Social Dominance and Reproductive Differentiation Mediated By
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Nitrogen Containing Volatile Organic Compounds
DIPLOMARBEIT Titel der Diplomarbeit Nitrogen containing Volatile Organic Compounds Verfasserin Olena Bigler angestrebter akademischer Grad Magistra der Pharmazie (Mag.pharm.) Wien, 2012 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 996 Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt: Pharmazie Betreuer: Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Gerhard Buchbauer Danksagung Vor allem lieben herzlichen Dank an meinen gütigen, optimistischen, nicht-aus-der-Ruhe-zu-bringenden Betreuer Herrn Univ. Prof. Mag. Dr. Gerhard Buchbauer ohne dessen freundlichen, fundierten Hinweisen und Ratschlägen diese Arbeit wohl niemals in der vorliegenden Form zustande gekommen wäre. Nochmals Danke, Danke, Danke. Weiteres danke ich meinen Eltern, die sich alles vom Munde abgespart haben, um mir dieses Studium der Pharmazie erst zu ermöglichen, und deren unerschütterlicher Glaube an die Fähigkeiten ihrer Tochter, mich auch dann weitermachen ließ, wenn ich mal alles hinschmeissen wollte. Auch meiner Schwester Ira gebührt Dank, auch sie war mir immer eine Stütze und Hilfe, und immer war sie da, für einen guten Rat und ein offenes Ohr. Dank auch an meinen Sohn Igor, der mit viel Verständnis akzeptierte, dass in dieser Zeit meine Prioritäten an meiner Diplomarbeit waren, und mein Zeitbudget auch für ihn eingeschränkt war. Schliesslich last, but not least - Dank auch an meinen Mann Joseph, der mich auch dann ertragen hat, wenn ich eigentlich unerträglich war. 2 Abstract This review presents a general analysis of the scienthr information about nitrogen containing volatile organic compounds (N-VOC’s) in plants. -
Native and Invasive Ants Affect Floral Visits of Pollinating Honey Bees in Pumpkin Flowers (Cucurbita Maxima)
www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Native and invasive ants afect foral visits of pollinating honey bees in pumpkin fowers (Cucurbita maxima) Anjana Pisharody Unni1,3, Sajad Hussain Mir1,2, T. P. Rajesh1, U. Prashanth Ballullaya1, Thomas Jose1 & Palatty Allesh Sinu1* Global pollinator decline is a major concern. Several factors—climate change, land-use change, the reduction of fowers, pesticide use, and invasive species—have been suggested as the reasons. Despite being a potential reason, the efect of ants on fowers received less attention. The consequences of ants being attracted to nectar sources in plants vary depending upon factors like the nectar source’s position, ants’ identity, and other mutualists interacting with the plants. We studied the interaction between fower-visiting ants and pollinators in Cucurbita maxima and compared the competition exerted by native and invasive ants on its pollinators to examine the hypothesis that the invasive ants exacerbate more interference competition to pollinators than the native ants. We assessed the pollinator’s choice, visitation rate, and time spent/visit on the fowers. Regardless of species and nativity, ants negatively infuenced all the pollinator visitation traits, such as visitation rate and duration spent on fowers. The invasive ants exerted a higher interference competition on the pollinators than the native ants did. Despite performing pollination in fowers with generalist pollination syndrome, ants can threaten plant-pollinator mutualism in specialist plants like monoecious plants. A better understanding of factors infuencing pollination will help in implementing better management practices. Humans brought together what continents isolated. One very conspicuous evidence of this claim rests in the rearranged biota. -
Bugs R All FINAL Apr 2014 R
ISSN 2230 ! 7052 Newsletter of the $WIU4#NNInvertebrate Conservation & Information Network of South Asia (ICINSA) No. 21, April 2014 Photo: Aniruddha & Vishal Vishal Aniruddha & Photo: Contents Pages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`'%,"*4"5';*a'"9)'.%$,'4+"8*(#-,L"b;*&'/$L"U*>7+*"?$*>%,7" ;5#82.'7-2#$'/B<&L'#'67#0"#4"#0'G """## """## """# """## """## """## """ """## """## """## """#"""""""""""""""""""""@PH"WQ 6'/&/2+"/0"47%"(/47"7&#"-"'#*%".43*#",""8$*(%$"B^%#'>/#4%$*C"^*,'/=*(#'>*%E"/)"F)>'*)"6*>*("D$%%.0&*8%-"5%".,"#"$$" -
Early Behavioral and Molecular Events Leading to Caste Switching in the Ant Harpegnathos
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 25, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Early behavioral and molecular events leading to caste switching in the ant Harpegnathos Comzit Opachaloemphan,1,5 Giacomo Mancini,2,5 Nikos Konstantinides,2,5 Apurva Parikh,2 Jakub Mlejnek,2 Hua Yan,1,3,4 Danny Reinberg,1,3,6 and Claude Desplan2,6 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA; 2Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA; 3Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA Ant societies show a division of labor in which a queen is in charge of reproduction while nonreproductive workers maintain the colony. In Harpegnathos saltator, workers retain reproductive ability, inhibited by the queen phero- mones. Following the queen loss, the colony undergoes social unrest with an antennal dueling tournament. Most workers quickly abandon the tournament while a few workers continue the dueling for months and become gamergates (pseudoqueens). However, the temporal dynamics of the social behavior and molecular mechanisms underlining the caste transition and social dominance remain unclear. By tracking behaviors, we show that the gamergate fate is accurately determined 3 d after initiation of the tournament. To identify genetic factors responsible for this commitment, we compared transcriptomes of different tissues between dueling and nondueling workers. We found that juvenile hormone is globally repressed, whereas ecdysone biosynthesis in the ovary is increased in gamergates. We show that molecular changes in the brain serve as earliest caste predictors compared with other tissues. -
