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(2014) Dlùth Is Inneach: Linguistic and Institutional Foundations for Gaelic Corpus Planning Bell, S., McConville, M., McLeod, W., and O Maolalaigh, R. (2014) Dlùth is Inneach: Linguistic and Institutional Foundations for Gaelic Corpus Planning. Project Report. Copyright © 2014 The Authors and Bord na Gaidhlig A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge The content must not be changed in any way or reproduced in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holder(s) http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/98132/ Deposited on: 14 October 2014 Enlighten – Research publications by members of the University of Glasgow http://eprints.gla.ac.uk Dlùth is Inneach – Final Project Report Linguistic and Institutional Foundations for Gaelic Corpus Planning Prepared for Bòrd na Gàidhlig (Research Project no. CR12-03) By Soillse Researchers Susan Bell (Research Assistant, University of Glasgow) Dr Mark McConville (Co-investigator, University of Glasgow) Professor Wilson McLeod (Co-investigator, University of Edinburgh) Professor Roibeard Ó Maolalaigh (Principal Investigator, University of Glasgow) Expert Adviser: Professor Robert Dunbar, University of Edinburgh Co-ordinator: Iain Caimbeul, Sabhal Mòr Ostaig UHI 27 January 2014 Redacted version for publication GEÀRR-CHUNNTAS GNÌOMHACH Is e tha san aithisg seo toraidhean bho phròiseact bliadhna a rinn sgioba rannsachaidh Shoillse às leth Bhòrd na Gàidhlig (BnG). B’ e amas an rannsachaidh fuasgladh fhaighinn air a' cheist a leanas: Cò na prionnsapalan planadh corpais as fheàrr a fhreagras air neartachadh agus brosnachadh na Gàidhlig an Alba agus dè an co-òrdanachadh as èifeachdaiche a bheireadh gu buil iad? Anns an aithisg, gheibhear na builean seo a leanas: bunait chànanach airson planadh corpais na Gàidhlig a tha soilleir is cunbhalach, agus a tha a rèir amasan Bhòrd na Gàidhlig airson planadh togail, cleachdaidh is inbhe na Gàidhlig, agus as motha a ghleidheas taic luchd na Gàidhlig prògram de phrìomhachasan a tha ri choileanadh le planadh corpais na Gàidhlig molaidhean air modhan co-òrdanachaidh a bhios èifeachdach a thaobh cosgais agus rianachd (i.e. modh-obrach buidhne). Tha trì roinnean san aithisg, A, B, agus C. Tha Pàirt A dhen aithisg a' toirt seachad na toraidhean bho lèirmheas litreachais a mhair fad ceithir mìosan agus suirbhidh air leasachadh planadh corpais airson na Gàidhlig ann an Alba, bho shealladh nàiseanta agus eadar-nàiseanta. Nochd mar bhuil chudromach sa phàirt seo dhen phròiseact modail de dh’ideòlas cànain a tha air a roinn ann an ceithir rangan anns am faodar leasachadh corpais Gàidhlig a shuidheachadh. Tha am modail seo stèidhichte air dòighean- smaoineachaidh a tha airson no an aghaidh ceithir cleachdaidhean cànain eadar-dhealaichte (faodaidh seo a bhith aig ìre fhaclan, ghnàthasan-cainnte no co-chàraidh): Beurlachas (i.e. buaidh bhon Bheurla) nuadh-fhaclan no gnathasan-cainnte ùra (i.e. cleachdaidhean sam bith nach eil traidiseanta) àrsaidheachd (i.e. cleachdaidhean bho dhualchas na Gàidhlig a tha air a dhol à bith) Gaeilgeachas (i.e. iasad no buaidh bho Ghàidhlig na h-Èireann). Tha continuum air a bheil dà cheann aig na ceithir rangan seo, fear a tha gu làidir airson (-philia) agus fear a tha gu tur na aghaidh (-phobia) a’ chleachdaidh a th’ ann. Anns an aithisg seo, cleachdaidh sinn am briathrachas