Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language Topic Subtopic Literature & Language Language Learning Learning Spanish How to Understand and Speak a New Language Course Workbook Professor Bill Worden The University of Alabama PUBLISHED BY: THE GREAT COURSES Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfields Boulevard, Suite 500 Chantilly, Virginia 20151-2299 Phone: 1-800-832-2412 Fax: 703-378-3819 www.thegreatcourses.com Copyright © The Teaching Company, 2015 Printed in the United States of America This book is in copyright. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of The Teaching Company. Bill Worden, Ph.D. Associate Professor of Spanish Director of Spanish Programs The University of Alabama r. Bill Worden is an Associate Professor of Spanish and the Director of Spanish Programs in the Department of Modern Languages and Classics Dat The University of Alabama. Dr. Worden received his A.B. in Mathematics from Dartmouth College in 1985 and subsequently taught high school Spanish for five years in Illinois and Massachusetts. After studying in both Vermont and Madrid, he received his M.A. in Spanish from Middlebury College in 1996. As a doctoral student at Brown University, Dr. Worden was awarded the David and Ruth Kossoff Prize for Leadership in Language Teaching by the Department of Hispanic Studies and the Presidential Award for Excellence in Teaching by the Graduate School. He also was chosen by fellow graduate students to give the address at the Graduate School commencement ceremony. In 2002, Dr. Worden received his Ph.D. in Hispanic Studies from Brown. Since 2002, Dr. Worden has taught a wide variety of courses at The University of Alabama, ranging from Introductory Spanish and Advanced Grammar and Composition to undergraduate and graduate courses in 16th- and 17th-century Spanish literature. He has directed doctoral dissertations on colonial Latin American literature, early modern Spanish literature, and 20th-century Latin American literature. Dr. Worden’s main area of research is the work of Miguel de Cervantes, especially his novel Don Quixote. Dr. Worden has published in the fields of early modern Spanish literature, colonial Cuban theater, and 19th-century Spanish literature. He also has published on pedagogical topics, including how to teach Spanish at the middle school and high school levels and how to help undergraduate students make connections to Don Quixote. In addition, Dr. Worden is an award-winning speaker who has lectured on such subjects as the prose of Cervantes, early modern Spanish poetry, and approaches for helping beginning language students become comfortable speaking Spanish. For a number of years, Dr. Worden served The University of Alabama’s Department of Modern Languages and Classics as the Director of the Spanish Language Program and was responsible for supervising all graduate teaching assistants and instructors of introductory- and intermediate-level Spanish courses. In 2013, the Alabama Association of Foreign Language Teachers selected Dr. Worden as the winner of the annual Outstanding Foreign Language Teacher Award for Postsecondary. ■ Dr. Laura Rojas-Arce, author of the workbook and coauthor of the speaking activities, grew up in Costa Rica, where she studied psychology as an undergraduate student at the Universidad Hispanoamericana in Heredia. She completed her doctoral studies with a focus on contemporary Central American literature and received her Ph.D. from The University of Alabama in 2013. Dr. Rojas-Arce is an Instructor of Spanish at The University of Alabama, where she teaches courses ranging from Introductory Spanish and Advanced Grammar and Composition to courses on Latin American literature. ■ i Table of Contents Professor Biography ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� i Scope ...........................................................................................................................................................1 Workbook Introduction ..................................................................................................................................2 Workbook Families .......................................................................................................................................3 Lesson Guides LESSON 1 Introduction to the Spanish Language ..........................................................................................................4 LESSON 2 Definite Articles and Nouns ........................................................................................................................10 LESSON 3 Subject Pronouns and the Verb Ser �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������15 LESSON 4 Regular -ar Verbs in the Present ................................................................................................................21 LESSON 5 Indefinite Articles and Numbers to 100 �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������27 LESSON 6 The Verb Estar and Numbers over 100 ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33 LESSON 7 Regular -er and -ir Verbs in the Present .....................................................................................................39 LESSON 8 The Verb Ir in the Present...........................................................................................................................46 LESSON 9 Expressing Time in Spanish .......................................................................................................................52 LESSON 10 Expressions Using the Verb Tener �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������59 LESSON 11 Verbs like Hacer and Interrogative Words ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������66 LESSON 12 The Verbs Saber and Conocer �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������72 LESSON 13 Stem-Changing Verbs ................................................................................................................................78 