w o f a sailor, a la yer, of a doctor , a Shop

of o f walker , a sandwich man , of a farmer ,

o f o f a a successful manufacturer , a nurse , o f reﬁned girl , of a servant , of a barmaid , a

of nun , a ballet dancer, of an art student , and answer to yourself these two questions

ff o f First , are these di erent expressions body and face due essentially to phy s ic al o r

s chical ? p y causes And, secondly, do these 46 HUMAN NATURE psychical causes act on the facial and other muscles in consciousness or out o f conscious ness . The only possible answers to these two

- questions leave us with this fact , were no

other proof possible , that we each have within us an unconscious ps y chical power ( here called the unconscious mind) which has sufﬁcient force to act upon the body and dis play psychical conceptions through physical ” media . It is impossible fo r us ( at least by any o f the ﬁve senses ) to peer into the mental cham ber of other men and there read the record o f c haract er or their , to interpret the com bination of Human Nature therein moulded

and formed . But nevertheless we are not

ou r balked in desire, for by learning to inter pret the outward signs of personality we may arrive with a wonderful degree of success at i or an understanding of the character , m nd ,

Human Nature in others . From the seen

Outer we may deduce the unseen Inner . We may discern the Shape of that which is con led v ce a , by Obser ing the form of the covering which hides it from sight . The body, like the “ s fabled veil of the goddes , conceals but to ” v re eal . CHAPTER IV

T H E TE MPE RAMENTS The student of Human Nature soon dis

m ani covers that among men , as a ong the mals there is to be Observed a great v ariety of “ ” “ of quality, and various classes tempera ” ff ment . Among cattle we notice great di er ence s of form which differences indicate cer n tain qualities inherent in the beast . Certai qualities are recognized by their outward m for s as being indicative of sturdiness , stay

- ing qualities , strong vitality, etc . , which ren der their possessor valuable fo r draught

o f oxen . Other qualities indicate the value another animal for meat producing . Others , the production o f large quantities of milk .

s . Other , proliﬁc breeding And , so on , each set of qualities being recognized by its ou t ward form and being taken into considera s tion by breeders . In the same way, breeder recognize certain qualities in horses which they take advantage o f in breeding fo r the strength of draught horses ; the speed o f thoroughbred runners and trotters ; the docil 47 48 HUMAN NATURE ity and gentleness of driving horses and a saddle anim ls . The draught horse and the thoroughbred runner or trotter may be easily disting uished by the eye of the average per i son , while t requires the eye of the expert to distingu ish other point s and signs of qual ity which prove the existence of certain traits Th Of temperament in the animal . e same is true in the case of chickens and other fowls .

Some types are adapted for laying, others for meat purposes , others for gameness , etc . N o t only the physical qualities but also the temperamental traits o f the beast o r bird ar e k distinguished by the expert , and are ta en advantage of in breeding to develop and evolve the indicated trait or quality . Nearly anyone may disting uish the tem perament al diﬁ erence between the savage — dog and the affectionate one between the vicious horse and the docile one We know at once that certain dogs may be approached and others kept at a distance—that certain horses are safe to ride or drive , and that others are unsafe and dangerous . A visit to

o r and a horse and cattle Show, a poultry v pigeon exhibition , will show e en the most T H E TE MPE RAM E NTS 49 skeptical person that Inner States manifest in Outer Form . And a little further study and Observation will Show that what is true o f these lower animals is likewise true of the i . a ma n human being Men , like anim ls , y be t ellig ently and scientiﬁcally classiﬁed accord “ ” “ ing to the general quality o r tempera ” ment . While each individual is different in

nev e rthe a way from every other individual ,

o less , each individual belongs t a certain class and may be labelled accordingly . A few out ward signs will indicate his class , and we may conﬁdently expect that he will manifest the leading qualities of that particular class .

QUAL ITY

The ﬁrst classiﬁcation of the individuals

u alit o f the human race is that of Q y . Inde

of al pendent the various temperaments , in w e the though a way related to them, find various degrees of Quality manifested by dif “ ” feren t individuals . Quality may be de “ ” nenes s fined as the degree O f fi . It is that “ ” which we call class in race - horses ; “ ” “ ” breed in other animals and Often b lood

one in men and women . Perhaps may under 5 0 HUMA N NA TURE

stand the classiﬁcation better if he will recall the differences apparent between the mongrel “ ” ou r and the highbred dog ; the scrub horse and the thoroughbred ; the common cow and the carefully bred Alderney or other choice variety ; the ordinary barnyard fowl and the

- prize winner at the poultry Show . It is an intangible but real and readily recognized

i im o s difference , which however s almost p

sible to convey by words . Men and women o f the highest Qu ality are

fine - of essentially grained, possessed fine n feelings , refined atures , high tastes , and manifest the sign s o f t ru e natu ral r efine ment and culture , which cannot be success fully imitated by those who have acquired merely the artificial manner and the outward polish . One may possess Quality in a high degree and still be ignorant of the forms and “ ” S O - little manners of called polite society, “ and yet will be recognized as o ne o f Na ’ ” “ a ture s noblemen , and as natural gentle ” man . Descending the scale we find lessening de

n o f l l grees of the ma ifestation Qua ity , unti , fi nally we reach the lowest degree of the

52 HUMA N NATURE

” in the parlor . These individuals , however, ﬁnd it much easier to descend t o their own f level , than it is or the high Quality indi al vidu s to ascend to theirs . The coarse man ﬁnds bu t little t roubl e in meeting with boon companions whose tastes are harmonious to his . The person of extremely high Quality may be said to have be en born before his f a time, while those o the lowest Qu lity are atavistic and born after their time . Remem

a o f ber , always , that Qu lity is an attribute “ ” no t of soul , and birth , wealth , or even of ” ' education We may ﬁnd many gentlemen , o f a humble birth, small me ns and limited “ ” education ; and also many educated pigs o f high lineage and full coffers . The Outer Form of Quality is Shown by nene s the relative ﬁ s o f general structure ,

he r man and by t general fo m , appearance ,

and ner, motion, voice , laughter , more than “ all by that indescribable impression of ﬁne “ ” ness and distinction which they produce upon observ ing persons with whom they come in contact . It must be remembered that Quality is a very different thing from intellectuality o r T H E TEMPERAMENTS 53

im morality . A high Quality person may be moral and not specially intellectual , although there is almost always a keennes s o f percep tion , and almost intuitive recognition , in these — cases the immorality is generally lacking in a coarseness , nd is usually connected with

e perversion of the a sthetic faculties . In the

o f low same way, the person Quality Often ma y be moral according to the code , but will

i of be coarse n the manifestation that virtue , and may possess a certain low cunning whic h with many persons passes for intellect and “ ” s brains . In speaking of Quality, the word ﬁneness ” and “ coarseness ” come easily to the mind and tongue and are perhaps the terms most sugge stive o f the two extremes of this attribute o f the Man .

TEMPERAMEN T

Next in the order o f consideration we ﬁnd

T em erament t what is called p . Temperamen “ is deﬁn ed as That individual peculiarity Of organization by which the manner o f act

o f e ing, feeling and thinking ach person is pe rmanently affected ; disposition o r consti 54 HUMAN NATURE

t u tio n of the mind, especially as regards the ” a nd passions affections .

hi s o Hippocrates , the ancient Greek p lo

- 468 —3 pher physician ( B . C . 67) held to the at existence Of four temperaments , which he tributed t o certain qualities of the blood and the several secretions of the body such as the bile, etc . While his theory was rejected by e lat r investigators , his classiﬁcation contin ued until very recently under the name o f ( 1 ) the Sanguine ; ( 2 ) the Lymphatic o r Phl egmatic ; ( 3 ) the Choleric o r Bilious ; and 4 ( ) the Melancholic temperaments , respect

A S ively . a matter of general information o n the subject we herewith give the old classi ﬁ cation with the attributes o f each class ' The S ang uine temperament was held to be

- characterized by red or light brown hair,

or blue eyes , a fair ruddy complexion, large n arteries and vei s , a full and rapid pulse , slight perspiration , impatience of heat , febrile tendency, and lively and cheerful temper , ex

a citable passions , warm, ardent , impulsive

fo r disposition , and a liking active pursuits ;

L m hatic Phle matic The y p , or g tempera ment was held to be characterized by light, T H E T E MPE RA M E NTS 55

or sandy, whitish hair , light grey eyes , pallid f complexion , skin almost devoid o hair , ﬂabby

- tissues , much perspiration, small blood ves sels , a feeble and slow pulse, want of energy,

of a lack ctivity, deﬁcient spirit and vividness ; The Cho leric or B iliou s temperament was held to be characterized by black hair often

o r curling, black hazel eyes , and dark but s ruddy complexion , hairy skin , trong full pulse , ﬁrm muscles , great activity and posi tivene s s , strength of character, and an active brain . The M elanch olic temperament was held to be characterized by black hair , black or hazel w eyes , a dark leaden complexion , pulse slo

and and feeble , a disposition toward study, poetry, literature , and sentiment . Some later authorities added a ﬁfth tem

e rament N e rvou s p , called the temperament , which was held to be characterized by a medium complexion , large brain , small physi

ﬁn o f a cal frame , eness organization , thin h ir .

ﬁnely cut features , quick lively disposition , intellectual tastes and tendencies , sensitive t nature , high capacity for enjoymen and f suf ering . 5 6 HUMA N NA TUR E

s The late t authorities , however , discarded the Old classiﬁcation and adopted o ne more simple although fully as comprehensive . The new classiﬁcation recognizes thr e e classes of

viz ' 1 2 temperament , ( ) the Vital ; ( ) the Mo 3 tive ; and ( ) the Mental, the characteristics o f which are held t o be as follows The Vital temperament has its ba sis in the

o f predominance the nutritive system , includ

- ing the blood vessels , lymphatics and the glands . Its organs are the heart , lungs , stomach , liver, bowels , and the entire internal vital system . It is characterized by a large , broad frame ; broad shoulders ; deep chest ; full round abdomen ; round plump limbs ; short thick neck ; comparatively small hands and feet ; full face ; flushed and florid cheeks ; “ ” and general well fed appearance . Those in whom it is predominant are fond o f o u te of a a door exercise , lthough not of h rd work ; “ ” crave the good things o f life ; fond o f sport , games and play ; love variety of enter t ainment and amusement ; are affectionate ; love praise and flattery ; prefer concrete rather than abstract subjects of thought ; look “ ou t fo r themselves ; are selfish , but yet good T H E TEMPERAMENTS 57 fellows ” when it does not cost too much physi cal discomfort to themsel ves ; usually enjoy

v e rv good health, yet when ill are apt to be weak ; tend to feverishness and apoplexy, etc . Persons o f the Vital temperament may

o r have either fair dark complexion , but in either case the cheeks and face are apt t o be

d o f ruddy an ﬂushed . Those the dark type are apt to have greater power of endurance , while those of the light type are apt t o be more sprightly and active This tempera

c a ment is parti ularly noticeable in women , large proportion of whom belong to its class . This temperament furnishes the majority of the s good companions , sociable friend and acquaintances , and theatre goers . A leading “ phrenologist says o f them that they incline to become agents , overseers , captains , hotel keepers , butchers , traders , speculators , poli ticians c fﬁ , publi o cers , aldermen , contractors ,

et c . , rather than anything requiring steady or ” hard work . We have noticed that a large number of railroad engineers and policemen

O f are this temperament . The M o tive temperament has as its basis the predominance o f the motive o r mechan 58 HUMA N NATURE

s d Ical ystem , inclu ing the muscles , bones and — ligaments the general system o f active work n and motion . Its organs are those of the e o f tire framework the body, together with those muscles and ligaments , large and small , general and special , which enable man to walk, move , and work . It is characterized by strong constitution , physical power, strong character, active feeling, and tendency toward work ; large bones and joints ; hard muscles ; angular and rugged ﬁgure ; usually bro ad Shoulders and deep chest ; comparatively small and ﬂat abdomen ; oblong face ; large jaw ; high cheek- bones ; strong large teeth ; bushy coarse hair ; rugged features and prominent nose , ears , mouth , etc . Those in whom it is predominant are fond o f phy s Ic al and mental work ; are tenacious and try to carry through what they undertake ; resist ” fatigue ; are good stayer s ; are full o f dogged persistence and resistance ; and are f apt to manifest creative ef ort and work . Persons of the Motive temperament may have either dark or light complexion . The ‘ Scotch o r S candanavian people Show this

temperament strongly, as also do a certain

60 HUMAN NATURE build ; slight frame ; comparatively large head ; quick movements ; sharp features ; thin s harp nose ; thin lips ; sharp and not very

e h strong teeth ; keen , p netrating eye ; hig forehead and upper head ; fondness for brain work ; disinclination for physical drudgery ; sensitive nature ; quick perception ; rapid mental action ; developed intuition ; ﬁne and

o shapely features ; expressive c untenance ,

v expressive and striking oice, generally “ ” - s s rather high trung, vividness and inten ity of emotion and feeling, etc . Persons of this temperament are apt t o “ ” be more or less intense ; enjoy and suffer keenly ; are sensitive to reproach or criticism ; are inclined to be sedentary ; take a pleasure “ ” in thinking, and often burn their candle of

e o f life at both ends , becaus this tendency ; and incline to occupations in which their brains rather than their body is exercised . They may be either of dark o r of light com plexion , and in either case are apt to have bright , expressive eyes . The impression created by an examination of their physical

s har nes s ch aracteristics is that o f p . The fox, weasel , greyhound , and Similar animals T H E TE MPE RAM E NTS

t illustrate this ype . Persons of this tem pe rament are apt to be either very good or ver s y bad . They run to extreme , and some “ ” times execute a quick right about face .

