Digital Emotion Contagion
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Anger and Contested Place in the Social World
Sociology Mind, 2018, 8, 226-248 http://www.scirp.org/journal/sm ISSN Online: 2160-0848 ISSN Print: 2160-083X Anger and Contested Place in the Social World Warren D. TenHouten Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA How to cite this paper: TenHouten, W. D. Abstract (2018). Anger and Contested Place in the Social World. Sociology Mind, 8, 226-248. The root term angr includes in its meaning anger-rage and sadness-grief, https://doi.org/10.4236/sm.2018.83018 which today are recognized as two primary or basic emotions. Anger involves the brain’s “rage system”, an architecture widely represented in the animal Received: April 27, 2018 Accepted: June 2, 2018 kingdom. Anger and its opposite, fear, are the positive and negative adaptive Published: June 5, 2018 reactions to the existential problem of social hierarchy and associated compe- tition for resources and opportunities. Anger’s valence can be negative insofar Copyright © 2018 by author and as it is unpleasant for all involved but is primarily positive because anger is Scientific Research Publishing Inc. This work is licensed under the Creative goal-seeking and approach-oriented. Anger functions to assert social domin- Commons Attribution International ance, and detection of anger in others reveals possible challenge intentions. License (CC BY 4.0). The management and control of anger is linked to impulsivity, patience, and http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ tolerance. While the Russell-Fehr model views emotions such as aggressive- Open Access ness, sullenness, and resentment as subcategories of anger, we rather contend that anger is an embedded subcategory of secondary- and tertiary-level emo- tions. -
Social Comparison As the Thief of Joy: Emotional Consequences of Viewing Strangers' Instagram Posts De Vries, D.A.; Möller, A.M.; Wieringa, M.S.; Eigenraam, A.W
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) Social comparison as the thief of joy: Emotional consequences of viewing strangers' Instagram posts de Vries, D.A.; Möller, A.M.; Wieringa, M.S.; Eigenraam, A.W. ; Hamelink, K. DOI 10.1080/15213269.2016.1267647 Publication date 2018 Document Version Final published version Published in Media Psychology License CC BY-NC-ND Link to publication Citation for published version (APA): de Vries, D. A., Möller, A. M., Wieringa, M. S., Eigenraam, A. W., & Hamelink, K. (2018). Social comparison as the thief of joy: Emotional consequences of viewing strangers' Instagram posts. Media Psychology, 21(2), 222-245. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2016.1267647 General rights It is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), other than for strictly personal, individual use, unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Disclaimer/Complaints regulations If you believe that digital publication of certain material infringes any of your rights or (privacy) interests, please let the Library know, stating your reasons. In case of a legitimate complaint, the Library will make the material inaccessible and/or remove it from the website. Please Ask the Library: https://uba.uva.nl/en/contact, or a letter to: Library of the University of Amsterdam, Secretariat, Singel 425, 1012 WP Amsterdam, The Netherlands. You will be contacted as soon as possible. UvA-DARE is a service provided by the library of the University of Amsterdam (https://dare.uva.nl) Download date:01 Oct 2021 MEDIA PSYCHOLOGY 2018, VOL. -
About Emotions There Are 8 Primary Emotions. You Are Born with These
About Emotions There are 8 primary emotions. You are born with these emotions wired into your brain. That wiring causes your body to react in certain ways and for you to have certain urges when the emotion arises. Here is a list of primary emotions: Eight Primary Emotions Anger: fury, outrage, wrath, irritability, hostility, resentment and violence. Sadness: grief, sorrow, gloom, melancholy, despair, loneliness, and depression. Fear: anxiety, apprehension, nervousness, dread, fright, and panic. Joy: enjoyment, happiness, relief, bliss, delight, pride, thrill, and ecstasy. Interest: acceptance, friendliness, trust, kindness, affection, love, and devotion. Surprise: shock, astonishment, amazement, astound, and wonder. Disgust: contempt, disdain, scorn, aversion, distaste, and revulsion. Shame: guilt, embarrassment, chagrin, remorse, regret, and contrition. All other emotions are made up by combining these basic 8 emotions. Sometimes we have secondary emotions, an emotional reaction to an emotion. We learn these. Some examples of these are: o Feeling shame when you get angry. o Feeling angry when you have a shame response (e.g., hurt feelings). o Feeling fear when you get angry (maybe you’ve been punished for anger). There are many more. These are NOT wired into our bodies and brains, but are learned from our families, our culture, and others. When you have a secondary emotion, the key is to figure out what the primary emotion, the feeling at the root of your reaction is, so that you can take an action that is most helpful. . -
Making Sense of Emotional Contagion