ii Table of Contents LESSON 14 Ver, Dar, and Other Irregular Verbs ............................................................................................................83 LESSON 15 The Present Progressive ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������89 LESSON 16 Direct Object Pronouns and Adverbs .........................................................................................................95 LESSON 17 Affirmatives, Negatives, and Demonstratives ...........................................................................................101 LESSON 18 More Affirmative and Negative Expressions ............................................................................................106 LESSON 19 Indirect Object Pronouns ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������111 LESSON 20 Double Object Pronouns .......................................................................................................................... 116 LESSON 21 Reflexive Verbs.........................................................................................................................................122 LESSON 22 Talking about the Past: Acabar and Hace ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������128 LESSON 23 Talking about the Past: ¿Desde Cuándo…? ............................................................................................133 LESSON 24 Formal Commands and Unequal Comparisons ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������138 LESSON 25 Informal Commands ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������142 LESSON 26 Superlatives and Equal Comparisons ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������149 LESSON 27 Regular -ar Verbs in the Preterite .............................................................................................................153 LESSON 28 Regular -er and -ir Verbs in the Preterite ..................................................................................................157 LESSON 29 Irregular Verbs in the Preterite..................................................................................................................162 LESSON 30 Next Steps in Improving Your Spanish .....................................................................................................166 iii Learning Spanish: How to Understand and Speak a New Language Supplemental Material Grammar Reference .................................................................................................................................172 Los glosarios / The Glossaries ................................................................................................................178
Recommended publications
  • Top Ten Tips for Spanish
    TOP TEN TIPS FOR SPANISH 1. Vocabulary The best way to learn vocabulary is to use note cards. Put English on one side and Spanish on the other. Try to study new words daily for short rather than long periods of time. This will improve your retention. When studying vocabulary, try to form phrases with the new words. Relate this vocabulary to your own language (English) by using a cognate dictionary or a thesaurus. When convenient, relate vocabulary to your personal life. One example would be labeling parts of your kitchen and items in it with Spanish names and corresponding verbs. 2. Gender In Spanish, all nouns are classified as either masculine or feminine. You can determine gender by looking at the article of the noun or the adjective that corresponds to that noun. (It is a good idea to include articles with the nouns on your note cards.) Masculine nouns with a definite article ("the" in English) use el if singular and los if plural. Examples are el gato (the cat) and los gatos (the cats). Masculine nouns with an indefinite article ("a," "an," or "some") use un if singular and unos if plural. Examples are un gato (a cat) and unos gatos (some cats). Feminine nouns with a definite article use la if singular and las if plural. Examples are la pluma (the pen) and las plumas (the pens). Feminine nouns with an indefinite article use una pluma (a pen) and unas plumas (some pens). While nouns usually end with an "o" if they are masculine or with an "a" if they are feminine, not all of them do, such as la mano (the hand) and el mapa (the map).
    [Show full text]
  • A Short History of Indonesia: the Unlikely Nation?
    History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page i A SHORT HISTORY OF INDONESIA History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page ii Short History of Asia Series Series Editor: Milton Osborne Milton Osborne has had an association with the Asian region for over 40 years as an academic, public servant and independent writer. He is the author of eight books on Asian topics, including Southeast Asia: An Introductory History, first published in 1979 and now in its eighth edition, and, most recently, The Mekong: Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future, published in 2000. History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page iii A SHORT HISTORY OF INDONESIA THE UNLIKELY NATION? Colin Brown History Indonesia PAGES 13/2/03 8:28 AM Page iv First published in 2003 Copyright © Colin Brown 2003 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. The Australian Copyright Act 1968 (the Act) allows a maximum of one chapter or 10 per cent of this book, whichever is the greater, to be photocopied by any educational institution for its educational purposes provided that the educational institution (or body that administers it) has given a remuneration notice to Copyright Agency Limited (CAL) under the Act. Allen & Unwin 83 Alexander Street Crows Nest NSW 2065 Australia Phone: (61 2) 8425 0100 Fax: (61 2) 9906 2218 Email: [email protected] Web: www.allenandunwin.com National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication entry: Brown, Colin, A short history of Indonesia : the unlikely nation? Bibliography.