When properly balanced , this temperament ’ produces the world s greatest thinkers along

no all lines of thought . When t properly bal anced it produces the abnormally gifted

“ ” ' genius , between whom and the unbalanced person there is but a slender line o f division ; o r the eccentric person with his S O - called “ ” “ ” artistic temperament , the crank with an his hobbies and vagaries , and the brilli t degenerate who dazzles yet h or riﬁes the world .

B ALA NCE D TE MPERAM E NTS

The best authorities agree in the belief that the Balanced Temperament is the most desirable . That is , the condition in which the three temperaments balance each other per fectl so y , that the weak points of each are remedied by the strong points o f the others , and the extremes O f each are neutralized and held in check by the inﬂuence of the others .

. F . . a Prof O S owler , the veter n phrenologist 62 HUMAN NA TURE

“ says upon this point ' A well balanced o r

anism g , with all the temperaments large and in about equal proportion , is by far the best and most favorable for both enjoyment and efﬁciency ; to general genius and real great ness ; to strength along with perfec tion o f character ; to consistency and power through ﬁ . d e out The Motive large , with the Mental w cient , give s po er with sluggishness , so that the powers lie dormant ; adding large Vital gives great physical power and enjoyment ,

t o o of with little the Mental and the moral , along with coarseness ; while the Mental in excess creates too much mind for body, too much exquisiteness and sentimentality for the

- stamina , along with a green house precocity ’ most destructive o f life s powers and pleas ures ; whereas their equal balance gi ves abun

o f dance vital force; physical stamina , and mental power and susceptibility. They may b e compared to the several parts of a steam boat and its appurtenances . The Vital is

- the steam power ; the Motive , the hulk or

al framework ; the Ment , the freight or pas s en er s g . Predominant Vital generates more

o ff vital energy than can well be worked , T H E TE MPE RAM E NTS 63

s which causes restlessness , excessive pa sion , and a pressure which endangers outbursts and overt actions ; predominant Motive gives t o o o r s s much frame hulk , move lowly, and

i i o o - w th weak Mental , s t light freighted to secure the great ends of life , predominant nk Mental overloads , and endangers si ing ;

a but all equally balanced and powerful , c rry great loads rapidly and well , and accomplish t wonders . Such persons unite cool judgmen s with intense and well - governed feelings ; great force o f character and intellect with perfect consistency ; scholarship with sound common sense ; far seeing sagacity with bril liancy ; and have the highest order of b oth physiology and mentality .

e u Professor Nelson Sizer , another high “ tho rity said In nature the temperaments

one exist in combination , being, however , the most conspicuous . So rarely do we ﬁnd ex

or amples of an even mixture balance , that it may be said that they who possess it are marvellous exceptiOns in the current of hu man society . Such an even mixture would indicate a most extraordinary heritage ; it would be constitutional perfection . But , 64 HUMA N NATUR E

n a o ce in while , a person is met in whom there is e a clos approach to this balance , and we are accustomed to speak o f it as a balanc ed f temperament , it being di ﬁcult to determine which element is in predominance .

MI' E D TE MPE RA ME NTS

The experience of the older phrenologists , which is veriﬁed by the investigations of the later authorities , was that in the majority of persons tw o of the temperaments are well developed, the third remaining comparatively undeveloped . Of the two active tempera

one r edomi ments , is usually found to be p nant , although in many the two are found to

v be almost equally developed . But e en in the last mentioned instance one of the two seems to have been more actively called forth

ma by the environment of the person , and y therefore be regarded as the ruling tempera ment . Arising fro m this fact we ﬁnd the sev

s n eral classe of Mixed Temperament , k own ,

' V - respectively, as the ital Motive ; the Mo tive - Vital ; the Motive - Mental ; the Mental Motive ; the Vital -Mental ; and the Mental a n Vit l . In these classes the ame of the pre T H E TEMPE RAM E NTS 65

a dominant, or most active temperament p e pears ﬁrst , the second nam indicating the temperament relatively undeveloped o r in active .

The Vit al-M o tive and the M o tive - Vit al temperaments give the combination in which is manifested physical activity and strong vitality . Those of these temperaments are

ou t - of— c adapted to door work, su h as farming. ou t - of- e door trad s , mechanics , soldiers and s ailors , and other occupations requiring strong vital power and mus cular streng th an d activity . The physical characteristics are the prominent bones and strong muscles

O f - and the Motive , and well rounded limbs “ ” stout forms of the Vital . When the Vital predominates , there is apt to be more ﬂesh ; when the Motive predominates there is apt to be mor e ruggedness and muscular develop ment .

The M o tive - M ent al and M ent al-M o tive temperaments give the combination in which is manifested the physical activity of the MO tive and the mental activity o f the Motive — and the mental activity of the Mental the physical and mental characteristics o f the 66 HUMA N NA TURE

r e Vital being absent . The Mental element liev e s. the Motive o f some of its crudeness and roughness , while the Motive relieves the Mental of its tendency to get away from the practical Side o f things . The strong frame and muscles are balanced by the brain-de

elO m n o f v p e t . Those this temperament make good practical business men , physicians , lawy ers , scientists , explorers , and others who have to work and think at the same time . These people often manifest great executiv e ability . When the Motive predominates , the tendency is toward o u t - of- door occupations in which the b raIn 1 s used in connection with b r edomi odily activity. When the Mental p nates there is a tendency toward in- door o c cu pations in which active brain work is r e

T - quired . hese people have well developed heads , together with wiry, strong bodies . Some o f the most successful men have come from this class . The Vital-M ent al and M ent al- Vit al tem p erament s give the combination in which is manifested many attractive traits which ren

s der their pos essor agreeable , companion able , and at the same time bright and intel

CHAPTER V

T H E M E NTAL QUAL ITIES

We ne w approa ch the subj ect of the several

s particular mental qualities , and the group

o f thereof, both in the phase their inner states

o nsi and that f their outer form . In the c o d e ration of both of these phases we must avail ourselves o f the investigations and researches o f the Old phrenologists who cleared a path for of all who follow. Although many the phrenological theories are rejected by mod

i neverthe ern psycholog sts and biologists , less their work established a ﬁrm foundation for the science Of the study of the brain and

t o s its functions . And Gall and his follower we are indebted fo r the dis covery and teach ing that the activity and development o f the several mental qualities o r facultie s mani fest in outer form in the shape o f the skull . The general principles of phrenology may be brieﬂy stated as follows '

I . The Brain is the organ of the mind . i not o r II . The mind s a single entity

bu t has s v a power, e er l faculties , stronger or 68 F I G . 1 T H E ME N TA L QUA L ITIE S 70 HUMA N NA TURE

weaker , which determine the character of the individual .

III . That each faculty or propensity has a special organ in the brain . I f V. The size o the brain ( the quality being equal) is the true measure of power .

V There are several group s of faculties , and each group is represented by organs lo

a e d c t in the same region of the brain .

I e s V . The relative siz of each organ result from the activity o f its appropriate faculty .

VII . The size of the organ is indicated by the appearance and Size of the skull imme diat el y over the region of the organ .

VIII . The Quality and Temperament of the organization determine the degree o f v o f a igor, activity, and endurance the ment l powers . Modern psychology and biolog y claim t o have disproven many of the phrenological contentions , while other lines of investiga tion have given us other theories to account for the phenomena ﬁrst noted by the phren v ologists . Some investigators of brain de el opment and action hold that while certain mental states manifest in outer form on por T H E ME NTAL QUAL ITIE S 71

tions of the skull , the phenomenon is due to the action of the c r anial mu s cles rather than to the fact o f the localization of special facu l ties—that each mental state is associated with certain actions on the part of certain cranial muscles which in turn exert a modify ing effect upon the shape and size of the skull . “ A S Erbes states it the effect the scheme of cranial muscles have had and still have upon

of o s the conformation the Skull, and , ons m n quently, had in deter ining the locatio of those areas and in giving brain and mind a character approximately identical from end to end o f the scale of living things possessing

- the cerebro spinal nervous system . In so far as the neural matter is dependent upon the cranial muscles — aside from the sensory

— so stimuli far, likewise are the psychic

o r d manifestations , through tongue limb , mo i ﬁed b y variations in those muscles that , after

e a their cr ative task is done , assume vaso ' r moto control over their respective areas . “ The same writer also says ' The cerebral mass owes its location and subsequent expan sion, moreover , in a measure that mind owes 72 HUMA N NA TURE

of its character , primarily to the action the muscles attached to and lying upon its

u e peripheral covering, the sk ll ; these sam muscles thereafter , through exercising a cer eb ral vasomotor control , act in the nature of keys for calling the evolved dependent brain areas into play, singly and en masse . Others have held that the development of certain areas of the surface of the skull is due to peculiar neural or nervous , activities having their seat in certain parts o f the b rain adjacent to their appropriate area o f the l n skull , but these theories fai to explai the nature o f the relation between the mind, “ ” brain and the nerve centres aforesaid .

These several authorities , and others , how ever, agree upon the fact that certain areas o f the brain are associated in some way with certain ment al states ; and that these brain areas register then relative activity upon the areas of the Skull adjacent thereto ; and that

ac tivit o w er o r i the y and p of each brain area ,

s iz - 5 faculty, is denoted by the e of the asso

i - w c a ed . t skull area Thus , the out ard facts claimed by phrenology are admitted, while their theories of cause are disputed . T H E ME NTAL QUAL ITIE S 73

In this book we sh all rest content with these ” o f outward facts phrenology, and shall not concern ourselves with the variou s theorie s

a e which seek to expl in them, pr ferring to leave that task for others . In considering the subject o f the Outer Form as sociated with the Inner State of Human Nature , we shall merely claim that ment al s tat es manifes t in ou t e r fo rm in the s hap e and siz e of the head ; and that c ertain ar eas of the s ku ll are thu s a s o i i h ert in ental tat es he s iz e s c at ed w t c a m s , t and s hap e of th e fo rmer d eno ting the deg ree o activit o the latt r f y f e . The general s cheme of classiﬁcation of the “ ” various mental faculties of the phrenol o ist s g , and the names given thereto by the

O ld ad phrenologists , have in the main been hered to in this book . In a number of cases , e however, we have seen ﬁt to r arrange the groups in accordance with the later ideas of

t o the New Psychology, and have given some of the “ faculties ” names considered more

t o appropriate the later classiﬁcation , and s understanding of the mental tate . More

ca over , in order to avoid the phrenologi l d theories attaching thereto , we have decide 74 HUMA N NA TURE

“ ” “ not to use the terms , faculties , propen ” “ ” sities , and sentiments , in referring to the several mental states ; and Shall therefore “ ” u alities use the term Q in the place thereof. “ ” “ The term quality, while denoting the condition of being such o r such ; nature rela ” tiv el y considered , does not carry with it the theory att ached to the phrenological term “ ” lo calit a faculty . But the y of the sever l “ ” qualities of faculties has not been dis — t u rb ed or changed the place where each

mani es ts in ou t er o rm n quality f f , as assig ed in this book , agrees with that assigned by the e s Old phrenologists , time having served to t ablish a the truth of the s me , rather than to disprove it . The following is the classiﬁcation and terminology adopted by us in this book in the consideration o f the Mental Qualities .

( See Fig .

T H E L E - I . EGOISTIC QUA ITI S ' Self Esteem ; and Approbativeness .

T H E E AL E II . MOTIV QU ITI S ' Combative ness ; D e s tructiveness ; ' Cunning ; Caut ious ness ; Acquisitiveness ; and Constructiveness .

T H E E AL E III . VITATIV QU ITI S ' Vitative n l B ib ative e ss ess ' A imentativeness ' and n .

CHAPTE R VI

T H E E GOISTIC QUAL ITIES

The ﬁrst group o f Qualities is that known i as the Egoistic Qualities , wh ch is composed o f t re s e c two par icular Qualities , known, p

l - s ti n ss iv el S e E t e em A ro ba ve e . t y , as f , and pp This group manifests outer form immedi “ ” o f ately at the crown the head, and on “ ” the Sides directly beneath o r s ide of the he crown . ( See Fig . It is the seat Of t c onsciousness of Individuality and Person

c ality, and the tendencies arising dire tly therefrom .

E L E - s S ESTEEM . This Quality manife ts in

o f a strong sense individual power , self r - - e c om espect , self help , self relianc , dignity,

la enc of p c y , pride individuality, and inde

e ence e o p nd . In exces s it tends to produce g

i m . t s , abnormal conceit , imperiousness , etc Deﬁciency of it is apt to produce lack of con

en e - ﬁd c in self, humility, self depreciation ,

b s etc . It gives to one the am itiou Spirit , and the desire for executive positions and places s au of authority. It resents as umption of 76 TH E E GO I S I’ ‘I C QUA L ITIE S 78 HUMA N NATURE

th o rit on y the part Of others , and chafes nu der restraint . It renders its possessors dig nifie d and desirous of the respectful r ecogni f the tion o others . It manifests outer form on “ ” middle line of the head , at the crown ( see group figure ) just above Approbativeness , where it may be perceived by reason o f the “ w ” enlargement o f the cro n . When fully developed, it tends to draw back the head , e SO that the latter is held erect ; wher as , when deficient it allows the head t o droop forward in an attitude lacking the appearance of pride .

