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Modul: Zaštita Od Bolesti I Štetnika U Voćarstvu – Dio Zaštita Od Bolesti

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Modul: Zaštita Od Bolesti I Štetnika U Voćarstvu – Dio Zaštita Od Bolesti Modul: Zaštita od bolesti i štetnika u voćarstvu – dio zaštita od bolesti Cvjetković, B. (2010.): Mikoze i pseudomikoze voćaka i vinove loze. Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Agronomski fakultet, 1-534. Jurković, D., Ćosić, J. (2003.): Zaštita vinograda i voćnjaka od uzročnika bolesti. Veleučilište u Požegi. Skripta, 1-83. Kišpatić, J (1992.): Bolesti voćaka i vinove loze. Sveučilište u Zagrebu. Agronomski fakultet, 1-292. Ćosić, J., Jurković, D., Vrandečić, K. (2006.): Praktikum iz fitopatologije. www.pfos.hr PROGNOZA POJAVE BILJNIH BOLESTI Predvidjeti vrijeme pojave i moguću jačinu neke bolesti može biti presudno za uspjeh kontrole bolesti te prije svega ekonomski učinak, određene proizvodnje. Svrha je prognoze da spriječi epidemiju bolesti (osobito onih koje se mogu suzbijati fungicidima) pravovremenim informacijama o početku, razvoju i jačini napada. Prognoza je osobito bitna za bolesti koje jako variraju u intenzitetu napada. Kod bolesti koje se redovito javljaju prognoza ima zadatak da odredi rokove i razmake tretiranja. Glavni zadatak prognoze je utvrditi rizik od pojave bolesti ili mogućnost da će se intenzitet bolesti povećati (Campbell and Madden 1990). Što definira uspješan prognozni model? Campbell and Madden (1990) izdvajaju: pouzdanost (korištenje podataka o biologiji patogena i okolišnim čimbenicima) jednostavnost važnost bolesti (bolest je važna za određenu kulturu, ali se rijetko javlja tako da potreba za tretiranjem nije dana) korisnost (prognostički model treba primijeniti kada bolest i / ili patogen može biti otkriven pouzdano) dostupnost (potrebne informacije o čimbenicima za nastanak bolesti (trokut) bi trebale biti raspoložive) višenamjenski primjenjivost (praćenje i donošenje odluka za više bolesti i štetnika treba biti na raspolaganju) isplativosti (prognostički sustav bi trebao biti pristupačne cijene u odnosu na ostale mjere zaštite koje se poduzimaju) Prognoza je osobito bitna u voćarstvu zbog smanjenja broja prskanja. Za prognozu potrebno je poznavati: biologiju parazita: koje spore parazit stvara, kojim sporama se širi u vegetaciji, a koje omogućuju održavanje pod nepovoljnim uvjetima, kada nastaju infekcije, kroz koje organe dolazi do zaraze, koji su minimalni, a koji optimalni uvjeti za razvoj parazita (za sporulaciju, infekciju, klijanje konidija) i dr. uvjete pod kojima nastaju zaraze Treba pratiti (i bilježiti) klimatske čimbenike (temperatura - najčešće srednja dnevna temperatura, ali i druge kada to metoda zahtjeva, količina oborina, relativna vlažnost zraka, rosa, trajanje sijanja sunca, jačina i smjer kretanja zračnih struja i dr.). Poznavanje jačine zaraženosti ili kontaminacije sjemena, lukovica, gomolja... kontinuirani obilasci i pregledi nasada ili polja (konfiguracija terena, mikroklima) poznavanja osjetljivosti sorata ili hibrida (fenofaza razvoja biljke) Prognoza se nekada služi indirektnim metodama, na pr. kada su u pitanju virusne zaraze prati se pojava vektora (vektori su prenosioci virusa), najčešće su to lisne uši. Intenzitet pojave bolesti u jednoj godini ponekada može biti indikator za prognozu jačine bolesti u drugoj godini. ANTIFUZIKLADIJSKA SLUŽBA Ova služba predviđa pojavu čađave krstavosti (Fusicladium dendriticum - nespolni stadij gljive; Venturia inaequalis - spolni stadij gljive), bolesti koja se svake godine javlja u nasadu jabuka (i krušaka). Venturia inaequalis Carstvo:Fungi, Pododjel:Ascomycota, Razred: Dothideomycetes, Red:Pleosporales, Porodica: Venturiaceae, Rod: Venturia -uzročnik krastavosti jabuke ili fuzikladija (Fusicladium dendriticum) - napada najčešće list i plod, a znatno rjeđe cvijet i mladice - najvažnija i najštetnija bolest Na listovima se od proljeća do jeseni uočavaju maslinasto zelene pjege i to pretežito na gornjoj strani lista (oko 1 cm). Pjege se mogu spajati, a list je često deformiran što za posljedicu ima slabiju asimilaciju, jaču transpiraciju i izvor zaraze za plodove. U slučaju velikog broja pjega list se osuši i otpadne. Pjege rijetko nalazimo na naličju – dlakavost lišća. Na zarazu su osjetljiviji mladi listovi. Najjaču zarazu nalazimo u unutrašnjosti krošnje. Što je voćnjak bujniji i gušćeg sklopa to su razlike u zaraženosti unutrašnjosti krošnje i rubova manje. Gljiva nije tipični endoparazit hife – subkutikularno. Rub pjega nije oštro odjeljen od zdravog dijela, nego postepeno prelazi u nezaraženi dio plojke. Štetnost napada na lišće očituje se u smanjenoj asimilaciji, a takovo lišće i jače transpirira (takav gubitak vode posebice dolazi do izražaja u vrućim ljetnim mjesecima), lišće postepeno žuti i otpada još tijekom vegetacije, i na kraju, napadnuto lišće je izvor zaraze za plodove. Na plodovima se takđer