Making Sense of Emotional Contagion Carme Isern-Mas † [email protected] Antoni Gomila † [email protected] ABSTRACT Emotional contagion is a phenomenon that has attracted much interest in recent times. However, the main theory, mimicry theory, fails to properly address its many facets. In particular, we will focus on two shortcomings: the elicitation of emotional contagion is not context-independent, and there can be cases of emotional contagion without motor mimicry. We contend that a general theory of emotion elicitation (such as Scherer’s Component Process Model of Emotion) is better suited to account for these features, because of its multi-level appraisal component. From this standpoint, emotional contagion is viewed as a particular kind of emotional response that involves the same components and processes of emotional responses in general. 1. Introduction Emotions appear to be contagious (Dezecache, Eskenazi, & Grèzes, 2016; Doherty, 1997). Examples abound: there is the phenomenon of laugher contagion (Provine, 2012); mothers share the distress of their children (Manini et al., 2013); friends tend to converge on their feelings (McIntosh, 2006); 2- or 4-day-old newborns cry when they hear the cry of another newborn, but not when they hear another noise (Simner, 1971). Clinical psychologists are likely to catch their patients’ feelings, especially in cases of depression where expressions of sadness might be especially salient (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1993). Different terms have been used to describe this phenomenon in which one person catches up the emotion of another, such as “emotional propagation”, “emotional replication” (Dezecache, Jacob, & Grèzes, 2015), or † Human Evolution and Cognition Group (EvoCog), UIB, IFISC, Associated Unit to CSIC, 07122 Palma, Spain. -
From Ressentiment to Resentment As a Tertiary Emotion
Review of European Studies; Vol. 10, No. 4; 2018 ISSN 1918-7173 E-ISSN 1918-7181 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education From Ressentiment to Resentment as a Tertiary Emotion Warren D. TenHouten1 1 Department of Sociology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA Correspondence: Warren D. TenHouten, Department of Sociology, 264 Haines Hall, UCLA, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095–1551, USA. Received: May 14, 2018 Accepted: June 28, 2018 Online Published: September 5, 2018 doi:10.5539/res.v10n4p49 URL: https://doi.org/10.5539/res.v10n4p49 Abstract Resentment is a noxious emotion that can exist in sublimated form as a result of being subjected to inferiorization, stigmazation, or violence. In its active form, resentment can be a forceful response to acts that have created unjustified and meaningless suffering. We consider sociomoral conceptualizations of resentment by Adam Smith, Hume, and Lévinas. Nietzsche and Scheler developed the broader notion of ressentiment, a generalized form of resentment arising out of powerlessness and the experience of brutalization neither forgotten nor forgiven. Resentment is seen historically as a sentiment that is saturated with frustration, contempt, outrage, and malevolence. Marshall described oppositional class-consciousness as permeated with resentment and anger, but resentment also contains the basic emotions of surprise and disgust. Resentment is linked to the concept of relative deprivation. A partial classification of emotions is used to further analyze resentment as containing three secondary-level emotions: contempt (anger & disgust), shock (surprise & disgust), and outrage (surprise & anger). Thus, resentment is conceptualized as a tertiary-level emotion, containing three primary and three secondary emotions. -
Cultural Logics of Emotion: Implications for Understanding Torture and Its
84 SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE Cultural logics of emotion: Implications for understanding torture and its sequelae Laurence J. Kirmayer,* Lauren Ban**, James Jaranson,*** on the dynamics of shame, humiliation, Key points of interest: and powerlessness. Forms of physical and • Moral emotions, like shame, guilt, or psychological pain and suffering share humiliation reflect cultural systems some common neurobiological pathways of meaning that are used to inflict and regulatory systems that are influenced damage in torture and that must by social and cultural factors. All forms be renegotiated in the process of of torture follow an affective logic rooted recovery. both in human biology and in local social • Emotions involve bodily and social and cultural meanings of experience. processes that are based on cultural Understanding the impact of specific models, social scripts and scenarios; forms of torture on individuals requires much of this knowledge is tacit or knowledge of their learning histories, and implicit and emerges in response of the personal and cultural meanings of to specific cultural affordances that specific kinds of violence. Exploring cultural depend on social context. meanings requires attention to over-arching • Exploring the cultural meaning of discourse, embodied practices, and everyday emotions for survivors of torture in engagements with an ecosocial environment. both their original and current social Restitution, treatment and recovery can contexts can contribute to clinical then be guided by knowledge of cultural assessment -
Browsing Facebook: Envy, Happiness, and Tie Strength?