AP B E E f PRO ATIV N SS . This Quality mani ests ﬂat in a strong desire for praise, approval , ter y , recommendation, fame, notoriety, good w name, personal display, Show and out ard

rm appearance . It is a fo of pride different

of - is from that Self Esteem , for it a vanity arising from personal things and outward — appearances , whereas Self Esteem gives a pride to the inner self or ego . Those in whom it is well - developed pay great attention to outward form , ceremony, etiquette , fashion , and social recognition , and are always to be found on the popular side and “ with the T H E EGOISTIC Q U AL I T I E s ‘ 79

” c . rowd They thrive upon praise , approval and notoriety, and Shrink under censure , dis

o r approval lack of notice . One with Self

Esteem can be happy when alone , and in fact often deﬁes public opinion and fashion from v ery pride of self ; while one with Approb a tiv ene s s largely developed lacks the pride to rise above approval and the Opinion of others , while possessing a strong sense of vanity when public favor is bestowed . It manifest s outer form at the upper -back part o f the head , just above Cautiousnes s and below Self

Esteem , ( see group ﬁgure ) When largely developed it rises like two mounts o n either s - - ide of Self Esteem , but when Self Esteem is

i r large and Approbativeness s small , the latte appear s as two sunken places on either Side

- of Self Esteem . Self- Esteem values the real s elf while Ap prob ativ ene s s values the app earanc es of per s o nalit y . The one pursues the substance , the

- other the shadows . Self Esteem and Appro b atiVene s s are often confused in the minds o f is the public . The true keynote of the ﬁrst

V . Pride ; of the second , anity The student should learn t o carefully distinguish between 80 HUMAN NATURE

may these two Qualities . Approbativeness cause one to make a monkey of himself in order to win notice, praise or laughter , while Self-Esteem will never sacriﬁce self- respect and pride in order to win applause . CHAPTER VII

T H E MOTIVE QUAL ITIE S The second group is known as the Selﬁsh

l o f Qua ities , and is composed the following particular Qualities ' Comb ativenes s ; D es

t ru ctivenes s Cu nnin Cau tious nes s A o ; g ; ,

uisitivenes s Cons t ruc tivenes s q and . This group manifests in outer form extending along the Sides of the lower h ead from the back toward the temples . ( See Fig .

Co M B AT IVE N E ss . , This Quality manifests in a strong desire to Oppose , resist, combat , defy, defend . Those in whom it is developed “ ” e njoy a scrap , and , in the words of the “ familiar saying, would rather fight than ” eat . When c ombined with Vitativeness it manifests in the tendency to fight hard for l ife . When combined with Acquisitiveness it manifests in the tendency to fight fo r money o r property . When combined with Amative ness it manifests in the tendency to fight for

e wi - mates . Wh n combined th the family lov ing Qualities it manifest s in a tendency to a ﬁght for the family. In fact , its particul r 81 F IG . 3 T H E M OTIVE QUA L ITIE S

84 HUMAN NATURE

t b fests outer form direc ly a ove , and back of

- o f o the top part the ear ( see gr up ﬁgure) .

CUNNING . This Quality manifests in a

t o strong desire be cunning, sly, close y mouthed, diplomatic , deceitful , and generall “ ” foxy . It is best illustrated by the example

of fox w the , hich animal combines in itself

o f s many its qualities . The coyote also show

signs of having this Quality well developed ,

as do birds of the crow and blackbird family ,

“ o and certain ﬁshes . With strong Cauti n it “ renders one very secretive and close ” u isitiven i mouthed . With strong A cq es s t

renders one sly and tricky in business . With strong Approbativeness it renders o ne apt to tell lying storie s which magnify his impor

c v tan e and gratify his anity . With a vivid Imagination it inclines one to draw o n that quality and lie for the very love of romanc

ing. It manifests outer form a little distance

of above the top the ear , immediately above

Destructiveness , and back of Acquisitiveness see ( group ﬁgure) .

A T I O S N E l C U U ss . This Qua ity manifests in a strong desire to avoid danger or trouble ; ca l l refu ness , prudence , watchfu ness , anxiety, T H E MOTIVE QUAL ITIES 85

- s etc. s elf protection, In exces it is apt to

o e v - s render n fearful , o er anxiou , and even

wa o wi c o rdly, but in c mbination th other Q ualities it tends to give t o one a balance and to restrain him from rashnes s and u n necessary risk. Its direction is also largely inﬂuenced by the development of other Quali s tie . Thus with large Acquisitiveness it makes one very cautious about money matters ; with large family qualities it renders one very careful about the family ; with large App rob a tivene ss one it renders bashful , self conscious , f and fearful o adverse criticism . It manifests outer form toward the upper-back part of the head, directly over Secretiveness ( see group

u v ﬁg re) , and when de eloped is apparent by the enlargement of the comparatively large a are covered by it . An old phrenological authority says of it ' This is the easiest found o f all the organs . Starting at the mid o f dle the back part of the ears , draw a per

endicular p line, when the head is erect straight u p to where the he ad begins to sle pe back in forming the t ea and Caution is l o ” cat ed just at the ﬁrs t turn .

E E ACQUISITIV N SS . This Quality manifests 86 HUMAN NA TURE

in s d c or e a trong esire either to a quire , els t o r hold property, money, o general objects f a it o possession . In some c ses it contents “ ” self with merely getting, while in others it “ ” t s also holds on o what is ecured, the dif ference arising from the combinations of the s other Qualitie . In itself, it may be said t o be merely the tendency toward “ hoarding ” up , but the combination with large Com bativenes s and Destructivenes s enlarges its scope and tend s to make its po s sessor ra

aciou s i p and grasping . It s the instinct of

v the squirrel and the bee, and e en the dog manifests it when he burie s a bone for future s gnawing purpose . Those in whom it is de v el o ed p in connection with large Caution , manifes t a strict economy and even miser lines s , while in others it expends itself in

fo r of merely the getting the sake the getting, the posse s sion s Often being scattered pro dig d ally afterwar , the element o f Approbative ness entering largely into the latter action . It manifests outer form in the lowest -middle

o f v section the head, directly o er Alimentive n ess ( see group ﬁgure) .

CONSTRUCTI VENESS . This Quality mani T H E MOTIVE QUAL ITIE S 87

s i r fests in a trong des re to invent , const uct , build create , put together , improve upon , add to , readjust , etc . It manifests along three 1 2 general lines , namely ( ) Invention ; ( ) Con 3 struction ; and ( ) Materialization , by which “ ” is meant the making real Of id eals previ — “ ” o u sly entertained the making come true — of the dreams previously experienced the mat erializ ation o f a the ideas , pl ns , and pro

e isu ali d j ct s previously v z e . This Quality causes the person to improve , alter , tinker

and with , build up , invent , create along the lines of his vocation or avocation . These people find it diffi cult to refrain from tinker “ ” ing with, altering, or improving anything and everything with which they have to do . L With large ogic , Analysis , and Perceptives they manifest inventive ability ; w ith large Imitation they are fond of copying and con s tru cting after models ; with large Ideality they work toward making their dreams come t true . This Quality is not confined o me chanical i construction , as the old phrenolog sts taught , but manifests itself in business litera

r o c ture , art, and in fact in every v ocation o cu ion at . v p With large Destructi eness , it 88 HUMAN NA TURE builds up new structures upon the ruins

o created by that Quality. In persons f the Motive temperament it inclines toward me chanical n invention , creation and constructio ; while in persons o f the Mental temperament it manifest s in creating and constructing

las iﬁca ideas , thoughts , theories , scientiﬁc c s

etc . tion , literary productions , , and in per sons o f the Vital temperament it manifests in creating and improving upon things cal

culat ed to appeal to persons o f that. class . It manifests outer fo rm in the lower and

o f d frontal part the temples , backwar and upward from the outer corner o f the eye -brow

a . ( see group ﬁgure) . Prof. O . S . Fowler s ys “ In broad-built and stocky pe rson s it causes this part o f the temples t o widen and bulge

ou t - o s r eads , but in tall, long headed pers ns it p

o u t upon them , and hence shows to be less ” than it really is . It is directly below Ideal v s s ity and in front of Acquisiti ene . CHAPTER VIII

T H E VITA TIVE QUAL ITIE S

The third group is known as th e Vitative

c s e of Qualities , whi h is compo d the three Vit ativenes s respective particular Qualities ' ,

A lim ntativenes B ib ativ enes s e s ; and . This group manifests in outer form directly back o f , and in front of, the middle part of the — ear . ( See Fig.

A E N E hi t VIT TIV SS . T s quality manifes s in a strong desire to l ive ; resistanc e to disease and death ; an intense clinging to life for the n mere fact of living, rather tha for the sake o f anything t o be accomplished by continued b existence . It goes along with Com ativeness , and is especially noticeable in the “ broad ” headed people and animals . The cat tribe , a hawks , turtles , sh rks , venomous snakes , and w other s have this propensity ell developed , “ ” while it is deﬁcient in the narrow - headed

th e animals , such as rabbit , certain birds , cer tain ﬁsh , and many harmless snakes . Those “ ” in whom it is developed die hard , while i those in whom it is deﬁcient die easily . Th s 89 F I G . 4 T H E VITA TIV E Q UALITIE S

92 HUMA N NATURE

- s oda fountain . By some this Quality is re a garded as merely phase o f Alimentiveness , while others consider it to be a separate Qual ity . It manifests in outer form immediately h in front of t e loc ality o f Alimentiveness , toward the eye . CHAPTER IX

T H E E MOTIVE QUAL ITIE S

T he fourth group is that known as the w Social Qualities , hich group is composed of the following particular Qualities ' Amative nes s ; Co nj ug ality ; P arental L ove; S o ciabil

H om L o e ity and e v . This group manifests outer form at the lower-back portion of the n an head ( see Fig. a d shows it s elf by of a enlargement that region, causing the he d “ ” of be to bulge back the ears . It may best understood by an examination of its s everal

particular Qualities .

I E AMAT VEN SS . This Quality manifests in a strong desire for sexual indulgence and as sex I sociation with the opposite . ts purpose

of s of th is , cour e, the reproduction e race, but its abu se and perv ersion has led man t o many

u ce a e xcesses and nnatural practi s . It is dynamic propens ity and its normal develop ment is seemingly necessary in order to pro “ ” duce the life spirit, and Vital activity men i deﬁ tal and physical . Those in whom t is “ ” se cient lack spirit and energy, while tho 93 FIG. 5 T H E E M OTIVE QUAL ITIE S T H E EMOTIVE QUAL ITIE S 95

' in whom it is developed to exce s s tend to lean toward excesses . When developed normally it seems to add an attractivenes s “ ” o r magnetism to its po s sessors ; when “ ” deﬁcient it render s the person cold non

- magnetic and unattractive ; - when over devel oped and unrestrained it cau ses the person to become dis gus ting and repulsive t o the s vu normal per on ; lgar, licentious and de

ved h o r pra . Its seat is in t e cerebellum ” m little brain, and it manifests outer for by an enlarged “ fullness ” at the nape of the

o f u ﬁ neck, at the base the sk ll ( see group g ure) . It tends to cause the head to lean back ward and downward at the nape o f the neck . of h It also manifests by fullness t e lips , par

i l r o t cu a ly in their middles . The lip s and p sition of the head of pers ons in whom this quality is largely developed is indicative of

u rz the attitude and position of kissing . Sp “ heim says of it ' It is s ituated at the top

i s of the neck, and t size is proportionate to t c s im the space between the mas oid pro es , mediately behind the ears , and the occipital ” of . spine , in the middle the hind head It is noticeable that tho se in whom this quality 96 HUMAN NATURE is fully or largely developed Seem to have “ ” the power of attracting or charming those who of the Opposite sex , while those are de

ﬁ cient in it lack this quality .

CON ' UGAL ITY . This quality manifests in “ ” — a strong desire for a mate and one mate

o ne to only . While Amativeness may cause

seek the society of many o f the opposite sex, Conjugality will act only t o cause one to seek

ne a the o life partner . Conjugality c uses the “ f ” desire t o mate o r life . It is something ff t quite di erent from Amativeness , al hough

t of it s of course related o it . The location

r w and outer fo m , bet een Amativeness

s —lo ve Friend hip , gives the key to its quality

with c om anio ns hi w p p . Those in hom it is well developed are very close to their mates and tend toward jealousy ; they suffer in tensely when the relation is inharmonious or

disturbed in any way , and are often broken hearted at disappointment in love or the

o f i death the mate . Those in whom it s de ﬁcient feel very little true companionship for

their mates , and with Amativeness large are apt to be promiscuous in their manifestation of love or passion ; if one love is interrupted T H E EMOTIVE QUAL ITIE S 97 or inter fered with they ﬁnd little diﬂicu lty Ill

aﬁ ectio ns shifting their . Those in whom it is “ ” are strong true unto death , while those in whom it is weak are ﬁckle , inconstant and lack loyalty The Quality manifests outer form on each side of the lower-back o f the h ead , just above Amativeness and just below

o n Friendship , and either side of Parental Love—the location being especially indica tive of its nature ( see group ﬁgure) .

E L L PAR NTA OVE . This Quality manifests

o r an in a strong desire f d love of children , ’ wn is particularly one s o . Those in whom it very strong often adopt children in addition to their own and love to caress children wh er ever and whenever they may see them . It manifests outer form at the lower -back part o f o - the head n the middle line of the head , a Am w Inh abitive bove ativeness , and belo

e n ss ( see group ﬁgure) . SOCIAB IL IT Y; This Quality manifests in a o for str ng desire companionship , fellow ship , friends , sympathy, society, associates , “ ” etc . It is the social sense . Those in whom it is strong feel happy only when surrounded

o r b e e n . by associates , friends companions 98 HUMAN NA TURE

They incline toward lodges , clubs and social f gatherings . To be alone is to su fer , to such

people . Those in whom it is weak prefer to

o r be alone , at the best with a few carefully

chosen companions , and avoid promiscuous frI end shi s p and social gatherings . It mani m fests outer for just above Conjugality, and at the Sides of Parental love and Inhab itiv e ness , and directly back of Cautiousness and the u pper- part o f Combativeness ( see group

ﬁgure) .