But Should They Be? and What Is a Dominance Hierarchy Anyways?
Myrmecological News 24 71-81 Online Earlier, for print 2017 Dominance hierarchies are a dominant paradigm in ant ecology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), but should they be? And what is a dominance hierarchy anyways? Katharine L. STUBLE, Ivan JURIĆ, Xim CERDÁ & Nathan J. SANDERS Abstract There is a long tradition of community ecologists using interspecific dominance hierarchies as a way to explain species coexistence and community structure. However, there is considerable variation in the methods used to construct these hierarchies, how they are quantified, and how they are interpreted. In the study of ant communities, hierarchies are typ- ically based on the outcome of aggressive encounters between species or on bait monopolization. These parameters are converted to rankings using a variety of methods ranging from calculating the proportion of fights won or baits monopolized to minimizing hierarchical reversals. However, we rarely stop to explore how dominance hierarchies relate to the spatial and temporal structure of ant communities, nor do we ask how different ranking methods quantitatively relate to one another. Here, through a review of the literature and new analyses of both published and unpublished data, we highlight some limitations of the use of dominance hierarchies, both in how they are constructed and how they are interpreted. We show that the most commonly used ranking methods can generate variation among hierarchies given the same data and that the results depend on sample size. Moreover, these ranks are not related to resource acquisition, suggest- ing limited ecological implications for dominance hierarchies. These limitations in the construction, analysis, and interpre- tation of dominance hierarchies lead us to suggest it may be time for ant ecologists to move on from dominance hierarchies. -
Insemination Controls the Reproductive Division of Labour in a Ponerine
Insemination Controls the Reproductive Division correlation between the occurrence of the two events, since the male data re- of Labour in a Ponerine Ant ported below indicate that the relation- ship is a causal one. Were ovarian ac- Chr. Peeters and R. Crewe tivity to be responsible for changes in Department of Zoology, University of the Witwatersrand, worker behaviour which lead to mat- Johannesburg, 2001, South Africa ing, we would expect to find unmated workers with developed ovaries. None The control of oviposition in insect co- frequent transfer of adults and brood have been found at any time of the lonies is fundamental to the structure between the nests along non-chemical year. Indeed we can state that the hap- of their social systems. In most ant so- trails. Workers are produced for most loid eggs which develop into males are cieties a distinct female caste performs of the year (with a hiatus in egg pro- laid by inseminated gamergates. Insem- the reproductive function, while the duction before winter) and this results ination also produced a change in the worker caste is sterile, or at the most in a nest population with individuals chemical composition of the mandibu- produces trophic or unfertilized (male) of various ages. lar gland pheromone of these ants and eggs. Winged males and virgin queens Single nests and nest complexes of in their behaviour. The mated ants re- are seasonally produced, and leave O. berthoudi were excavated at differ- mained inside their nests for the rest their nests on nuptial flights [1]. Thus ent times of the year, and a large sam- of their lives, except when they were a trend towards reproductive speciali- ple of ants from each unit was dis- carried from one nest to another. -
The Functions and Evolution of Social Fluid Exchange in Ant Colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Marie-Pierre Meurville & Adria C
