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A Review of Volcanism in the Geological History of South Africa

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A Review of Volcanism in the Geological History of South Africa ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT xxix ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT (F. C. Truter, M.A., Ph.D.) A REVIEW OF VOLCANISM IN THE GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF SOUTH AFRICA. CONTENTS. Page 1. INTRODUCTION .. xxx II. ROCKS AS RECORDS OF EARTH HISTORY xxxi III. VOLCANOES AND THEIR RECORDS xxxvii IV. VOLCANISM DURING THE ARCHAEOZOIC ERA xlv A. THE SWAZILAND OR KHEIS SYSTEM xlvi B. THE GARIEP OR MOODIES SYSTEM .. I V. VOLCANICITY DURING THE PROTEROZOIC ERA Iii A. THE DOMINION REEF SYSTEM Iii B. THE WITWATERSRAND SYSTEM Iv C. THE WOLKBERG SYSTEM lvii D. THE ZOETLIEF SYSTEM lix E. THE VENTERSDORP SYSTEM Ix F. THE TRANSVAAL SYSTEM lxii G. THE LosKOP SYSTEM .. lxvi H. THE WATERBERG SYSTEM lxvii I. VOLCANISM OF POST-WATERBERG AND PRE-NAMA AGE lxix 1. The Pilansberg Eruptives .. lxx 2. Eruptives of the Franspoort Line lxx 3. The Alkaline Stocks Near Parys .. lxxi 4. The Volcanic Neck on Spitskop 171 lxxi 5. The Volcanic Neck on Loole 199 .. lxxi VI. THE PALAEOZOIC ERA lxxii A. THE NAMA SYSTEM lxxiii B. THE CAPE SYSTEM lxxiii C. THE LOWER DIVISION OF THE KARROO SYSTEM lxxiv VII. THE MESOZOIC ERA lxxv A. THE UPPER DIVISION OF THE KARROO SYSTEl\<f lxxv B. THE CRETACEOUS SYSTEM ~. lxxvii VIII. VOLCANIC VENTS OF UNCERTAIN AND POSSIBLY VARYING AGE lxxix 1. The Van Rhynsdorp District lxxix 2. The Sutherland District lxxx 3. The Prieska District lxxx 4. The Klinghardt Area lxxxi 5. The Keetmanshoop District lxxxi 6. The Rehoboth-Windhoek Area lxxxi 7. The Marico District lxxxii 8. The Rustenburg District lxxxiii 9. The Pretoria District lxxxiii (a) The Zoutpan Volcano lxxxiii (b) Volcanic Necks North-East of Pretoria lxxxiv 10. Sekukuniland lxxxv 11. The Vent on J ongmans Spruit 36 lxxxv SUMMARY lxxxvi BIBLIOGRAPHY .. lxxxviii XXX PROCEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AFRICA 1. INTRODUCTION. In recent years the utilisation of geological knowledge, in times of peace as well as of war, has been so varied f;md extensive as to force the conclusion that the practical value and importance of the science of geology are at last becoming to be fully appreciated. This development is not without significance fQr the future of the geological profession, for, having regard to the known resources of the world and the future needs of mankind, it can only be interpreted as fore­ shadowing the ultimate status of geology in industry. With few exceptions perhaps, the time is now past forever when in South Africa, as in other countries, exploitable mineral deposits can be discovered by traversing an area with old­ time tools of hammer, lens and prospecting pan, and when anyone can select a borehole site from surface indications by hit-and-miss methods or give advice on engineering projects after a casual examination of the terrain. For its ever expanding needs the nation will require ever larger supplies of water and economic rocks and minerals, and it will have to undertake with ever increasing tempo defence schemes and the construction of harbours, dams, bridges, canals, etc. In the proportion that construction enterprises become more complex and the location of new mineral deposits at depth becomes more difficult, there will be an increasing demand for men who command a sound scientific knowledge of the structure of the earth's crust and of rocks, their composition and properties. We have, therefore, every reason to feel optimistic about the future of our profession, and I would even hazard the prediction that in the very near future geology will be properly integrated with industry and geologists will be called upon more and more to take a share in supplying the essential and vital requirements of the country. May I, however, appeal to members of my profession to be thoroughly equipped and fully prepared for any task we may be called upon to undertake when that happy day dawns. The best advertisement for our profession is our own achievements, and what we shall be capable of achieving will naturally depend not only on how much we know about geological principles and processcs, the structure, constitution and history of the earth, but also on our ability to apply this knowledge. In the address that I have the honour to deliver to you to-night I have therefore refrained from expatiating on the purely utilitarian aspect of geology, and have instead deliberately selected a topic the discussion of which furnishes an excellent illustration of some of the methods of geological investigation, and at the same time conforms more strictly to the fundamental aim of the science of geology, namely, the deciphering of the evolutionary history of the earth's crust. However, as the earth has existed as a planet for at least 2,000 nlillion yeals and has an area