Qiaowu and the Overseas Chinese

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Qiaowu and the Overseas Chinese Hand-in-Hand, Heart-to-Heart: Qiaowu and the Overseas Chinese _____________________________________________________________________ A thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science in the University of Canterbury by James Jiann Hua TO ___________________________________________________________ University of Canterbury 2009 Table of Contents Acknowledgements iv Abstract v Notes on Romanization of Chinese vi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations vii Figure 1: Relationships Between the Qiaowu Apparatus and the viii Extended State Bureaucracy 1.00 Introduction 1 1.01 A Comparison: Incorporating the Turkish Diaspora in Europe 3 1.02 Introduction to the Extant Literature 7 1.03 Aims of this Research 10 1.04 Importance of Qiaowu Research to International Relations 11 1.05 Political/Social Control 13 1.06 Qiaowu for the 21st Century 15 1.07 Problems with Assessing Qiaowu 16 1.08 Methodology 17 1.09 Thesis Outline 21 st 2.00 Mobilizing the OC in the 21 Century 23 2.01 Capitalizing on the Olympic Spirit 23 2.02 The 1989 Tiananmen Incident 26 2.03 The CCP’s Ideological Work and Influence on PRC Students 28 2.04 The 2008 Olympic Torch Rallies 30 2.05 Another Evolution in Qiaowu 34 2.05 Conclusion 35 3.00 Unveiling Qiaowu 36 3.01 The Role of the OC for the CCP-led Party-State 36 3.02 Political Mobilization 38 3.03 Espionage 41 3.04 Unveiling Qiaowu 44 3.05 Service for the OC: Qiaowu Cadres and Their Duties 46 3.06 The CCP’s Guiding Hand 50 3.07 A Brief History of Qiaowu Organizational Structure 51 3.08 Origins of the PRC OC Qiaowu Bureaucracy 54 3.09 The OC “Problem” 56 3.10 Domestic Returned OC Work and Internal Chaos 59 3.11 The OC and Their Role in UF Work Abroad 62 3.12 Post-Revolution Qiaowu Policy 65 3.13 Political Structure of the Qiaowu Administration in the 69 Contemporary Period 3.14 CCP Influence over Qiaowu Affairs 73 3.15 Qiaowu and the Xitong Bureaucracy 77 3.16 Decentralization of Power to Provincial Level Qiaowu Operations 81 3.17 Conclusion 84 ii 4.00 Targets and Subjects of Qiaowu 85 4.01 ROC Definition of the OC 85 4.02 Taiwanization of ROC Qiaowu 87 4.03 The ROC’s Redefinition of Huaqiao 90 4.04 Damage Control 93 4.05 Name Changes 95 4.06 ROC OC Organs in the Contemporary Period 97 4.07 Rebuilding Links 99 4.08 PRC Definition of the OC 101 4.09 Distinguishing Huaqiao from Huaren 102 4.10 Xinqiao – Leading the Change in OC Demographics 107 4.11 Elite OC 109 4.12 Dual Nationality and the OC 115 4.13 Conclusion 117 5.00 Cultural Work: Reconstructing ‘Chineseness’ 119 5.01 Theories of Ethnic Belonging – Chineseness 120 5.02 Promoting Cultural Unity 126 5.03 Taiwanization of ROC Cultural Work 128 5.04 PRC Education Work 130 5.05 PRC External OC Education 134 5.06 Confucius Institutes 135 5.07 Problems Regarding PRC OC Education 136 5.08 Challenging Alternative Forms of Chineseness 139 5.09 Promoting ‘Love’ for China: OC Church Work 142 5.10 Encouraging ‘Love’ for China: Earthquake Diplomacy 144 5.11 Evaluation of Nationalism and the OC 146 5.12 Conclusion 150 6.00 Cultural Work: Reconnection 151 6.01 Active Reconnection: Tours and Root Seeking 151 6.02 Xungen – Falling Leaves Return to Their Roots 154 6.03 Building Links 156 6.04 OC Youth Work 158 6.05 PRC OC Youth Work 161 6.06 Comparison of Youth Work 162 6.07 Development of Youth Work 164 6.08 Soft Power and the OC Media 166 6.09 Borrowing Ships to Go to Sea 168 6.10 Managing OC Reporters 172 6.11 New Technology: Television and Radio 175 6.12 Qiaowu and the Internet 177 6.13 Conclusion 180 iii 7.00 External Work: Threats & Challenges 182 7.01 Co-optation 184 7.02 Coercion of the OC 189 7.03 The OC Pro-Democracy Movement 190 7.04 Grand Unification Nationalism 192 7.05 Challenging Taiwanese Independence 193 7.06 Winning Over the Middle Elements 195 7.07 Transformation Work 198 7.08 A Conditional Relationship 201 7.09 Falun Gong (FLG) 203 7.10 The CCP’s Iron Fist 204 7.11 Independence Movements 206 7.12 Chinese Unity and the Minority OC 208 7.13 Cracking Down on ‘Terrorists’ 209 7.14 Conclusion 210 8.00 External Work: Diplomatic Assistance 212 8.01 The PRC and Its Protection of the OC 212 8.02 1998 Indonesian Riots: A Turning Point in OC Affairs 217 8.03 ROC Protection for OC 220 8.04 Modern PRC Diplomatic Protection 224 8.05 The Limits of PRC Consular Assistance 230 8.06 OC Protection and China’s International Relations 233 8.07 Conclusion 236 9.00 The Future of Qiaowu 238 9.01 Export of Labour 239 9.02 Qiaowu in the Pacific 241 9.03 Illegal Migration in the Pacific 244 9.04 Passing On Responsibility