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Repositorio Digital UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS PARA IMPORTAR TALLOS PORTA YEMAS DE ROSA (Rosa sp.) PARA PLANTAR ORIGINARIOS DE HOLANDA Trabajo de titulación presentado como requisito previo a la obtención del Título de Ingeniero Agrónomo Autor: Povea Palacios Miguel Ezequiel Tutor: M.Sc. Clara Cecilia Iza Madruñero Quito, agosto 2017 ii iii iii iv DEDICATORIA A Dios, a mis padres Vilma y Byron, a mis hermanos (a) Byron, Juan y Estefany, a mi novia Diana y a mi Familia. v AGRADECIMIENTOS A Dios por saber guiarme hacia el camino correcto. A mis abuelitos por ser un buen ejemplo de superación. A mis padres Vilma y Byron por darme su apoyo de una u otra manera, por los valores inculcados, por el aliento de superación, para ser una persona mejor y ser un ejemplo a seguir, millón gracias por todo. A mis hermanos y hermana por apoyarme y aportar con su grano de arena para llegar a esta meta. A mis sobrinos y sobrinas por alegrarme en los momentos que más se necesita una sonrisa sincera (Mis Cucos). A Diana, por su gran amor y eterna paciencia, por ser esa persona que siempre me alienta y jamás me deja rendirme, por estar siempre apoyándome en las buenas y en las malas “con el corazón”. A mis cuñados por ser un aporte en mi vida y darme el aliento para seguir superándome. A mi familia por su apoyo y preocupación a lo largo de mi vida estudiantil. A mis amigos “Los Aldeanos” por los acolites, tristezas, alegrías y experiencias vividas durante la Carrera Universitaria. A mis Ingenieros (a) Clara Iza, Valdano Tafur, Juan Pazmiño, Juan Borja y todos los ingenieros que a lo largo de la carrera aportaron compartiendo su conocimiento para culminar mi formación Académica. A la Ínclita Universidad Central del Ecuador por la oportunidad de formarme en tan gloriosa y noble Institución (la mejor) y a la Agencia Ecuatoriana de Aseguramiento de la Calidad del Agro – AGROCALIDAD, por darme la oportunidad de realizar mi trabajo de titulación en la institución y por toda su colaboración. vi INDICE DE CONTENIDO CAPÍTULOS PÁGINAS 1. INTRODUCCION…………………………………………………...……………………………………….…….1 1.1 OBJETIVOS…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..3 1.2 Objetivo general………………………………………………………………………………………………….3 1.3 Objetivos específicos ………………………………………………………………………………………….3 2. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA………………………………………………………………………………..4 2.1 Cultivo de rosa (Rosa sp.)………………………………………………………………………………………………..4 2.2 Clasificacion taxonomica…………………………………………………………………………………………………4 2.3 Morfología……………………………………………………………………………………….…………………4 2.4 Condiciones climáticas……………………………………………………………………………………………………5 2.5 Importancia del cultivo en el Ecuador …………………………………………………………………………6 2.6 Importancia del cultivo en Holanda………………………………………………………………………………..6 2.7 Norma Internacional para Medidas Fitosanitarias (NIMF)……………………………………………….7 2.7.1 NIMF N.° 2: Marco para el Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas ………………………………………………..7 2.7.2 NIMF N.° 5: Glosario de Términos Fitosanitarios …………………………………………………………….7 2.7.3 NIMF N°. 11: Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas para Plagas Cuarentenarias ……………………….7 2.7.4 NIMF N°. 21: Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas para Plagas no Cuarentenarias reglamentadas…………………………………………………………………………………..7 2.8 Plaga …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8 2.9 Plaga cuarentenaria………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8 2.10 Plaga no cuarentenaria reglamentada …………………………………………………………………………8 2.11 Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas……………………………………………………………………………………………8 2.11.1 Estructura del ARP………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 2.11.2 Ventajas del ARP…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….8 3. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS…………………………………………………………………………………..10 3.1 Ubicación………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10 3.2 Materiales………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10 3.3 Métodos…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………10 3.4 Etapa 1: Inicio del proceso de ARP………………………………………………………………………………….10 3.5 Etapa 2. Evaluación de Riesgos de Plagas……………………………………………………………………..14 3.6 Etapa 3. Manejo del Riesgo de Plagas…………………………………………………………………………..20 4. RESULTADOS ……………………………………………………………………………………………….….22 vii 4.1 Etapa 1. Inicio del proceso de ARP………………………………………………………………………………..¡Error! Marcador no definido. CAPÍTULOS PÁGINAS 4.2 Etapa 2. Evaluacion de Riesgo de Plagas de Holanda…………………………………………………..¡Error! Marcador no definido.8 4.2.1 Conclusión de la Etapa 2…………………………………………………………………………………………….¡Error! Marcador no definido. 4.3 Etapa 3. Manejo del Riesgo de Plagas de Holanda……………………………………………………..¡Error! Marcador no definido.65 4.3.1 Comentarios sobre la mitigación del riesgo…………………………………………………………………¡Error! Marcador no definido.65 4.3.3 Opciones de manejo……………………………………………………………………………………………………¡Error! Marcador no definido.69 4.3.4 En el país exportador (Holanda) ………………………………………………………………………………….