of nearly 200 million square miles, its complete history is obviously too vast a theme to be condensed into an address for an occasion like this, and I have perforce to confine myself to an almost infinitesi­ mally small portion of its surface and deal with only one aspect of its history. The area that I have very naturally chosen is the Union of South Africa and its Mandated Territory of South-VVTest .Airica, and the subject that I have selected for discussion is the role that volcanoes have played in the evolution of this part of the African sub-continent. ANNIVERSARY ADDRESS BY THE PRESIDENT xxxi In the selection of this topic I have been prompted by the consideration that, whilst a wealth of information on volcanism in this country has been collected by past and present investigators, no one has yet composed a connected account of the whole progress of volcanic action from the earliest geological periods down to the time when the last eruptions ceased. .As science aims not only at collecting but also at systematising and co-ordinating facts, I would now like to supply this deficiency. Within the limits permissibJe to do this, I shall not be able to give more than a mere outline of the highly specialised science of volcanism, and I shall have to concern myself with the historical and stratigraphical aspects rather than with the nature and origin of volcanoes or the physical and chemical phenomena that attend eruptions. In view of the fragmentary nature of our geological records and the consequent uncertainties that prevail in regard to correlation, the stratigraphical approach is undoubtedly the most difficult, and a certain amount of speculation is inevitable. This criticism can also be levelled at the order in which I have here arranged the several volcanic events and which, I may say, reflects entirely my own personal views on the matter. On the score that this may evoke fresh interest in and stimulate further research on this perplexing problem I trust, however, that I shall be pardoned for thus abusing my Presidential privilege. II. ROOKS AS REOORDS OF EARTH HISTORY. Nothing has a more enduring influence on the mind and appeals more to the imagination of man than phenomena that he cannot comprehend and forces that he cannot control. Not only because of the stupendous power and the superb grandeur of violent eruptions but also because of the devastating effect on life and property, volcanoes rank in the popular mind as among the most real and awe-inspiring of all geological manifestations. It is no wonder, therefore, that, labouring Ullder the entirely erroneous impression that volcanoes are necessarily mountains, so many people in this country who are uninitiated in the science of geology have long been prone to see signs of volcanic action in the conical or table-topped hills that stud the Karroo; in the peculiarly shaped monadnocks that project in inselberg· fashion from the arid, sand-covered regions in the west; in that magnificent outlier of Table Mountain sandstone known as Lion's Head in the Cape Peninsula; and, in fact, in so many other geomorphological features, which are scattered all over the country and have obviously resulted from denudation by superficial agencies. On the other hand, these same people can detect no vestige of past volcanic action where the trained eye of the geologist can see abundant evidence of it. Nowhere is this contrast more conspicuous than in a country like ours, which, in the living memory of man, has been singularly free of volcanism and its afflictions. If then mountains are not necessarily old volcanoes, and not even the shape of a hill is a criterion of its volcanic origin, it may well be inquired whether volcanicity has had any share in the geological development of our country, and if so, when and to what extent, and whether we have absolutely indisputable proof of this. To be able to supply intelligent answers to these questions we xxxii PROOEEDINGS OF THE GEOLOGIOAL SOOIETY OF SOUTH AFRICA have to know the language of rocks. This, in turn, implies an intimate acquaint­ ance with all the processes by which rocks are formed and all the changes that rocks undergo. This knowledge can only be acquired by adopting the method suggested by Hutton when he declared: "The present is the key to the past." When due cognisance is taken of the present the realisation is forced upon us that eaI'th features are not permanent, but that significant changes are taking place around us all the time. Along the rocky stretches of our shore we obseI've how the waves eat incessantly into the land, partly by the solution of some of the rock constituents and the consequent formation of corrosion caves, but more especially through their powerful hydrostatic pressure, which, by forcing water and air into joints, crevices and caverns, dislodges blocks of rock and hurls these with destructive violence against the newly exposed faces of coastal cliffs.
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