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Punica1-8.Pdf \^ THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D. EDITED BY fT. E. PAGE, C.H., LITT.D. t E. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. t W. H. D. ROUSE, litt.d. L. A. POST, L.H.D. E. H. WARMINGTON, m.a., f.r.hist.soc. SILIUS ITALICUS I SILIUS ITALICUS PUNICA WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY J. D. DUFF M.A., HON.D.LITT. DURHAM rEIXOW OF TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDOB IN TWO VOLUMES I LONDON WILTJAM HEINEMANN LTD CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS MCMLXI First printed 1927 Reprinted 1949, 1961 Printed in Great Britain TO A. E. H. AND W. T. V. CONTENTS OF VOLUME I PAOS Preface ....... vii Introduction : I. Life of Silius Italicus , , , ix 11. The Poem of Silius Italicus . xi III. Manuscripts, Editions, Translations . xvi Book 1 2 Book II 58 Book III 112 Book IV 168 Book V 232 Book VI 282 Book VII 336 Book VIII 392 PREFACE The introduction deals first with the life of Silius Italicus, as it is described by Pliny and Martial, and then with his poem, the Punica, which deserves, in the translator's opinion, more respectful treatment than it has generally received in modern times. A short account is added of the manuscripts, editions, and translations. The text follows, in the main, that of L. Bauer (Teubner, Leipzig, 1890) ; but many of the emenda- tions proposed by Bentley, Bothe, Heinsius, and others, which Bauer includes in his apparatus, are here promoted to the text. The most important of these emendations are indicated in notes below the text. In the translation I have tried to be true to the original and, at the same time, merciful to the English reader. The poem is so full of allusion that it seemed necessary to add a number of notes, elucidating points of biography, geography, history, and mythology. I have done my best to keep each note within compass. It should be understood that these notes refer to the translation only and not to the Latin text. Silius is not, in general, an obscure writer. But VOL. I A 2 vii PREFACE his poem, like all ancient poems, includes corrupt or difficult passages, on which I have often applied for aid to two powerful allies, Professor A. E. Housman and Mr. W. T. Vesey, Fellow of Gonville and Caius College ; it is a pleasure to record here my indebted- ness to both these scholars. J. D. Duff. July, 1933. I Via I INTRODUCTION I. Life of Silius Italicus SiLius Italicus lived to the age of seventy-five and died A.D. 101 ; he was therefore born a.d. 26. At the time of his birth Tiberius was emperor ; and he lived to see Trajan succeed Nerva. His death did not come in the course of nature : he was afflicted by a chronic ailment and put an end to his sufferings by abstaining from food—a manner of death which was not regarded by the Romans of that age as a crime but as a brave and virtuous action. Our knowledge of this fact and of his life in general is derived from a letter of Pliny's (iii. 7). Pliny regarded his friend as a fortunate man and happy down to the last day of his life. Of his two sons Silius had lost one ; but the survivor was the more satisfactory son of the two and had even risen, in his father's life-time, to the dignity of the consulship. Silius was not merely a poet. His poem was the work of his old age when he had retired from public affairs and was living in studious seclusion near Naples. He was consul himself a.d. 68—the year of Nero's downfall and death ; and he gained a high reputation when he governed the province of Asia as proconsul. Phny hints that his poHtical conduct ix INTRODUCTION during Nero's reign had been open to censure, but says that his later hfe atoned for any early indiscretions. We learn also from Martial ^ that he was famous in his younger days as a pleader in the law-courts. Silius was a rich man and was able to gratify expen- sive tastes. He bought one fine country-house after another, and filled them with books, pictures, and statues. Upon his busts of Virgil he set special value. He bought the site of Virgil's tomb at Naples, which had fallen into neglect, and restored it. He made pilgrimages to the spot, and kept Virgil's birthday, October 15, with more ceremony than his own. Another of his acquisitions was a house that had belonged to Cicero,^ whom Silius revered as the greatest of Roman orators.