FGL6e 12.04.2002 19:53 Uhr Seite 3

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

Good for Sales and Presentation 6 FGL6e 12.04.2002 19:54 Uhr Seite 4

Contents

Corporate identity 2

The impact of 3

Signal from a distance: façades 4

Everything under one roof: shopping malls 5

Dynamic lighting for shop windows and salesrooms 6 General lighting

The shop window: stage in the street 8

The showcase: eye-catcher for exclusive merchandise 11

Entrance lighting 12

Salesroom lighting General lighting 13

Salesroom lighting Accent lighting 16

Lighting for staircases, pay points and changing cubicles 20

Quality features in light- ing: what it takes to get it right 22

Visual performance Pay point and visual comfort 23

Light colour and colour rendering 24

Attachments and filters 25

Lamps 26 Façade Luminaires 30

Lighting management 32

Ballasts and transformers 33

Emergency and security lighting 34

Acknowledgements for photographs 35

Imprint 36

Information on Lighting Applications: The series of booklets Entrance from Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht 37 FGL6e 12.04.2002 19:55 Uhr Seite 1

Emotion – Experience – Success

Cosmetics promise beauty, clothes signal lifestyle – even a wholemeal bread roll stands for a philosophy today. Long gone are the days when merchandise Peripheral zone was bought just to meet needs. Shopping today is an emotional activity, a stimulating recreational experience.

And lighting helps shape that experience. In a mod- ern retail store, lighting performs a dual function: it helps busy shoppers quickly get their bearings and creates a myriad of Displays inspirational environments packed with ideas for the shopper’s personal lifestyle.

Good lighting is more than just something that helps us perform different visual tasks. A harmonious light- ing atmosphere promotes a sense of well-being, makes it easier for staff to serve customers, under- lines corporate identity and contributes significantly to the success of the enter- prise.

From full-blown department store to niche-market deli- catessen – flexible lighting Staircase/Lift installations offer a wealth of possibilities for ensuring that merchandise has the Changing Cubicles right visual impact. Lighting adds flair to a presentation. It guides and formulates, dramatises and differenti- ates, emotionalises and personalises.

Lighting makes shopping an emotional experience and boosts retail success.

Shop Window

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Corporate Identity

Technological change and file is needed to make a the Internet are transform- memorable impression. ing the world of retailing. Sales cycles are getting A retailer’s corporate image shorter, the pace of busi- is primarily formed by ness and competition are salesroom and shop win- stepping up. A sharp pro- dow design, product range, presentation and quality of service. And lighting is important for them all. The kind of lighting chosen helps define retail identity and ensure high recogni- tion value. So customised lighting performs more than just a sales-boosting function; it also has a marked impact on corpo- rate design and corporate identity: lighting as an identifier – corporate light- ing - is becoming a major factor of retail success. A crucial competitive edge and lower overheads can be achieved by effectively Making a memorable impression: corporate lighting ensures that brand and company are quickly identified.

Corporate Identity and Lighting

Viewing light Viewing light Viewing light, display (visual performance) and display light light, decorative light (visual comfort) (visual ambiance)

Simple Quality lighting Quality lighting systems, lighting systems, systems, different lighting for effect few lamp types lamps, accent lighting

Low-price Merchandisers Merchandisers or merchandisers with quality shop-in-shop outlets product ranges geared to providing a “shopping experience”

Open plan Brand products, Product presentation architecture, combined clearly structured as stage. product presentation range Image-oriented and warehousing store architecture

e.g. DIY centres, super- e.g. department e.g. fashion stores, markets, shoe and stores, specialist specialty food stores sports goods marts stores, pharmacies Fig. 1

harnessing the sales-pro- and product range, the the market. So it is always motional impact of light more stylish the lighting advisable to consult a light- and ensuring comfortable required (see Fig. 1). How- ing designer, shopfitter and and energy-efficient light- ever, there are no patent interior designer. ing at the design stage. recipes for lighting system design. Solutions are as Generally speaking, the varied as the range of more exclusive the store lamps and luminaires on

1

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The impact of light

Artificial lighting changes the appearance of interi- ors and merchandise; a successful lighting “pre- sentation” calls for care- ful planning.

3 2 Viewing light

Light changes and shapes lighting needs to be signi- our mood. According to ficantly higher than the Richard Kelly – the leg- general lighting level. endary New York stage and architectural lighting Decorative light is a spe- designer of the fifties – cial form of accent lighting light for salesrooms and – an object of attention it- shop windows can be self, not an illuminating divided into three cate- medium. Examples include gories: viewing light, dis- coloured light, moving play light and decorative beams, chasing , light. sparkle effects on glass, metal or paintwork and Viewing light is functional spots, which project light, providing uniform decorative silhouettes, lo- background brightness. An gos, advertising material, adequate level of lighting etc. onto a surface. Deco- 4 and good limitation rative light provides visual Display light permit good visual perform- stimuli and creates a lively ance, make displays and ambience. surroundings visible and facilitate orientation. Aside from lighting quality requirements, important Display light is promotion- lighting design parameters al light. Used to highlight are light colour and colour presentations and individ- rendering properties of ual areas of the store, it lamps, , lumi- directs the eye of the ob- naire design and visually server and picks out spe- effective use of light and cific product features – shade. colour, shape, surface Our eyes capture structure – e.g. in the fo- around 80 percent of cused beams of spots or all the information we downlights. To ensure that receive. the resulting islands of Lighting should be light develop their full im- designed for emotional 5 pact, the level of accent appeal. Decorative light

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Signal from a distance: façades

6 7 During the day, the visual roundings, the greater their So too is a floodlit compa- impact of a building is de- power of attraction. ny name on building or fined by daylight and archi- car-park signs, which has tecture; at night, it is mod- Illuminated sign advertising high recognition value and elled by artificial lighting. complements the long- introduces the observer to Light sends out long-range range impact of façades the retailer’s corporate signals: bright shop win- and shop windows, con- identity. Fibre-optic or LED dows have an allure from veying key information lighting systems are well- a distance, eye-catching from a distance. A clearly suited to this kind of light- illuminated façades invite visible aesculapian staff ing (see Page 12). passers-by to browse and outside a pharmacy, for shop. The more their high example, or an illuminated makes them brand logo are effective stand out from their sur- orientation aids.

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Everything under one roof: shopping malls

Shopping malls have been A variety of optical control on the advance worldwide systems are available for since the 1990s. A symbol directing daylight indoors of contemporary consumer and compensating for culture, they unite a diverse changes in the direction, range of merchandise, ser- intensity and spectral com- vices and entertainment position of daylight. They under one roof. work with specular reflec- tors, shields, baffles, enclo- Ensuring a stimulating at- sures, foils, louvers, prisms mosphere calls for intelli- or grids, either mounted in gent lighting control. In the rigid arrangements or auto- inward-directed architectur- mated to track the sun and al context of a shopping double as sunscreens.

10 mall, this means optimally Artificial lighting is needed harnessing and filtering the in shopping malls even on little daylight that enters the a bright day. It provides complex and using artificial guidance for shoppers, lighting to create an air of makes communication tranquillity and harmony routes and stairs safe, sets coupled with dynamism the scene for store win- and excitement. dows and showcases and

11 prevents “black holes” on dull days and at dusk. For wide galleries and commu- nication routes, an attrac- tive combination of indirect and direct lighting is rec- ommended. Around 400 is an adequate lighting level.

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An effective product pre- sentation makes for retail success. It underlines the quality of the merchandise, shapes its image, gener- ates positive emotions. These marketing messages can be conveyed particu- larly well by lighting. Spe- cial effects direct shoppers’ attention and arouse their interest.

Modern lighting technology has added a new dimen- sion to the lively dialogue between lighting and mer- chandise: motion. Dynamic lighting productions banish monotony from shop win- dows and add a note of vitality to salesrooms.

Electronic lighting control systems permit modifica- tion of a product’s visual impact on the observer: changing colours and spotlight beams vary the lighting atmosphere and set a constant stream of new accents. Computerised systems permit spots and luminaires to be individual- ly controlled on different electrical circuits. Any pos- sible combination, any lighting solution can thus be programmed and acti- vated to run in the required sequence at a definable speed between definable starting and stopping times. (see also Page 32).

Lighting sets the scene, bright- ens communication routes and directs the visitor’s eye. Electronic lighting control systems combine convenience with energy savings.

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Dynamic lighting for shop windows and salesrooms

Lighting control Lighting control systems offer ultimate convenience coupled with economy. Lighting control permits flexibility, functional diversi- ty and decorative lighting effects.

