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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Vasco Dominic REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Vasco Dominic ORGANISATION Reproductive organs which produce gametes and hormones. Reproductive tract consisting of ducts, store and transport gametes. Accessory glands and organs that secrete fluids into the ducts of the reproductive system or into other secretory ducts. Perineal structures associated with the reproductive system, collectively known as external genitalia. The male and female systems are functionally different. In the male the gonads are the testes that secrete androgens, principally testosterone and produce a half billion sperms per day. After storage the sperm travel along a lengthy duct and mixed with secretions of the glands to form semen. In the female the gonads are the ovaries which produce only one mature gamete per month. The oocyte travels via a short duct into the muscular uterus. THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM TESTES Each has the shape of a flattened egg rougly 5cm long, 3cm wide and 2.5 cms thick and weighs 10-15 gms. They hang within the scrotum. During development the testes form inside the body cavity adjacent to the kidneys. As the foetus grows they move inferiorly and anteriorly towards the anterior abdominal wall. The gubernaculum testis is a cord of connective tissue and muscle fibers that extend from the inferior part of each testis to the posterior wall of a small, inferior pocket of the peritoneum. As growth proceeds the gubernacula do not elongate and the testes are held in position. During the seventh developmental month: growth continues at a rapid pace, circulating hormones stimulate contraction of the gubernaculum testis. Over this period the testes move through the abdominal musculature accompanied by small pockets of the peritoneal cavity. This is known as the descent of the testes. As it moves in the body wall each testes is accompanied by ductus deferens, the testicular blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics bundled together within the spermatic cord. THE SPERMATIC CORDS They consist of layers of fascia, tough connective tissue and muscle enclosing blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics supplying each testes. Begins at the deep inguinal ring and extends in the inguinal canal and exits at the superficial inguinal ring, and descends to the testes. Each spermatic cord contains the ductus deferens, the testicular artery, the panpiniform, plexus of the testicular vein, and the illioinguinal canal and genitofemoral nerves from the lumbar plexus. The narrow canal linking the scrotal chambers with the peritoneal cavity are called the inguinal canals. These canals usually close but are weak points. THE SCROTUM It is divided internally into two chambers. Each testes occupies a separate compartment , scrotal cavity, with a narrow space separating the inner surface from the outer surface of the testis. The scrotum consists of a thin layer of skin and the underlying superficial fascia. The dermis of the scrotum contains a layer of smooth muscle the dartos muscle. Its contraction causes the characteristic wrinkling of the scrotal surface and assists in elevation of the testes. A layer of skeletal muscle, the cremaster muscle, lies deep in the dermis. Contraction of the cremaster tenses the scrotum and pulls the testes closer to the body. The cremaster moves the testes away from or towards the body maintaining acceptable temperatures. Cooling the testes, e.g. in a pool initiates the cremasteric reflex that pulls the testes closer to the body and keep the testicular temperatures from falling. Nerve supply to the scrotum: ilioinguinal nerves, genitofemoral nerves and pudendal nerves. Blood supply: internal pudendal arteries, external pudendal arteries, and the cremasteric branch of the inferior epigastric arteries. STRUCTURE OF THE TESTES The tunica albuginea is a dense fibrous layer that surrounds the testis. It is covered by the tunica vaginalis. The collagen fibers of the tunica albuginea extend into the interior of the testis forming fibrous partitions or septa. The septa converge toward the mediastinum of the testis. The mediastinum supports blood vessels and lymphatics supplying the testis and ductus. HISTOLOGY OF THE TESTES The septa partitions the testis into compartments known as lobules. About 800 slender tightly coiled seminiferous tubules are distributed among the lobules. Sperm production occurs in the tubules. Each seminiferous tubule is U shaped and connected to a single straight tubule that enters the mediastinum of the testis. Within the mediastinum straight tubules are extensively interconnected forming a maze of passageway known as rete testis. 