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Model Organisms RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Nature Reviews Genetics | Published online 30 Aug 2017; doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.70 P. Morgan/Macmillan Publishers Limited Morgan/Macmillan P. its caste-specific RNA expression is conserved in other insect species with different social systems. In ants undergoing the worker–gamergate transition, high corazonin peptide levels promoted worker-specific behaviour and inhibited behaviours associated with progression to the MODEL ORGANISMS gamergate caste; as expected, short interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of the corazonin receptor (CrzR) gene New tools, new insights — had the opposite phenotypic effect. The researchers went on to identify the vitellogenin gene as a key regula- probing social behaviour in ants tory target of corazonin; its expres- sion is consistently downregulated Eusocial insects display complex strategy of Harpegnathos saltator to in response to increased corazonin social behaviours, but the underlying increase the number of reproducing levels, suggesting that corazonin and Until now, molecular mechanisms are largely ants to enable them to establish orco vitellogenin have opposing effects functional unknown. Now, a trio of papers in mutant lines. In the absence of a on caste identity. Consistent with genetic studies Cell decribe two genes (orco and queen, non-reproductive H. saltator this hypothesis, siRNA knockdown corazonin) that control social behav- workers can become ‘gamergates’, of vitellogenin gene expression pro- have not been iour in ants. Furthermore, two of which lay fertilized eggs. This caste moted worker-specific behaviours. possible in the studies describe the first mutant transition can be replicated in the lab Based on these observations, the ants lines in ants, which were generated by simply by isolating workers. authors propose that caste-specific CRISPR–Cas9 genome editing. Despite O. biroi and H. saltator behaviours and caste identity in Most social behaviours in ants having diverged 120 million years H. saltator, and possibly other are mediated by pheromones. An ago, both orco mutant lines had social insects, are regulated by a obvious difference between the strikingly similar phenotypes. As corazonin–vitellogenin axis. chemosensory receptor repertoires expected, workers displayed a range The genetic uniformity of of ants and non-social insects (such of behavioural phenotypes consist- ant colonies, combined with the as Drosophila spp.) is that ants have ent with a general loss of olfactory diverse social systems within ant a much greater number of olfactory perception. However, unexpectedly, species, makes them an excellent receptors (ORs). To test whether the number of glomeruli in the model for studying the molecular ORs mediate the complex social antennal lobes of the brain was underpinnings of complex social behaviours that differentiate ants dramatically reduced in orco mutant behaviours. The development of from non-social insects, two different ants, as was the number of olfactory functional genetic tools in two ant groups of researchers used CRISPR– sensory neurons in the antennae. species further expands their utility as Cas9 genome editing to generate This dramatic neuroanatomical model organisms. O. biroi allows fast mutations in the orco gene, which phenotype was consistent in both and efficient generation of multiple encodes a highly conserved olfactory ant species but was not observed mutant lines, while H. saltator paves co-receptor that is essential for the for Drosophila melanogaster orco the way for future implementation function of all ORs. Until now, func- mutants, which points to a possible of more sophisticated genetic tools tional genetic studies have not been role for orco in antennal lobe that, for example, allow inducible possible in ants because, by defini- development and/or maintenance gene expression. Dorothy Clyde tion, only the queen can reproduce in specifically in social insects. eusocial species. Trible et al. bypassed In the third study, Gospocic et al. ORIGINAL ARTICLES Trible, W. et al. orco mutagenesis causes loss of antennal lobe this problem by generating orco exploited the worker–gamergate glomeruli and impaired social behavior in ants. mutant lines in Ooceraea biroi, a par- transition of H. saltator to inves- Cell 170, 727–735.e10 (2017) | Yan, H. et al. thenogenetic ant species; germline tigate the mechanisms regulating An engineered orco mutation produces aberrant social behavior and defective neural development modifications are transmitted to all caste-specific behaviours. They in ants. Cell 170, 736–747.e9 (2017) | Gospocic, J. progeny because they are maternal identified corazonin, which encodes et al.The neuropeptide corazonin controls social clones. By contrast, Yan et al. har- a neuropeptide, as a highly expressed behavior and caste identity in ants. Cell 170, 748–759.e12 (2017) nessed the unusual reproductive worker-biased gene and showed that NATURE REVIEWS | GENETICS www.nature.com/nrg ©2017 Mac millan Publishers Li mited, part of Spri nger Nature. All ri ghts reserved. .
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