javljaju maslinasto-zelene pjege veličine obično 2-6 mm, ali mogu biti i veće (1-2 cm). www.apsnet.org http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/ Pjege su površinske (hife su ograničene na subkutikularni rast). Jako zaraženi plodovi su deformirani, sitniji i otpadaju. Stariji plodovi, čak i ako su jače zaraženi, u pravilu ne otpadaju, već se unutar pjege raspucavaju. Ispod zaraženog staničja dolazi do tvorbe plutastog staničja (aktivna obrambena reakcija) koje izolira zaraženo tkivo od zdravog. Posljedice napada plodova su: - gubitak plodova (otpadaju, sitni su i deformirani) - kroz pukotine ulaze drugi paraziti (Monilia) - loša kvaliteta (niža tržišna cijena) www.plantwise.org Napad fuzikladija na cvjetovima nije česta pojava, ali se može naći. Na laticama i lapovima - maslinastozelene mrlje. Direktnih šteta nema. www.viette.com - Napad na kori mladica također kod jabuka nije česta pojava (krastava mjesta s plitko raspucanom korom). U tim krastama prezimi micelij, te u proljeće kraste poprimaju maslinasto-zelenu boju zbog formiranja konidija. Biologija Zaraženo lišće otpada tijekom cijele vegetacije, a posebice u jesen. Tada gljiva prelazi na saprofitski način života, a micelij prelazi iz subkutikularnog staničja u mezofil gdje se proširi. U proljeće se nakon spolnog razvoja javljaju se periteciji s askusima i askosporama, a vratovi plodišta pojavljuju su na licu lista u ožujku i travnju. Heterotalična vrsta. botit.botany.wisc.edu Askospore se oslobađaju aktivno i za to je potrebna voda (kiša). Jak razvoj parazita treba očekivati u godinama s čestim kišama u travnju i svibnju uz relativno toplo vrijeme. Primarna zaraza - askospore ili konidije koje se razvijaju na kori mladice. Askospore kliju u micelij na listovima, dolazi do perforiranja kutikule i micelij se smjesti subkutikularno. Nakon inkubacije nastaju mrlje, a na njima konidije, koje se šire kišom i omogućuju sekundarnu infekciju. Suzbijanje 1. kulturalne mjere (pravilan izbor tla, izbor sorata, razmak između redova, prorjeđivanje krošnje, njega voćaka, pravilna gnojidba, suzbijanje korova) kemijska zaštita (sumporni fungicidi - nisu najbolji, ali djeluju i na pepelnicu; bakarni fungicidi - ne preporučuju se zbog fitotoksičnosti iako imaju dobro djelovanje na parazita; Glasilo biljne zaštite. Koda nas se za prognozu koriste aparati CDA-AGRA- Čakovec i Metos (Weiz- Austrija) bazarini na Millsovoj tablici. wiki.bugwood.org Tijekom godina iskušane su različite metode određivanja roka za provođenje prvog prskanja. Temelj svih metoda je: utvrđivanje dozrelosti peritecija (to su plodišta parazita koja nastaju nakon prezimljenja zaraženog lišća iz prethodne vegetacije) izbacivanje i let askospora (askospore su osnovni izvor primarnih zaraza) Za uspješno suzbijanje fuzikladija potrebno je pratiti oborine početak i trajanje vlaženja lista temperaturu za vrijeme vlaženja lista relativnu vlagu zraka let spora Početak kiše u proljeće uvjetuje let spora, a dovoljno je već 0.2 mm kiše za pucanje askusa i let spora. Kiša zatim uvjetuje trajanje vlažnosti lista. Može isprati i fungicide. Relativna vlaga zraka je važna jer spora može ostati klijava bez vode duže što je viša relativna vlaga zraka. 7 sati pri 70 % r.v.z, 8 sati pri 80 % r.v.z., te duže vrijeme kod 90 % r.v.z. Praćenje leta zimskih spora je osnovni podatak, jer one svojim klijanjem prouzrokuju primarne infekcije. Askospore se iz askusa oslobadaju silovito, bivaju izbačene pod tlakom i prepuštene su zračnim strujanjima. Askospore mogu uzrokovat zarazu u određenom rasponu temperatura i u ovisnosti o dostupnosti vode potrebne za klijanje ovih spora. Konidije nastaju nakon zaraze biljnih organa raznose se po nasadu uglavnom vodom (kišnim kapima). Inkubacijska krivulja po Millsu služi prvenstveno radi predviđanja mogućnosti i jačine zaraze jabuke askosporama i konidijama gljive V. inaequalis. Pretpostavlja se da su tijekom vegetacije u voćnjaku uvijek prisutne konidije gljive uzročnika krastavosti. U nekim velikim nasadima jabuka danas su postavljeni aparati koji automatski hvataju askospore, te na temelju kompjutorskih modela i unešenih podataka sami preračunavaju elemente potrebne za određivanje roka prskanja. U manjim nasadima, ali i pojedinim velikim voćnjacima prognoza se radi na temelju iskustva, poznavanja biologije i ekologije parazita, te praćenju podataka o oborinama i temperaturama. Nakon što se utvrdi da su periteciji u otpalom lišću počeli oslobađati askospore, na temelju kretanja dnevnih temperatura i duljine vlaženja lista utvrđuje se rizik od zaraze. Let spora može se odrediti na temelju zbroja srednjih dnevnih temperatura od kalendraskog početka godine (Creemers i sur., 1996.) Zbroj srednjih dnevnih Let spora u % temperatura u °C 262-270 50 557-571 95 938-887 Završetak leta Millsova inkubacijska krivulja Predviđa jačina zaraze krastavošću. Prisutnost zrelih askospora neophodno je pratiti
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