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Shaping Houses: Integrating the Physical and Socio-Cultural in the Domestic Architecture of Ancient Sicily

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Shaping Houses: Integrating the Physical and Socio-Cultural in the Domestic Architecture of Ancient Sicily Shaping Houses: integrating the physical and socio-cultural in the domestic architecture of Ancient Sicily Sarah Elizabeth Roe Lucy Cavendish College, University of Cambridge June 2017 This dissertation is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. i This dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any that I have submitted, or is being concurrently submitted, for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or is being concurrently submitted, for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or similar institution except as declared in the Preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the relevant Degree Committee. ii Abstract In this thesis I explore how physical and socio-cultural factors interact to shape domestic architecture by analysing the form, layout, and construction of houses from Sicily dating from the Neolithic to the end of the Hellenistic period. This time range encompasses two primary domestic building traditions: typically single-spaced round houses that dominate from the Neolithic through to the end of the Late Bronze Age, and multiple-spaced rectilinear structures that characterise the Archaic period onwards. As such the domestic architecture of Sicily provides the opportunity to study not only two distinct ways of building, but also the dynamics within them and the changes that occurred as one evolved into the other during the Early Iron Age: a period of transition that is often studied in isolation or only in relation to the earlier or later context, rather than as an integral part of this island’s history. A critical analysis of building techniques and materials in the context of available resources and their material properties, alongside local environmental conditions, reveals correlations between the choice of materials, construction techniques, and topographical and climatic conditions, as well as the form taken by the building as a whole. Comparative analyses were also carried out of house size, form, and degree of subdivision within and between the building traditions. The picture presented shows an increase in total size and subdivision (despite the relatively stable size range of individual spaces within the houses) from the Neolithic to the Hellenistic period and implies a developing desire for options to separate people and activities. Finally, close diagrammatic studies of the layout and spatial organisation of the houses bring to light the structuring of these domestic spaces: the use of architectural features and artefacts to provide a sense of division in single-spaced buildings; greater layers of access and control of movement incorporated into the larger, rectilinear houses with their multiple spaces; and the arrangement of these to allow for the lighting of interior rooms. Combined with the results above, these reveal patterns in the development of building traditions on Sicily and how they relate to, encompass, and entangle the dynamic socio-cultural and physical parameters that make up the wider landscapes they are a part of: notions of identity and its formation and transmission, social structure and stratification, topography and climate, and material structural properties. Altogether this allows for the development of a deeper and more holistic understanding of the relationship between building and living, of how physical and socio-cultural parameters integrate and influence the iii construction of houses, and how these all come together in the building traditions that are both shaped by us and shape us. iv Contents Declaration i Abstract ii Contents iv Acknowledgements vii List of Figures viii List of Tables xi Chapter One: Introduction 1 Research Aims and Questions 2 Introducing the case study: Sicily 3 Outline of the thesis 4 Chapter Two: Approaches to the Study of Domestic Architecture 7 Archaeological and Anthropological Approaches 7 People and their houses 8 The language of space 14 The study of domestic architecture in the Classical 18 Mediterranean Houses as Technology 24 Houses and the environment 25 Houses as social technology 27 The Process of Building 31 Summary 36 Practical logic and building traditions 37 Chapter Three: Context and Methodology 41 Sicily: An Environmental and Historical Review 41 The physical parameters 41 The human story 45 Methodology 54 Terminology 54 Site Selection and Data Collection 55 At the desk and in the field 56 Spreadsheet specifics 58 v The sites 62 Limitations and considerations 64 Analysis 66 Plans, graphs, and calculations 67 Chapter Four: From Round to Rectilinear 71 Early Days and Round Beginnings 73 The Neolithic and Copper Age 73 The Early and Middle Bronze Ages 75 Why round? 