– Flexibility: lighting is adjusted to cater to the needs of changing dis- plays by raising or lower- ing the lighting level at specific points for the required length of time. There is no need to mod- ify electrical installations. 14 Traditional: concentrated light from spots sets gleaming accents. The presentation underlines the high – Functional diversity: quality of the merchandise. lighting levels in the dif- ferent shop zones (sales, periphery, shop window, façade) are set as re- quired. Settings can be differently defined for different times: before the store opens, during opening hours, shortly before closing time, dur- ing the night (security, cleaning, emergency lighting).

– Lighting effects: control of moving light and special effects.

– Economy: energy-effi- cient lighting operates only when it is needed 15 Atmospheric: the reddish light of special fluorescent lamps creates an agreeable warm ground colour. and thus consumes little The garments are highlighted from below by spots. electricity. A control sys- tem – activated by day- light, for example, or the presence of movement – reduces energy con- sumption by an appre- ciable amount.

16 Stimulating: a seductive mood is created by green, white and red coloured light – combined with supplementary accent lighting.

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The shop window: stage in the street

First impressions are crucial. So special care needs to be taken over shop window displays. They are the retailer’s calling card, a “stage in the street”.

The “signal effect” of shop windows is confirmed by marketing studies: 180 lx illuminance stops 5 percent of passers-by in their tracks. 1,200 lx produces a 20 percent response and 2,000 lx catches the eye of 25 percent of passers- by. So: attractiveness in- creases with illuminance.

Light and shadow Successful product pre- sentation calls for more than just brightness, how- ever. The secret of good lighting lies in artistic pro- duction, in dramatic use of light and shadow, dy- namism and change. Artificial lighting offers a major advantage here: it permits precise control 18

Keeping a distance Spots and luminaires with spotlighting characteris- tics display a symbol in- dicating the minimum admissible distance bet- ween the light source 17 Effective modelling and brilliant and the illuminated sur- halogen light combine to pre- face. This distance needs sent this evening dress to best to be maintained to pro- advantage (see also Fig. 2). tect illuminated surfaces and objects from high temperatures.

and regulation, sets ac- cents (display light) and creates effects (decorative light) where they are re- quired.

Effective lighting in the opera shop: stage spotlights on power track arouse curiosity and permit changing window displays. Fig. 2

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Variable control for different Light sources used in shop effects – different light windows need high lumi- colours, chasing lights with nous efficacy ratings and or without motifs, changing very good colour rendering colours or patterns – makes properties. Low-voltage lighting a fully fledged de- or line-voltage tungsten sign tool. halogen lamps or high- pressure sodium vapour The lighting solution re- lamps are a suitable quired is determined by choice. Fibre-optic and the form of presentation LED lighting systems (see needed, which is in turn Pages 11 and 12 respec- defined by the nature of tively) are also an option the merchandise on dis- for shop windows, making play. Options range from possible new forms of planar illumination of a lighting production. representative cross-sec- tion of products to dramatic accentuation of selected exclusive articles.

The mood set by shop window lighting can be variably, effectively and economically attuned to the merchandise on display using functional recessed luminaires and spots on individual mountings or in flexible arrangements on power track or wire sys- tems. These can be wide- 19 angled for general lighting, narrow-angled for high- lighting certain areas and sharply focused for accent lighting.

Spots for metal halide lamps or downlights for compact fluorescent lamps – a practical option for large shop windows, for example – are a suitable choice for general lighting. In many cases, however, enough “viewing light” is provided by stray illumina- tion from the accent light- ing. 21 Setting accents Accents are normally set by directional spots. Alter- natively, recessed down- lights with swivellable re- flectors can be used. These can be switched and positioned to suit dif- ferent displays. A wide variety of luminaire attach- ments are available for creating special effects 20 and protecting merchan- General illumination is provided by square downlights fitted with metal halide lamps. dise from UV and IR radiation (see Page 25).

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Shop windows are a retailer’s calling card. Variable lighting for changing displays is a prime requirement. Highlights, special ef- fects and dynamic light- ing attract attention and enhance product image. First-class colour render- ing is a must; sensitive merchandise needs to be protected from heat and UV radiation. Lighting level needs to be right for the sur- 22 roundings: shop win- A celebration of colour and shape in a flower shop. Metal halide dows on a city boule- lamps in spots ensure very good colour rendering with minimal vard need more lux heat gain and low power consumption. than those in a quiet shopping street in a small town.

23 Open planning: shop window and salesroom are connected by An eye for what's special: fibre-optic The observer’s attention is dire light. Downlights for brilliant halogen light make merchandise lighting suits minimalist window to the product presentation by gleam; additional accents are set by the showcase lighting. dressing for select designer items. dots of light.

Even on a bright day, shop windows need lighting. Without it, disturbing reflec- tions occur; passers-by looking into the windows then see not the merchan- dise on display but them- selves or the buildings be- hind them (Photo 24). With a brightly lit background and attractive “display light” from various high- pressure lamps, the haute couture creation here is superbly presented.

24 25

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The showcase: eye-catcher for exclusive merchandise

27 Mobile phones looking good in showcases. Fibre-optic systems provide light and colour.

Sparkling diamonds, fine tential of light. Brilliant light fabrics, high-tech high- with very good colour ren- lights: showcases are an dering properties under- eye-catching capsule for lines the exclusivity of the exclusive merchandise. products on show. Essentially, showcase light- ing has to fulfil the same Showcases are often requirements as shop used for displaying window lighting (see Pages small or sensitive items. 8–10). So the lighting should also be dainty: tungsten Whether inside or outside a halogen lamps, LED or store, showcases direct the fibre-optic systems are observer's attention to the the right choice. merchandise on display. Dot-shaped light sources 26 So it is worth making the make merchandise r what's special: fibre-optic The observer’s attention is directed uits minimalist window to the product presentation by tiny most of the dramatic po- sparkle. 28 for select designer items. dots of light. Brilliant halogen light for fine jewellery and precious stones.

Clear and to the point: fibre-optic systems How do you get light into using halogen or metal ments” to flowing ribbons signed so that light is tiny corners? How can halide lamps and the lumi- of light, fibre-optics offers emitted along the entire architecture, length of roof and the light company guide – with logo be sim- no significant ply and dra- colour shifts matically or loss of illuminated? intensity. Fibre-optic They are lighting sys- easy to in- tems offer a stall and wealth of new maintain, possibilities carry no for decorative electricity, lighting – emit no UV even for 29 30 31 radiation, “problem locations”. This nous flux is fed into a cable solutions that meet both dissipate next to no heat is how they work: electric of fibre-optic light guides. requirements. Side-lighting and do not affect light light is centrally generated From light dots and “firma- fibre-optic cables are de- colour.

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Entrance lighting

Entrance areas are de- signed to underline pres- tige and thus have a signal function similar to store windows. They need to ensure a friendly reception and – with the help of appropriately arranged luminaires – guide cus- tomers to the merchandise. Lighting here must always be a combination of artifi- cial lighting and daylight.

After dark, exterior lighting does more than just high- light architecture and merchandise; it also facili- tates orientation. Correct entrance lighting helps shoppers safely negotiate curbs, steps and stairs. Lighting designers use entrance areas as a transi- 32 tion zone, reducing lumi- nance gradually to help our eyes adapt to the dif- ferent level of lighting inside and thus maintain full visual performance.

Entrance lighting directs the eye to architecture and merchandise, facili- tates orientation and guides the customer across the threshold. Short, soft shadows make stair treads clearly discernible, reducing the risk of accidents. Dimmer switches and/or motion detectors ensure lighting is activated and deactivated as required.

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L(ight) E(mitting) D(iode)

A midget on a triumphant march: the LED (light emitting diode) – a small luminous semiconductor chip originally used for applications such as indicating the operating status of technical equipment – could revolutionise artificial lighting. The of white LEDs already matches that of conventional incandescent lamps. And in the case of coloured LEDs, energy efficiency is considerably higher. LEDs are made in a wide variety of miniature sizes and, for lighting purposes, are used in LED units for multiple light sources.

LED technology offers many advantages: LEDs generate virtually no heat and consume little electricity, they have good colour rendering properties, can easily be dimmed and, with a service life of up to 50,000 operating hours, provide lighting for nearly the full lifetime of a store.