- HOM E LOVE . This Quality manifests in a

o f strong love familiar places , particularly ’ of -b one s home and near y country, and from f this springs love o country and patriotism .

Those in whom it is strong dislike to travel ,

- in and are subject to home sickness . Those

of whom it is weak are fond travel , readily change their places of abode, and are apt to become “ roamers ” if they indulge the

l one Qua ity . When over large, it inclines and toward narrowness , sectionalism pro

Vincialism ne ; when small , it inclines o t f oward frequent moves , and changes o resi dence and location . It manifests outer form at on the back part of the head , the middle

CHAPTER X

T H E APPL ICATIVE QUAL ITIE S

The ﬁfth group , known as the Applicative

Qualities , is composed of two particular

w Firmness Qualities , kno n , respectively , as

o ntinu it a and C y . This group m nifests in outer form on the centre -line of the head “ n just above and just below the crow , at which latter point Self- Esteem is situated

( see Fig .

E FIRMN SS . This Quality manifests in a strong tendency toward stability, tenacity,

ﬁxe dne s s of purpose , and decision When very h ighly developed with the reasoning powers weak it often manifests as st u bb or b ness , mulishness , o stinacy, etc . Those in whom it is largely developed display ﬁ rm “ ” n ess in decision , are set in their ways , cannot be driven by force or converted by argument when they have once formed an “ opinion and taken a stand . The indomi ” table will arises from this Quality, in fact this Quality might well be termed the “ Will ” Quality, although it manifests by that as 100 F IG . 6 T H E A PPLICATIVE QUA L ITIE S 1 02 HUMAN NATURE

ec t hi xednes s p of Will w ch shows itself as ﬁ , while its companion Quality, that of Conti n u ity, manifests the phase of Will known as “ ” - -i -ivenes stick to t s . Persons in whom Firmness is largely developed make certain m decisions and then abide by the . They may be coaxed but never driven . Prof. O . S . “ o f l ' Fowler, Speaking this Qua ity, said No man ever succeeded without great will-power to hold on and hold o u t in the teeth o f Oppos fﬁ ing di culties . I never knew a man distin

u ished g for anything, not even crimes , to lack o f it . It is an indispensable prerequisite e gr atness and goodness . Without it great talents are of little avail , for they accomplish h c a little ; but wit it large , fair to middling pacitie s accomplish commendable results . Succes s in life depends more on this than on ” any other single attribute . This Quality manifests outer form on the

e - O c ntre line Of the back part of the t p head ,

v -E just abo e Self steem . The location may be ascertained by holding the head erect , drawing an imaginary line upward from the opening of the ears straight to the top of the head to the middle-line or centre of the top

104 HUMA N NA TURE — people in new things they hold fas t to the o l d . They are naturally conservative and “ ” t - are averse o new fangled things . They

on are plodders and steady workers , and run l w ike a clock when once ound up . They are apt to possess the power o f long and con tinned concentration upon anyt hing which fﬁ attracts their attention , although it is di cult to attract their attention to an entirely new “ ' thing. Prof. Sizer says Firmness gives a stiﬁ o , determined fortitude, decision f char acter ; it serves to brace up the other facul ties to the work in hand . Firmness gives determination and obstinacy of pur

Continu it a pose , while y g ives patient , per fe in l ct . tw o g , plodding app ication Of stone cutters with equal Firmness , they will be alike thorough and persevering, but if one has large Continuity he prefers to use the

one r drill in place for hours , while the othe with small Continuity craves variety, and prefers to use the chisel in cutting and dress ” in g the entire surface o f the stone . Continuity in exces s Often manifest s in ” - long windedness , prosiness , boredom , pro lixi ty and tiresomeness . When it is weak T H E APPL ICA TIVE QUAL ITIE S 105

“ ” ﬁi htine s s there is manifested a g , tendency to change, lack of concentration , attraction o f o f the new, a shifting base, change of mind , “ and general instability and lack of st ick-to ” itiv enes s . This Quality manifests outer form on the centre line of the t O p back of the

w - head, just below the cro n ( Self Esteem) and just above Inhabitiveness ( see group

fi W I ll gure) . Reference to the group figure w a sho that it is peculiar in Shape , and forms semi- Ci rcular arch over a part of th e top back head . When fully developed that part o f the head is S Imply evenly rounded with l swelling ; when deficient it leaves a ho low, crescent shape , horns downward . In America we find the majority o f people are in weak in Continuity , while certain other countries it is found largely developed in the

o f majority cases . This fact gives to Ameri cans a beneﬁt in certain directions and a weakness in others . Both Firmnes s and Continuity are mani fe st ed almost entirely in connection with the other Qualities , and are known almost alto I v g ether in that way . n themselves they ha e

“ s almo t abstract nature . In determining char 106 HUMA N NA TURE

acter, they must be taken largely into con

c sideration , be ause their inﬂuence on the o s v ther Qualitie is ery great . In fact they may be said to d et e rmine the degree of appli tion f ca O the other Qualities .

F IG . 7

T H E M ODI FICA TIVE Q U AL IT mS T H E MODIF ICA TIVE QUAL ITIE S 109

“ Spu rz heim says of it ' A poetic turn o f mind results from a peculiar mode o f feel

e ing. Vividness , glow, xaltation, imagina tion , inspiration , rapture , exaggeration , and warmth of expression are requisite for

ima poetry . Poets depict a ﬁctitious and g in r a y world . This faculty gives glow to the other faculties ; impresses the poetical and ideal ; aspires to imaginary perfection in every thing ; creates enthusiasm in friend

u ship , Virtue , painting, m sic, etc . ; produces sentimentality, and leads to delicacy and sus c e tibilit p y . It often acts with Spirituality

( Mysticism) , located adjoining it, in embel lishing poetry with the mysterious and su

erna u ral o p t . Practical exaltati n varies with this organ . “ Combe says ' This faculty loves exquisite

- ness , perfection , and the beau ideal ; gives inspiration to the poet ; stimulate s those fac u ltie s which form ideas to create perfect scenes ; inspires man with a ceaseless love of

s improvement , and prompt him to form and realize Splendid conceptions ; imparts an ele v ated strain to language , and Shows a splen dor o f eloquence and poetic feeling ; and gives HUMAN NA TURE to conversation a fascinating sprightlines s — and buoyancy the Opposite o f dryness and ” dullness .

In addition to the above characteristics , which are largely due to the c o - Operation of

s n Mystici m , Inﬁ ity, and Reverence , there is another set o f manifestations which were largely overlooked by the older phrenologists — the activity o f the Imagination in connec tion with Constructiveness . This combina tion of Constructiveness and Ideality is found in the great scientists , inventors , great ‘ ﬁnanciers , and others whose plans for build ing up show that Ideality has been also very “ active in the direction o f picturing what ” may be the id eal which Construction

r eal makes . In much mental constructive a work , there is found the rtistic element , which arises from Ideality. This Quality manifests outer form in the upper and fron tal portion of the temples , just where the

t o head begins curve upward , and just in

o f o r front , under , the edges of the hair ( see group ﬁgure) . It is just above Constructive ness , and just below Mysticism and Imitation , a position which throws light on its several

b as e s o f manifestation above noted .

112 HUMA N NA TURE

- a b e head and back he d , and about midway “ ” tween top and bottom o f that part o f the head which cont ains the brain ( see group

a t ﬁgure) . It is back of Ide lity, and in fron of Cautiousness ; below Optimism and above

Acquisitiveness , on the side of the head where the upward curve begins .

HUMOR . This Quality manifests in a

m o strong appreciation of the ludicrous , hu r ou s l S u rz , ironica , facetious , and raillery . p

m ' hei savs Those who write like Voltaire ,

R ab elaI s R ab ene r , Piron , Sterne , , Wieland ,

o f and all who are fond jest , raillery, ridicule ,

a u irony , and comical conceptions , h ve the p per and outer parts of th e fo r eh ead imme

diately before Beauty (Ideality) of c onsid ‘ ” “ c rable Size . Combe says I have found in the manifestations o f those whose Wit ( Mirthfulness ) predominates over Causality ( L ogic) a striking love of the purely ludi cro u s ; their great delight being to heap absurd and incongruous ideas together ; ex

tract laughter ou t of every Object ; and eu joy the mirth their sallies created ; and there fore agree with Spu rzheim that th e senti ment of the ludicrous is its primitive func T H E MODIFICATIVE QUAL ITIE S 113

” tion . Those in whom it is very large are

u ndi nified apt to be regarded as trifling and g , and people often lack respect for them . Those in whom it is weak are apt to b e over- serious and dreary . A sense of humor is valuable n e in many ways , among which is its influe c in letting us see the silly side of much pre tentions nonsense which might otherwise de

eive ou r t a c 'reason and judgmen . Many solemn and digniﬁed fallacy or error can best be attacked through a laugh and a realiza

o f tion its absurdity . This Quality manifests outer form on the upper and lateral part of the forehead ( see group ﬁgure) . It is just before Ideality and just below Imitation . When large it gives a square and prominent s hape to thi s part of the forehead . CHAPTER XII

T H E RE L ATIVE QUAL ITIE S The seventh group is known as the Relative

Qualities , and is composed of the following four particular Qualities ' H u man N atu re ; S u avity ; S y mpathy ; and I mitatio n re spec “ iv el a t y . The designation Relative is p

o f plied to this group , by reason the fact that its activities are concerned with the r elations

o f between the individual and others his kind . The group manifests outer form in the front

of i i upper part the head, beg nn ng j ust above the line of the hair, from which it extends — backward toward the top head . ( See Fig .

A A R E HUM N N TU . This Quality manifests in

hu a S trong desire to read character, discern man motives , interpret feelings and thoughts , kn and to o w men and women thoroughly . Those in whom it is large seem to read the mind , motives and character of those whom — they meet , in an almost intuitive manner the ideas , feelings , thoughts , motives and designs o f l others seem ike an open book to them .

They are natural physiognomists , and under 1 14

1 16 HUMAN NA TURE

stand Human Nature in both its inner states and outer forms . This quality is largely de v elO a ped in successful s lesmen, detectives ,

- and credit men , politicians , others whose suc cess depends largely upon the ability to read the character o f those with whom they come in contact . This Quality concerns itself with

of the entire subject matter this book , and is

of the utmost importance to every individual .

It should be developed and trained .

Prof . O . S . Fowler explains its manifesta

one tions , and at the same time directs along “ of w the lines its cultivation , as follo s Scan

closely all the actions of men , in order to as certain their motives and mainsprings Of ao

tion ; look with a sharp eye at man , woman

ou and child, all y meet, as if you would read them through ; note particularly the expres

o f l sion the eye , as if you wou d imbibe what it

n v ou rs elf sig iﬁes ; say to , what faculty prompted this expression and that action ?

drink in the general looks , attitude , natural

o f language and manifestations men , and y ield yourself to the impressions naturally

on made you ; that is , study human nature ” both as a philosophy and a sentiment . T H E RE LATIVE QUALITIES 117

This Quality manifests in outer form on the

- a middle line of the summit of the forehe d,

a just where the h ir usually begins to appear , and from thence slightly upward around the

a curve ( see group ﬁgure ) . It is directly bove Analysis and is often mistaken for a co ntinu ation thereof. Its nearness to that Quality in dic ates its relationship thereto , the connec a tion being very close ; in f ct , some authorities have treated it as a particular phase of A n alysis . It is directly in front Of and below

m s t Sy pathy , which position is also sugge ive , for we must ﬁrst und ers t and the feelings o f others before we can sympathize with them .

It is between the two lobes of Suavity, which position is also suggestive , for Suavity de pends upon an understanding o f the character

o f t and feelings others , in order hat we may “ ” fall in with the same . In the same way t Imi ation , which closely adjoins it , depends l upon Human Nature for its copying materia . When largely developed this Quality gives a peculiar fullness and height to the upper fore head .

A T SU VI Y . This Quality manifests in a s a reeable s u ave leas ant trong desire to be g , , p , 118 HUMAN NA TURE

o lit e att rac tive s p and to other people . Tho e in whom it is large possess a charming per “ ” sonality ; a winning way ; are interesting

n . and agreeable ; polite , and often fascinati g They always say the right thing to the right person at the right time and right place .

s - They ugar coat unpleasant truths , and are i natural diplomats . This s the Quality of “ Tact . These people are all things to all men , and Show every evidence of having “ kissed the Blarney Stone and of under “ standing the manufacture and use o f soft ” s oap .

e as With Human Natur large, they, “ l w h o w . . s Prof O . S Fow er say kno just and when to take and hoodwink men ; with Secretiveness ( Cunning) large and Conscien

io u sne s s ar e t small , oily and palavering, and

v -l b e ﬂatter ictims , and serpent ike salivate ” fore swallowing. When the adjoining Qual

of ity Humor is large, they add humor and wit t o their other attractive qualities . This Qual n ity, in ormal development , is the lubricant which makes the wheels of social and business t in ercourse run smoothly . In excess it ren “ ” “ ” ders one to o smooth and oily ; while its

120 HUMA N NA TURE

t o pathy and conﬁdence . It is unnecessary state that those in whom this propensity is strong are to be found serving their fellow~

hilanthrO ic men in charitable , p p , and educa i n t o al work . Some have it in such excess that they will impoverish themselves and their families in order to help perfect strangers o r the race at large . It manifests outer form on o f h on the fore part the top ead , the mid

- e dle line , commencing just about wh re the hair begins and running back almost to the

of - te middle the top head . It is immedia ly in front Of Reverence . When large it tends to give the head a little forward tilt or inclina

fo r s m tion , as if toward the person whom y a pathy is felt . In listening to a story waken

o ne s ing sympathy , naturally incline the head a little forward .