sònraichte seo a leanas airson gach continuum: 1. Beurla-philia — Beurla-phobia: deidheil air buaidh na Beurla no an aghaidh buaidh na Beurla 2. Neophilia — Neophobia: deidheil air no an aghaidh nuadhachas 3. Retrophilia — Retrophobia: dèidheil air atharrais a dhèanamh air seann Ghàidhlig no na h-aghaidh 4. Gaeilge-philia — Gaeilge-phobia: dèidheil air buaidh na Gaeilge no na h-aghaidh A bharrachd air seo, tha sinn a’ cur cudrom air ‘planadh corpais gun chunnart’ mar a tha e air a chur an cèill aig Fishman, i.e. gun rachadh leasachadh sam bith air corpas na Gàidhlig air adhart gu faiceallach, le tuigse mhath air an ideòlas cànain as cumanta am measg an t-sluaigh. Is e an cunnart a bhios ann mura bithear ag obair anns an dòigh seo gum bithear a’ liubhart planadh corpais a tha a’ Redacted version for publication brosnachadh gluasad cànain a dh’ionnsaigh na Beurla (i.e. planadh corpais a tha a’ cur bacadh air a’ Ghàidhlig). Tha Pàirt B dhen aithisg a’ toirt seachad na toraidhean a fhuaireadh bho cho-chomhairleachadh a rinneadh leis an sgioba rannsachaidh air leasachadh corpais eadar an Lùnastal agus an Dùbhlachd 2013. Bhruidhinn an luchd-rannsachaidh ri buidhnean Gàidhlig, proifeiseantaich Ghàidhlig, buidhnean coimhearsnachd, agus daoine fa leth. Chaidh fiosrachadh a thional fada is farsaing air an cleachdaidhean cànain agus air na dòighean-obrach agus iomairtean a bheireadh taic do luchd- cleachdaidh na Gàidhlig ann a bhith a’ cleachdadh a’ chànain agus ga toirt seachad dhan ath ghinealach. Rinn an sgioba rannsachaidh 39 Còmhraidhean Cuimsichte (‘Focused Conversations’) feadh na Gàidhealtachd ann an Alba (Glaschu, Inbhir Nis, Na h-Eileanan Siar, An t-Eilean Sgitheanach) agus ghabh 184 duine pàirt annta. Bha a' chiad phàirt de gach Còmhradh Cuimsichte a’ dèiligeadh ri bunaitean cànain airson leasachadh corpais na Gàidhlig. B’ e an t-amas a bh’ ann na h-ideòlasan cànain as cumanta am measg luchd-labhairt na Gàidhlig a shònrachadh, gu h-àraid a thaobh briathrachas, gràmar, fuaimneachadh, litreachadh, msaa. Chaidh na h-ideòlasan a nochd a mheasadh a rèir a’ mhodail ann am Pàirt A. Thàinig an sgioba rannsachaidh gu na co-dhùnaidhean seo a leanas a thaobh bunaitean cànain: 1. Tha beàrn mhòr eadar na ginealaichean a thaobh a’ mhisneachd a th’ aca nan comasan cànain. Tha ginealach nas sine a tha dà-chànanach, misneachail agus làidir sa Ghàidhlig, agus tha ginealach nas òige ann a tha cuideachd dà-chànanach ach aig a bheil comasan cànain nach eil cho seasmhach ri comasan a’ ghinealaich as sine. Tha e na phrìomhachas faochnach do leasachadh corpais an sgaradh seo a lùghdachadh, a’ leigeil le luchd-labhairt nas sine a bhith a’ tighinn le chèile le luchd-labhairt nas òige. 2. Tha beachd làidir ann gu bheil beairteas is gnè a’ chànain a’ sìor fhàs nas laige is a’ crìonadh air sgàth cion daingneachaidh. Thathas draghail mun chothlamadh eadar a’ Ghàidhlig agus a’ Bheurla, agus mun bhuaidh a tha seo a’ toirt air gnàthasan-cainnte agus gràmar. Tha e na phrìomhachas faochnach do leasachadh corpais stad a chur air a’ phròiseas cothlamaidh seo no a lùghdachadh aig a’ char as lugha. 