¡Error! Marcador no definido.9 4.3.5 En el país importador (Ecuador):…………………………………………………………………………………¡Error! Marcador no definido.70 4.3.6 Conclusión de la Etapa 3……………………………………………………………………………………………..¡Error! Marcador no definido.70 5. CONCLUSIONES………………………………………………………………………………………….……2371 6. RESUMEN ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..2472 SUMMARY 7. REFERENCIAS………………………………………………………………………………………………….2674 ANEXOS………………………………………………….………………………………………………………315 viii ÍNDICE DE CUADROS CUADROS PÁG. 1. Proceso para determinar el potencial de maleza (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 10 2. Ejemplificación de lista mundial de plagas (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 11 3. Ejemplificación de la categorización de plagas (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 12 4. Ejemplificación de finalización etapa 1 (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 13 5. Matriz de calificación para las Consecuencias de la Introducción de las plagas cuarentenarias (AGROCALIDAD,2012) 16 6. Matriz de calificación para la Probabilidad de la Introducción de plagas cuarentenarias (AGROCALIDAD,2012) 18 7. Matriz para los riesgos acumulados de la evaluación de las Consecuencias de Introducción y la Probabilidad de Introducción de las plagas cuarentenarias (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 19 8. Matriz de proceso para determinar el potencial de maleza (AGROCALIDAD, 2012) 21 9. Lista mundial de plagas asociadas al cultivo de rosa (Rosa sp.) para plantar originarios de Holanda 26 10. Cuadro de Categorizacion de plagas al cultivo de rosa (Rosa sp.) para plantar originarios de Holanda 121 11. Plagas con potencial cuarentenario que siguen la vía de ingreso en tallos porta yemas de Rosa (Rosa sp.) 157 ix 12. Riesgos acumulados de la evaluación de las Consecuencias de Introducción y la Probabilidad de Introducción de las Plagas cuarentenarias para Ecuador presentes en Holanda (AGROCALIDAD 2012) 264 x ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS FIGURAS PÁG. 1. Brevipalpus phoenicis (CAB International, 2016) 315 2. Síntomas de Brevipalpus phoenicis (CAB International, 2016) 318 3. Bryobia lagodechiana (Inaturalist, 2016) 321 4. Síntomas de Bryobia lagodechiana (Rosetta, 2016) 323 5. Pseudomonas viridiflava en hojas de col china 326 (CAB International, 2016) 6. Síntomas de Pseudomonas viridiflava en cebolla 328 (CAB International, 2016) 7. Rhizobium rubi (Pest Management Handbooks, 2017) 331 8. Síntomas de Rhizobium rubi en cebolla 332 (Pest Management Handbooks, 2017) 9. Pythium splendens (CAB International, 2016) 335 10. Síntomas de Pythium splendens (INaturalist, 2016) 337 11. Ascochyta sp. (Markell, 2016) 340 12. Síntomas de Ascochyta fabae (Biobaro, 2016) 342 13. Botryosphaeria ribis (Bush, 2016) 345 14. Síntomas de Botryosphaeria ribis 348 (Academia de Ciencias Agrícolas, 2010) 15. Colletotrichum capsici (CAB International, 2007) 351 16. Síntomas de Colletotrichum capsici (CAB International, 2007) 354 17. Coniothyrium wernsdorffiae (CAB International, 2007) 356 18. Síntomas de Coniothyrium wernsdorffiae (Natalibaba, 2017) 357 19. Coryneum microstictum (Remi & Sarah, 2011) 360 20. Síntomas de Coryneum microstictum (Remi & Sarah, 2011) 362 21. Cylindrocladiella parva (Alvarez, 2013) 364 22. Síntomas de Cylindrocladiella parva (Alvarez, 2013) 366 23. Cylindrocladium pauciramosum (Lombard, 2009) 368 24. Síntomas de Cylindrocladium pauciramosum (Perez, et al, 2005) 370 25. Didymella applanata (CAB International, 2007) 373 26. Síntomas de Didymella applanata (CAB International, 2007) 375 27. Diplocarpon rosae (CAB International, 2007) 378 28. Síntomas de Diplocarpon rosae (Cattlin, 2006) 380 29. Fusarium redolens (CAB International, 2016) 382 30. Síntomas de Fusarium redolens (Ramírez, 2016) 384 31. Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (CAB International, 2007) 386 32. Síntomas de Leptosphaeria coniothyrium (CAB International, 2007) 388 33. Neonectria galligena (CAB International, 2007) 391 34. Síntomas de Neonectria galligena (CAB International, 2007) 393 35. Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (CAB International, 2016) 396 36. Síntomas de Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato 398 (CAB International, 2016) 37. Aulacaspis rosae (Planta, 2017) 401 38. Síntomas de Aulacaspis rosae (Davidson, 2017) 403 39. Aulacaspis rosarum (CAB International, 2016) 406 40. Síntomas de Aulacaspis rosarum (Henderson, 2017) 408 41. Chrysomphalus ficus (CAB International, 2016) 410 x ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS FIGURAS PÁG. 42. Síntomas de Chrysomphalus ficus (CAB International, 2007) 413 43. Lepidosaphes ulmi (CAB International, 2007) 415 44. Síntomas de Lepidosaphes ulmi (Bugguide, 2017) 418 45. Resseliella theobaldi (INRA, 2017) 420 46. Síntomas de Resseliella theobaldi (INRA, 2017) 422 47. Apple Mosaic Virus (ApMV) (CAB International, 2016) 425 48. Síntomas de Apple Mosaic Virus (ApMV) (CAB International, 2016) 427 49. Arabis
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