IMITATION . This Quality manifests itself

I n s the trong tendency to reproduce , copy,

o f i take pattern , or m mic . It plays an impor tant part in the work of the artist and the

a l actor . It enables one in whom it is l rge y n an developed to enter i to the Ideas , pl s and “ ” works of others ; to catc h their Spirit ; and t o r c reproduce their work o ideas . In conne T H E RELATIVE QUAL ITIE S 12 1 tion with Ideality it forms a large part of the artistic talent in all lines o f creative work .

With large Constructiveness and Ideality, it makes the inventor and the designer who build upon that which has gone before that whi ch i - s new and original . With Self Esteem small and Approbativeness large , this Quality will cause the person to “ follow my leader and

a his imitate others , rather than to ssert own originality and creative power . This Quality is noticeable prInp ally as a modiﬁer o f the other faculties and propensities . It mani fests outer form on the upper Sides of the forehead , toward the top of the head ( see m group ﬁgure) . It lies just below Sy pathy, and above Ideality ; before Mysticism , and u v back of S a ity . CHAPTER XIII

T H E PE RCE PTIVE QUAL ITIE S The eighth group is known as the Percep

tive Qualities , composed of the following par

icu lar ' Obs e rvation t Qualities , respectively ; F o rm; S iz e ; W eig ht ; Co lo r ; O rder; Calcu la tion T u ne T ime L o alit E ventualit ; ; ; c y ; y , and

W o r ds . This group manifests outer form in the lower part of the forehead, in the region o f the eye . ( See Fig . W hen large this group often gives t o the upper forehead the “ ” appearance of retreating or sloping back ward . Prof. O . S . Fowler says of the appear ance o f those Qualities which manifest outer “ form u nd er the eyebrows ' The following rule fo r observ ing their size obviates the ob j e ctio n sometimes urged that the eyebrows and their arches prevent the correct diagnosis o f these smaller organs crowded so thickly to

' T he s ha o th e e gether. The rule is p e f e y b ro ws reveals the size , absolute and relative , o f ' all each , thus When are large, the eye brow is long and arching ; when all are deﬁ n cient , it is short and straight ; whe some are 12 2

124 HUMA N NA TURE

e ll larg and others sma , it arches over the large ones , but passes horizontally over tho s e ” which are small . This rule is infallible . o f The other Qualities the group , according “ to Prof . Sizer , is located above the eyes , and constitute about one-third of the d n h ar epth of the forehead , begin ing at t e ch ” o f the eye .

B E A O S RV TION . This Quality was given the “ ” name o f Individuality by the early phren ologists , but this term is considered mislead

of . ing, owing to the later usage that term

It manifests in a strong desire to observe , see , “ ” examine, inspect, and know the things of h t e objective life . Those in whom it is largely

‘ d eveloped feel the insatiable urge of the in qu isitive Spirit ; they desire to investi gate everything coming under their notice . Many little details in the objects or subjects in which they are interested are noticed by them , w o hile overlooked by the majority f people . “ Prof. Sizer says of it that it gives a recog nition of things and the special points and facts o f subjects ; quickness Of obs e rv ation is an important element in the acquisition of m s knowledge . Those in who it I TH E PE R CEPTIVE QUAL ITIE S 125

t o large are eager see all that may be s een , and

c nothing es apes their attention . It opens the door for the action of all the other perceptive a org ns . They are quick to notice everything that is presented t o the eye ; and it goe s farther, and enables us to recognize that which we touch , or sounds we hear . The

c rattling strokes of a drum are distin t noises , ” v and each is an indi iduality . “ . . s ' Prof O . S Fowler , say It is adapted , and adapts men to the divisibility of matter, o r that natural attribute which allows it t o be Ye t a subdivided indeﬁnitely . e ch division t maintains a personal existence . It thus pu s man in relation and c ontact with a world full o f things for his inspection , as well as ex cites in him an insatiable desire to exami ne l in everything. It is therefore the o c k g fac u l fﬁ ty . Its distinctive o ce is to Observe

‘ ‘ ’ n s . ' this l a thi g It asks What is and s ys , ‘Show me that '’ Before we can

n e s t c . k ow the uses , prop rtie , causes , e , of m in s things , we ust ﬁrst know that such th g ” exis t of . , and this Observation informs us This Quality is largely involved in the proc

of u ess Attention . It us ally manifests in the 126 HUMA N NATURE

invo luntar att ention is form of y , that , atten in tion to interesting things . But , under the

ﬂu ence m s Of the will , with Fir ne s large, it

vo lu nt ar att entio n or or manifest s y , attention

study of objects not interesting in themselves , but. which it is important to study and know . It is largely developed in children and unde v el ope d adults in the phase of curiosity or

e n d sire t o observe ew things . In adults , of developed minds , it manifest s as attention to things of mat erial int er es t and important sub

e o j ct s r objects O f study . This Quality is the master of its associated Qualities in this

o f . group , and is involved in all their activites It manifests outer form in the middle of the

r of nn lower pa t the forehead , between the i er

of the ends of the eyebrows , and above the top “ ” nose just above the root of the nose , in “ fact . Prof . O S . Fowler says ' When it is l arge, the eyebrows flex downward at their and nasal ends , the lower part of the fore head projects . When it is deficient, the eye and brows are straight at their inner ends , l come c ose together ( See group figure) .

FORM . This Quality manifests in a cog niz ance a , appreci tion , and recollection of the

128 HUMAN NATURE

on of s v u a outer form each side Ob er ation , b t o w he little l wer do n ( see group ﬁgure) , in t angle formed by the root o f the nose and arch

o f th s . F s ' e eyebrow Prof. O . S . owler ays “ In proportion as it is large it cau ses the in ner p o rtion of the eyebrows to project over

o f t the inner portions the eyes , qui e like

v s of a ed the the ea e a house , forming sh over ” inner portion o f each eye .

T o WEIGH . This Quality manifests in a c g niz ance a of , ppreciation, and recollection w ei ht balanc e and ravit n s e g , g y of thi g . Thos in whom it is large most readily perceive, of recognize , and remember the weight things ; and also things out of balance or th ac plumb . These people seem to have e f ult o f c s v s y balan ing them el e nicely, and keep on ur n ing their feet a slippery s face , o a tight w rope, etc . , and often walk ith a swinging ,

c s b a e free motion , indi ating a s en e of al nc and security. This Quality manifests u nder

n o i h the eyebrows , ext t Size, about a half nc from the upper part of the nose , rising some what above the inner part of the eyeball and r the bridge of the nose . Prof. O . S . Fowle “ s ays ' Draw a perpendicular line from the T H E PERCE PTIVE QUAL ITIE S 129 centre of each eye up to the eyebrow ;

int ernall ex t ernall o f Weight is y , and Color y ” this line under the eyebrows .

L co CO OR . This Quality manifests in a g niz ance i , appreciation , and recollect on of the

o f . color , hue , shade , and tint things Those in whom it is large most readily perceive , n recog ize and remember the colors , shadings , to blendings and combination Of tints , and

o compare , match and harmonize colors instin tively . It manifests outer form under the eyebrows , just back of Weight ( see rule for

ﬁnding, in last paragraph) , and occupies the space directly under the centre of the arch of u the eyebrows ( see group ﬁg re) . When largely developed it gives an upward and for

a ward rch to the eyebrows .

E ORD R . This Quality manifests in a cog niz ance o f , appreciation , and recollection o rde r metho d n arran ement , a d g . Those in whom it is large most readily perceive , recog nize, and remember the order and sequence in which objects appear or are arranged .

v s at They are ery methodical , preci e , and pay tention to details o f arrangement and system . “ ” v They have a place for e erything, and like 1 30 HUMAN NA TU RE

“ ” to keep everything in its place . In busi “ ” o n s ness they are strong system , sometime f overdoing it . They are also fond o rules ,

aw l s , customs , and codes and adhere strictly

- thereto . They like everything pigeon holed ,

O ff labelled , or else fenced in and from every

other thing . Are also great disciplinarians . This Quality manifests outer form next to

and o f Color, beneath the junction the bony ridges ( on the sides o f the head) and the eye

brows , ( see group ﬁgure ) . Prof. O . S . Fow “ ' ler says When very large it forms an arch , w almost an angle , in the eyebro s at this point, accompanied by its projection o r hanging

over . When small, the eyebrows at

this point retire, and are straight and ﬂat , wanting that arched projection given by large ” “ Order . Combe says Its large develop ment produces a square appearance at the external angle o f the lower part of the fore ’ headﬁ

AL L A a C CU TION . This Quality m nifests in a

cognizance , appreciation , and recollection of

nu mb e r u r l l tion tc es c a cu a s e . , ﬁg , , Those in whom it is largely developed most readily per ceiv e , recognize, and remember anything con

132 HUMAN NATURE

s TUNE . Thi Quality manifests in a co g niz anc e , appreciation , and recollection of

t n mu s i harmon m lo d u e c e . , , y , y , etc Those in

is whom it large most readily perceive , rec

o niz e g , and remember all connected with the e subject of Music . It is the musical s nse ,

t o o taste and faculty . Its characteristics are

w - ell known to require elaboration . It mani fests outer form in the lateral and lower part o f a the forehead, above Order and Calcul

tion , in front of Constructiveness , and back of

se e u . Time ( group ﬁg re) . Prof O . S . Fowler

' “ says When large it ﬁlls ou t the lower,

of frontal portions the temples .

r Still, being located in a kind of corne and the temporal muscle passing over w it , its position varies somewhat , hich ren

v fﬁ ders obser ation more di cult , except in the

s o f head children , in whom it is generally ” i larger than n adults .

E . TIM . This Quality manifests in a cog

nizanc e c time , appreciation , and re ollection of ,

du ration rh thm e t c , y , . Those in whom it is

large most readily perceive, recognize , and remember all connected with the ﬂight of

time, dates , duration , periodicity, chronology, T H E PERCEPTIVE QUAL ITIES 133

i . S u rzh e m etc p says of it that it , perceives n the duration , simulta eousness , and succes ” “ o f s ion phenomena . It may be called the ” t ime sense which is so apparent in s ome per s ah ons , and so noticeable by reason of its s ence in others . It manifests outer form

' a bove Color and Weight , in front of Tune ,

of L and back ocality ( see group ﬁgure) .

L AL o OC ITY . This Quality manifests in a c g niz ance of , appreciation , and recollection

laces os itions lo cations dir ec tions p , p , , , etc . Those in whom it is large most readily per c eiv e dir ec , recognize, and remember places ,

- - o f- tions , positions , land marks , points the c ompass , roads , paths , streets , and other

s a things having to do with p c e . Such persons are never “ lost ” nor confused as to direction o r locality ; they have an almost instinctive “ ” o s ense f direction . It is the geographical

“ ’ o r traveller s sense . It is found large in the majority of travellers , sailors , civil engineers , d e tc . Persons in whom it is large can ﬁn themselves about a strange city without

trouble , and will remember Old scenes , places , a loc tion s for years . Those in whom it is weak 134 HUMAN NA TURE

“ ” o r a di frequently get lost, mixed up reg r ng place , position and direction . It manifests outer form over Size and

o r - o f an Weight , about three quarters inch v and abo e the inner half of the eyebrows , runs upwards and outwards ( s ee group

ﬁgure) . It is said to have been immensely d eveloped and apparent in Capt . Cook, the

O eminent explorer , and the portrait s of C lumbus and other great explorers and travel lers Show a distinct enlargement of this 10 calit y . Gall , who discovered the location of

s o f this Quality, took cast the heads of noted explorers and travellers , and others manifest “ ” n d ing the sense of place and direction , a “ n upo comparing them , found in them all , in the region directly over the eyes , two large prominences , which began just inside the root o f the nose , and ascended obliquely upwards and outwards as far as the middle of the fore ” “ a head . Dr . Caldwell states that D niel Boone who was perpetually going from one place to another , was the most celebrated

o f o s hunter and woodsman his age , and p sessed thi s organ in a degree o f development

136 HUMA N NATURE

because the surrounding organs are large, whereas close inspection show s it to be large . i n Steady the head w th the left hand, a d place the second ﬁnger of the right in the very

o n centre of the forehead , ﬁrmly the head , t and then work the skin horizon ally. If your ﬁnger caresses an up-and-down ridge about

- vi the size of a pipe stem , this faculty is gor

o u s ed , and has been much used and strengthen by culture of late years . Where it is not no

ticeabl has y full , but been taxed by business

a o r or liter ry pursuits , had a great many little

a e things to do for ye rs , it app ars deﬁcient to

the eye , but the rule just given for this per pendicu lar pipe -stem ridge signiﬁes great ao ” ivit . t y and vigor in it ( See g roup ﬁgure . )

co ni WORDS . This Quality manifests in a g

z ance f wo rds , appreciation and recollection o , h t e rms ras es e tc . a , p , , and their me nings . Those in whom it is large most readily per

ceive , recognize and remember the words , ex

pressions , gestures and other modes of com

municatio n f and between the minds o men , are proﬁcient not only in perceiving and u n

d e r s tandin g them , but also in employing and a using them . It is the taste , power , and bility T H E PERCEPTIVE QUAL ITIE S 137 to receive verbal Impressions and to manifest verbal Expression . It produces the orator, and the adept in the use o f words in writing . T o those persons in whom it is largely devel~

O b e ped , words take on life and reality, and

v come li ing thought . In excess , it produces t “ ” verbosity, talka iveness , and windines s of

e one expression . When d ﬁcient, it renders unable to properly express himself . It mani fests outer form above and partly behind the

c superorbital plates , whi h form the roof of of the sockets the eyes , and when large tends to press the eyes forward and downward . Its

was location discovered by Gall , who Observed that those ﬂuent in the use of words almost a a u ll and rominent e es and lw ys had f p y ,

omin nt nde e - lids l s o f p r e u r ey . The fu lnes the eyes and lower eyelids , therefore, is its dis

in u ishin t g g mark . 0 Professor . S . Fowler says See how the eye s stand out beyond the cheekbone the best standard points from which to esti mate its size , because , though it may be large ,

ma yet the Perceptives y be still larger , in which ca se the latter will project forward still farther even beyond large Expression . 138 HUMAN NA TURE

(Words ) . Hence the fullness of the eyes should not be compared with the eyebrows as m with the b one b elow them uch as , which not being subject to kindred mutations , forms a ” correct measuring point of observation . n The pressure outward o f the u der eyelids , is a good Sign of the development of this a Quality . It may be objected to that Qu lity o f P erc e Words is not , strictly speaking, a p tive i , but when it s realized that before words erceived may be ﬂuently used, they must be p , r ec o niz ed and remembered g , , the reason for o u r inclusion o f this Quality in the Perceptive class may be understood .