for Migrant Behaviour and Illegal Migration 246 9.05 PRC Views on Illegal Migration 249 9.06 ‘Unqualified’ Chinese 250 9.07 Raising China’s Image: Getting Along Together 253 9.08 Consolidation of the OC 256 9.09 Capacity Building 261 9.10 Conclusion 265 10.00 Conclusion 267 10.01 From Strength to Strength: The Evolution of Qiaowu 268 10.02 Consolidating Power and Eliminating Rivals 269 10.03 The Rise of China and the OC 270 10.04 Implications for the World 271 10.05 Conclusion 273 11.00 Bibliography 275 iv Acknowledgements This thesis is the product of five years of intensive research into a subject that is very close to my heart. It first began as a study of finding my own identity as an ethnic Chinese person living in New Zealand. My research then gradually took on a regional focus by examining case studies throughout the Pacific. In the end, it evolved into an overall examination of the ramifications and implications of the connections between the overseas Chinese, China and Taiwan in an international context. Several of the examples cited come from my own firsthand experience in the OC community and my participation in international OC organizations, but I attribute many of my findings to my vast network of family, friends, and colleagues throughout New Zealand and around the world. Firstly, I would like to acknowledge and thank my primary supervisor Assoc. Prof. Anne-Marie Brady. She has provided me with plenty of encouragement and constructive comments and criticism over the years. She was instrumental in patiently guiding me through my research methodology – particularly in finding my focus, highlighting the crucial aspects of my topic, offering advice for accessing essential data, and giving me the opportunities to present my research to a wider audience. I also wish to thank my secondary supervisors: Assoc. Prof. John Henderson, who introduced me to the topic of China in the Pacific, and has since provided useful advice concerning my thesis presentation; and Assoc. Prof. Alex Tan, who offered inspiration and ideas in the early days of my research – particularly with connecting me with his contacts in Taiwan. It was a great privilege to study under the guidance of such a knowledgeable supervisory team. I am also grateful to those who kindly assisted my research through interviews and correspondence. Without their input, this work would have been impossible to complete. Of particular mention, I wish to thank the academics and qiaowu cadres who provided me with vital primary and secondary source information during fieldwork in Beijing and Guangzhou. I would also like to thank the many diplomats, experts and representatives of various organizations who placed their confidence in me by offering important information and interesting practical examples in a professional and responsible manner. My thanks also go to the secretary of the School of Political Science, Mrs Jill Dolby. She has always been kind and helpful with sorting out any problems I may have had, and making many useful suggestions. Finally, I would like to make a special acknowledgement to the Poll Tax Heritage Trust, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the Asia New Zealand Foundation and the New Zealand Asia Studies Society for granting funding towards travel and accommodation expenses associated with the research. v Abstract Following the violent crackdown on students demonstrating in Tiananmen Square in June 1989, tens of thousands of sympathetic ethnic Chinese and nationals of the People’s Republic of China (PRC) from across the globe (hereafter described as the Overseas Chinese or OC1) unified in protest against the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). While some were too afraid to speak out, others were much more critical and antagonistic by calling for democratic reform on the mainland.2 Fearing an escalation of anti-CCP sentiment amongst a diaspora crucial to its national interests, Beijing promptly intensified qiaowu gongzuo (hereafter described as qiaowu or OC work) to deal with the precarious situation. It employed a foreign legion of diplomats, attaches from various government ministries and specialist qiaowu cadres to aggressively manage and control strategic OC communities under a comprehensive set of influential tools and persuasive techniques.3 Over the next two decades, the CCP continually developed and improved qiaowu to the extent that it had become more successful with these methods in the current period than any other era – particularly so with new migrants and PRC students. Such prowess became apparent in 2008, when large numbers of the OC again took to the streets in heated protest.
