H O W T O REA D HUMAN NATURE ' ITS INNER STATES AND OUTER FORMS By WILLIAM WAL' ER AT' INSON W ITH NU M ER O U S ILLU STRATION S L. N . FO WL E R CO . 7 m e rial A rcad e Lu d ate Circ u s , I p . g Lo ndon. E . C. E ng land 1916 E O THE ELI'ABETH TOWN C . E MA HO LYO ' , S S . C O N T E N T S Chapter Page I . Inner State and Outer 9 29 II . The Inner Phase ' Character . ' 38 III The Outer Form Personality . 4 IV. The Temperaments 7 68 V. The Mental Qualities I 6 V . The Egoistic Qualities 7 T h 81 VII . e Motive Qualities 89 VIII . The Vitative Qualities E 93 IX . The motive Qualities 100 X . The Applicative Qualities M o dificative 107 XI . The Qualities 114 XII . The Relative Qualities 122 XIII . The Perceptive Qualities 139 XIV . The Reflective Qualities - 148 i a . XV. The Relig o Moral Qu lities ' I 156 V . Faces 169 XVII . Chins and Mouths 177 V . s X III Eyes , Ears , and Nose 186 XIX . Miscellaneous Signs CHAPTER I INNE R STATE AN D OUTE R F ORM Human Nature is a term most fre quently used and yet but little understood . The average person knows in a general way what he and others mean when this term is v employed , but ery few are able to give an o ff- hand defin ition o f the term o r to state what in their opinion constitutes the real e s sence of the thought expressed by the famil s of iar phra e . We are the Opinion that the first step in the proces s of correct under standing of any subject is that of acquaint h ance wit its principal terms , and, so , we shall begin o u r consideration of the subject of Human Nature by an examination of the term used t o express the idea itself. “ ” “ Human , of course, means of or per ” nk . taining to man or ma ind Therefore , Human Nature means the natu re of man or “ ” mankind . Nature , in this usage , means “ The natural disposition o f mind of any per son ; temper ; personal character ; individual 9 10 HUMA N NA TURE constitution ; the peculiar mental character istics and attributes which serve to distin ” guish one person from another . Thu s we see that the essence o f the natu re of men , or of a particular human being, is mind characteris the , the mental qualities , tics , properties and attributes . Human Nature is then a pha s e o f psychology and subject to the laws , principles and meth ods of study, examination and consideration s of that particular branch of cience . But while the general subject of psychology includes the consideration of the inner work of ings the mind, the processes of thought , of o f the nature feeling, and the Operation s the will , the pecial subject of Human Na ture is concerned only with the question o f ch e aracter , disposition , temperament , p r sonal attributes , etc . , of the individuals mak of ing up the race man . Psychology is gen — eral Human Nature is particular . Psychol — o gy is more or less abstract Human Nature is i concrete . Psychology deals w th laws , — causes and principle s Human Nature deals ff with e ects , manifestations , and expressions . Human Nature expresses itself in two gen INNER S T ATE AND OUTER FORM 11 i e 1 o f eral phases , . , ( ) the phase Inner States ; and ( 2 ) the phase o f Outer Forms . n These two phases , however, are ot separate o r c o m leme n Opposed to each other , but are p al tary aspects of the same thing . There is ways an action and reaction between the I n ner State and the Outer Form—between the Inner Feeling and the Outer Expression . If we know the particular Inner State we may infer the appropriate Outer Form ; and if we know the Outer Form we may infer the In ner State . That the Inner State affects the Outer Form is a fact generally ac knowledged by fo r men , it is in strict accordance with the general experience of the race . We know that certain mental states will result in im parting to the countenance certain lines and expressions appropriate thereto ; certain pe cu liaritie s O f carriage and manner, voice and demeanor . The facial characteristics , man o ner, walk , voice and gestures f the miser will be recognized as entirely different from that o f the generous per so n ; those of the coward differ materially from those o f the brave man ; those of the vain are distinguished from 12 HUMAN NATURE tho se of the modest . We know that certain mental attitudes will produce the correspond s s o f s ing physical expre ions a mile, a frown , an Open hand , a clenched fist, an erect Spine o r v bowed shoulders , respecti ely . We also know that certain feelings will cause the eye o r to sparkle g row dim, the voice to become resonant and positive o r to become husky and weak ; according to the nature of the feelings . “ of Prof . Wm . James says What kind emotion o f fear would be left if the feeling neither o f trembling lips nor of weakened o f -flesh limbs , neither goose nor of visceral stirrings , were present , it is quite impossible fo r o one me t think . Can fancy the state of rage and picture no ebullition in the chest , no of of flushing the face, no dilation the nostrils , of o v no clenching the teeth , n impulse to igor o u s s s action , but in their stead limp mu cle , ” calm breathing, and a placid face ? “ s h Prof. Halleck ays All t e emotions -d efined s have well muscular expre sion . Dar wm has written an excellent work entitled , T h e E xp res s io n of the E mo tio ns in M an and Animals , to which students must refer for a v detailed account of such expression . A ery INNER STATE AND OUTER FORM 13 ffi few examples must su ce here . In all the ex hilaratin g emotions , the eyebrows , the eye s lid , the nostrils , and the angles of the mouth are raised . In the depressing passions it is s the reverse . This general statement convey o s v s much truth , that a careful ob er er can read a large part of the history o f a human b F or eing written in the face . this reason many phrenologists have wisely turned phys io nomis g ts. Grief is expressed by raising of the inner ends the eyebrows , drawing ' of down the corners the mouth , and trans vers ely wrinkling the middle part o f the fore . of head In Terra del Fuego , a party na tive s conveyed to Darwin the id ea that a cer was low - r tain man spi ited, by pulling down their cheeks in order t o make their faces long . Joy is expressed by drawing back f ward and upward the corners o the mouth . The uppe r lip rises and draws the cheeks upi w T he ard , forming wrinkles under the eyes . elevation o f the upper lip and the nostrils ex s s presse contempt . A skillful ob erver can frequently tell if one person admires another . disclo s In this case the eyebrows are raised, ing a brightening eye and a relaxed expres sion ; sometimes a gentle smile plays about 14 HUMAN NA TURE i the mouth . Blushing is merely the phys cal c expression of certain emotions . We noti e the expression of emotion more in the cou nt e nance, because the effects are there more plainly visible ; but the muscles of the entire s body, the vital organ , and the viscera , are also v ehicles of expression . These things need but a mention in order dm to be recognized and a itted . This is the tio f ac n o the Inner upon the Outer . There reac tion o f is , however , a the Outer upon the so Inner , which while equally true is not gen e rall d y recognized nor a mitted, and we think it well t o briefly call your attention to the same, for the reason that this correspondence — between the Inner and the Outer this r eao — tion as well as the ac tion must be appre ciat ed in order that the —entire meaning and content of the subject o f Human Nature may be fully grasped . That the r eac tio n o f the Outer F orm upon the Inner State may be understood, we ask you to consider the following opinions of well -known and accepted authorities of the New Psychology, regarding the established fact that a phy sical expr es sio n r elat ed t o a INNE R STATE AND OUTE R FORM 15 mental s t ate will i volu nt aril indu ced , , f y , t end t o in tu rn indu ce the mental s tat e ap ro riat e t it p p o . We have used these quota o f tions in other books this series , but will insert them here in this place because they have a direct bearing upon the particular sub c e j t before us , and because they furnish di rect and unquestioned authority for the u statements just made by us .