Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease

Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease A Field and Laboratory Manual Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease A Field and Laboratory Manual Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease A Field and Laboratory Manual Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease A Field and Laboratory Manual Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease A Field and Laboratory Manual Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease A Field and Laboratory Manual 2 Ecology and Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease III Ilaria Capua · Dennis J. Alexander Editors Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease A Field and Laboratory Manual Foreword by Joseph Domenech and Bernard Vallat IV D.J. Alexander Editors Ilaria Capua Dennis J. Alexander Head, Virology Department Former Director EU Director, OIE/FAO and OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Newcastle Disease Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Veterinary Laboratory Agencies Legnaro, Padua, Italy Weybridge, UK [email protected] [email protected] The Editors and the Publishers wish to thank Papi Editore for the permission to re-use part of the figures published in the volume A colour Atlas and Text on Avian Influenza (I. Capua, F. Mutinelli). © 2001, Papi Editore Cover illustration: courtesy of Amelio Meini ISBN 978-88-470-0825-0 Springer Milan Berlin Heidelberg New York e-ISBN 978-88-470-0826-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008937917 Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com © Springer-Verlag Italia 2009 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the Italian Copy- right Law in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecu- tion under the Italian Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc., in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover design: Simona Colombo, Milan, Italy Typesetting: C & G di Cerri e Galassi, Cremona, Italy Printer: Printer Trento Srl, Trento Printed in Italy Springer-Verlag Italia, Via Decembrio 28, I-20137 Milan, Italy This atlas is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Giovanni Vincenzi, former Head of the Veterinary Services of the Veneto Region, Italy, as a heartfelt acknowledgement of his invaluable contribution to the field of veterinary public health. 2 Ecology and Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease VII Foreword The farming of poultry is one of the primary means of supplying human beings with high quality protein. As a consequence, over the last century or so, there has been a shift in industrialised and in several developing countries from predominantly rural farming to intensive large-scale poultry farming. Viral diseases are very common in poultry but, due to the non-pathognomonic char- acteristics of their signs and lesions, they are frequently misdiagnosed. Infections of poultry with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus or Newcastle disease (ND) virus are generally accompanied by high mortality and severe economic losses for the poultry industry, not only from the loss of animals as a direct result of disease but also from trade restrictions and embargoes that may be imposed. In addition, some strains of HPAI have implications for human health. ND and HPAI are therefore considered the two most important diseases of poultry. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) have always recognised the critical nature of these diseases and have thus responded to epidemics in a proactive manner, issuing guidelines and recommendations, organising missions to countries where disease oc- curs to assess and evaluate situations and providing expertise and support to member countries. In recognition of the challenge faced by the veterinary community to improve the animal health status worldwide, this manual has been produced as an instrument to support laboratories as well as official and private veterinary services in the diagnosis and management of outbreaks of avian influenza and ND. An improved diagnostic effort car- ried out at a global level will inevitably translate into improved control strategies, re- sulting in increased food security and in maintaining the profitability of the poultry industry within a healthy environment for both humans and animals. Joseph Domenech Bernard Vallat Chief Veterinary Officer Director General Food and Agriculture Organization World Organisation for of the United Nations (FAO) Animal Health (OIE) Introductory Remarks This publication is a testimony to the efforts made by the staff of the International OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory (IRL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe) in Padua, Italy, over the past few years in response to the global avian influenza crisis. Virologists, diagnosticians, molecular biologists and epidemiologists working at the IRL have assembled information collected in globally managing and diagnosing outbreaks not only of avian influenza but also of Newcastle disease, with the aim of improving animal and public health. We would like to express our sincere thanks to all members of the IZSVe staff involved in this project, to Dr. D.J. Alexander for his guidance and contribu- tions and to Dr. B.Vallat and Dr. A. Petrini of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) for their time and support. This publication would have not been possible with- out the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the European Commission, the Italian Ministry of Health and the Health and Vete- rinary Services of the Veneto Region, which have promoted and financially sustained the IRL through dedicated projects focusing on international collaboration. We are also very grateful to all of our international collaborators for supplying the figures and tables that make this publication unique. Giuseppe Dalla Pozza President Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Igino Andrighetto Stefano Marangon Director General Director of Science Istituto Zooprofilattico Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Sperimentale delle Venezie cont. X Introductory Remarks I am honoured to be able to introduce this publication, as it is a tangible reflection of the levels of excellence reached by Italian scientists working in veterinary public health. The Italian, OIE and FAO Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian In- fluenza, based at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy, is internationally recognised as one of the leading research and diagnostic laboratories in this field. It has led the way in the achievement of several breakthroughs in its ar- eas of expertise, including vaccination strategies for the control and eradication of no- tifiable avian influenza, and in the creation of an international campaign, involving medical and veterinary research institutes, for sharing genetic data obtained from avian influenza isolates. In addition, the institute has supported and sustained diagnostic and research efforts throughout the world, particularly on the African continent, in Central Asia and in the Middle East, thereby generating data of relevance for the entire international scientific community in its efforts to manage the avian influenza threat. The global network established in response to the H5N1 crisis, and especially the cooper- ation of Mediterranean, African and Arab countries, has paved the way for productive collaborations in all aspects of veterinary public health and for continued progress in the overall objective of improving public health worldwide. Romano Marabelli Italian Chief Veterinary Officer This publication follows a first volume on this topic, entitled “An Atlas and Text on Avian Influenza”, published with the support of the Veneto Region in 2001. The first edition served to disseminate information collected by the staff of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie during the Italian 1999–2000 H7N1 avian influenza epidemic— the forerunner to a series of devastating epidemics in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Ilaria Capua and her scientific team, in collaboration with Dennis Alexander, have collected data generated on a global level between 1999 and 2008 on avian influenza and Newcastle disease infections. Information on epidemiology, clinical signs, patholo- gy, laboratory techniques and a vast collection of figures and tables have been assembled skilfully in this publication, aimed at supporting the efforts of diagnosticians, scientists and veterinary officers in their management of these infections. We would like to join the authors in acknowledging the role of Dr. Giovanni Vin- cenzi, to whom this book is dedicated,

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