Recommended publications
  • Chen Xitong Report on Putting Down Anti
    Recent Publications The June Turbulence in Beijing How Chinese View the Riot in Beijing Fourth Plenary Session of the CPC Central Committee Report on Down Anti-Government Riot Retrospective After the Storm VOA Disgraces Itself Report on Checking the Turmoil and Quelling the Counter-Revolutionary Rebellion June 30, 1989 Chen Xitong, State Councillor and Mayor of Beijing New Star Publishers Beijing 1989 Report on Checking the Turmoil and Quelling the Counter-Revolutionary Rebellion From June 29 to July 7 the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress - the standing organization of the highest organ of state power in the People's Republic of China - held the eighth meeting of the Seventh National People's Congress in Beijing. One of the topics for discussing at the meeting was a report on checking the turmoil and quelling the counter-revolutionary rebellion in Beijirig. The report by state councillor and mayor of Beijing Chen Xitong explained in detail the process by which a small group of people made use of the student unrest in Beijing and turned it into a counter-revolutionary rebellion by mid-June. It gave a detailed account of the nature of the riot, its severe conse- quence and the efforts made by troops enforcing _martial law, with the help of Beijing residents to quell the riot. The report exposed the behind-the-scene activities of people who stub- bornly persisted in opposing the Chinese Communist Party and socialism as well as the small handful of organizers and schemers of the riot; their collaboration with antagonistic forces at home and abroad; and the atrocities committed by former criminals in beating, looting, burning and First Edition 1989 killing in the riot.
    [Show full text]
  • Confession, Redemption, and Death: Liu Xiaobo and the Protest Movement of 1989
    Confession, Redemption, and Death: Liu Xiaobo and the Protest Movement of 1989 Geremie Barmé1 There should be room for my extremism; I certainly don’t demand of others that they be like me... I’m pessimistic about mankind in general, but my pessimism does not allow for escape. Even though I might be faced with nothing but a series of tragedies, I will still struggle, still show my opposition. This is why I like Nietzsche and dislike Schopenhauer. Liu Xiaobo, November 19882 I FROM 1988 to early 1989, it was a common sentiment in Beijing that China was in crisis. Economic reform was faltering due to the lack of a coherent program of change or a unified approach to reforms among Chinese leaders and ambitious plans to free prices resulted in widespread panic over inflation; the question of political succession to Deng Xiaoping had taken alarming precedence once more as it became clear that Zhao Ziyang was under attack; nepotism was rife within the Party and corporate economy; egregious corruption and inflation added to dissatisfaction with educational policies and the feeling of hopelessness among intellectuals and university students who had profited little from the reforms; and the general state of cultural malaise and social ills combined to create a sense of impending doom. On top of this, the government seemed unwilling or incapable of attempting to find any new solutions to these problems. It enlisted once more the aid of propaganda, empty slogans, and rhetoric to stave off the mounting crisis. University students in Beijing appeared to be particularly heavy casualties of the general malaise.
