Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease

Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease A Field and Laboratory Manual Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease A Field and Laboratory Manual Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease A Field and Laboratory Manual Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease A Field and Laboratory Manual Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease A Field and Laboratory Manual Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease A Field and Laboratory Manual 2 Ecology and Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease III

Ilaria Capua · Dennis J. Alexander Editors

A Field and Laboratory Manual

Foreword by Joseph Domenech and Bernard Vallat IV D.J. Alexander

Editors Ilaria Capua Dennis J. Alexander Head, Virology Department Former Director EU Director, OIE/FAO and OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza Newcastle Disease Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Veterinary Laboratory Agencies Legnaro, Padua, Italy Weybridge, UK [email protected] [email protected]

The Editors and the Publishers wish to thank Papi Editore for the permission to re-use part of the figures published in the volume A colour Atlas and Text on Avian Influenza (I. Capua, F. Mutinelli). © 2001, Papi Editore

Cover illustration: courtesy of Amelio Meini

ISBN 978-88-470-0825-0 Springer Milan Berlin Heidelberg New York e-ISBN 978-88-470-0826-7

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Cover design: Simona Colombo, Milan, Italy Typesetting: C & G di Cerri e Galassi, Cremona, Italy Printer: Printer Trento Srl, Trento

Printed in Italy Springer-Verlag Italia, Via Decembrio 28, I-20137 Milan, Italy This atlas is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Giovanni Vincenzi, former Head of the Veterinary Services of the Veneto Region, Italy, as a heartfelt acknowledgement of his invaluable contribution to the field of veterinary public health. 2 Ecology and Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease VII

Foreword

The farming of poultry is one of the primary means of supplying human beings with high quality protein. As a consequence, over the last century or so, there has been a shift in industrialised and in several developing countries from predominantly rural farming to intensive large-scale poultry farming. Viral diseases are very common in poultry but, due to the non-pathognomonic char- acteristics of their signs and lesions, they are frequently misdiagnosed. Infections of poultry with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus or Newcastle disease (ND) virus are generally accompanied by high mortality and severe economic losses for the poultry industry, not only from the loss of animals as a direct result of disease but also from trade restrictions and embargoes that may be imposed. In addition, some strains of HPAI have implications for human health. ND and HPAI are therefore considered the two most important diseases of poultry. The Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) have always recognised the critical nature of these diseases and have thus responded to epidemics in a proactive manner, issuing guidelines and recommendations, organising missions to countries where disease oc- curs to assess and evaluate situations and providing expertise and support to member countries. In recognition of the challenge faced by the veterinary community to improve the animal health status worldwide, this manual has been produced as an instrument to support laboratories as well as official and private veterinary services in the diagnosis and management of outbreaks of avian influenza and ND. An improved diagnostic effort car- ried out at a global level will inevitably translate into improved control strategies, re- sulting in increased food security and in maintaining the profitability of the poultry industry within a healthy environment for both humans and animals.

Joseph Domenech Bernard Vallat Chief Veterinary Officer Director General Food and Agriculture Organization World Organisation for of the United Nations (FAO) Animal Health (OIE) Introductory Remarks

This publication is a testimony to the efforts made by the staff of the International OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory (IRL) for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe) in Padua, Italy, over the past few years in response to the global avian influenza crisis. Virologists, diagnosticians, molecular biologists and epidemiologists working at the IRL have assembled information collected in globally managing and diagnosing outbreaks not only of avian influenza but also of Newcastle disease, with the aim of improving animal and public health. We would like to express our sincere thanks to all members of the IZSVe staff involved in this project, to Dr. D.J. Alexander for his guidance and contribu- tions and to Dr. B.Vallat and Dr. A. Petrini of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) for their time and support. This publication would have not been possible with- out the support of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the European Commission, the Italian Ministry of Health and the Health and Vete- rinary Services of the Veneto Region, which have promoted and financially sustained the IRL through dedicated projects focusing on international collaboration. We are also very grateful to all of our international collaborators for supplying the figures and tables that make this publication unique.

Giuseppe Dalla Pozza President Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie

Igino Andrighetto Stefano Marangon Director General Director of Science Istituto Zooprofilattico Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie Sperimentale delle Venezie

cont. X Introductory Remarks

I am honoured to be able to introduce this publication, as it is a tangible reflection of the levels of excellence reached by Italian scientists working in veterinary public health. The Italian, OIE and FAO Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian In- fluenza, based at the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padua, Italy, is internationally recognised as one of the leading research and diagnostic laboratories in this field. It has led the way in the achievement of several breakthroughs in its ar- eas of expertise, including vaccination strategies for the control and eradication of no- tifiable avian influenza, and in the creation of an international campaign, involving medical and veterinary research institutes, for sharing genetic data obtained from avian influenza isolates. In addition, the institute has supported and sustained diagnostic and research efforts throughout the world, particularly on the African continent, in Central Asia and in the Middle East, thereby generating data of relevance for the entire international scientific community in its efforts to manage the avian influenza threat. The global network established in response to the H5N1 crisis, and especially the cooper- ation of Mediterranean, African and Arab countries, has paved the way for productive collaborations in all aspects of veterinary public health and for continued progress in the overall objective of improving public health worldwide.