ISSN 1997-3500 Myrmecological News myrmecologicalnews.org Myrmecol. News 31: 1-30 doi: 10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:001 13 January 2021 Review Article Trophallaxis: the functions and evolution of social fluid exchange in ant colonies (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) Marie-Pierre Meurville & Adria C. LeBoeuf Abstract Trophallaxis is a complex social fluid exchange emblematic of social insects and of ants in particular. Trophallaxis behaviors are present in approximately half of all ant genera, distributed over 11 subfamilies. Across biological life, intra- and inter-species exchanged fluids tend to occur in only the most fitness-relevant behavioral contexts, typically transmitting endogenously produced molecules adapted to exert influence on the receiver’s physiology or behavior. Despite this, many aspects of trophallaxis remain poorly understood, such as the prevalence of the different forms of trophallaxis, the components transmitted, their roles in colony physiology and how these behaviors have evolved. With this review, we define the forms of trophallaxis observed in ants and bring together current knowledge on the mechanics of trophallaxis, the contents of the fluids transmitted, the contexts in which trophallaxis occurs and the roles these behaviors play in colony life. We identify six contexts where trophallaxis occurs: nourishment, short- and long-term decision making, immune defense, social maintenance, aggression, and inoculation and maintenance of the gut microbiota. Though many ideas have been put forth on the evolution of trophallaxis, our analyses support the idea that stomodeal trophallaxis has become a fixed aspect of colony life primarily in species that drink liquid food and, further, that the adoption of this behavior was key for some lineages in establishing ecological dominance. -
Dominance and Prestige: Dual Strategies for Navigating Social Hierarchies
CHAPTER THREE Dominance and Prestige: Dual Strategies for Navigating Social Hierarchies J.K. Maner*,1, C.R. Case*,† *Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States †Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States 1Corresponding author: e-mail address: [email protected] Contents 1. Dominance and Prestige as Evolved Strategies for Navigating Social Hierarchies 132 1.1 Social Hierarchies in Evolutionary Perspective 132 1.2 The Motivational Psychology of Social Rank 133 1.3 Dominance 134 1.4 Prestige 137 1.5 Summary 139 2. When Leaders Selfishly Sacrifice Group Goals 141 2.1 Primary Hypotheses 143 2.2 Tactics Dominant Leaders Use to Protect Their Social Rank 145 2.3 From Me vs You to Us vs Them 161 2.4 Summary 162 3. Dual-Strategies Theory: Future Directions and Implications for the Social Psychology of Hierarchy 164 3.1 Identifying Additional Facets of Dominance and Prestige 164 3.2 Additional Moderating Variables 165 3.3 The Pitfalls of Prestige 167 3.4 Rising Through the Ranks 169 3.5 The Psychology of Followership 170 3.6 Sex Differences 172 3.7 Intersections Between Dominance and Prestige and the Broader Social Psychological Literature on Hierarchy 173 4. Conclusion 174 References 175 Abstract The presence of hierarchy is a ubiquitous feature of human social groups. An evolution- ary perspective provides novel insight into the nature of hierarchy, including its causes and consequences. When integrated with theory and data from social psychology, an evolutionary approach provides a conceptual framework for understanding the # Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Volume 54 2016 Elsevier Inc. -
Social Dominance in Childhood and Its Evolutionary Underpinnings: Why It Matters and What We Can Do
SUPPLEMENT ARTICLE Social Dominance in Childhood and Its Evolutionary Underpinnings: Why It Matters and What We Can Do AUTHOR: Patricia H. Hawley, PhD Bullying is a common and familiar manifestation of power differentials Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas and social hierarchy. Much has been written lately about bullying in KEY WORDS schools, in the workplace, and even in the National Football League. Such aggression, bullying, evolution, social dominance hierarchies are pervasive in nature. They can be subtly, almost imper- Dr Hawley conceptualized and designed the article, drafted and ceptibly, managed (by glances, gestures, or implicit cultural expectations), revised the manuscript, and approved the manuscript as brutally enforced (authoritarian rule, vicious attacks, or explicit edicts), or submitted. anything in between. These power differentials affect our daily behaviorand www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2014-3549D thought processes, are a large source of our psychosocial stress, and doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3549D influence our health and well-being. Accepted for publication Dec 19, 2014 As an evolutionary developmental psychologist focusing on aggression and Address correspondence to Patricia H. Hawley, PhD, 3008 18th St, Box 41071, Lubbock, TX 79409-41071. E-mail: patricia.hawley@ttu. peer relationships in childhood, I present for this article an evolutionary view edu to children’s social functioning as it relates to power differentials. First, 3 PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275). common errors in thinking about dominance are dispelled. The discussion Copyright © 2015 by the American Academy of Pediatrics next focuses on social dominance in childhood, including how humans FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The author has indicated she has no appear to be prepared to think about and navigate these relationships, how financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. -
Why We Live in Hierarchies: a Quantitative Treatise