Browsing Facebook: Envy, Happiness, and Tie Strength? Ruoyun Lin Sonja Utz Leibniz Institut für Wissensmedien Twitters: @ReDefTie @RuoyunLin Email: [email protected] PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SOCIAL MEDIA USAGE Active Passive usage usage ? Feeling of Joyful connectedness Envy, depression EMOTIONAL RESPONSES: ON A MESSAGE LEVEL? Happiness vs. Envy? Tie strength? (Granovetter, 1973) - Strong tie (best friend) - Weak tie (acquaintance) RESEARCH QUESTIONS RQ1: What are the most prevalent momentary emotional outcomes after reading a post on Facebook? Emotional outcomes Content of post (Happiness & Envy) RESEARCH QUESTIONS RQ1: What are the most prevalent momentary emotional outcomes after reading a post on Facebook? RQ2: Does tie strength between the poster and reader moderate the emotions (happiness and envy)? Tie strength Emotional outcomes Content of post (Happiness & Envy) Individual-related factors THEORETICAL BACKGROUND RQ2: Does tie strength between the poster and reader moderate the emotions (happiness and envy)? Happiness is contagious! Emotional Contagion (Hatfield et al. 1993; Kramer, 2012) Empathy is more pronounced when relationship is closer Perception-Action Model (Norscia & Palagi, 2011) Stronger tie intensified emotions THEORETICAL BACKGROUND RQ2: Does tie strength between the poster and reader moderate the emotions (happiness and envy)? • Upward Social comparison (Festinger, 1954) • Preconditions (Smith,2004; Tesser, 1984) – Self-relevance – Perceived similarity • Benign envy: moving up motivation • Malicious envy: pulling -
Distinct Affective Responses to Second- and Third-Party Norm
Acta Psychologica 205 (2020) 103060 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Acta Psychologica journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/actpsy Distinct affective responses to second- and third-party norm violations T ⁎ Lauren E.S. Hartsough , Matthew R. Ginther1, René Marois Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, PMB 407817, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN, 37240, United States of America ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Social norm violations provoke strong emotional reactions that often culminate in punishment of the wrongdoer. Punishment This is true not only when we are the victims of the norm violation (second-party), but also when witnessing a Second-party complete stranger being victimized (third-party). What remains unclear, however, is whether second- and third- Third-party party punishments are associated with different emotions. To address this question, here we examine how Emotions subjects respond affectively to both second- and third-party norm violations in an economic game. Our results Moral outrage indicate that while second- and third-parties respond to norm violations by punishing wrongdoers similarly, they report experiencing distinct emotional states as a result of the violation. Specifically, we observed a cross-over interaction between anger and moral outrage depending on the party's context: while anger was more frequently reported for second- than for third-party violations, moral outrage was more evoked by third-party than second- party violations. Disgust and sadness were the most prevalently reported emotions, but their prevalence were unaffected by party contexts. These results indicate that while responses to second- and third-party violations result in similar punishment, they are associated with the expression of distinct affective palettes. -
The Role of Moral Emotions in Predicting Support for Political Actions in Post-War Iraq
Political Psychology, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2007 The Role of Moral Emotions in Predicting Support for Political Actions in Post-War Iraq Sabrina J. Pagano University of California, Los Angeles Yuen J. Huo University of California, Los Angeles A web-based study of 393 undergraduates at a public university in the United States was conducted to examine the relationship between moral emotions (i.e., emotions that motivate prosocial tendencies) and support for political actions to assist Iraqi citizens after the Second Gulf War (2003–2004). Previous work on emotions and prosocial tendencies has focused on empathy. In the context of post-war Iraq, we found that while empathy predicted support for a number of different political actions that have the potential to advance the welfare of the Iraqi people (humanitarian action in particular), guilt over the U.S. invasion was an important predictor of support for reparative actions (i.e., restoring damage created by the U.S. military), and moral outrage toward Saddam Hussein and his regime was the best predictor of support for political actions to prevent future harm to the Iraqi people and to punish the perpetrators. Our findings demonstrate the utility of an emotion-specific framework for understanding why and what type of political actions individuals will support. And in contrast to the traditional view that emotions are an impediment to rationality, our findings suggest that they can serve as a potentially powerful vehicle for motivating political engagement among the citizenry. KEY WORDS: moral emotions, political attitudes, Iraq, justice, war “On life’s vast ocean diversely we sail, Reason the card, but Passion the gale.” Pope, Moral Essays, Western political philosophy and the social sciences in general are heavily influenced by the rational choice view of human behavior. -
Fifteen Minutes of Shame?