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Salesroom lighting General lighting

When we set foot in a shop, cases, architectural fea- lighting helps us get our tures beg customised solu- bearings; then it directs our tions. Arches or recesses, eye to the merchandise on for instance, permit stylish display. To ensure good indirect lighting. “viewing light” for these visual tasks, balanced gen- How bright general lighting eral lighting is a prime re- needs to be depends on quirement. For the lighting the exclusivity of the store. designer, this normally In discount stores and DIY means brightening mainly centres, a relatively high the vertical surfaces and illuminance level of up to the deeper parts of the 1,000 lx indicates that room. prices are keenly calcu-

36 Appetisingly presented: the general lighting provided by recessed down- lights is supplemented by stem-mounted foodlights over the counter.

General lighting – direct lated. Luminaires for eco- and/or indirect – can be nomical three-band fluo- realised with a regular rescent lamps are general- arrangement of wide- ly preferred here. Supple- angled luminaires (very mentary lighting is provid- wide floods) over the entire ed by downlights with sales area and/or the use compact fluorescent lamps. of large luminous areas in horizontal or vertical In boutiques and specialist arrangements. In many stores, however, the gener- al lighting level can be lower. Downlights for com- pact fluorescent lamps are A lighting solution for narrow still the right choice for the salesrooms: tubetrack system with luminaires for general and presentation of exclusive accent lighting. Translucent merchandise but they modules fitted with 16 mm should always be supple- fluorescent lamps provide direct mented by other lighting and indirect general lighting, components. The class of while spots for halogen PAR the store can be under- lamps set brilliant accents with- out discolouring the leather lined by spots and down- goods on display. (see also lights for tungsten halogen Fig. 3). lamps, metal halide lamps, high-pressure sodium vapour lamps and LED luminaires.

35 Fig. 3

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Salesroom lighting General lighting

Graduated brightness pheral zones and shelving The high-level general units. lighting favoured for sales- rooms in the past is in- The secret of good creasingly being super- salesroom lighting: seded by a combination – General lighting of general and accent light- provides security and ing. Even in supermarkets facilitates orientation. and discount stores, the – Accent lighting businesslike atmosphere highlights merchan- created by simple general dise and creates lighting alone is often no ambience. longer desired. Accent – Decorative lighting lighting (“display light”) directs the eye to casts light where it is need- special highlights ed – onto the merchandise and brings product on display. presentations to life. Light colour defines It takes the interplay of the impression a room general and accent lighting makes: warm white light to create the ambience re- (ww) creates a homely quired for a store interior. atmosphere, neutral General rule of thumb: the white light (nw) makes more exclusive the mer- for a businesslike mood.

37 chandise, the higher the All commercial lamps quality of lighting required guarantee good colour and the more differentiated rendering (grades 1A or the accent lighting, which, 1B) (see Pages 26 – 29). with special effects such Illuminating a shop ceil- as coloured light, moving ing makes it seem high- beams or gobo spots, er, illuminating walls makes light itself a focus visually stretches the of attention. salesroom landscape.

For accent lighting to develop its full impact, its illuminance needs to be significantly higher than that of the general lighting. Focused beams of light Lighting makes shopping an (spots) act as eye-catchers, experience: in a high-class attracting shoppers’ atten- boutique, general lighting is kept relatively low; salesroom tion to presentations, peri- and merchandise are presented to dramatic effect by accent and architectural lighting. 38

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39 Agreeably bright and glare-free: a “skylight” luminaire points the way into the department store. The general lighting is supplemented by downlights and accentuating peripheral zone lighting.

40 41 More “fun” than “run” in the DIY centre: an agreeable atmosphere A homely atmosphere achieved with a well-chosen combination of is ensured here by a display-oriented lighting system with pendant general and accent lighting: coloured light attracts the eye and stim- reflector luminaires for metal halide lamps and almost concealed ulates receptivity. The focused beams of halogen light from the spots fluorescent lamps for highlighting the merchandise on the walls. highlight the set table and lend a sparkle to porcelain and glass.

Fig. 4

42 Fig. 5 43 In special areas – e.g. at vegetable counters or displays - the high-level general lighting favoured in the past (see also Fig. 4) is increasingly being rejected in favour of a combination of general and accent lighting. This lighting concept has two advantages: it helps create an agree- able atmosphere for shopping and provides light where it is needed.

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Salesroom lighting Accent lighting

From upmarket minimalism It plays with sharp contrast to packed presentations of and shadow, varies bright- products spoiling the shop- ness and light incidence, per for choice - accent weaves a spell with colours lighting and special lighting and contours. “Display effects add lustre and life to light” and “decorative light” displays. Accent lighting enhance product appeal. derives its vitality from dif- ferent illuminance levels.

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chandise. So lighting for vertical surfaces is impor- tant and flexibility is always a priority. For optimal im- pact, accentuating light should be significantly brighter than the general lighting. The artistry of the On stands or shelves, in interplay of different de- showcases or displays – grees of brightness and the purpose of accent light- light colours determines ing is always to direct the the appeal of the sales shopper’s eye to the mer- atmosphere.

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46

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Salesroom lighting Accent lighting

Putting products “on stage” Dramatically lit displays are a popular way of attracting shoppers’ attention. Once a device reserved for ex- clusive shops, they are now found even in super- markets. In-store feature lighting needs to show the structure, texture and colour of the merchandise on display to best advan- tage. Damage to sensitive

Abb. 6 49 Accent lighting directs the shop- materials and foods can per’s attention to the display be prevented by safelight (see also Fig. 6). The focused filters and reflectors. light of halogen spots on power track sets gleaming highlights; For larger islands of light, attachments and filters ensure wide-angle spots – e.g. that the merchandise is not dis- fitted with metal halide coloured. lamps - are a suitable op- modelling. For merchan- tion. Punctual light sources dise on stands and casting focused beams of shelves, wide-angle spots light provide gleaming or swivellable narrow- highlights and the requisite beam downlights are the

50 51 Coloured peripheral zone lighting: 16 mm fluorescent lamps fitted Gobo effects make a powerful statement about the performance with a special colour filter lend emphasis to selected product presen- of high-tech equipment. Decorative lighting attracts attention and tations. shapes our perception of the room.

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right choice. Also recom- Setting the scene mended for such applica- at the periphery tions are continuous rows Display and decorative of luminaires for fluorescent lighting for peripheral lamps, either suspended zones also has a major from the ceiling or mount- impact on the ambience ed on shelving units. and “feel” of a salesroom. Asymmetrical beam flood- These zones are brought to lights guarantee shadow- life by dynamic lighting and free lighting even for high special effects such as rows of shelves. gobo images and chang- ing colours.

Accent lighting directs the observer’s eye to the merchandise, lends shape to the room, em- phasizes architecture and creates atmos- phere. For optimal impact, accent lighting should be significantly brighter than general lighting. Damage to sensitive 52 merchandise is prevent- ed by safelight filters. Lighting from below often has a surprising effect. Dynamic and decorative lighting attract attention.

Fig. 7

53 54 Warm white light ensures that fresh bread looks appetising. A “skylight” luminaire sets the scene for the table. Swivellable The accent lighting here is provided by wide-angle downlights downlights and halogen light from surface-mounted ceiling lumi- for metal-halide lamps (see also Fig. 7). naires lend a sparkle to the items on shelves and in showcases .

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Lighting for staircases, pay points and changing cubicles

Staircases are a prestige- enhancing feature of shop architecture. Well lit, they act as signposts to further product presentations. To ensure safety for the user, luminaires can be integrat- ed into the staircase de- sign. They can be mounted on walls, centre pole or strings or beneath the hand rail.

Staircase lighting needs to be designed with special care to ensure freedom from glare. To avoid deep shadows, illuminance on the treads must be higher than on the risers. DIN 5035 Part 2 recommends a minimum of 100 lx for 55 staircases and escalators. 200 lx is safer and more comfortable and entails only marginally higher operating costs.

A significantly higher level of brightness shows shop- pers the way to the lift. In- side the lift, bright diffuse lighting avoids deep shad- ows and – in conjunction with light-coloured shiny/ reflective surfaces – gives an impression of space.