Why we live in hierarchies: a quantitative treatise by Anna Zafeiris1 and Tamás Vicsek1, 2 1Statistical and Biological Physics Research Group of HAS 2Department of Biological Physics, Eötvös University Preprint version Final version to be published by Springer as part of SpringerBriefs in Physics series. July 2017 1 Contents 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 General considerations ................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Motivation ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Hierarchical structures in space and in networks .......................................................... 9 Reference list ..................................................................................................................... 10 2 Definitions and Basic Concepts .......................................................................................... 12 2.1 Describing hierarchical structures ............................................................................... 17 2.1.1 Graphs and networks ............................................................................................ 17 2.1.2 Measuring the level of hierarchy .......................................................................... 19 2.1.3 Classification of hierarchical networks ............................................................... -
Nest Distribution Varies with Dispersal Method and Familiarity-Mediated Aggression for Two Sympatric Ants
Animal Behaviour 84 (2012) 1151e1158 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Animal Behaviour journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/anbehav Nest distribution varies with dispersal method and familiarity-mediated aggression for two sympatric ants Colby J. Tanner*, Laurent Keller Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland article info Dispersal mechanisms and competition together play a key role in the spatial distribution of a pop- fi Article history: ulation. Species that disperse via ssion are likely to experience high levels of localized competitive Received 23 June 2012 pressure from conspecifics relative to species that disperse in other ways. Although fission dispersal Initial acceptance 19 July 2012 occurs in many species, its ecological and behavioural effects remain unclear. We compared foraging Final acceptance 7 August 2012 effort, nest spatial distribution and aggression of two sympatric ant species that differ in reproductive Available online 7 September 2012 dispersal: Streblognathus peetersi, which disperse by group fission, and Plectroctena mandibularis, which MS. number: 12-00484 disperse by solitary wingless queens. We found that although both species share space and have similar foraging strategies, they differ in nest distribution and aggressive behaviour. The spatial distribution of Keywords: S. peetersi nests was extremely aggregated, and workers were less aggressive towards conspecifics from familiarity-mediated aggression nearby nests than towards distant conspecifics and all heterospecific workers. By contrast, the spatial fission dispersal distribution of P. mandibularis nests was overdispersed, and workers were equally aggressive towards Plectroctena mandibularis fi fi spatial distribution conspeci c and heterospeci c competitors regardless of nest distance. Finally, laboratory experiments Streblognathus peetersi showed that familiarity led to the positive relationship between aggression and nest distance in S. -
Model Organisms
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Nature Reviews Genetics | Published online 30 Aug 2017; doi:10.1038/nrg.2017.70 P. Morgan/Macmillan Publishers Limited Morgan/Macmillan P. its caste-specific RNA expression is conserved in other insect species with different social systems. In ants undergoing the worker–gamergate transition, high corazonin peptide levels promoted worker-specific behaviour and inhibited behaviours associated with progression to the MODEL ORGANISMS gamergate caste; as expected, short interfering RNA (siRNA) knockdown of the corazonin receptor (CrzR) gene New tools, new insights — had the opposite phenotypic effect. The researchers went on to identify the vitellogenin gene as a key regula- probing social behaviour in ants tory target of corazonin; its expres- sion is consistently downregulated Eusocial insects display complex strategy of Harpegnathos saltator to in response to increased corazonin social behaviours, but the underlying increase the number of reproducing levels, suggesting that corazonin and Until now, molecular mechanisms are largely ants to enable them to establish orco vitellogenin have opposing effects functional unknown. Now, a trio of papers in mutant lines. In the absence of a on caste identity. Consistent with genetic studies Cell decribe two genes (orco and queen, non-reproductive H. saltator this hypothesis, siRNA knockdown corazonin) that control social behav- workers can become ‘gamergates’, of vitellogenin gene expression pro- have not been iour in ants. Furthermore, two of which lay fertilized eggs. This caste moted worker-specific behaviours. possible in the studies describe the first mutant transition can be replicated in the lab Based on these observations, the ants lines in ants, which were generated by simply by isolating workers.