F I 1 G . 0

T H E RE FL E CTIVE QUA L ITIES T H E RE FL ECTIVE QUAL ITIE S 141

L in ANA YSIS . This Quality manifests a

anal z e c om are clas s i in strong desire to y , p , fy ,

e r i c riminat e illus t rate e tc d s . f , , , It gathers “ ” r a o together the aw m terial f perception , an d proceeds to analyze and compare its par t icu lar n parts , and the to group the parts to gether in a new classiﬁcation and synthesis . Those in whom i t is largely developed mani

of co m aris o n fest the power p to a high degree , discovering points o f resemblance and differ ence almost intuitively . They will plunge to

o f r the heart a subject in a sho t time , and will be able to extract the es s enc e o f an object or

e ﬁ or subject with comparatively little t . Spu rzheim says of it The great law of this faculty seems to be to form abstract ideas , generalizations , and harmony among the operations o f the other faculties . It

- th pre supposes , however , e activity of the

c a t other faculties , and annot c upon them if ” they are inactive . “ fre Professor Nelson Sizer says that it , quently dis covers unexpected resemblances

r av among othe things , and people who h e it in a very activ e condition are constantly sur prising those in whom it is dull by their novel 142 HUMA N NA TURE

o illustrations . It is the source f the ability some writers possess o f using frequently i metaphors and analog es . While it

o t er contributes to reason , it is n strictly so , p 3 6 It endeavors to prove that one thing is of such and such a nature , because it resembles another that is so and so ; and because the majority O f people have it fairly developed , they are prone to convert an illus

ra i t t on into an arg ument . It exercises a most important inﬂuence upon the mind in the way o f analytical capability ; and one who has. it largely developed is quick in discovering and u nderstanding differences , enigmatical asser t ions and improper or inaccurate allusions ; ” hence it is essential to critical acumen . “ ' Gall says , regarding its discovery I Often conversed with a philosopher endowed with great Vivacity, who , when unable to prove his point by logic, had recourse to a comparison , by which he often threw his Opponents Off the ” track, which he could not do by arguments .

It tends to reason by analogy, and to make i a rap d and clever generaliz tions . The major

a ity of scientists have it l rgely developed , as also do discoverers in all lines of investigation

144 HUMA N NATURE

. o f O S . Fowler says it It commences at the centre o f the forehead and runs upward d nearly to the hair. When it proj ects beyon

surrounding organs it resembles a cone, its apex forming a ridge which widens as it rises . Its ample development elevates the middle o f

u r the ppe portion of the forehead, and gives it an ascending form .

LOGIC . This Quality manifests in a strong desire to inquire into the “ Why ? ” of things into Causes—into the “ Wherefore ? ” and to reason therefrom to effects and application of laws . Those in whom it is large manifest the power o f log ical reas oning to a high de hilo gree , and abhor fallacies . This is the p

hi l o of s op ca faculty f mind . It searches back

cau s es mo tive and facts and phenomena for , s laws , and then reasons deductively from these . “ Combe says ' This faculty prompts us on “ hi all occasions to ask, Why is t s so , and what ” is its Object ? It demands r eas ons and

roo s of w as e p f in the reasoning its o ner, w ll ” as from others . “ l ' Prof. Ne son Sizer says It gives ability

o t to look deeply into subjects , and t apprecia e i the log cal sequences of arguments , hence it T H E REFL E CTIVE Q U AL I T IE s 145 is large in persons who indicate genius in metaphysics , political economy, and all sci

‘ ence f s o a profound character . When prominent , and the perceptive faculties are i moderate, and Compar son ( Analysis) is not equally influential , it tends to speculative i thinking. Men so constituted are g ven to spinning improbable theories ; their notions are too abstract for ordinary minds , and they are looked upon as dull and heavy weights in society . On the other hand when it ( Logic) is deficient , the individual is superficial and incapable o f taking comprehensive Views of subject s ; o r forming judgments that will ap ply to the affairs of life successfully w Professor 0 . S . Fo ler says that this Qual “ ity g ives the desire to know the why and where o re o f f things , and to investigate their laws ; ability t o reason from causes down to f f e fects , and from e fects up to causes ; the therefore and wherefore ; ability to adapt

r in ways and means to ends , to plan , cont ive ,

o advan vent , create res urces , apply power t a e ou sl two g y , make heads save hands , kill birds with one stone , predict the result s Of ” v gi en measures , etc . 146 HUMA N NATURE

This Quality manifests outer form in the

sides of the upper part of the forehead, one either side o f Analysis and over L ocality ( see

group ﬁgure) . When large it gives to the “ ” forehead a high , bold, square form . With large Perceptives this Quality does not pre sent so prominent an appearance and so marked a comparison , but with the Percep tives small it gives to the brow an overhang ” or ing appearance . With Analysis equally, nearly as strong, the fullness of course ex tend s well across the forehe ad ; but with An L alysis much smaller , ogic presents a bulg ing on each side of the forehead ; while with L te Analysis large and ogic small , the lat r gives the appearance of two depressions on

e each side o f the foreh ad . Spu rz heim well says of the combination of Analysis and L ogic (which he terms Com ” “ parison and Causality, respectively) Causality and Comparison combined con s i u a L i t t t e Reason . Without Caus lity ( og c) there can be no argument ative rea s oning ; wi t thou Comparison ( Analysis) , no compre hensiv b e . O views , and no nice distinctions servation teaches objects , and Eventuality

CHAPTER XV

T H E REL IGIO-MORAL QUAL ITIE S

The tenth group is kn own as the Religio

of Moral Qualities , and is composed the fol

in l R everenc M s low g particular Qua ities ' e, y

ticis m O timis m Cons cientiou s nes s re , p , and , s ectiv el s p y . This group manife ts outer form

- o n at the front t p of the head , and o either side

thereof ( see Fig .

REVERENCE . This Quality manifests in a

we fo r and o f strong reverence , respect and a higher beings , persons in authority, sacred

s things , religious idea , constituted authority,

s m leaders , teachers , and heroes . It may be y ” ' “ b o licall . y expressed by the word , Worship

L o f ike that Mysticism, this Quality contains w ithin its ﬁeld the highest and the lowest . It manifest s the reverence and veneration for the highest conception s of Deity and Being ; and also the fear and base servile worship of

s - L idols , demoniac deitie , devil gods , etc . ike it wise , manifests in respect and submission fo r the lawfully constituted authorities ; and

fo r d also false lea ers and prophets , charla 148 F IG . 1 1 T H E RELTGIO -M ORA L Q UA LI TIE S 150 HUMA N NA TURE

wa s tans and imposters . In the same y it cau e s a hero -worship for those who have performed meritorious tasks and have wrought good for the race ; but also for the unworthy persons whose sensational deeds h ave brought them t “ ” i in o the limelight of notor ety. It mani fests in all forms of the highest religi on ; and in the lowest forms of devil-worship and low

re superstitious awe and fear, in the richest li io u s g experiences , and in the wildest fanat icism a d n hallucinations . The direction of the manifestation is decided by the relative

o f development the other propensities , par ticu larl o c y those f the reasoning fa ulties . This Quality manifest s outer form on the

- o o f - middle t p the head , along the middle line

o f directly in front of Firmness , back Sym nd pathy, and just above Mysticism a Opti mism ( see group ﬁgure) . When largely de v elo ed o f o f p , it causes the middle the top “ ” t M sti the head o bulge , particularly if y cism be also largely developed , the combina tion usually being thus . a MYSTICISM . This Quality manifests in strong attraction for the supernatural , the

v n . mar ellous , the unknow , the mysterious

152 HUMAN NATURE

Thi s Quality is located immediate ly in

on d front of Optimism , and below either si e

o f on - of Reverence, the front upper part the

e head ( see g roup ﬁgure) . When develop d it renders the front top-head broad and promi nent .

OPTIMISM . This Quality manifests in a strong tendency t o look on the b right side

o f t hings , to expect the best , to anticipate the “ u rz heim a o f nece s best . Sp s ys it ' Hope is sary to the happiness of man in almost all situations and often gives more satisfaction

ev rlast than even success . Those who are e ingly scheming o r building castles in the air

have it large . It believes possible whatever

not the other faculties desire . It is conﬁned

to this life , but inspires hopes of a future

state , and belief in the immortality of the soul . When too strong it expects the unreasonable

and impossible ; but when too weak , with Cau

o e tion large , it pr duc s low spirits, melancholy

and despair . This Quality when full produces Optimists ; he when weak, pessimists ; when medium, t average person who swings between the two

extremes partaking o f the nature of each . T H E R E L I G I o -MORAL QUAL ITIE S 153

Those in whom it is developed to excess are apt to see success in everything, and with a lively imagination translate dreams into realities ; of these persons it has been said ' “ and Show them an egg, the next minute the ” air is full of feathers . When this Quality is weak the person is disposed to look for the

of worm in the apple, decay at the heart the th e h rose , and for skeleton beneath t e form “ o f beauty . It has been said that the opti mist sees nothing but the body o f the dough ” nut ; the pessimist , nothing but the hole . This Propensity manifests outer form at the middle sides of the upper head , in front of of Conscientiousness , back Spirituality

( see group ﬁgu re) .

E E CONSCI NTIOUSN SS . This Quality mani fe sts in a strong t endency t o act according to

u r o f tr th , p inciple , duty, the accepted code

c i ethics , conception of right , a cepted relig ous — te achings in short to regulate conduct ao “ cording to the particular standard o f right e and wrong accepted by the person . Thos

‘ in whom it is larg e feel keenly their personal

o . resp nsibility, duty, and moral obligation

With Reverence large , they model their Stand 154 HUMA N NA TURE

ard of duty upon religious standards , while

s c with Reverence mall, and So iability large , they model their standard upon social ethics , “ the Brotherhood of Man , and the social con ” science . In fact the Quality itself gi ves rise “ to what is generally c alled the s ocial con ” science . “ Combe s ays of this Propensity ' After more than thirty years experience o f the an world in actual life d in various countries , I cannot remember an instance in which I have been permanently treated unjustly by one in whom this organ and intellect were a large . Moment ry injustice , through irrita

o r tion misrepresentation , may have been done ; but after correct information and time v to become cool , I have found such persons e er disposed to act on the dictates of Conscience ; as well s atisﬁed with justice . It leads to punctuality in keeping appointments so as not to waste their time ; to the ready payment of debts ; will not send collectors away uns atisﬁed except from inability to pay ; are reserved in making promises , but punctual in keeping them ; and when favorably com d bine . , are consistent in conduct Its

CHAPTER XVI

FACE S

N the s o f c a ext to hape the head, the fa i l express ion furnishes us with the mo s t marked indication o f the outer form accompanying

u hori the inner mental state . In fact, many a t ties hold that the facial expression aﬁ o rds the most easily read and most comprehen

v of si e index character, and that , therefore , Physiognomy possesses many points of su

rio ri v s s pe ty o er Phrenology. The truth eem to be that Physiognomy and Phrenology are

- of H u twin sciences , and that the true student man Nature should acquaint himself thor oughly with both . Physiog nomy is the science and art of dis covering o r reading the temper and other characteristic qu alities o f the mind by the ” s u features of the face . The philo ophy nder lying the science o f Physiognomy has been stated at length in the ﬁrst several chapters o f of men this book , the essence which is that t al s tates manifes t in out ward fo rm. T he majority o f person s apply the principles Of 1 56 FACES 157

Physiognomy more or less unconsciously in judging the characters of those with whom they come in contact . Nearly every one s cans closely the features of those whom they meet fo r the ﬁrst time, and form a general impres n sio therefrom . Children and domestic ani mals posses s an instinctive knowledge of facial expression and can often tell very accu rat ely the general disposition toward them

s v i ai er po sessed by ar ou s persons . Cert n p “ s ons are generally considered to look stu ” “ a t pid , while others have bright, intelligen ” “ ” c w expression ; some look tri ky, hile “ ” o e r thers look hon st and t ustworthy . “ Professor Nelson Sizer says ' Though all human beings have the general human fo rm — and features though all have eyes , nose ,

one mouth , chin , etc . , yet each has a different

and . face look from every other And , more , - f fa yet , the same person has a very di ferent cial ff look at di erent times , according as he

or . w is angry friendly, etc And al ays the s c ame look when in the same mood . Of ourse , —e s then , something causes this expression

eciall . p y , Since all who are angry , friendly, etc , have one general o r similar expression ; that 158 HUMA N NA TURE

r e affec is , one look exp sses anger, another

t e t c . tion , ano her devotion , another kindness ,

And since nature always works by means , she

s mu t needs have her physiognomical tools .