56 Pay points are workplaces with particularly high visual requirements. They are where staff and customers check merchandise and Max. prices, where data are registered and where money is counted. 750 lx To meet these require- ments, 500 lx nominal 500 lx illuminance is stipulated for pay point and sales counter lighting (DIN 5035 300 lx Part 2 and workplace regu- lation ASR 7/3). It is also important that lighting is 200 lx uniform and the lamps used are graded for good Fig. 8 colour rendering. The isolux diagram (Fig. 8) shows an example of illumi- nance distributed at a pay point and counter, where glare-free lighting to at least 500 lx is a must. 57

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59

58 60 Changing cubicles are for evening wear, daylight- a place where important grade lighting for a busi- decisions are made, where ness suit. At the flick of a items are bought or reject- switch or push of a button, ed. Bright cheerful lighting the lighting simulates the and very good colour ren- atmosphere in which the dering are important. Un- outfit being tried on will be flattering shadows are un- worn. desirable, so directional Stair treads must not light is not recommended. cast a shadow onto the Sometimes, the general tread below. The re- store lighting may be flectance of the materials enough, provided its illumi- used must be taken into nance reaches inside the account: dark surfaces cubicle. Additional accents reflect less light. can be provided by non- Staircases and escala- directional light behind or tors require at least 100 beside the mirror. lx illuminance; LED lumi- naires are a particularly For the ultimate in comfort energy-efficient option and convenience, changing with low maintenance cubicle lighting can be de- requirements. signed to recreate a variety Pay points and counters of lighting atmospheres: need at least 500 lx dimmed warm-white light illuminance. 61

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Quality features in lighting: what it takes to get it right

Monitoring the condition of light colour – the colour colour rendering – accu- lighting direction and fresh food, checking for appearance of lamps, and rate identification and dif- matches in colours and pat- in combination with ferentiation of colours and modelling – identification terns, labelling products, room ambience, of three-dimensional working at keyboards and forms and surface tex- screens - the visual tasks tures. addressed in salesrooms are SUAL PE as varied as the activities VI RF The prime requirement for that are performed there. OR good visual performance is So the artificial lighting M balanced general lighting. needs to meet high Lighting A But the lighting requirements quality standards. level N of a supermarket are not the Whether it does so or C same as those of an exclu-

Glare not depends largely V E sive jewellery shop. So de-

Modelling limitation on quality of plan- I pending on the nature and

ning. S gearing of the business,

U lighting quality features may

Here is what specif- be differently weighted. The A ic quality features Good stress may be on: determine: L lighting Harmonious brightness T Lighting visual performance, A distribution lighting level – direction R which is affected by light- brightness, M O ing level and glare limita- B F tion, glare limitation – I M undisturbed vision E Colour visual comfort, which Light colour rendering O with neither direct nor N depends on colour ren- C C reflected glare, E L dering and harmonious A brightness distribution, harmonious distribution U of brightness – an even I S visual ambience, which balance of luminance, V is influenced by light colour, lighting direction and modelling.

A glossary of basic produces an intensity dis- sured in lumens) in rela- Nominal illuminance En lighting terminology tribution curve (IDCs). tion to its power consump- is the mean illuminance tion (measured in watts). required for a furnished Φ is the Luminance L is the bright- The higher the ratio of lu- room from a lighting sys- rate at which light is emit- ness of an illuminated or mens per watt (lm/W), the tem of average age and ted by a lamp. It is mea- luminous surface as per- greater the energy efficien- condition. It depends on sured in lumens (lm). The ceived by the human eye. cy of the lamp. For exam- the visual task to be per- luminous flux of a 100 W It is measured in ple: a standard incandes- formed and is measured incandescent lamp is per unit area (cd/m2). For cent lamp yields approx. in lx. On installation, illumi- around 1,380 lm, that of lamps, the unit of measure- 14 lm/W, a 20 W compact nance should be 25 per- a 20 W compact fluores- ment cd/cm2 is found more approx. cent higher than the rec- cent lamp with electronic convenient. 60 lm/W. ommended nominal illumi- ballast around 1,200 lm. nance to allow for ageing Illuminance Ε is measured Reflectance ρ indicates and soiling, which affects Ι is horizontally and vertically the percentage of luminous the quality of merchandise the amount of luminous in lux (lx). It indicates the flux reflected by a surface. presentation. Lighting sys- flux radiating in a particu- amount of luminous flux It is an important factor for tem maintenance is re- lar direction from a reflec- from a light source falling calculating interior lighting quired at the latest when tor lamp or luminaire. It is on a given surface. requirements. White sur- mean illuminance falls to measured in candelas faces, for example, reflect 80 percent of nominal (cd). If the luminous inten- Luminous efficacy η de- a great deal more light that illuminance. sity at different emission scribes how much light a dark surfaces, which there- angles is plotted on a po- lamp produces from the fore require a higher illu- lar diagram, the line con- energy consumed. It is cal- minance level to create the necting the coordinates culated by setting the lumi- same impression of bright- nous flux of a lamp (mea- ness.

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Visual performance and visual comfort

An adequate level of light- mance and causes dis- ing and minimum glare comfort, which leads to a are fundamental require- feeling of insecurity and ments for good visual per- premature fatigue. So glare formance. The more diffi- has to be limited in both cult the visual task, the salesroom and shop win- higher the illuminance dow so that the attention of required: a minimum of shoppers and staff is not 300 lx nominal illuminance distracted. A distinction is is needed for salesroom made between direct glare workplaces and at least and reflected glare. 500 lx for pay points. Regular lighting system Direct glare is caused by maintenance ensures that disturbing light from inade- illuminance does not fall quately shielded luminaires below the required level – or excessively luminant which is important also for general-diffuse lamps in presentational purposes. the observer's field of vi- sion. Visual performance and visual comfort depend 62 Reflected glare is caused essentially on correct – but limited – use of can create striking lighting at certain angles by reflec- brightness distribution. shadows can also be an effects. tions of excessively lumi- Excessive differences in effective design tool: deep nant lamps or luminaires brightness in the field of hard-edged shadows or Avoidance of glare on shiny surfaces. Reflect- vision force the eye to diffuse lack of modelling Glare impairs visual perfor- ed glare can be harnessed adapt constantly and thus to channel attention. If it is cause fatigue; differences too bright, however, it can which are not marked be as much a source of enough also have a dis- disturbance as direct turbing effect. The solution glare. is a harmonious distribu- tion of brightness where Reflected glare also re- the brightness of visual duces the contrasts vital objects – their luminance – for disturbance-free vision. makes them stand out from For computerised cash the surroundings. registers with visual dis- plays, the VDU workplace Orientation regulations set out in DIN Correct distribution of light 5035 Part 7 must be ob- and shadow makes for served to avoid reflections clearer perception of three- and reflected glare. dimensional objects and thus helps us get our bear- ings in a room. Balanced modelling with soft-edged shadows guarantees good visual conditions. In daylit salesrooms, the direction of light from luminaires should be aligned with that of the incident daylight.

For certain visual tasks, however, such as the inspection of surfaces, DIN 5035 “Artificial lighting” sharp modelling with direc- Teil 1 “Terminology and general requirements” tional light is necessary. Teil 2 “Recommended values for lighting para- This can be provided by meters for indoor and outdoor workspaces” supplementary individual ASR 7/3 “Artificial lighting at workplaces luminaires with highly in buildings” focused beams. Controlled Nominal illuminance Salesroom workplace: 300 Lux Pay point workplace: 500 Lux Position in 2001

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Light colour and colour rendering

Light and colour define the 4,000 K and a daylight correct colour rendering by considerably in artificial atmosphere of a room and, white fluorescent lamp artificial light is obvious. light. by their “warmth” or “cold- 6,000 K. ness”, influence our mood For certain objects, experi- The effect a lamp has on and sense of well-being. For general lighting in ence provides us with the appearance of colour- salesrooms, shoppers and “stored visual standards”. ed objects is indicated by The colour characteristics staff find warm white or For example, we have a the “general colour render- of lamps are governed by neutral white light agree- stored impression of the ing index” Ra. This shows two separate criteria: light able. Warm white light colour of human skin in how closely the appear- colour and colour render- creates a comfortable, daylight, which means we ance of an object under ing. Light emitted by lamps cosy atmosphere; neutral perceive skin colour as a particular light source of the same light colour white light strikes a more “natural” even in artificial matches its colour under can render colours in total- business-like note. light which lacks a spectral reference lighting. ly different ways. From a colour. In the case of technical viewpoint, how- Colour rendering coloured materials for The Ra value of a lamp is ever, the two quality fea- Bluish tomatoes, pale grey which we have no stored established by illuminating tures are connected: both dough? In food stores es- impressions, however, eight test colours with it are determined by the pecially, the importance of perceptions may differ and defining its perfor-

Colour rendering grade (CR) Celsius Kelvin 1A 1B 2A 2B 3 4

6000 °C 1 7 dw daylight white 2 5000 °C 5000 K 8 16 17 ° 3 9 4000 C nw neutral white 18 10 20 11 3000 °C 3300 K 4 12 5 13 19 21 ww warm white 13 22 2000 °C 6 14 15

° 1000 C 100 90 80 70 60 40 20 1000 K Colour rendering index Ra Most similar colour temperature T 0 °C F A lamp has the same colour as a black body heated to this temperature -273 °C 0 K