Romano Marabelli Italian Chief Veterinary Officer

This publication follows a first volume on this topic, entitled “An Atlas and Text on Avian Influenza”, published with the support of the Veneto Region in 2001. The first edition served to disseminate information collected by the staff of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie during the Italian 1999–2000 H7N1 avian influenza epidemic— the forerunner to a series of devastating epidemics in Europe, the Americas, Asia and Africa. Ilaria Capua and her scientific team, in collaboration with Dennis Alexander, have collected data generated on a global level between 1999 and 2008 on avian influenza and Newcastle disease infections. Information on epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology, laboratory techniques and a vast collection of figures and tables have been assembled skilfully in this publication, aimed at supporting the efforts of diagnosticians, scientists and veterinary officers in their management of these infections. We would like to join the authors in acknowledging the role of Dr. Giovanni Vin- cenzi, to whom this book is dedicated, for his pivotal role in managing the animal health crises that affected Northeastern Italy during his time in office. We are grateful to the editors and authors of this publication for their efforts in this endeavour, which will certainly become an essential guide to combat avian influenza and Newcastle disease at a global level.

Giancarlo Galan Elena Donazzan Governor, Veneto Region Chief Veterinary Health Authority Veneto Region 2 Ecology and Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease XI

Preface

In recent times, the worldwide spread of avian influenza (AI) viruses, particularly specific highly pathogenic AI viruses of H5N1 subtype, have put the livelihood of small rural poultry establishments, which historically had been threatened primarily by New- castle disease (ND) viruses, at even greater risk. The occurrence of these two infections on a global scale is also threatening intensive poultry-farming systems and free- range establishments. These diseases have several traits in common, including high flock mortality and certain clinical and pathological findings, and therefore may easily be misdiagnosed or confused with each other or with other viral or bacterial diseases. In order to reduce the impact and spread of AI and ND, it is imperative that the disease is diagnosed properly and that appropriate measures are implemented to con- tain infection and, ultimately, eradicate the virus from an infected area. Both diseases have been shown to spread easily across boundaries and throughout entire continents. Thus, information on their epidemiology is essential to improve existing guidelines on their control. This manual was conceived as a result of our efforts in directing international reference laboratories, thus gaining experience and information from outbreaks in many countries of the world. Our intention was to provide veterinarians and technicians with a field and laboratory manual containing all information relevant to the diagnosis and management of an AI or ND outbreak. In addition we have included information to support veterinary authorities in management issues. The Cd-Rom that is included in this publication has been developed to supply train- ers and university teachers with slides and videoclips of field and experimental infections; this will allow students and trainees to visualize the clinical and pathological traits of AI and ND. In addition PDF files of protocols and epidemiological in- quiry forms may be downloaded for use. We are confident that this publication will be useful to the different professions involved in the farming of birds. Ultimately we are convinced that through improved communication and diagnosis there will be a greater availability of information essential for an improved understanding of the ecology, epidemiology and animal and human health implications of these diseases.

Ilaria Capua Dennis J. Alexander Acknowledgements

The editors and authors gratefully acknowledge the contribution of Giovanni Ortali, Veniero Furlattini, Anna Toffan, Roberta De Nardi, Ezio Bianchi, Francesco Prandini, Filippo Cilloni and of all those who have supplied the images included in this manual. We are very thankful to Roberta Bassan, Anna Bidese, Marilena Campisi, Michaela Mandelli and Marta Vettore for their organisational and secretarial support. Our special thanks are for Amelio Meini for his sketches and drawings and for the painting on the cover. The editors and authors wish also to express their grateful thanks to the following colleagues for the permission to reproduce in the book scientific images and line-drawings of their property:

Nadim Mukhles Amarin Boehringer Ingelheim, Middle East Regional Office, Dubai, UAE

Daniel Baroux Laboratoire Départemental d’Analyses de l’Ain, Chemin de la Miche 01000 Bourg en Bresse, France

Caroline Brojer Department of Wildlife, Fish and Enviroment, National Veterinary Institute (SVA) SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden

Corrie Brown Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602-7388, Greece