*' His life of retirement was not a solitary life : he received many visitors, with whom he liked to con- verse on literary topics, generally lying on his sofa ; and at times he entertained his guests by reading extracts from his poem, and asked for their criticism. (Pliny himself did not think highly of the poem : it was painstaking, he thought, but lacked genius.) Thus Silius lived on, respected and courted, until he put an end to his life by his own act. The ailment from which he suffered is described by the word clavus ; the name that modern medical science would give to this affliction is uncertain, but it was incur- able ; and, like a guest who had eaten his fill, he withdrew from the scene. « vii. 63. * Mart. xi. 48. 9. "His reverence for both Virgil and Cicero is recorded in his poem : see viii. 593, 594, and viii. 408-413. X ; INTRODUCTION II. The Poem of Silius Italicus Tlie Punica of Silius Italicus is the longest Latin poem : it contains upwards of 12,000 verses. Its subject is the Second Punic War, the most critical period in the history of the Republic. Hannibal is the true hero of the story, though Silius evidently intended to cast Scipio for that part. The narrative begins with Hannibal's oath and ends with the battle of Zama. There are two long digressions : the first (of 500 lines) fills most of the Sixth Book and contains the story of Regulus which properly belongs to the First Punic War ; and the second digression (in the Eighth Book) devotes 200 lines to the adventures of Anna, the sister of Dido, who has become the Nymph of an Italian river, so that her sympathies are, or ought to be, divided between the combatants. Other- I wise, the narrative proceeds in orderly sequence from beginning to end." It was certainly based upon Livy's Third Decad. But Silius owes much more to Virgil's Aeneid than to any other source. He had soaked his mind in Virgil. There are undoubtedly long stretches in the poem which no modern reader can enjoy. Silius gives ample space, too ample, to the six great battles of the war —Ticinus, Trebia, Lake Trasimene, Cannae, the Metaurus, and Zama ; and the details of slaughter become in him, as they become in better poets, monotonous and repulsive. Then there are the " There is serious disorder in Book XVII. about 1. 290. But I agree with tliose editors who assume a lacuna here and it may well be a very large lacuna. For the lacuna in Book VIII. see p. xvii. xi INTRODUCTION catalogues. The Catalogue was an indispensable part of an ancient Epic, and Silius has many of them —a catalogue of the Carthaginian forces, a catalogue of the Italian contingents who fought at Cannae, a catalogue of Sicilian towns and rivers, and others as well ; and these long lists of names and places, many of them quite obscure, are wearisome. Few poets have had the art to make catalogues interesting. Milton could do it ; and a very different poet from Milton wrote an excellent catalogue—the first part " of Macaulay's Horatius. " From lordly Volaterrae and so on is a catalogue of the Tuscan cities, which the reader, especially the youthful reader, finds delightful. But the Punica does not consist entirely of carnage and catalogues. What of the poem as a whole ? Does it deserve its deplorable reputation ? Of some writers it is the custom to say that they are more praised than read ; but no one ever said this of SiHus. Of him it would be truer to say that he is more blamed than read. Even Madvig, who does not blame him, admits that he had only read the poem in parts and celerrime.^ There is no doubt about the verdict pronounced by modern critics and historians of Roman literature. They say very little about Silius,'' but they are all of one opinion—that he was a dull man who wrote a bad poem. And this is the view of the educated public. I believe myself that this judgement is much too summary, and that " Adversaria Critica, ii. p. 161. * This is not true of Professor J. Wight Duff, the latest critic of Silius. His discussion of the poem is full and careful {JAterary History of Rome in the Silver Age (1927), pp. 452 foil.) ; but he seems to me somewhat blind to its merits. xii INTRODUCTION scholars would think better of the poem if they would condescend to read it. We know that it was the work of an old man, and the fire and vigour of youth are not to be found in it ; its merits are of another sort. The versification is in general pleasing, and much less monotonous than that of Lucan. Not that Silius had a really fine ear for the beautiful arrangement of vowels and consonants : he is capable of beginning a line with certatisfatis, and ending i mother with genitore PehreJ^ Then too many of his verses end with a trochee ; and the Latin hexameter verse, unlike the Greek in this respect, is shorn of its true majesty if the trochaic ending is used too often.
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