1 De luxe fluorescent lamps, daylight 7 Three-band fluorescent lamps, daylight 13 Compact fluorescent lamps, warm tone 19 High-pressure sodium vapour lamps (CR 2B) 2 Metal halide lamps 8 Metal halide lamps 14 High-pressure sodium vapour lamps (CR 1B) 20 High-pressure mercury vapour lamps 3 De luxe fluorescent lamps, white 9 Three-band fluorescent lamps, white 15 Metal halide lamps 21 Standard fluorescent lamps, warm tone 4 De luxe fluorescent lamps, warm tone 10 Compact fluorescent lamps, white 16 Fluorescent lamps, universal white 25 22 High-pressure sodium vapour lamps (CR 4) 5 Tungsten halogen lamps 11 Metal halide lamps 17 Standard fluorescent lamps, white 6 Incandescent lamps 12 Three-band fluorescent lamps, warm tone 18 Metal halide lamps Light colours, colour rendering grades and general colour rendering index of lamps

Fig. 9 spectral composition of mance in relation to the the light. They thus affect reference light source jointly the perceived colour Ra = 100. The less the of merchandise on display appearance of the illumi- – and consequently merit nated test colour differs close attention. from that under the refer- ence lighting, the better the Light colour colour rendering property Light colour describes the of the lamp. Lamps with colour appearance of a very good colour rendering light source. It is charac- properties (Ra > 90) render terised by the colour tem- all colours accurately. perature Kelvin (K). The higher the temperature of a lamp, the whiter its light. The colour temperature of an incandescent warm 64 Despite identical light colour, the different colour rendering proper- white lamp, for example, is ties of lamps result in colours being perceived differently. Where the around 3,300 K; a neutral spectrum of a lamp contains little red light, for instance – as here on white fluorescent lamp has the right – red surface colours are imperfectly rendered. a temperature of around

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Attachments and filters

or flowers from excessively cool-beam reflectors and high temperatures. Com- UV-A barrier filters. Under bined UV-IR barrier filters 1,000 lx daylight, the per- perform both functions. It missible time (t) needs to be remembered is 150 hours (h). At 3,000 lx at the lighting planning illuminance (EEXP), the stage that filters reduce leather jacket may only be luminous flux. exposed to unfiltered light for 50 hours. Colour stability Use of UV filters extends the exposure time permit- CALCULATION ted for merchandise of dif- Like the stage in a theatre, Colour filters ferent grades of colour sta- t = 150 h x 1,000 lx = 50 h shop windows and sales- Good effects can also be bility (light-fastness). DIN 1,000 lx rooms are set, or dressed, achieved with colour filters. 5004 defines eight such The barrier filter has an ex- for impact. The aim is to These are discs made of grades (see Fig. 10): grade tension factor of 4. So the create an appetising, fasci- glass or highly heat resis- 8 materials can be ex- leather jacket can be dis- nating, even provocative played four times longer display – one which, in Colour stability grade 1 2 3 4 5678 without being damaged. short, will arouse curiosity. permissible exposure time The calculated figure ap- for 100 lx daylight, Modern lighting technology without visible plies only to artificial light- points the way. fading. 70h 150h 300h 600h 1200h 2500h 5000h 10000h ing, however; it cannot take X account of the much higher Special attachments are Light source Filter Factor additional UV content of available for directing or Daylight Shop windowpane 1.5 incident daylight because colouring light or for pro- General service lamps this is subject to natural Reflector lamps – 4.0 jecting patterns onto illu- – fluctuation. So, if in doubt, minated objects. They are Low-voltage Faceplate, UV blocking enclosure, replace exhibits at regular either secured directly in tungsten halogen lamps safety pane 3.0 intervals. UV-A barrier filter 4.0 front of the light emission – 2.0 aperture or mounted in 230 V tungsten Faceplate, jacket, pull-out frames. The wide halogen lamps safety pane 3.0 UV-A barrier filter 4.0 variety of design tools avail- Metal halide lamps Safety pane 1.5 able includes anti-glare UV-A barrier filter 2.5 attachments for containing X scattered light and shield- EExp (illuminance 1,000 lx ing the face of the lumi- on exhibit in lx) EExp naire, honeycomb louvers = permissible exposure time t/h t/h for limiting glare as well as Fig. 10 lenses for use with or with- out specular reflector ele- tant non-combustible posed to light around ments. Also encompassed coloured plastic. Filter 143 times longer than by the range are barrier magazines accommodate materials in grade 1 and coloured filters as well several colour filters. without appreciable as absorbers for IR and fading. UV radiation. Safelight filters Like natural daylight, artifi- The reference light Lenses cial light sources emit in- source for permissible Diffusers, flood lenses and visible rays of short and exposure time is sculpting lenses are the long wavelength: ultraviolet 1,000 lx daylight. lenses most frequently (UV) and infrared (IR) radi- Different filters have found. They are used to ation. Depending on the different extension change beam characteris- colour stability of merchan- factors for calculating tics. For adjustable beam dise, infrared radiation can permissible exposure spread, stepped Fresnel dry out, discolour or de- time in comparison lenses are available. Opti- form heat-sensitive materi- with unfiltered light. cal lenses are positioned als. with the help of focusing An example: a sensi- aids, which enable the lens Effective UV shielding, e.g. tive leather jacket of to be moved in relation to for luminaires illuminating grade 2 colour stability the lamp to focus the beam textiles, leather goods or is exposed to 3,000 lx or sharpen the edges of tobacco products, is pro- illuminance in a shop projections. vided by barrier filters or window lit by spots for UV absorbers. IR absorbers low-voltage tungsten protect sensitive food, furs halogen lamps with 65

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Lamps

1

2

3

55 5

4

6 8 9

7

4) 1) Where lamps are operated by EB, luminous 4) efficacy is increased to 81– 100 lm/W. 2) Where lamps are operated by EB, luminous 26 mm 16 mm 16 mm efficacy is increased to 63 – 75 lm/W. ˇ 26 mm ˇ ˇ ˇ 1+2) Power consumption decreases from 18 W to 16 W, from 36 W to 32 W and from 58 W to with base 50 W. 3) 40 W and 55 W only with EB three-band, “de luxe”, three-band high luminousthree-band, highefficacy luminous2-, 4-, 6-tube flux4-tube lamp lamp 2-tube lamphigh-outputfluorescent high-output lampfluorescent with lamp plug-inbase at both ends 4) Only for operation by EB 1234567891011121314 Lamp type Linear fluorescent lamps Compact fluorescent lamps Induction lamps Metal halide h.-p-sodium Features lamps lamps Power rating classes from 18 18 14 24 5 18 18 55 100 35 70 35 25 40 (Watt)to 58 58 35 80 57 36 553) 165 150 150 400 100 250 100 Luminous flux from 1,350 1,000 1,100 1,600 250 1,100 1,200 3,500 8,000 3,300 6,500 1,300 260 – ()to 5,200 3,750 3,300 6,150 4,300 2,800 4,800 12,000 12,000 14,000 36,000 5,000 4,300 – Luminous efficacy from 751) 56 2) 79 67 50 61 67 65 87 90 39 10 – 80 (Lumen/Watt)to 901) 65 2) 97 77 75 78 88 73 93 91 52 17 – Light colour ww,nw, dw ww,nw, dw ww,nw, dw ww,nw, dw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww ww ww Colour rendering grade 1B 1A 1B 1B 1B 1B 1B 1B 1B 1A, 1B 1A,1B 1B 1A 1A G23/24 G 8,5 Rx7s E14 E14 Base G13 G13 G5 G5 2G7 2G10 2G11 Special Special PG12 G12 Fc2 E27 E27 Gx24

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Good lighting concepts call for the right choice of lamp. The table below shows the most impor- tant lamp types, their technical specifications ex- pressed in ranges. Precise ratings for individual lamps and other specifications, such as service life, can be found in manufacturers’ product lit- erature. Power rating class indicates how much power in Watts (W) is consumed by the lamp. The op- eration of discharge lamps (lamps 1 – 12) re- quires ballasts, which consume additional elec- 1012 13 13 tricity. Ballast power consumption is not taken into account in the table, except in the case of induction lamps (lamps 8, 9). Luminous flux is the rate at which light is emit- ted by a lamp in all directions. It is measured in 11 lumens (lm). Luminous efficacy is the measure of a lamp's energy efficiency. It is the luminous flux of a lamp in relation to its power consump- tion and is expressed in lumens per Watt (lm/W). The higher the ratio of lumens to watts, the more light a lamp produces from the energy it con- sumes.