    [Show full text]
  • Mow!,'Mum INN Nn
    mow!,'mum INN nn %AUNE 20, 1981 $2.75 R1-047-8, a.cec-s_ Q.41.001, 414 i47,>0Z tet`44S;I:47q <r, 4.. SINGLES SLEEPERS ALBUMS COMMODORES.. -LADY (YOU BRING TUBES, -DON'T WANT TO WAIT ANY- POINTER SISTERS, "BLACK & ME UP)" (prod. by Carmichael - eMORE" (prod. by Foster) (writers: WHITE." Once again,thesisters group) (writers: King -Hudson - Tubes -Foster) .Pseudo/ rving multiple lead vocals combine witt- King)(Jobete/Commodores, Foster F-ees/Boone's Tunes, Richard Perry's extra -sensory sonc ASCAP) (3:54). Shimmering BMI) (3 50Fee Waybill and the selection and snappy production :c strings and a drying rhythm sec- ganc harness their craziness long create an LP that's several singles tionbackLionelRichie,Jr.'s enoughtocreate epic drama. deep for many formats. An instant vocal soul. From the upcoming An attrEcti.e piece for AOR-pop. favoriteforsummer'31. Plane' "In the Pocket" LP. Motown 1514. Capitol 5007. P-18 (E!A) (8.98). RONNIE MILSAI3, "(There's) NO GETTIN' SPLIT ENZ, "ONE STEP AHEAD" (prod. YOKO ONO, "SEASON OF GLASS." OVER ME"(prod.byMilsap- byTickle) \rvriter:Finn)(Enz. Released to radio on tape prior to Collins)(writers:Brasfield -Ald- BMI) (2 52. Thick keyboard tex- appearing on disc, Cno's extremel ridge) {Rick Hall, ASCAP) (3:15). turesbuttressNeilFinn'slight persona and specific references tc Milsap is in a pop groove with this tenor or tit's melodic track from her late husband John Lennon have 0irresistible uptempo ballad from the new "Vlaiata- LP. An air of alreadysparkedcontroversyanci hisforthcoming LP.Hissexy, mystery acids to the appeal for discussion that's bound to escaate confident vocal steals the show.
    [Show full text]
  • Top 100 Canciones + Streaming
    TOP 100 CANCIONES + STREAMING (Las ventas totales corresponden a los datos enviados por colaboradores habituales de venta física y por los siguientes operadores: Amazon, Google Play Music, i-Tunes, Google Play, Movistar,7Digital, Apple Music, Deezer, Spotify, Groove Music y Napster) SEMANA 30: del 21.07.2017 al 27.07.2017 Sem. Sem. Pos. Sem. Cert. Actual Ant. Max. Lista Artista Título Sello Promus. 1 ● 1 1 4 J BALVIN / WILLY WILLIAM MI GENTE UNIVERSAL * 2 ● 2 1 28 LUIS FONSI / DADDY YANKEE DESPACITO UNIVERSAL 10** 3 ● 3 2 14 MALUMA FELICES LOS 4 SONY MUSIC 3** 4 ● 4 3 25 DANNY OCEAN ME REHÚSO WARNER MUSIC GROUP 3** 5 ▲ 6 6 9 MANUEL TURIZO UNA LADY COMO TÚ SONY MUSIC * 6 ▼ 5 5 9 C. TANGANA MALA MUJER SONY MUSIC ** 7 ● 7 6 16 CNCO HEY DJ (POP VERSION) SONY MUSIC ** 8 ● 8 2 29 ED SHEERAN SHAPE OF YOU WARNER MUSIC GROUP 6** 9 ▲ 10 10 18 WISIN / OZUNA ESCÁPATE CONMIGO SONY MUSIC ** 10 ▼ 9 5 16 SHAKIRA ME ENAMORÉ SONY MUSIC 2** 11 ▲ 13 13 8 J BALVIN / JOWELL & RANDY BONITA UNIVERSAL * 12 ▼ 11 7 17 CHRIS JEDAY / J BALVIN / OZUNA / ARCANGELAHORA DICE UNIVERSAL ** 13 ▼ 12 2 22 ENRIQUE IGLESIAS / DESCEMER BUENOSUBEME / ZION LA & RADIOLENNOX SONY MUSIC 4** 14 ● 14 14 12 DASOUL / NACHO KUNG FU UNIVERSAL / ROSTER ** 15 ▲ 20 20 7 DEMARCO FLAMENCO / MAKI LA ISLA DEL AMOR WARNER MUSIC GROUP * 16 ● 16 14 13 CHARLIE PUTH ATTENTION WARNER MUSIC GROUP ** 17 ● 17 6 20 PITBULL / J BALVIN / CAMILA CABELLOHEY MA (SPANISH VERSION) WARNER MUSIC GROUP 2** 18 ▼ 15 13 7 DAVID GUETTA / JUSTIN BIEBER 2U WARNER MUSIC/UNIVERSAL * 19 ▼ 18 9 19 JASON DERULO / NICKI MINAJ
    [Show full text]
  • The Mw 8.8 Chile Earthquake of February 27, 2010
    EERI Special Earthquake Report — June 2010 Learning from Earthquakes The Mw 8.8 Chile Earthquake of February 27, 2010 From March 6th to April 13th, 2010, mated to have experienced intensity ies of the gap, overlapping extensive a team organized by EERI investi- VII or stronger shaking, about 72% zones already ruptured in 1985 and gated the effects of the Chile earth- of the total population of the country, 1960. In the first month following the quake. The team was assisted lo- including five of Chile’s ten largest main shock, there were 1300 after- cally by professors and students of cities (USGS PAGER). shocks of Mw 4 or greater, with 19 in the Pontificia Universidad Católi- the range Mw 6.0-6.9. As of May 2010, the number of con- ca de Chile, the Universidad de firmed deaths stood at 521, with 56 Chile, and the Universidad Técni- persons still missing (Ministry of In- Tectonic Setting and ca Federico Santa María. GEER terior, 2010). The earthquake and Geologic Aspects (Geo-engineering Extreme Events tsunami destroyed over 81,000 dwell- Reconnaissance) contributed geo- South-central Chile is a seismically ing units and caused major damage to sciences, geology, and geotechni- active area with a convergence of another 109,000 (Ministry of Housing cal engineering findings. The Tech- nearly 70 mm/yr, almost twice that and Urban Development, 2010). Ac- nical Council on Lifeline Earthquake of the Cascadia subduction zone. cording to unconfirmed estimates, 50 Engineering (TCLEE) contributed a Large-magnitude earthquakes multi-story reinforced concrete build- report based on its reconnaissance struck along the 1500 km-long ings were severely damaged, and of April 10-17.
    [Show full text]
  • The Socioeconomic Consequences of Natural Disasters in Chile