15 to 20 large efferent ductules connect the rete testes to the epididymis. Each tubule is surrounded by a capsule and a loose connective tissue fluid which fills the external spaces between the tubules. The spaces have blood vessels and large interstitial cells known as leydig cells. SPERMIOGENESIS During spermiogenesis, spermatids are embedded within the cytoplasm of sertolli cells which: . Maintain blood testis barrier: tight junctions between the extensions of sertolli cells isolate the luminal portion of the seminiferous tubule from the surrounding interstitial fluid. This regulates transport of materials across the sertolli cells. The lumen of the seminiferous tubules contains fluid rich in androgens, oestrogen, potassium, and amino acids. Support of spermatogenesis: it depends on the stimulation of the sertolli cells by circulating FSH and testosterone. Support of spemiogenesis: maturation . Secretion of inhibin which depress the pituitary production of FSH and GnRH. The faster the rate of sperm production the greater the amount of inhibin produced. Secretion of androgen binding proteins: useful in elevating the conc of androgens in the tubules. ANATOMY OF THE SPERMATOZOON Three regions: Head: flattened oval disc containing densely packed chromosomes. The tip contains acrosomal cap containing enzymes. Neck: attaches to the middle piece and contains centrioles whose microtubules are continuous with those of the middle piece and tail. It has mitochondria which provide energy needed to move the tail. The tail: is a flagellum which moves the cell. It has complex corkscrew motion and its microtubules are surrounded by a dense fibrous sheath. CONCEPT CHECK What structures make up the body of the spermatic cord? Why are inguinal hernias relatively common in males? How is the location of the testes important in production of viable sperms? What is the function of the blood testis barrier? THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT Epididymis: lies along the posterior border of the testis. Consists of a tubule almost 7m long, coiled and twisted so as to take very little space. Has a head, body and tail. Head: receives spermatozoa via efferent duct of the mediastinum of the testis. The body: begins distal to the last efferent duct and extends inferiorly along the posterior margin of the testis. The tail: its start is marked by the decrease in number of convolutions at the inferior border of the testes. It is the principal region for sperm storage. FUNCTIONS OF EPIDIDYMIS Monitors and adjusts the composition of the fluid produced by the seminiferous tubules. It has pseudostratified epithelium which has cilia which increases SA available for absorption and secretion of tubular fluid. It acts as a recycling center for damaged spermatozoa. Stores spermatozoa and facilitates their functional maturation. To become active the spermatozoa undergo capacitation. Capacitation: spermatozoa become motile when mixed with secretions of the seminal fluid. DUCTUS/VAS DEFERENS Begins at the end of the tail of the epididymis and ascends into the abdominopelvic cavity through the inguinal canal as part of spermatic cord. Inside the abdominal cavity the ductus deferens passes posteriorly curving inferiorly along the lateral surface of the urinary bladder towards the superior and posterior margin of the prostate gland. Just before joining the prostate it enlarges in an expanded portion known as the ampulla. The walls have a thick layer of smooth muscle whose peristaltic contractions propel spermatozoa and fluid along the duct. It is a passageway for spermatozoa and can also store sperm for several months THE URETHRA Extends from the urinary bladder to the tip of the penis. Divided into prostatic, membranous and spongy regions. Passageway for both urine and reproductive systems. ACCESSORY GLANDS Function to activate and provide nutrients to the spermatozoa and to produce buffers to neutralise the acidity of the urethra and vagina. Seminal glands: active secretory gland which contributes about 60% of the volume of semen. Its secretions are high in fructose which is easily used to produce ATP by spermatozoa. The spermatozoa become highly active after mixing with the secretions of the seminal glands. Prostate gland: secretes a weakly acidic fluid (prostatic fluid) that accounts for 20-30% of the volume of the semen. These secretions contain seminal plasmin, which may help prevent urinary tract infections in men. Bulbourethral (cowper’s) glands: secrete alkaline mucus which has lubricating properties. PROSTRATE GLAND The prostate (approximately 3 cm long, 4 cm wide, and 2 cm in AP depth) is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system The glandular part makes up approximately two thirds of the prostate; the other third is fibromuscular. The firm, walnut-size prostate surrounds the prostatic urethra. The fibrous capsule of the prostate is dense and neurovascular, incorporating
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