Nor are they under the control Of the will , for they act spontaneously . We cannot help, whether we will or no , laughing when merry , even though in church , pouting when pro v oked , and expressing all our mental Opera tions , down even to the very innermost re

c ou n enan cesses of our souls , in and by our t ces . And with more minuteness and com

let ene s s s p than by words , e pecially when the ” expressions are intense or peculiar . “ Professor Drayton says . Everything,

t o from head feet , of form , size , and action , indicates in some degree, the character of the

o r o f individual , state mind , and feeling in exercise for the time being. The arching or

e w d pressing of the eyebro s , the full Opening

s or partial closing of the eye , the pur ing or

o f pouting the lips , the ﬁrm set jaw, the ele vat ed at head , the lofty shoulders , the stiff titu de , the digniﬁed and stately step , or the reverse of this , will impress each Observer in respect to the changing mo ods which may

160 HUMAN NATURE

ih bu ve his features not only, t in all his mo ” ments and attitudes .

SHAPES O F FACE S

The authorities in Physiognomy divide the faces of persons into three general classes , Viz ' ( 1 ) The Round Face ; ( 2 ) The Oblong

3 - Face ; and ( ) The Pear shaped Face .

12 In Fig . , we see the Round Face . This face is indicative of the Vital Temperament .

It is usually associated with broad shoulders , short neck , full chest , and plumpness , with enlarged abdomen in middle life . These peo FACES 161

h o ple love ease and p ysical c mforts , good eat

d no t ing an drinking, and too much hard men

s tal or physical work . They are solicitou of the comfort of their bodies , and generally “ ” i u f . 1 look o t or No in th s respect . They

- are generally good natured and sociable, and o ften jolly .

1 3 FIG . OB LON G FA CE

3 In . 1 o . Fig , we see the Obl ng Face This v face is indicati e of the Motive Temperament. It is u sually associated with a compact ﬁrm 162 HUMAN NATURE

u t body, which while well ﬁlled o can scarcely be called plump , certainly not ﬂeshy . These people are generally strong and active , per severing and sparing neither themselves or

1 4 FIG . PE A R- S H APE D FA CE o t o f hers in the direction work . They are apt to have a very fair share of common sense ;

r ti reliable are p ac cal; and are gene rally .

- 14 e . In Fig. , we see the Pear shap d Face This face is indicative of the Mental Tem

164 HUMA N NATURE

Qualities ; and but moderate Con scientious t . o u ness They look for themselves , pushing “ s other aside , and not being disturbed by the ” higher feelings . They are generally stub

1 FIG . 5 SQUA RE FA CE born ; and thei r weak point is apt to be Ama

tivene s s .

16 - e In Fig . , we see the Egg shap d Face . This face indicates the Mental Temperament with the Psychic Qualities largely in the as d c en ent . s The Selﬁsh Qualitie are weak, w f s v e ce hile the Qualities o My ticism, Re er n FACES 165

e and Ideality are large . Th se people are gen “ ” e rall as y known spiritual , and are often ” T h m very psychic . ev are generally i prac

1 6 FIG . EGG-SH A PED FA CE tical and dwell in an ideal world apart from the things of earth .

1 - - . 7 s In Fig , we see the Inverted Egg hape d

c Face . This face indi ates the extreme form o f V the ital Temperament, associated with an absence o f the active qualities which

a s hould accompany it . The Ment l and Motive 166 HUMA N NA TURE

Qualities are quite deﬁcient , while the purely A nimal Qualities are strong. The result is

i -lik u w allowm i n a p g e nat re, content with g the mud of the animal propensities and hav

1 FIG . 7 I N VE RTED EGG-SH A PE D FA C E

- es ing a full swill barrel . These people are s entiall y lazy, gross , worthless , and animal

- like . Note the large lower face ( without the

a a e strong j w) , and the sm ll upper head . Not the broad nose, and general lazy expression . 18 19 l In Figs . and , respective y, we see

168 HUMAN NATURE

s ses of v of e cla faces ha e , course , innumerabl v n u ariations and combinatio s , but a caref l study o f these several types will give one the e 3 g en ral key to all faces . It is well to Obtain

19 FIG . N AR ROW FA CE

V a l - of the side iew, s wel as a full face View, f on o s ace e wishes t tudy . not e e a In s tudying faces , only the g n r l

e of v bu a o s hap the face must be Obser ed, t ls

he v as s ce ' t arious features thereof, for in tan the chin ; the mouth ; the no s e ; the eyes ; the ea s m he su ec of rs ; etc . The e features for t bj t

s the following chapter . CHAPTER XVII

CHINS A N D MOUTHS

Physiognomists regard the chin as an im portant feature to be considered in the study of The faces as the outer form of character . following are the principal point s o f the “ ” of s reading chin . 20 O In Fig. we see the ﬁrst point to be h v in ser ed the study of chins . The rule is t o draw an imaginary perpe ndi cular line from the the point at the root of the nose, between

r a two eyebrows . In the no mal and aver ge l type , the ine touches the upper lip and chin . But we ﬁnd the normal condition in but com

ara tivel t p y few cases , the majori y manifest

v o r ing a ariation backward forward . When

t o the chin is found recede from the line , it is

as a interpreted an indication of we kness , lack of mn an stability and ﬁr ess , d a general vacil h lating and unstable character . When t e chin

as projects beyond the line , it is interpreted indicating ﬁrmness , stubborness , and a gener

s ally selﬁ h nature , which is considered “ ” “ ” strong by contrast with the weak rec-ed 169 170 HUMA N NA TURE in g chin . When the projecting chin is oint ed r p , it indicates that the st ength is mani

t s . ested as grasping, miserlines , etc ; while if

is s u are c s it q , it indi ates Combativene s and

Destructivenes s as well as Acquisitiveness ;

ver bro ad and s uare and if it is y q , it indicates “ ” th e r s dominee ing, bo sy, tyrannical , self willed character .

172 HUMAN NA TURE

it b roadnes n ractical s ub y ; while s de otes p , s tantial lain , p desires and tastes . T he dimpled o r ind ent ed chin indicates the warm artistic temperament with it s aecom

s panying desire for love of the oppo ite sex, d for f ' t o esire af ection, and alas o often a ﬂ cklenes s and lack of loyalty and ﬁdelity in v f lo e a fair s .

' AW S

' A bro ad rm aw s e , ﬁ j indicates trong Com

iv ene s s s m . b at , Destructivene s and Fir ness

narrow lo os e a v A , j w indicate s the re erse f v o the qualities abo e noted .

lo o s e dro o in aw and O en mou th in A , p g j p dicates ess des timidity, weakness , shyn , or o ndenc p y . The ﬁg ht ers in all walks of life manifest the f . o strong, ﬁrm jaw It is the survival the “ ” - primi tive bite in the animal o r cave man . MOUTHS The Orientals have a proverb which runs “ ’ ' a w as follows By man s eyes , know hat he

v e o r hi s might ha e b en , may be ; by mouth , ” st knew what he has been , and is . The udy

e e t of the mouth is on of the greatest int res , CHIN S AND MOUTHS 173 and one which will richly repay one for his time and thought . It will be noticed that there is a great diﬁ erence between the mouth

s of and lip an individual in childhood, in

- youth , and in middle age, which fact shows the truth of the Oriental proverb just quoted . The mouth indeed shows what a man has been and is . S mall mou ths generally denote u nd evel

o r a e oped , childish , babyish char cter, neith r

nor good bad .

L ar e mou th g s denote matured character ,

o . good r bad When ﬁrm, they denote force

- and energy . When half Open, they denote

e s s i dulln s s and heavine s . When how ng full

u l s protr ding ips , they denote sen uality and

s selﬁsh pas sion s and ta tes . When very large “ ” and ﬂexible, they denote the windy person who is fond of talking and hearing the sound — o f his own voice when one says that another “ ” is big-mou thed he states a truth which physiognomy bear s ou t . An upward cu rve o f the co rners o f the mouth , denotes a cheerful , optimistic disposi L d own t . tion and mental a titude ikewise , a ward cu rve denotes a despondent , pessimistic 174 HUMAN NATURE

t disp osition and mental at itude . A graceful

- - bow like curve , Shows a well balanced and ” di all around sposition .

T i htl clo s ed li and g y ps indicate a ﬁrmness , “ ” o f L o o s el often a closeness disposition . y c lo s ed li s o f m p indicate a lack ﬁr ness , and

Li hat t ou c h Often a spendthrift tendency . ps t “ lig htly and p ro t ru d e s lig htly in a kiss -like

e o Shap , indicate vanity, love f praise and

ﬂattery, and often a desire to be petted .

Pu ed-ou t i jf l ps indicate sloth , dullness , b lack of energy and ambition , general eavi

Co ar e l o f m . s i ness ps indicate lack reﬁne ent ;

P articu larl u ll li s and often grossness . y f p indicate Amativeness and sometimes Sensu ality . “ S lantin mou th-s s g indicate trickine s , foxi ” Cro oked ness and general unreliability . mou ths o ou t o f , r mouths greatly symmetry, are held by many authorities to indicate lack of mi Conscientiousness , and often cri nal tend

ie enc s .

Fu ll r ed middle - li s c , , p indi ate love of the

T hin al middle-li S ex . e s opposite , p p denote the opposite traits .

- - A A long uppe r lip indicates Self Esteem .

176 HUMAN NATURE

safety . The eyes , while full of information , often deceive those not fully v ersed in their secret code—but the mouth tells its tale in n plain , simple, u derstandable terms , signs and symbols CHAPTER XVIII

E E EA A N D E Y S, RS NOS S

“ It has been said that the eyes are the win ” of s dows the oul , and indeed they do express

“ a s omething that is no t pos sible to any other o f part the face or body. When unrestrained the eye correctly portrays the innermost feel ings and emotions affecting and influencing t us , and in many cases we are able o get a clear and unobstructed V iew o f the soul b e ' hind the eyes by gazing into them . But, alas it is possible to mask the expression of the eyes , and to counterfeit emotions and feelings which do not exist within the mind . Men and women trained in the arts of dissimulation and concealment , may, and do , conceal their thoughts and feelings which ordinarily would be reflected in their eyes ; and many, especially l women , are able to counterfeit fee ings which have no real existence in their minds or souls . We have seen women bestowing upon the un “ ” man l in suspecting mere , the most art ess , “ ” enu ou s g baby stare , while at the same time th eir minds were filled wi th craft and cun 177 178 HUMAN NA TURE

- ning. W e have seen others whose eyes por t ra e d y the most absolute innocence and truth , h w ile their hearts were filled with selfish , base s feeling , and their minds with cunning s scheme . The trained diplomat and skilled gambler successfully mask their thoughts , and their eyes reflect nothing of their s ecrets ; and , n upo occasion , they are able to throw into their eyes any desired expression . The best authorities on Physiognomy hold that the mouth is a much more reliable index of — thought and character than the eye fo r the

s i eye may lie , while the mouth betray tself even when attempting the counterfeit .

do a But , nevertheless , the eyes betray ch r i acter, not by their expression but by the r shape and form . Habitual mental states re

ﬂect o f Of in the outer form the eyes , in spite the care o f their owners not to let them tell the secret of the thought and feeling o f the

r no t b the ex res moment . The sto y is told y p sio n of the eye , but by the muscles surround

eve - ing the eyes , the lids , etc . In fact , the ey e-lids supply the greater part of that which “ ” the o f eve we call expression the , their con

l ffe tractions and re axations produci ng the e ct .

180 HUMAN NATURE

D es tru c tiven sion t o the eyes . es s manifests

o f e in a tightening the upper lid , and a b aring

l A r a i n s down upon the eyeba l . pp ob t ve es gives a peculiar “ coquettish ” relaxation of

- the upper eye lid , which is suggestive of the

H u mo r desire to wink in a meaning manner .

- gives a peculiar contraction to the eye lids , and at the same time producing the little lines radiating from each outer corner of the eye “ ” — I d al t h . e i O lids the laug ing wrinkles y , p timis m and M s ticis m , y impart an open ex

Cautious nes s pression to the eyes . , when large , also gives to the eyes an open , almost startled , surprised expression .

L ar e r o t ru din e es in g , p g y are held to be dicativ e of wordiness , talkativeness , and lack — o f careful thought the desire to talk for the pleasure of hearing oneself talk . In connection with the subject of the outer

i n form manifesting the eyes , we would call your attention to the quotation from Prof .

e L I O . S . Fowler , app aring in esson XI I, in which he speaks o f certain of the Perceptive Qualities which indicate in outer form in the “ region o f the eye , as follows The shape of the eyebrows reveals the size , absolute and E E A E 181 Y S , E RS AND NOS S

v c ' all relati e , of ea h , thus When are large , the eyeb row is long and arching ; when all are deﬁcient, it is long and straight ; when some e are large and others small , it arches ov r the large ones , but passes horizontally over those

u In which are small . This r le is infallible . connection therewith , we suggest that the

r e - student read carefully Chapter XIII , which deals with the Perceptive Qualitie s which h manifest outer form in the region of t e eye .