    The Socioeconomic Consequences of Natural Disasters in Chile Item Type text; Electronic Thesis Authors Christensen, Rachel Julia Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 09:06:12 Item License http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/ Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624942 THE SOCIOECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF NATURAL DISASTERS IN CHILE By RACHEL JULIA CHRISTENSEN ____________________ A Thesis Submitted to The Honors College In Partial Fulfillment of the Bachelors degree With Honors in Economics THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA MAY 2 0 1 7 Approved by: ____________________________ Dr. Todd Neumann Department of Economics Christensen 2 ABSTRACT: The aim of this project is to analyze the economic effects over time that Chile has encountered due to natural disasters. I will provide information about Chile as country, breaking down several crucial regions to highlight the key threats to each. Several natural disasters used in my research will be defined and a brief account of their occurrences throughout the country’s history will be given. My paper will demonstrate how Chilean society has shaped their way of life around these economic consequences, with a unique look at the short-term effects on small businesses. The primary focus will be on how the economic impact of an exogenous variable, such as a natural disaster, varies based on certain endogenous variables such as location and prosperity.
    [Show full text]
  • Native Spanish Speakers As Binate Language Learners
    Native Spanish speakers as binate language learners Luis Javier Pentón Herrera, Concordia University Chicago Miriam Duany, Laurel High School (MD) Abstract Native Spanish speakers from Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala, who are also English language learners, are a growing population of students in the K-12 classrooms throughout the United States. This particular group of students is oftentimes placed in Spanish-as-a-foreign-language classes that fail to meet their linguistic development as native Spanish speakers. Conversely, those who are placed in Spanish for Heritage Speakers classes usually do not receive the necessary beneficial linguistic support to compensate for the interrupted education and possible lack of prior academic rigor. These binate language learners are a particularly susceptible population that requires rigorous first language instruction in order for them to use that knowledge as a foundation to successfully learn English as a second language. The purpose of this study is to address the needs of high school native Spanish speakers from Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala who are also English language learners. In addition, a discussion of this population, their linguistic challenges in their first language, and approaches to excellent teaching practices are addressed and explained. Introduction The increasing number of English Language learner (ELLs) students in the United States has generated interest in the fields of bilingualism and second language acquisition. Currently, the fastest growing ELL student population in Luis Javier Pentón Herrera (Doctoral Candidate, Concordia University Chicago) is currently an ESOL teacher at Laurel High School, Laurel, MD. His research focuses on bilingual education, second and foreign language acquisition, adult education, and reading and literacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Dialects of Spanish and Portuguese
    30 Dialects of Spanish and Portuguese JOHN M. LIPSKI 30.1 Basic Facts 30.1.1 Historical Development Spanish and Portuguese are closely related Ibero‐Romance languages whose origins can be traced to the expansion of the Latin‐speaking Roman Empire to the Iberian Peninsula; the divergence of Spanish and Portuguese began around the ninth century. Starting around 1500, both languages entered a period of global colonial expansion, giving rise to new vari- eties in the Americas and elsewhere. Sources for the development of Spanish and Portuguese include Lloyd (1987), Penny (2000, 2002), and Pharies (2007). Specific to Portuguese are fea- tures such as the retention of the seven‐vowel system of Vulgar Latin, elision of intervocalic /l/ and /n/ and the creation of nasal vowels and diphthongs, the creation of a “personal” infinitive (inflected for person and number), and retention of future subjunctive and pluper- fect indicative tenses. Spanish, essentially evolved from early Castilian and other western Ibero‐Romance dialects, is characterized by loss of Latin word‐initial /f‐/, the diphthongiza- tion of Latin tonic /ɛ/ and /ɔ/, palatalization of initial C + L clusters to /ʎ/, a complex series of changes to the sibilant consonants including devoicing and the shift of /ʃ/ to /x/, and many innovations in the pronominal system. 30.1.2 The Spanish Language Worldwide Reference grammars of Spanish include Bosque (1999a), Butt and Benjamin (2011), and Real Academia Española (2009–2011). The number of native or near‐native Spanish speakers in the world is estimated to be around 500 million. In Europe, Spanish is the official language of Spain, a quasi‐official language of Andorra and the main vernacular language of Gibraltar; it is also spoken in adjacent parts of Morocco and in Western Sahara, a former Spanish colony.