14 15 16 17 Lamps have different light colours. These are classed as warm white (ww), neutral white (nw) or daylight white (dw), depending on the colour temperature of the lamps (see bottom right). The colour rendering properties of a lamp are 18 defined by its colour rendering index Ra. The highest Ra value possible is 100. The lower a lamp’s Ra index, the poorer its colour rendering properties. For practical purposes, DIN 5035 groups indices into six colour rendering grades: 1A (Ra ≥ 90), 1B (Ra = 80 – 89), 2A (Ra 70–79), 19 19 19 20 2B (Ra 60 – 69), 3 (Ra = 40 – 59) und 4 (Ra < 40). The base provides the mechanical connection with the luminaire and supplies power to the lamp. Basically, there are two kinds of lamp base: screw bases, e.g. all E bases, and plug-in bases. 21 22 23 24

51 mm 111 mm ˇ ˇ with base 51 mm with aluminiumreflector with reflector,ˇ high-outputfluorescent with lamp plug-inbase at both endshighly colour-correctedwith jacket with aluminiumcool-beam or withoutreflector jacket without jacketwith baseat both endspin base IRC pin base with cool-beamreflector, with aluminiumreflector, LEDs 9 101112131415161718192021222324 Metal halide h.-p-sodium 230 V tungsten halogen lamps Low-voltage tungsten halogen lamps LEDs lamps lamps 1003570352540 25 25 60 5 35 20 20 35 0.7 50 150 150 400 100 250 100 75 250 2.000 100 50 50 50 100 1.5 8,000 3,300 6,500 1,300 260 – – 230 230 840 60 900 – – – 18 12,000 14,000 36,000 5,000 4,300 – – 1,100 4,300 44,000 2,200 1,260 – – – 27 87903910––99141225–––13 80 ww = warm white 93 91 52 17 – – 15 17 22 22 26 – – – 23 colour temperature ww, nw ww, nw ww, nw ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww ww – below 3,300 K nw = neutral white 1B1A, 1B1A,1B1B1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A1A– colour temperature 3,300 to 5,000 K G 8,5 Rx7s E14 E14 GZ10 G4 Special PG12 G9 B15d R7s GY6,35 GU5,3 GU5,3 G53 Special dw =daylight white G12 Fc2 E27 E27 GU10 GY6,35 colour temperature under 5,000 K

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Lamps

Three-band fluorescent Compact fluorescent High-pressure sodium Tungsten halogen lamps lamps are suitable for gen- lamps have the same vapour lamps (12) emit a are indispensable today for eral salesroom and shop positive qualities as linear particularly warm white superior lighting design. window lighting. The 26 three-band fluorescent light with no UV content The advantages they offer: mm (1) or 16 mm (3, 4) lamps: long service life, and have a high luminous attractive, fresh, warm white diameter linear lamps have high luminous efficacy, very efficacy rating. Models with light with exceptional bril- a long service life and high good colour rendering very good colour rendering liance, excellent colour luminous efficacy ratings. properties (grade 1B). (grade 1B) are available rendering (grade 1A) and They are even more ener- Some are also available in gy-efficient when operated “de luxe” designs. The light by electronic ballasts (EBs); colour range spans warm in the case of Ø 16 mm white, neutral white and lamps, EB operation is a daylight white. Lamps for requirement. extra-efficient operation in conjunction with elec- Three-band fluorescent tronic ballasts (EBs) and lamps are available in all dimmable EBs have a 1 light colours. Colour ren- 4-pin base. dering is very good (grade 1B). “De luxe” Ø 26 mm Because they have no 2 fluorescent lamps (2) have components which are even better colour render- subject to wear, such as ing properties (grade 1A); incandescent filaments or 3 this is achieved at the ex- electrodes, induction 55 pense of luminous efficacy, lamps (8, 9) have an ex- however, which is max. 65 tremely long service life 4 lm/W. (up to 60,000 operating hours) and thus require With appropriate EBs, less frequent replacement. three-band and “de luxe” They are therefore a partic- fluorescent lamps can be ularly attractive option for dimmed. ceilings which are not easily accessible, such as Compact fluorescent those above escalators 6 8 9 lamps are available in or in high malls. Light is numerous shapes, sizes generated in these high- and designs and are an output fluorescent lamps economical option for gen- by electromagnetic induc- eral and accent lighting. tion and gas discharge. 7 Used in compact ceiling and wall luminaires as well Compact design, high as downlights with shallow luminous efficacy and very mounting depths, short and good colour rendering compact models (5) have coupled with a long service conquered nearly every life make metal halide application which was once lamps (10, 11) powerful the sole preserve of the and economical light incandescent lamp. sources for accent lighting. for use in salesrooms and luminous efficacy ratings Models with bases at one shop windows. They are which are substantially The flat designs (6, 7) are or both ends are also suit- suitable for both general higher than those of gener- primarily used as an alter- able for general lighting. and accent lighting. al service lamps. Especially native to linear three-band Light colour options: warm as an accent lighting tool, fluorescent lamps. white or neutral white. halogen owes its success Nearly all metal halide to the highly focused light it lamps have UV-absorbing permits. bulbs.

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Tungsten halogen lamps Tungsten halogen lamps Line-voltage tungsten The beam spread of low- are available in a wide with infrared coating (IRC) halogen lamps with E27 voltage tungsten halogen range of shapes and power are a good choice for low- base (13) or E 14 base lamps with reflector ratings. A distinction is ering energy consumption. (not illustrated) have clear ranges from 3° to 60°, from made between tungsten In linear 230 Volt lamps or matt bulbs. They are uni- spot (narrow beam) to very halogen lamps for line (18) und low-voltage lamps versally suitable for use in wide flood (wide-angled voltage (230 V) and low- (20), IRC cuts energy con- downlights, wallwashers or beam). The reflectors are of voltage tungsten halogen sumption by as much as decorative luminaires. aluminium or faceted glass. The reflector sizes most 230 Volt tungsten halogen commonly used for glass lamps with aluminium reflector lamps (21) are 35 reflector are available with or 51 (illustrated) millimetre E 27 (14) and E 14 (not diameter. The same applies illustrated) screw base or to lamps with cool-beam with GU10/GZ10 plug-in reflector (22); this special base (15). The computer- reflector reduces beam designed reflectors are heat by 66 percent. Lamps available for 10°, 25°, 30° with aluminium reflector or 50° beam spread. Plug- (23) are available in 48, in base lamps are also 70 or 111 millimetre dia- 1012 13 13 available with cool-beam meters. reflector for illuminating heat-sensitive materials: Light-emitting diodes (24) 55 11 the faceted reflector (cool- – LEDs for short – used to beam specular reflector) be used mainly in electrical reduces the radiant heat of and electronic equipment the beam by two thirds; the as status and signal indica- retained radiant heat is tors. Today, the luminous 14 15 16 17 conducted backwards by semiconductor chips are the reflector. also used to address light- ing applications. The illus- 18 Line-voltage tungsten halo- tration on the left shows gen lamps without reflec- LEDs on a flexible printed- tor (16, 17) have particular- circuit board. ly small dimensions. They 19 19 19 20 are primarily used in lumi- LEDs are available in many naires with built-in reflector. colours, e.g. blue, green, yellow and red. The special 21 22 23 24 Line-voltage tungsten halo- fluorescent coating in blue gen lamps with base at LEDs produces daylight both ends (18) are for use white light (6,000 K) with in luminaires with safety good colour rendering glass enclosure. Their properties (grade 1B, Ra = warm white 80). The most important makes for attractive illumi- lighting applications for nation of walls, ceilings or LEDs at present are in ori- large pictures. entation and decorative lamps (mostly designed for 45 percent with no reduc- lighting. 12 Volt operation but also tion of luminous flux. Much Low-voltage tungsten available for 6 or 24 Volt of the radiant heat dissipat- halogen lamps without LEDs have a very long systems), which require ed by the incandescent reflector (19, 20) have service life, so they rarely conventional or electronic filament is reflected back even smaller dimensions need to be replaced. They upstream transformers. onto the filament by the than their 230 Volt counter- are extremely small, very 230 Volt lamps are fully special bulb coating. parts. They can be free- powerful considering the dimmable; dimming low- burning (e.g. in a “firma- voltage and currents they voltage lamps calls for spe- ment”) or used in lumi- operate on, have a high cial dimmer/transformer naires with built-in reflector. resistance to impact and combinations. emit neither IR nor UV radiation. They are de- signed for 24 Volt d.c. operation.