EARS

Many physiognomists pass lightly over the subject of the ears as an index of character , while others seem t o specialize on thi s feature . The rou nd ear is held to indicate the Vital

o blon e ar Temperament . The g , the Motive

Temperament ; and the p ear-s hap ed ear the

Mental Temperament . Qu ality is held t o be indicated by the rela

c tive deli ateness in the moulding of the ear, a coarse , misshapen ear being held to indicate an uncultivated nature ; while a delicately moulded , shapely ear is held to indicate cul ture and reﬁnement .

A lon narr ow ear i g , s held to indicate an 182 HUMA N NATURE

oint ed ambitious , striving nature . An ear p at the tip ( upper part) is held to be indicative of ’ selﬁshness and general foxiness .

NOSES All physiognomists agree upon the import

a o f nce of the nose as an index character . The

F I G. 2 1

O M A N B GRE A N CH E RU R I A , R ; , CI C , C majority of people recognize the Sign of a

on o ne large, strong nose , the hand, and a small, weak nose on the other. 2 In Fig. 1 we see the three general forms o f o the nose , the R man ; Grecian and Cher

R o man no s e ubio ; respectively . The is held

184 HUMA N NA TURE

in the hard bony part , including the bridge , dicat e s the Motive ; the tip and end, the Men “ tal ; and the wings o n each side of the nos

ils t r V . hi , the ital There is much truth in t s

s i o f is il cla siﬁcat on , and a careful study th lustration will aid the student in his under Standing of noses as an outer Sign of charac

ter . In fact , this illustration may be used as a basis fo r the whole subject of the meaning o f noses as outer signs of character . Large nostrils indicate strong Vitativenes s

- and physical well being, and often strong

. r w or Emotive Qualities Na ro , small , tight nostrils indicate weak Vitativeness and Vital Force An authority says “ If the nostrils

- are wide apart , the man is merciful . If the

- nostrils are wide open , like those of a bull , resemblances to that animal prevail in violent

wrath and hard breathing . The tip o f the nose indicates the several mental qualities . The Sharp pointed tip indi i cates an inquisitive , prying, nvestigating na — “ ” ture a general sharpness s o to Speak . A “ ” blunt tip indicates a lack of sharpness and “ ” n o r inquisitiveness . The uptur ed tip , pug,

r t en indicates a triﬂing, supe ﬁcial , gossiping E E A N D E YES , ARS NOS S

deney . As a general rule the sharp tip indi

cate s thought , while the rounded trip indicates feeling.

The bony part o f the nose when prominent , indicates the strength of the Motive Qualities

A o such as Combativeness , Destructiveness ,

uisitivene s s s q , Con tructiveness , etc . It gen erally accompanies the people who push for “ ” ward and do things in spite of obstacles

o f it is the nose the great generals , and the

of majority great ﬁnanciers . CHAPTER XIX

MISCELL ANEOUS SIGNS

While the subject of hands may be thought

mi to belong to the study of Pal stry, with which we have no concern in this book, never theles s we think that we should include here in a brief reference t o the several classes of the hand as indicative of the outer form of

s o f mental tates . That the s hape the hand often reveals information regarding the char acter of its owner is admitted by the best au

ho ritie t s on the subject . Many persons who discard the theories o f Palmistry still r e gard the subject of the shape and meaning of

s as s hand apart from that tudy, and believe that an understanding o f the indications o f the several classes of hands is important to the s tudents of Human Nature .

o f s viz There are seven general types hand , ( 1 ) The Spatulate ; ( 2 ) the Square ; ( 3 ) the Arti stic ; ( 4 ) the Elementary ; ( 5 ) the Mixed ;

( 6) the Philo s 0 phic ; and ( 7) the Psychic . Following we give a brief recital of the quali ties held to be indicated by each . 186

HUMAN NA TURE

24 In Fig. , we see the Square Hand , the special peculiarities o f wh ich are “ ” o f its general squareness the palm , and

o n r - generally f the ﬁ g e tips . This also is a

2 FIG . S QUA RE H A N D

w is au useful hand , and its o ner amenable to thority, and makes a good employee or helper .

It indicates a quiet , peaceable disposition , and

. b c o r its owner is usually found to e areful , derl — o f order b e y , and dependable the sense in e c o g spe ially str ng. MISCEL LANE OUS SIGNS 189

25 In Fig . , we see the Artistic Hand, the special peculiarities o f which are the suppleness and softness of the hand ; its symmetrical form ; and its long, tapering

o f ﬁngers . Its owners are the poetic and ar

F IG. 2 5 A RTISTIC H A N D tistic re nature , with a taste for beautiful and

vi ri ﬁned things , artistic en ronment , b ght and “ ” witty speech , and choice things generally . The Qualities of Ideality and Words are apt 190 HUMA N NA TURE

“ to e c be well develop d in these ases , and the ” arti stic temperament is found in its full de v elo ment p here .

26 a In Fig. , we see the Elementary H nd

2 6 FIG . E LE ME N TA RY H A N D

the special peculiarities of which are its short ,

and v thick ﬁngers , its thick hea y palm . Its “ ” v owners are of the earth , earthy, and ha e

ﬁne but very little imagination and taste .

192 HUMA N NA TURE

Fi . 28 S ee In g , we the Psychic Hand, the special peculiarities of which are the

o f extreme slenderness the entire hand ,

FIG . PSYCHIC H A N D

and . the long thin , pointed ﬁngers Its own in ers have Mysticism highly developed, and

r o cline toward the mysterious , supe natural , c MISCE L L A NE OUS SIGNS 193

o f cult , and imaginative , and are generally an extremely nervous , sensitive nature . Very few hands adhere strictly to any one o f o r these several types , but are more less “ ” r composite o mixed . In such cases the

o f characteristics each type mingle and blend , and must be interpreted accordingly . The following peculiarities are also noted by the authorities

T H E MB THU . The thumb is divided into three parts , each indicating a certain quality, 1 as follows ( ) the top part or division , which indicates Will ; ( 2 ) the second or mid L i 3 dle part , which indicates og c ; ( ) the “ ” or ball fat lower portion, which indicates

O f Passion . The comparative size of either these parts indicates the strength of its par ticu lar qualities .

T H E E FING RS . Hard ﬁngers indicate work, n a activity, and energy . Soft ﬁ gers indic te

v f fo o r . lo e ease , disinclination work, laziness Very hard hand s denote heaviness and gen

undevel eral stupidity, also gross tastes and oped nature . Smooth ﬁngers denote art istic tastes , etc . ; while knotted ﬁngers denote phil o s o hi c p thought and argument , orderliness 194 HUMAN NA TURE

s and taste for material fact and things . Short ﬁngers denote quick judgment and im patience of detail ; while long ﬁngers denote “ ” a love of detail , elaboration and fussiness .

a l Spatulate ﬁngers indic te tidiness , usefu ness , and a desire t o be doing useful work .

T H E L . o f f PA M Hardness the palm, as o the ﬁngers , denotes activity, energy and work ; while softness denotes love of ease , laz ine s s of s , etc . Wideness the palm denote

- a generosity, broad mindedness , etc . ; while

s narrow palm denote the reverse . Firm palms generally denote the Motive Tempera d ment while soft , ﬂabby palms enote the Vi tal temperament .

T H E W AL '

The study of the Walk as an index of char i s e acter s favored by many authoritie . Ther

o f viz 1 are three general types walks , ( ) the 2 long stride , in regular time ; ( ) the short , 3 quick, and somewhat jerky step ; ( ) the short but regular step . Those who walk with a long stride gener ally take a broad View of things , but if their walk is also Slow they are apt to lack energy

196 HUMAN NATURE

w o swagger , ith a deﬁant carriage f the head , while Combativeness manifests in a get out ” of my way pushing walk, the head being “ ” Slightly lowered as if to butt a way

Sl through . Cunning manifest s in a foxy, y walk ; while Cautiousness shows in a timid, hesitating step ; and Acquisitiveness in a gen eral carefulness and watchfulness as mani fe s t ed o in gait . A combination f Cunning ,

is Cautiousness and Acquisitiveness , which quite common, manifests in a light , stealthy “ ” o f - step , giving the suggestion tip toeing, and in extreme cases may Show even the ” snaky gliding motion from side to side, in noiseless progression . A little stu dy and observation will con vince anyone that the walk and carriage o f an individual correspond very closely to hi s gen

‘ eral character' And just as we may recognize one ’s mental characteristics when reproduced in outer form in the walk ; so may we deduce the existence of mental characteristics in a stranger , from the outer form of his walk and

of carriage . The study walk and carriage is very interesting, and will repay one for the time and trouble expended upon it . One may MISCEL L AN E OUS SIGNS 197 practice by observing the walk of an individ o ual whose character is known, for the purp se of seeing the outer form of these charact eris tics ; and also by observing the walk of those whose characters are unknown , and endeavor ing to form an idea o f their mental states and characteristics by means of their peculiarities of gait and carriage . One will be astonished at the proﬁciency attained in a Short time by a s little practice along these line .

VOICE

r The Voice is a great revealer of characte . “ Prof . O . S . Fowler says ' Whatever makes n a noise, from the deafeni g roar of sea , cat ’ aract s , and whirlwind mighty crash , through

of and all forms animal life, to the sweet hi gentle voice of woman , makes a sound w ch a ’ grees perfectly with the maker s character .

of Thus the terriﬁc roar the lion, and the c soft cooing of the dove , correspond exa tly with their respective dispositions ; while the

h l w o f roug and powerfu bello the bull , the

ﬁerce yell of the tiger , the coarse, guttural

swmi s h moan of the hyena , the grunt , the

sweet warblings of birds , in contrast with the 198 HUMA N NA TURE

’ ’ s c c s raven s croak and the owl hoot, ea h orre pond perfectly with their respective char ac e ris ti s t c . And this law holds equally true o f su man . Hence human intonations are as perior to brutal as human character exceeds

o f animal . Accordingly, the peculiarities all human beings are expressed in their voices

- and mode of speaking. Coarse grained and powerful animal organizations have a coarse, v harsh and grating oice , while in exact pro portion as person s become reﬁned and ele v ated b e mentally, will their tones of voice ” come correspondingly reﬁned and perfected . “ L V ' Prof. . A . aught says Affectionate

ackhe ad v oices always come fr om the b .

v Hea y, thunderous voices always come from

c m the sidehead . Egotisti al voices come fro

' e the crown of the head . ind , resp ctful and straightforward voices come from the top head .

s r A clear, di tinct utte ance is held to indi r cate clea , logical thought , while indistinct,

c confused , slurring utterance is indi ative of c a areless , illogical and h sty thought proc s esse . Sharp and shrill notes denote nerv i ous tension and lack of restraint, as w tness

200 HUMAN NATURE

” ity or Qualities produce this voice ? in each case . Study the v oice s o f those whose char act eristic s you know, and then apply the ex perience t o others whose characteristics are unknown .

L AUGHS

L aughter is full o f the expression of char d acter. One may often accurately etermine the character of a person whose face is not w s een o r kno n . A hearty laugh is indicative o f so sympathy, companionship and general ciabilit l v y , as wel as a well de eloped sense o f i o f humor . A g ggle is indicative pettiness ,

- triﬂing and general mental light weight . The repressed laugh shows self-control and often n cautio and cunning, the tone denoting the “ ” d f - s if erence . The vulgar haw haw denote

e a correspondingly gross nature . The p c u liar - of shrill , rasping, parrot like laugh the courtesan is typical , and when ever heard fﬁ should act as a note of warning. It is di cult to state in words the various qualities o f the laugh , but each is distinctive and well ex ma presses the Quality causing it . It y be said that each and every mental Quality has MISCEL L ANE OUS SIGNS 201

its corresponding note in the laugh , which note may be learned and recognized by a little practice and actual observation .

TH E HA ND -S HA' E

The manner of shaking hands is indicative h of t e characteristics of the individual . Handshakes may be divided into three gen

1 e eral classes , viz , ( ) the hearty handshak ,

- s which indicates good feeling, earnestne s , 2 i and interest ; ( ) the mechan cal handshake , f which denotes indi ference, lack of feeling, and lack of interest ; and ( 3 ) the selﬁsh hand n shake, which denotes cun ing, heartlessness , and desire and disposition to take advantage ” o f h e t other party . There is a something in the handshake which is almost impossible to express in words , but which is recognized instinctively by those having Human Nature “ ” well developed . It is more of a feeling o f certain Qualities manifested by the other person . A little thought and attention paid to t his subject will tend to develop this rec ognition on the pa rt of one deﬁcient in it .

a e r One may, with littl practice , lea n to dis t inguish between the honest and the dis 202 HUM A N NA TURE

honest ; the moral and the immoral ; the ao tive and the passive ; the energetic and the

o f - slothful ; the grasp good fellowship , and that o f superciliousness ; the friendly and the antagonistic ; the candid and the deceitful ; and all the other various kind s of handshakes . Mental states manifest in outer form in hand shakes as in many other physical actions and a ppearances . First study the several Qualities in their i h inner aspect , and then learn to distingu s the v arious outer fo rms o f each . From the inner proceed to the outer, and having learned the way y ou will be able to retrace your steps from the outer to the inner in the e ase of other persons . The principle once grasped , the rest is all a matter of practice and experience .

F INIS .

Univers ity of Califo rnia SO UTHERN REGIO NAL LIBRARY FACILITY 405 H l a d Av nu Los An l s CA 90 024 -1388 i g r e e , ge e , Return this mate rial to the lib rary f ro m whic h It was b o rro wed .