Uppsala University Department of Sociology Master’s Thesis in Sociology Spring 2020 Fifteen Minutes of Shame? Understanding the Experience of Being Subjected to Moral Outrage Online Author: Julia Zabielski Supervisor: Clara Iversen Examiner: Sebastian Abrahamsson 1 Abstract Due to new technological affordances, such as the internet and social media, people are more exposed than ever to actions or statements that may be perceived as moral violations. Consequently, moral outrage has become a prevalent feature in the online sphere. While it is well-known how moral outrage arises and what kind of practices it motivates, little is still known in regards to how moral outrage is experienced by the individuals who are at the receiving end of such outrage. The purpose of this study was thus to explore how individuals understand their experiences of being subjected to moral outrage online. Drawing on a theoretical framework comprised by interactionist and symbolic interactionist concepts, the study analysed interviews conducted with twelve individuals who have been subjected to moral outrage online. The findings show that the individuals understand their experience as being characterized by a sense of being in the hands of others once their action or statement had been reframed into a moral violation. The moral outrage is furthermore understood as having wider social consequences that contributed to, solidified or, by contrast, mitigated the experience of becoming an outcast, while also predominantly being understood as having a negative impact on the individuals’ sense of self. Accordingly, by taking these individuals’ understanding of moral outrage online into account, rather than problematizing their actions or statements, the study opens up for a discussion in regards to how moral outrage expressed online may itself be problematic and worthy of critical reflection. -
The Impact of Emotional Contagion and Its Relationship to Mood
The Impact of Emotional Contagion and its Relationship to Mood Lauren Englert Abstract Emotional contagion or the tendency to mimic and feel emotional displays and experiences of others in social interactions is more than likely to be influenced by affect or the existing mood of individuals engaging in those interactions (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1992). This current study analyzed the relationship between susceptibility to emotional contagion and existing mood using two well-established scales: the PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect Schedule) scale and the EC (Emotional Contagion) scale (Watson, Clark, & Tellegan, 1988; Doherty, 1997). Two hypotheses were assessed with the first one being that individuals with a high self-report of mood (positive or negative) will be more susceptible to emotional contagion and the second one stating that women will have higher self-reports of mood and will be more susceptible to emotional contagion than men. Results, limitations, and implications are discussed further throughout the study. Keywords: emotional contagion, affect In 1992, Hatfield, Cacioppo, and Rapson proposed that by observing another’s face, voice, posture, and instrumental behavior during conversation and social interaction, people unconsciously and automatically begin mimicking the emotions expressed by the person they are conversing with, and ultimately, may come to feel as the other person feels. They termed this phenomenon as emotional contagion that can occur in various ways through multiple situations. More specifically, Hatfield et al. (1992) discussed primitive emotional contagion that is relatively automatic, unintentional, uncontrollable, and largely unconscious and also the mechanisms that might account for it. There are a variety of differences that are assumed in an individual’s ability to mirror others’ emotions, and these include genetic heritage, gender, personality, and early experiences (Hatfield et al., 1992). -
Emotional Contagion Within Social Media
College of Saint Benedict and Saint John's University DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU Celebrating Scholarship and Creativity Day Undergraduate Research 4-25-2019 Emotional Contagion Within Social Media Anna Dols College of Saint Benedict/Saint John's University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/ur_cscday Recommended Citation Dols, Anna, "Emotional Contagion Within Social Media" (2019). Celebrating Scholarship and Creativity Day. 62. https://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/ur_cscday/62 This Paper is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Celebrating Scholarship and Creativity Day by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@CSB/SJU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Running Head: EMOTIONAL CONTAGION WITHIN SOCIAL MEDIA 1 Emotional Contagion Within Social Media Anna M. Dols College of Saint Benedict/Saint John’s University Author Note Anna M. Dols, Psychology Department, College of Saint Benedict/Saint John’s University. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: 37 South College Avenue, Box #0155, St. Joseph, MN, 56374; E-mail: [email protected]. EMOTIONAL CONTAGION WITHIN SOCIAL MEDIA 2 Abstract Social networking sites have been growing in popularity over the last decade or so, and there have been many previous studies that have analyzed the possible consequences of these communication and interaction sites. Emotional contagion is the phenomenon of having one person’s emotions and behaviors directly trigger similar emotions or behaviors in other people. On social media, emotional contagion would mean that the emotions in the posts and content the viewer is exposed to are transferred to themselves without their knowledge.