    [Show full text]
  • SOUTH KOREA BETWEEN EAGLE and DRAGON Perceptual Ambivalence and Strategic Dilemma
    SOUTH KOREA BETWEEN EAGLE AND DRAGON Perceptual Ambivalence and Strategic Dilemma Jae Ho Chung The decade of the 1990s began with the demise of the Soviet empire and the subsequent retreat of Russia from the center stage of Northeast Asia, leaving the United States in a search to adjust its policies in the region. The “rise of China,” escalating cross-strait tension since 1995, North Korea’s nuclear brinkmanship and missile challenges, latent irreden- tism, and the pivotal economic importance of Northeast Asia have all led the United States to re-emphasize its role and involvement in the region.1 This redefinition of the American mission has in turn led to the consolidation of the U.S.-Japan alliance, exemplified by the 1997 Defense Guideline revision, as well as to the establishment of trilateral consultative organizations such as the Trilateral Coordination and Oversight Group (TCOG) among the U.S., Japan, and South Korea. The increasingly proactive posture by the U.S. has, however, generated grave strategic concerns on the part of China and Russia, which have sought to circumscribe America’s hegemonic parameters in Asia both bilaterally and multilaterally (i.e., the formation of the “Shanghai Six” and the Boao Asia Forum, as well as China’s call for an Association of Southeast Asian Nations Jae Ho Chung is Associate Professor of International Relations, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. The author wishes to thank Bruce J. Dickson and Wu Xinbo for their helpful comments on an earlier version. Asian Survey, 41:5, pp. 777–796. ISSN: 0004–4687 Ó 2001 by The Regents of the University of California.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 May 2016 U.S.-Japan-China Trilateral Report by Sheila Smith
    May 2016 U.S.-Japan-China Trilateral Report By Sheila Smith June 2016 Introduction The Forum on Asia-Pacific Security (FAPS) of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy (NCAFP) hosted a one-and-a-half day Track 1.5 meeting in New York City on May 24-25, 2016, with participants from the United States, Japan and China. The participant list for the trilateral meeting appears in the appendix. This report is not so much an effort to summarize the rich discussion at the trilateral meetings, as it is an effort to analyze the complex and fragile nature of trilateral relations today and to offer suggestions to all three sides for improvement in their ties with each other. In contrast to our November 2015 report, which focused on the interactions between and among the bilateral relationships that comprise this trilateral, this meeting focused on the changing regional security balance and the tension between national strategies and regional institutions which might impede cooperation in resolving the growing tensions in the Asia-Pacific. I. Context Japan, China, and the United States once again found common purpose in the wake of North Korean nuclear and missile tests in early 2016. Pyongyang’s continued insistence on developing a nuclear arsenal resulted in a new United Nations Security Council resolution and stronger sanctions on the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK). China took some time to agree, prompting concerns yet again in Tokyo and Washington that Beijing was reluctant to punish Kim Jong Un for his belligerence. After Special Representative for Korean Peninsula Affairs Wu Dawei visited Pyongyang in early February,1 Beijing’s position solidified, however, and China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi visited Washington, DC three weeks later to meet U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Hong Kong SAR
    China Data Supplement November 2006 J People’s Republic of China J Hong Kong SAR J Macau SAR J Taiwan ISSN 0943-7533 China aktuell Data Supplement – PRC, Hong Kong SAR, Macau SAR, Taiwan 1 Contents The Main National Leadership of the PRC 2 LIU Jen-Kai The Main Provincial Leadership of the PRC 30 LIU Jen-Kai Data on Changes in PRC Main Leadership 37 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Agreements with Foreign Countries 47 LIU Jen-Kai PRC Laws and Regulations 50 LIU Jen-Kai Hong Kong SAR 54 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Macau SAR 61 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai Taiwan 65 Political, Social and Economic Data LIU Jen-Kai ISSN 0943-7533 All information given here is derived from generally accessible sources. Publisher/Distributor: GIGA Institute of Asian Affairs Rothenbaumchaussee 32 20148 Hamburg Germany Phone: +49 (0 40) 42 88 74-0 Fax: +49 (040) 4107945 2 November 2006 The Main National Leadership of the PRC LIU Jen-Kai Abbreviations and Explanatory Notes CCP CC Chinese Communist Party Central Committee CCa Central Committee, alternate member CCm Central Committee, member CCSm Central Committee Secretariat, member PBa Politburo, alternate member PBm Politburo, member Cdr. Commander Chp. Chairperson CPPCC Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference CYL Communist Youth League Dep. P.C. Deputy Political Commissar Dir. Director exec. executive f female Gen.Man. General Manager Gen.Sec. General Secretary Hon.Chp. Honorary Chairperson H.V.-Chp. Honorary Vice-Chairperson MPC Municipal People’s Congress NPC National People’s Congress PCC Political Consultative Conference PLA People’s Liberation Army Pol.Com.