3. Chan eil e na phrìomhachas do mhòran briathrachas ùr a chruthachadh gus Beurla a sheachnadh ann an cuspairean àraid. Air an làimh eile, tha e na phrìomhachas buaidh na Beurla air gràmar na Gàidhlig a lùghdachadh agus stad a chur air tanachadh na Gàidhlig a thaobh briathrachas agus gnàthasan-cainnte. Leis sin, tha an t-ideòlas as cumanta nas neophobic na Beurla-phobic. A dh’aindeoin sin, chan eilear gu dubh an aghaidh leasachadh briathrachais agus thathas a’ gabhail ris gum faod iarrtas a bhith ann airson faclan ùra aon uair ’s gu bheil bun-bheachdan ùra agus rudan ùra a’ fàs cumanta ann an cainnt làitheil. 4. Thathas ag iarraidh taic airson Gàidhlig thraidiseanta, neo-fhoirmeil a thuilleadh air cànan foirmeil; gu sònraichte gus am b’ urrainn dhan ghinealach òg diofar chruthan iomchaidh dhen Ghàidhlig aithneachadh agus a chleachdadh ann an suidheachaidhean fa leth (a’ toirt a-staigh dualchainntean cuideachd) seach Gàidhlig foirmeil a chleachdadh ann an suidheachaidhean neo- Redacted version for publication fhoirmeil. Tha e cudromach do phlanadh corpais na Gàidhlig tuairisgeul a thoirt air na dualchainntean traidiseanta agus an gleidheadh, seach a bhith ag amas air a’ chànan fhoirmeil a-mhàin. 5. Is e a’ Ghàidhlig a tha aithnichte mar ‘dheagh Ghàidhlig’ (aig ìre fhoirmeil agus neo-fhoirmeil) an cànan a bha cumanta ri linn nan 1940an agus nan 1950an. Tha ùghdarras cànanach aig fileantaich a thogadh sna deicheadan sin (i.e. an sàr luchd-labhairt a tha nan sàr eisimpleirean (‘model speakers’). Is e an t-ideòlas as cumanta ma-thà, seòrsa de retrophilia ris an canamaid retro-vernacular: far a bheil luach ga thoirt air cruthan traidseanta a’ chànain mar a tha iad fhathast gan cleachdadh le luchd- labhairt traidiseanta, fileanta, seach an cànan a tha fo bhuaidh làidir na Beurla a chleachdadh an ginealach òg. Tha e na phrìomhachas faochnach do leasachadh corpais tuairisgeul a thoirt air a’ Ghàidhlig seo gus a neartachadh agus a gleidheadh. 6. Chan eil ùidh mhòr anns na ceanglaichean dualchasach ri Gàidhlig na h-Èireann. Chan eil an t-ideòlas as cumanta taobhach ri Gaeilge-philia no Gaeilge-phobia. Tha barrachd iomradh air na co-dhùnaidhean mu ideòlasan cànain ri fhaighinn ann an Caibideil B2. Bha an dàrna pàirt de na Còmhraidhean Cuimsichte a’ dèiligeadh ri goireasan corpais Gàidhlig. B’ e an t-amas a bh’ ann molaidhean a thional air na goireasan a tha a dhìth. Thàinig an sgioba rannsachaidh gu na co-dhùnaidhean seo a leanas a thaobh goireasan corpais: 1. Thathar a’ faireachdainn gu bheil na goireasan cànain a th’ ann an-dràsta sgapte agus gu bheil co- òrdanachadh a dhìth. Chuireadh beachd làidir air adhart airson aon làrach (‘one-stop-shop’) do ghoireasan corpais: làrach-lìn shònraichte far am faodar a dhol airson comhairle ùghdarrasach earbsach, mhionaideach fhaighinn gu luath air puingean briathrachais agus gràmair aig ìre adhartach. 2. Thathar ag iarraidh stiùireadh air puingean mionaideach mu chleachdadh gràmair, còmhla ri mìneachaidhean soilleir carson nach eilear a’ gabhail ri cleachdaidhean sònraichte. Tha cruaidh- fheum air stiùireadh gràmair susbainteach, ioma-chuimseach, slàn, air-loidhne a tha stèidhichte air cainnt an luchd-labhairt thraidiseanta a tha fhathast còmhla rinn. 3. Thathas ag iarraidh stiùireadh is treòrachadh an dà chuid gus Beurlachas a sheachnadh agus gus an seòrsa Gàidhlig a thathas a’ meas nàdarra agus iomchaidh a chleachdadh. Airson seo a choileanadh bhiodh e feumail leabhar-iùil a bhith ann air cleachdadh na Gàidhlig a bheireadh seachad stiùireadh air cleachdaidhean nach eil a’ còrdadh ri luchd-labhairt traidiseanta agus ciamar a rachadh an seachnadh.
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