82 Variations on the rounded theme 86 The Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age: a period of 91 transition The first rectilinear buildings — the curious case of 91 Thapsos The last round houses 94 The arrival of the Greeks 96 Reign of the Rectilinear 101 Materials and methods 101 Variations on the rectilinear theme 106 Chapter Five: The Subdivided House 111 The Number and Size of Spaces 111 Size matters 112 The subdivision and expansion of domestic spaces 117 Why rectilinear? 124 The Socio-Cultural Factors of Expansion and Subdivision 129 Chapter Six: Spatial Organisation 139 The Layout of the House 139 Division and spatial organisation in houses of the 139 rounded tradition Multi-roomed houses and the formalisation of space: 145 function Multi-roomed houses and the formalisation of space: 148 access and spatial organisation Enclosures and Courtyards 168 External privacy 168 vi Lighting 171 The Socio-Cultural Implications of Sicilian Domestic Spatial 175 Organisation Chapter Seven: Case Studies in Spatial Interaction 183 Early Bronze Age La Muculufa — Hut 3 (lower) 184 Early Iron Age Monte San Mauro — Apsidal Building 187 Archaic Monte San Mauro — Casa 4 190 Hellenistic Morgantina — The House of the Doric Capital 194 Chapter Eight: Building and Living in Ancient Sicily 205 Shaping Domestic Architecture 205 The building traditions of Sicily 205 Variation and change 216 Identity and domestic architecture 222 Chapter Nine: Conclusion 226 Towards an Understanding of the Interactions Between 226 Physical and Socio-Cultural Parameters in House Construction Building Higher 228 Appendix I: House Data 235 Bibliography 316 vii Acknowledgements When I was first struck by the inspiration and desire to undertake a PhD, I was sat under the sweltering Mediterranean summer sun considering the ancient house I had chosen to write my undergraduate dissertation on. Back then I could not have imagined the journey that moment of inspiration would take me on, a journey that has been exciting, meandering, and often uphill, and one that I could not have completed without the help and support of a number of individuals and institutions. I first have to thank the Arts and Humanities Research Council without whose generous financial support I would have been unable to embark upon my PhD in the first place, let alone finish it. The support of the Division of Archaeology and Lucy Cavendish College, University of Cambridge, allowed me to visit the wonderful island of Sicily and walk through the houses at the heart of this study. The staff at the museums and archaeological sites of Sicily spurred me on with their enthusiasm for, and dedication to, their history, in particular those at Aidone (Morgantina), Himera, and Solunto. My supervisors, John Robb and Kate Spence, with their gentle, and occasionally not so gentle (but certainly deserved!), prodding coaxed me out of my comfort zone, and this thesis into being. Without their unwavering support, advice, and guidance I am sure I would have lost my way long ago. The girls of the Lucy/Hughes Boat Club (you know who you are), always there with unquestioning friendship and copious amounts of coffee, made Cambridge a home. My parents, Paul and Linda, and sister Pippa, have given me complete support and love, both at home and abroad, and I cannot thank them enough. Finally, my partner Tom, who has been by my side almost every step of the way, taking on the unenviable task of proof reading and listening to my rambling ideas, as well as making sure I escaped my desk every now and again, thank you. viii List of Figures 2.1 House 7, Skara Brae. 12 3.1 Map of the Mediterranean. 41 3.2 Geographical map of Sicily. 42 3.3 Map of sites included in the study. 48 3.4 The variety of basic forms taken by domestic architecture on Sicily. 59 3.5 Simple symmetric and non-distributed, and asymmetric and distributed, 69 spatial arrangements. 4.1 Timeline displaying the presence of different house forms in Sicily 72 throughout the period of study. 4.2 Neolithic apsidal structure at Mandria. 74 4.3 Copper Age Casa Sollima. 75 4.4 Early Bronze Age Mursia, Pantelleria. 76 4.5 Huts 2 and 4 at La Muculufa, Early Bronze Age. 77 4.6 Hut 3 (lower) and Hut 4, La Muculufa, Early Bronze Age. 78 4.7 Lipari acropolis. 79 4.8 Capo Graziano, Filicudi, end Early Bronze Age. 79 4.9 Hut 1 Thapsos, Middle Bronze Age Phase 1. 80 4.10 Simplified diagram showing the use of a collar beam to span the roof 87 space. 4.11 Hut 9, Manfria, Early Bronze Age. 88 4.12 Punta Milazzese, Panarea, Middle Bronze Age. 89 4.13 Hut 1, Madre Chiesa di Gaffe, Middle Bronze Age. 90 4.14 Middle Bronze Age Phase 1 enclosures at Thapsos.
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