    [Show full text]
  • Las Literaturas China Y Española Frente a Frente: Recepción, Influencias Y Perspectivas
    UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Lengua Española y Teoría de la Literatura TESIS DOCTORAL Las literaturas china y española frente a frente: recepción, influencias y perspectivas MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTORA PRESENTADA POR Min Sun Directores Felipe González Alcázar Consuelo Marco Martínez Madrid Ed. electrónica 2019 © Min Sun, 2019 Tesis doctoral Las literaturas china y española frente a frente: recepción, influencias y perspectivas Min Sun Directores: Felipe González Alcázar y Consuelo Marco Martínez UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID Facultad de Filología UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE FILOLOGÍA Departamento de Lengua Española y Teoría de la Literatura TESIS DOCTORAL Las literaturas china y española frente a frente: recepción, influencias y perspectivas MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR MIN SUN Directores Felipe González Alcázar y Consuelo Marco Martínez Madrid, 2019 Facultad de Filología Departamento de Lengua Española y Teoría de la Literatura Las literaturas china y española frente a frente: recepción, influencias y perspectivas TESIS DOCTORAL Programa Oficial de Doctorado en Estudios literarios Doctoranda: Min Sun Directores: Felipe González Alcázar y Consuelo Marco Martínez Madrid, 2019 A mis padres ÍNDICE Agradecimientos .................................................................................................... I RESUMEN EN ESPAÑOL ................................................................................ III RESUMEN EN INGLÉS /DISSERTATION
    [Show full text]
  • Pacific News from Manoa
    UNI V tH~ l I Y OF HAWAII LI BRARY Pacific News from Manoa NEWSLETTER OF THE CENTER FOR PACIFIC ISLANDS STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF HAWAl'I No. 2 April-June 2004 INSIDE News in Brief ........................•....................... 2 CULTURE MOVES!-CENTER'S Sima Urale to Be Writer-in-Residence ................. 2 CONFERENCE IN 2005 Enhancing Care for Marshallese Patients ............ 3 The 2005 Center for Pacific Islands Studies Pan-Pacific Club Active on Campus .................. 3 conference, "Culture Moves! Dance in Oceania from Jobwa Dance Performed in .Honolulu ................ 4 Hiva to Hip Hop," will be held 9-12 November at Interdisciplinary Pacific Studies, UCSC .............. 4 the National Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Heyum Scholarship Awarded .............•............• 4 Tongarewa in Wellington. It will be cosponsored and Visitors to the C~nter ...................................... 5 organized by Pacific Studies at Victoria University of Occasional Seminan and Presentations .............. 5 Wellington in conjunction with the museum. The The Contemporary Pacific: Special Offer ........... 6 gathering will encompass traditional, contemporary, Moving Images Database Updated .................... 6 and hip-hop dance and include three nights and one Faculty Activities ........................................... 7 day of performances by professional, high school, Student and Alumni Activities ........................... 8 · and community groups, as well as individuals. During Publications and Moving Images ....................... 9
    [Show full text]
  • Asia, International Drug Trafficking, and Us-China Counternarcotics
    THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION CENTER FOR NORTHEAST ASIAN POLICY STUDIES ASIA, INTERNATIONAL DRUG TRAFFICKING, AND U.S.-CHINA COUNTERNARCOTICS COOPERATION Zhang Yong-an Associate Professor and Associate Dean, College of Liberal Arts; and Executive Director, David F. Musto Center for Drug Policy Studies Shanghai University February 2012 THE BROOKINGS INSTITUTION 1775 Massachusetts Avenue, NW Washington D.C. 20036-2188 Tel: (202)797-6000 Fax: (202)797-2485 http://www.brookings.edu 1. Introduction The end of the Cold War may have heralded an end to certain tensions, but among other unforeseen effects it also precipitated a significant increase in the flow of illegal drugs across traditional national boundaries. International travel has become easier in an increasingly borderless world, and―although international drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) have never respected national boundaries―newly globalized markets for drug production and exportation, along with changing patterns of consumption in some societies, have had an enormous impact on drug trafficking. In short, the global market for illicit drugs, and the capacity of providers to deliver to this market, is expanding inexorably around the world. What was once called “the American disease”1 has become a global one. 2 The international community first took an interest in the Asian drug trade at the beginning of the 20th century. The Shanghai Opium Commission in 1909 was the first attempt at regulating drug trade in the region, as countries including the United States, Great Britain, China, Japan, and Russia convened to discuss the growing trafficking of opium. Since then, numerous measures have been adopted by individual countries and collectively to curb the illegal drug trade.