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Luminaires

“Luminaires are appliances for distrib- uting, filtering or directing lamplight and contain the components needed to mount, protect or operate lamps”. (DIN 5039)

Basically, luminaires fall into two cate- gories: interior and exterior luminaires. Within these categories, they are grouped according to the way they are mounted or where they are de- signed to be positioned: recessed and surface-mounted luminaires, stem-mounted and pendant lumi- 12 naires, point outlet spots and spots mounted on wire-and-rod-systems or power track, wall, desktop and stan- dard luminaires are examples. Lumi- naires are further classified by shape and lamping requirements; other dis- tinctions are made on the basis of optical control properties.

Selection criteria Quality of lighting, economy, reliability and easy installation are important aspects of luminaire construction. Moreover, modern luminaires meet 3 4 the highest standards of contempo- rary design. Their appearance – i.e. shape of housing, surface finishes and colour scheme – matches their functionalism in every respect.

Operational reliability and conformity to industrial standards is assured by the VDE symbol and the European safety test symbol ENEC, which enjoy equal status. Both are awarded by the Offenbacher Institut des Verbandes der Elektrotechnik Elektronik Infor- mationstechnik (formerly: Verband 56 Deutscher Elektrotechniker), which is identified as the ENEC certifying agency by the numeral “10” shown beside the symbol.

Luminaire selection depends initially on the choice of lamps. Suitability is then largely determined by room architecture, furnishings and design. The way luminaires impact on a room from a lighting viewpoint depends on the shape of their beam, which is illustrated by intensity distribution curves. 78 (1) Specular louver luminaire for 26 mm (4) Specular louver luminaire for compact diameter fluorescent lamps fluorescent lamps The illustrations on the right, which (2) Direct/indirect luminaire for 26 mm dia- (5) Downlight for low-voltage tungsten are not to scale, show a cross-section meter fluorescent lamps halogen lamps of the luminaires suitable for (3) Continuous row luminaire for 16 mm (6) Downlight for compact fluorescent salesrooms and shop windows. diameter fluorescent lamps or compact lamps fluorescent lamps (7) Swivellable downlight for tungsten halogen lamps

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910

11 12 13

14 15 16 Fibre-optic lighting systems Although fibre-optic lighting systems different lengths and thicknesses. (Fig. 16) consist of a number of light Optical connectors fix the end of the guides several metres in length, they cable and determine the direction incorporate only a single light source. and spread of the beam. Special The lamp, a 230 Volt tungsten halo- lighting effects can be achieved with gen or metal halide lamp, feeds its filters or rotating coloured discs luminous flux into a cable of fibre- mounted in front of the light emis- optic light guides, which carry the sion elements. The cables carry no light to where it is needed. The light electric current and emit only mini- guides are flexible. They can be of mal IR and UV radiation.

17 (8) Module with swivellable downlights (11) Rotatable and swivellable spots for low- (14) Wall uplight for metal halide lamps or (9) Swivellable spots for metal halide lamps, voltage tungsten halogen lamps with high-pressure sodium vapour lamps high-pressure sodium vapour lamps plug connector for point outlets (colour rendering grade 1B) (colour rendering grade 1B) or tungsten (12) Suspended reflector luminaire for metal (15) Wall luminaire for tungsten halogen halogen lamps halide lamps or high-pressure sodium lamps or compact fluorescent lamps (10) Rotatable and swivellable spot for metal vapour lamps (colour rendering grade (16) Escape sign luminaire halide lamps or high-pressure sodium 1B) (17) Fibre-optic lighting system vapour lamps (colour rendering grade (13) Recessed floor floods for metal halide 1B) lamps or tungsten halogen lamps

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Lighting management

Lighting management en- Regulation and control daylight-dependent sures the right lighting at As a general rule, lighting deactivation and/or the right place at the right control is only possible dimming of lighting time. Automated control where luminaires can be system elements to and regulation of shop switched or dimmed in regulate lighting level lighting guarantees four groups. Regardless of e.g. in shopping malls major advantages: high whether these functions with a large number of flexibility, task-dependent are performed manually, skylights lighting adjustment, dynam- by time switches or by – via light sensors on ic or decorative lighting computer, a lighting system individual luminaires and lower power consump- can only be regulated if – via light sensors in tion and costs. appropriate provision is the room – via external light sensors. Simple and efficient: DALI The regulation and control DALI (Digital Addressable Lighting Interface) is a digital components of lighting interface specially designed to meet the needs of mod- management systems are ern lighting systems: an intelligent lighting management either integrated in lumi- system which is easy to use, cost-efficient and, if re- naires or defined for a quired, can be incorporated into higher-level building room or group of rooms services management systems based on EIB (Euro- (see box “Simple and pean Installation Bus) or LON (Local Operating Network) efficient: DALI”). technology. DALI is designed for operating low-pressure discharge lamps in lighting control systems for individ- Building management ual rooms or small sections of buildings. It supersedes systems the analogue 1…10 Volt system. Building management sys- tems offer the ultimate in The working group AG DALI set up under the wing of flexible, smart control. Via the German electrical and electronics association Zen- a two-wire bus cable, they tralverband Elektrotechnik- und Elektronikindustrie e.V. “network” all installations (ZVEI) numbers leading European and US electronic and services systems, such ballast and lighting control system manufacturers as lighting, sunscreen and among its members. Further information is available at window blind control, air- www.dali-ag.org, e-mail: [email protected] conditioning, heating and security systems. As the “intelligence” is installed made when it is installed. in the end appliances, a Lighting ambience of a mall – Energy consumption during the day and in the Lighting management building bus network does in relation to evening. The lighting manage- encompasses all systems not require a sophisticated luminous flux which go beyond mere control centre. The system 100 % “on/off” control – systems is easy to program and

80 % which include tools for equally easy to modify. executing overriding one- 60 % off commands and for It is thus possible, for ex- regulating lighting by re- ample, to lower window 40 % sponding to variance from blinds automatically and setpoint values. at the same time adjust 20 % dimmable EB the lighting level to com-

luminous flux Lighting management tools pensate for the loss of 50 % 100 % which can be used at dif- light. System power ferent stages either alone or in combination with Daylight-dependent dimming others include: makes for high energy savings: pre-programmed lighting where luminous flux is dimmed scenes for different loca- to 40 percent, for example, the energy consumed by EB-operat- tions and activities ed three-band fluorescent lamps motion detectors for in- is less than half that consumed stant activation, timed at full power. deactivation or dimming of lighting in response to the presence of move- ment

32 FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:21 Uhr Seite 33

Ballasts and transformers

Fluorescent lamps and were very quickly super- line voltage into a high-fre- As a general rule, the compact fluorescent lamps seded by low-loss ballasts quency a.c. voltage of 25 to transformers used should are the first choice for (LBs). 70 kHz with very little pow- be isolating transformers economy. They have ser- er loss. An EB-operated conforming to DIN VDE vice lifespans up to 15,000 Very high energy savings, 16 mm diameter three- 0551. This is because other hours. The low-pressure however, are achieved with band fluorescent lamp thus transformers do not have discharge lamps need bal- electronic ballasts (EBs). consumes up to 25 per- the fuses needed to guard lasts. Conventional ballasts They are now the norm. cent less power than a against overloading. They (CBs) with their compara- conventional system (see should be mounted on a tively poor energy balance EBs convert 230 V/50 Hz also table). Other advan- non-resonant surface in a tages are fast, silent, flicker- well ventilated, easily ac- free starting and constant cessible location near the steady lighting with no power supply point.

Energy cost comparison Lamp rating in watts (W) 58 50 ≤ 50 Number of lamps per luminaire 2 2 2 Number of operating hours a day 10 10 10 Number of operating days a year 300 300 300 Number of operating hours a year 3,000 3,000 3,000 Price of electricity in E/kWh 0.19 0.14 0.14 Type of ballast CB EB dimmable EB System power per luminaire 142 110 56 in watts (W) Power saving compared –3286 to CB luminaire in watts (W) Annual energy costs 60.99 47.24 24.05 per luminaire in E ,Electricity cost saving – 13.74 36.94 compared with CB luminaire in E Higher price of luminaire – 33.23 61.36 compared with CB luminaire in E Pay-back time t0 in years – 2.42 1.66 Interest on capital in percent 7 7 7 Pay-back time t0 in years – 2.82 1.85 66 ment system permitting automatic regulation and control of the The pay-back time in relation to conventional ballast operation is mall lighting makes for high flexibility, tailored lighting solutions calculated for twin-lamp luminaires with 58W three-band fluorescent and energy savings. lamps operated by twin-lamp ballasts, assuming an electricity price of 0.14 E/kWh. The system power shown for dimmable electronic ballasts is the average connected load per luminaire (empirical value).

electrode flicker. Use of an Transformers should always appropriate EB permits be operated at rating be- dimming. cause a mere six percent increase in secondary volt- age cuts the life expectan- Transformers and cy of a low-voltage lamp by operation at rating half. Dimmers must be cali- Anyone opting for a low- brated for transformer use. voltage tungsten system needs a transformer, which is either built-in or installed as a separate unit. Transformers are normally designed to throttle back standard line voltage to 12 Volts but models for 6 or 24 Volt output are also available. Electronic transformers generate little heat and have a significantly better energy balance than con- ventional models.

