Susceptibility of Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras to Global Extinction
CHAPTER FOUR Susceptibility of Sharks, Rays and Chimaeras to Global Extinction Iain C. Field,*,†,1 Mark G. Meekan,†,2 Rik C. Buckworth,‡ and Corey J. A. Bradshaw§,} Contents 1. Introduction 277 1.1. Aims 280 2. Chondrichthyan Life History 281 2.1. Niche breadth 281 2.2. Age and growth 282 2.3. Reproduction and survival 283 3. Past and Present Threats 284 3.1. Fishing 284 3.2. Beach meshing 305 3.3. Habitat loss 306 3.4. Pollution and non-indigenous species 306 4. Chondrichthyan Extinction Risk 308 4.1. Drivers of threat risk in chondrichthyans and teleosts 309 4.2. Global distribution of threatened chondrichthyan taxa 310 4.3. Ecological, life history and human-relationship attributes 313 4.4. Threat risk analysis 317 4.5. Modelling results 320 4.6. Relative threat risk of chondrichthyans and teleosts 326 5. Implications of Chondrichthyan Species Loss on Ecosystem Structure, Function and Stability 328 5.1. Ecosystem roles of predators 328 * School for Environmental Research, Institute of Advanced Studies, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory 0909, Australia { Australian Institute of Marine Science, Casuarina MC, Northern Territory 0811, Australia { Fisheries, Northern Territory Department of Primary Industries, Fisheries and Mines, Darwin, Northern Territory 0801, Australia } The Environment Institute and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia } South Australian Research and Development Institute, Henley Beach, South Australia 5022, Australia 1 Present address: Graduate School of the Environment, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia 2 Present address: Australian Institute of Marine Science, University of Western Australia Ocean Sciences Institute (MO96), Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia Advances in Marine Biology, Volume 56 # 2009 Elsevier Ltd.
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