    [Show full text]
  • The Analects of Confucius
    The analecTs of confucius An Online Teaching Translation 2015 (Version 2.21) R. Eno © 2003, 2012, 2015 Robert Eno This online translation is made freely available for use in not for profit educational settings and for personal use. For other purposes, apart from fair use, copyright is not waived. Open access to this translation is provided, without charge, at http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23420 Also available as open access translations of the Four Books Mencius: An Online Teaching Translation http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23421 Mencius: Translation, Notes, and Commentary http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23423 The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean: An Online Teaching Translation http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23422 The Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean: Translation, Notes, and Commentary http://hdl.handle.net/2022/23424 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION i MAPS x BOOK I 1 BOOK II 5 BOOK III 9 BOOK IV 14 BOOK V 18 BOOK VI 24 BOOK VII 30 BOOK VIII 36 BOOK IX 40 BOOK X 46 BOOK XI 52 BOOK XII 59 BOOK XIII 66 BOOK XIV 73 BOOK XV 82 BOOK XVI 89 BOOK XVII 94 BOOK XVIII 100 BOOK XIX 104 BOOK XX 109 Appendix 1: Major Disciples 112 Appendix 2: Glossary 116 Appendix 3: Analysis of Book VIII 122 Appendix 4: Manuscript Evidence 131 About the title page The title page illustration reproduces a leaf from a medieval hand copy of the Analects, dated 890 CE, recovered from an archaeological dig at Dunhuang, in the Western desert regions of China. The manuscript has been determined to be a school boy’s hand copy, complete with errors, and it reproduces not only the text (which appears in large characters), but also an early commentary (small, double-column characters).
    [Show full text]
  • The Bolshevil{S and the Chinese Revolution 1919-1927 Chinese Worlds
    The Bolshevil{s and the Chinese Revolution 1919-1927 Chinese Worlds Chinese Worlds publishes high-quality scholarship, research monographs, and source collections on Chinese history and society from 1900 into the next century. "Worlds" signals the ethnic, cultural, and political multiformity and regional diversity of China, the cycles of unity and division through which China's modern history has passed, and recent research trends toward regional studies and local issues. It also signals that Chineseness is not contained within territorial borders ­ overseas Chinese communities in all countries and regions are also "Chinese worlds". The editors see them as part of a political, economic, social, and cultural continuum that spans the Chinese mainland, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, South­ East Asia, and the world. The focus of Chinese Worlds is on modern politics and society and history. It includes both history in its broader sweep and specialist monographs on Chinese politics, anthropology, political economy, sociology, education, and the social­ science aspects of culture and religions. The Literary Field of New Fourth Artny Twentieth-Century China Communist Resistance along the Edited by Michel Hockx Yangtze and the Huai, 1938-1941 Gregor Benton Chinese Business in Malaysia Accumulation, Ascendance, A Road is Made Accommodation Communism in Shanghai 1920-1927 Edmund Terence Gomez Steve Smith Internal and International Migration The Bolsheviks and the Chinese Chinese Perspectives Revolution 1919-1927 Edited by Frank N Pieke and Hein Mallee
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand corner and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 Order Number 9120640 Society, state, and electronic media policy: The introduction of cable to Taiwan Chang, Chung-jen, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1991 UMI 300 N.
    [Show full text]
  • They Came in Ships: Imperialism, Migration and Asian Diasporas in the 19Th Century
    CENTRE FOR RESEARCH ON LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN THEY CAME IN SHIPS: IMPERIALISM, MIGRATION AND ASIAN DIASPORAS IN THE 19TH CENTURY The Seventh Jagan Lecture Presented at York University on October 20, 2007 By Walton Look Lai (Retired Lecturer in the History Department of the University of the West Indies in Trinidad) CERLAC Colloquia Paper November 2007 THE JAGAN LECTURES SERIES The Jagan Lectures commemorate the life and vision of the late Dr. Cheddi Jagan, Caribbean thinker, politician, and political visionary. The series of annual lectures is founded upon the idea that the many and varied dimensions of Chedii Jagan’s belief in the possibility of a New Global Human Order should be publicly acknowledged as part of his permanent legacy to the world. CERLAC COLLOQUIA PAPER The CERLAC Colloquia Paper Series includes versions of papers prepared by CERLAC associates or resulting from CERLAC projects and colloquia that may be slated for publication elsewhere. All responsibility for views and analysis lies with the author (s). Authors welcome feedback and comments. Reproduction: All rights reserved to the author (s). Reproduction in whole or in part of this work is allowed for research and education purposes as long as no fee is charged beyond shipping, handling and reproduction costs. Reproduction for commercial purposes is not allowed. Ordering Information: Papers can be ordered from CERLAC. Cost per single paper is $8.00 to cover shipping and handling. For orders of 10 papers or more a discount is available. Send cheque or money order
    [Show full text]