Antonio Camarda Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Dipartimento di Sanità e Benessere Animale, Sezione Patologie Aviarie, Str. Prov. per Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy

Ahmed Abd ElKarim Private Consultant, Giza, Cairo, Egypt

Victor Irza Federal Centre for Animal Health (FGI-ARRIAH), Russian Federation

Desiree Jansson Department of Poultry, SVA, 75189 Uppsala, Sweden

Walid Hamdy Kilany Animal Health Research Institute, National Lab. for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Nadi El Saied st, Dokki, Giza, Egypt

Amelio Meini Intervet Italia, Via Tobagi 7, 20068 Peschiera Borromeo, Italy

Zenon Minta National Veterinary Research Institute, Al.Partyzantow, 57, Pulawy, PL-24-100, Poland XIV Acknowledgements

Vladimir Savic Director of the Croatian Veterinary Institute, Head of the Poultry Cen- tre, Zagreb, Croatia

Thierry Van den Berg Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Center, Groeselenberg 99B-1180 Brussels, Belgium

A.H. Zahdeh Private Veterinarian, Jordan 2 Ecology and Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease XV

Contents

1 Ecology, Epidemiology and Human Health Implications of Avian Influenza Virus Infections ...... 1 Ilaria Capua and Dennis J. Alexander

2 Ecology and Epidemiology of Newcastle Disease ...... 19 Dennis J. Alexander

3 Notification of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) ...... 27 Antonio Petrini and Bernard Vallat

4 Emergency Response on Suspicion of an Avian Influenza or Newcastle Disease Outbreak ...... 31 Manuela Dalla Pozza and Stefano Marangon

5 Necropsy Techniques and Collection of Samples ...... 35 Calogero Terregino

6 Clinical Traits and Pathology of Avian Influenza Infections, Guidelines for Farm Visit and Differential Diagnosis ...... 45 Ilaria Capua and Calogero Terregino

7 Conventional Diagnosis of Avian Influenza ...... 73 Calogero Terregino and Ilaria Capua

8 Molecular Diagnosis of Avian Influenza ...... 87 Giovanni Cattoli and Isabella Monne

9 Clinical Traits and Pathology of Newcastle Disease Infection and Guidelines for Farm Visit and Differential Diagnosis ...... 113 Calogero Terregino and Ilaria Capua

10 Conventional Diagnosis of Newcastle Disease Virus Infection . . . 123 Calogero Terregino and Ilaria Capua

11 Molecular Diagnosis of Newcastle Disease Virus ...... 127 Giovanni Cattoli and Isabella Monne XVI Contents

12 General Rules for Decontamination Following an Outbreak of Avian Influenza or Newcastle Disease ...... 133 Maria Serena Beato and Paola De Benedictis

Websites ...... 151

Annex 1 Check List for Visit to Suspect Premise ...... 153 Manuela Dalla Pozza

Annex 2 Epidemiological Investigation Form for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Outbreaks ...... 155 Manuela Dalla Pozza

Annex 3 Biosafety Procedures ...... 169 William G. Dundon

Annex 4 Laboratory Solutions ...... 175 William G. Dundon

Annex 5 Guidelines for Shipping Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus Samples to OIE Reference Laboratories ...... 177 William G. Dundon

Subject Index ...... 183 Contributors

Dennis John Alexander, OBE, BTech, PhD, CBiol FIBiol, FRCPath, DSc, Former Director of the EU OIE/FAO Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, VLA Weybridge, KT15 3NB UK, [email protected]

Maria Serena Beato, DVM, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for New- castle Disease and Avian Influenza, Virology Department; Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy, [email protected]

Ilaria Capua, DVM, PhD, Head of Virology Department, Director of OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle, Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy, [email protected]

Giovanni Cattoli, DVM, PhD, Head of Research and Development Laboratory, Vi- rology Department, OIE/FAO and National, Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Dis- ease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy, [email protected]

Manuela Dalla Pozza, DVM, Epidemiplogy Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy, [email protected]

Paola De Benedictis, DVM, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova Italy, [email protected]

William G. Dundon, BA(mod), PhD, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Virology Department, Istituto Zooprofi- lattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy, [email protected]

Stefano Marangon, DVM, Director of Science, Istituto Zooprofilattico, Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy, [email protected]

Isabella Monne, DVM, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Research and Development Laboratory, Istituto Zoopro- filattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy, [email protected] XVIII Contributors

Antonio Petrini, DVM, Deputy Head Information Department, OIE, 12, Rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France, [email protected]

Calogero (Lillo) Terregino, DVM, PhD, Head of DiagnosticVirology, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle, Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zoopro- filattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy, [email protected]

Bernard Vallat, DVM, Director General, OIE, 12, Rue de Prony, 75017 Paris, France, [email protected]