67

33 Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:22 Uhr Seite 34

Emergency and security lighting

Security and accident pre- quate safety for shoppers ered are department stores, all other rooms, such as vention are important light- and staff. In Germany, supermarkets and shop- offices, stores and staff ing assignments. In the emergency and security ping centres with at least rooms, directly connected event of line power failure, lighting requirements are one sales outlet and more with them. special lighting systems set out in DIN VDE 0108 than 2,000 m2 of usable provide emergency guid- and regional regulations floor space. Sales outlets – Security lighting is required ance, indicating escape governing retail premises. whether retail or wholesale for all shop premises with routes and ensuring ade- The retail premises cov- – include salesrooms and a sales or display area larger than 50 m2. It is also compulsory for escape routes and salesroom and exhibi- tion room exits, corridors, stairwells and fire escape balconies, rest rooms and chang- ing rooms with an area greater than 50 m2, kitchens and washrooms with an area greater than 50 m2, rooms for standby gen- erators and rooms where the main distribution boards for normal and emergency power sup- ply lines are located.

Appropriate escape sign luminaires need to be used to indicate escape routes. More information on this subject is contained in Booklet 10 of the series Information on Lighting Applications published by Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht (available only in German, see Page 37).

68 FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:22 Uhr Seite 35

Acknowledgements for photographs stamp Postage Postage

Title page and all photographs except Nos. 19 and 22: FGL* No. 19, No. 22: Uwe Sickinger Lamps, pp. 26 – 29: Andreas Kelm

* provided by member companies of Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht (FGL). Postcard Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht 70Postfach 1261 Frankfurt am Main 60591 Germany From Name, Office Company, Department c/o Address Box or P.O. Postal Code City, 4/02/00/6IVE Qty – – 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– R R R R R R R R R R R R R R

Back page:

70 G G G G

69 71 = Available only in German): G 72 2 Good Lighting for Schools and Educational Establishments (1/94) 3 Good Lighting for Safety on Roads, Paths and Squares (5/00) 4 Good Lighting for Offices and Office Buildings (3/92) 5 Good and Lighting for Industry Trade (4/99) 6 Good Lighting for Sales and Presentation (3/02) 1 Lighting with Artificial Light (4/93) 8 Good Lighting for Sports and Facilities (3/02)Leisure 9 Prestige Lighting (8/97) 7 Good Lighting for Health Care Premises (7/94) Order form Please tick booklet(s) required. Prices given include postage ( 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (4/00) Notbeleuchtung, Sicherheitsbeleuchtung 10 Good Lighting for 11 Hotels and Restaurants (4/00) Economical Lighting Comfort 12 with Lighting Electronics (8/96) 13 – out of print – Ideen für Gutes 14 zum Licht (9/99) Wohnen Gutes am Licht Haus 15 und im Garten (9/94) Urban Image Lighting 16 (3/02) PlacePlease fill in address on back of postcard. Date Signature/stamp Booklet No./Title

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht FGL6e 12.04.2002 20:23 Uhr Seite 36 lc aeSignature/stamp Date postcard. of back on address in fill Please Place (3/02) 16Lighting Image Urban (9/94) Garten im und 15Haus Lichtam Gutes Wohnen(9/99) Lichtzum 14 Gutes für Ideen – print of out – 13 (8/96) Electronics Lighting with 12Comfort Lighting Economical (4/00) Restaurants and Hotels 11for Lighting Good 10SicherheitsbeleuchtungNotbeleuchtung,(4/00) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 No./Title Booklet ( postage include given Prices required. booklet(s) tick Please form Order 7 Good Lighting for Health Care Premises (7/94)Premises Care Health for Lighting Good 7 9 Prestige Lighting (8/97)LightingPrestige 9 Leisure(3/02) Facilitiesand Sports for Lighting Good 8 1 Lighting with Artificial Light (4/93) Light Artificial with Lighting 1 6 Good Lighting for Sales and Presentation (3/02) Presentation and Sales for Lighting Good 6 (4/99) TradeIndustry for Lightingand Good 5 (3/92) Buildings Office and Offices for Lighting Good 4 (5/00) Squares and Paths Roads, on Safety for Lighting Good 3 (1/94)Establishments Educational and Schools for Lighting Good 2 Imprint

This booklet is No. 6 in the series Information on Lighting Applications published by Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht (FGL) to provide information on good lighting with artificial light. The titles 6 and numbers of all the booklets

G in this series are given on the = Available only in German): in only Available = opposite page. The booklets can be ordered using the detachable postcards on this page. They will be delivered G G G G with invoice.

Publisher: Fördergemeinschaft R R R R R R R R R R R R R R 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– 9,– – – Gutes Licht (FGL) Stresemannallee 19 60596 Frankfurt am Main Germany Qty phone (0 69) 63 02-0 fax (0 69) 63 02-317 e-mail [email protected]

Technical Fördergemeinschaft consultant: Gutes Licht

Editing and rfw. redaktion für 4/02/00/6IVE City,Code Postal P.O.or Box Address c/o Department Company,Office Name, From realisation: wirtschaftskommunikation Darmstadt

Design: Breschinski/Stammler Darmstadt

DTP/Lithos Layout Service Darmstadt

Printed by: westermann druck Braunschweig

Acknowledgements The booklets in this series VDE stipulations: contain references to current DIN standards and VDE stipulations. DIN standards: Beuth-Verlag GmbH 10787 Berlin Germany DIN-VDE standards: Germany 60591Main am Frankfurt 61 12 Postfach70 LichtGutes Fördergemeinschaft Postcard VDE-Verlag GmbH 10625 Berlin Germany

ISBN: 3-926 193-24-7

Reprints: With the express permission of the publishers. 4/02/00/6IVE

Printed on paper bleached without chlorine. Postage stamp FGL6e 17.04.2002 19:16 Uhr Seite 37

Information from Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht (FGL) provides infor- mation on the advantages Die Beleuchtung Gutes Licht für Schulen Gutes Licht für Sicherheit Gutes Licht für Büros of good lighting and offers mit künstlichem Licht 1 und Bildungsstätten 2 auf Straßen, Wegen, Plätzen 3 und Verwaltungsgebäude 4 extensive material dealing with every aspect of artifi- cial lighting and its correct usage. FGL information is impartial and based on current DIN standards and VDE stipulations.

Information on Lighting Applications The booklets 1 to 16 in this series of publications are Gutes Licht für Gutes Licht für Verkauf Gutes Licht Gutes Licht designed to help anyone Handwerk und Industrie 5 und Präsentation 6 im Gesundheitswesen 7 für Sport und Freizeit 8 who becomes involved with lighting – planners, decision-makers, investors – to acquire a basic knowl- edge of the subject. This facilitates cooperation with lighting and electrical specialists. The lighting information contained in all these booklets is of a general nature.

Repräsentative Notbeleuchtung Gutes Licht für Hotellerie Wirtschaftlicher Lichtkomfort Lichtforum Lichtgestaltung 9 Sicherheitsbeleuchtung 10 und Gastronomie 11 mit Beleuchtungselektronik 12 Lichtforum is a specialist periodical devoted to topical lighting issues and trends. It is published at irregular intervals.

www.licht.de FGL is also on the Internet. Its website

“www.licht.de”

Gutes Licht für kommunale Ideen für Gutes Licht Gutes Licht offers tips on correct light- Bauten und Anlagen 13 zum Wohnen 14 am Haus und im Garten 15 Stadtmarketing mit Licht 16 ing for a variety of domes- tic and commercial “light- ing situations”. These are linked to a “product/manu- facturer” matrix which not only lists products but also contains the addresses of more than 140 FGL mem- bers. Under “FGL publica- tions”, visitors can view specimen pages of all FGL print publications. Other site features include hotlinks and a discussion forum.

37 FGL6e 12.04.2002 19:53 Uhr Seite 2

Information on Lighting Applications Booklet 6

Good Lighting for Sales and Presentation

Fördergemeinschaft Gutes Licht