    [Show full text]
  • 2006 Abstracts
    Works in Progress Group in Modern Jewish Studies Session Many of us in the field of modern Jewish studies have felt the need for an active working group interested in discussing our various projects, papers, and books, particularly as we develop into more mature scholars. Even more, we want to engage other committed scholars and respond to their new projects, concerns, and methodological approaches to the study of modern Jews and Judaism, broadly construed in terms of period and place. To this end, since 2001, we have convened a “Works in Progress Group in Modern Jewish Studies” that meets yearly in connection with the Association for Jewish Studies Annual Conference on the Saturday night preceding the conference. The purpose of this group is to gather interested scholars together and review works in progress authored by members of the group and distributed and read prior to the AJS meeting. 2006 will be the sixth year of a formal meeting within which we have exchanged ideas and shared our work with peers in a casual, constructive environment. This Works in Progress Group is open to all scholars working in any discipline within the field of modern Jewish studies. We are a diverse group of scholars committed to engaging others and their works in order to further our own projects, those of our colleagues, and the critical growth of modern Jewish studies. Papers will be distributed in November. To participate in the Works in Progress Group, please contact: Todd Hasak-Lowy, email: [email protected] or Adam Shear, email: [email protected] Co-Chairs: Todd S.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish - Español
    SPANISH - ESPAÑOL ¿Qué haces? What do you do/What are you doing? Cantar Tocar Bailar Nadar To sing To play To dance To swim Saltar Hablar Escuchar To jump To speak To listen Mirar Caminar To look To walk Spanish verb conjugations For many Spanish learners, conjugations are one of the trickiest parts of the language to get used to. Verb conjugation in Spanish often seems unpredictable, with few rules to follow. That’s because Spanish has so many irregular verbs. But if you think about it, so does English! Think find/found, sell/sold and ring/rang, to name just a few. You already learned those patterns, so you can do it again with Spanish. The good news is most other aspects of Spanish are much easier. You can learn regular Spanish verb conjugation patterns pretty fast. And once you know the basics, and some of the common irregular verbs, it’s easier to get a sense of how a verb should change. Spanish Verb Tenses: The 3 Main Tenses to Master The three main tenses you should learn first in Spanish are the present (el presente), the past (also called the preterite, el pretérito), and the future (el futuro). They’re the ones you’ll run into most. You can get a lot of things across from these tenses and still be understood in the beginning. If you’re curious, there’s also the imperfect, perfect, conditional, subjunctive, imperative, and gerund forms, too. But you should go back to those later after you’ve mastered the main three tenses.
    [Show full text]
  • A Phonotactic Explanation of the «Vos» and Final -R Variety «Vosotros» Imperatives
    A PHONOTACTIC EXPLANATION OF THE «VOS» AND FINAL -R VARIETY «VOSOTROS» IMPERATIVES 1. Introduction The VOS form of Classical Latin is manifest in Contemporary Spanish in two dis- tinct ways. «Vos» In Spanish emerged from Latin VOS as a second person singular man- ner of address, and differed from «t ŭ» in that the latter was more informal and employed with inferiors. In the seventeenth, and possibly as late as the eighteenth century, the use of «vos» disapeared from many parts of the Spanish speaking world (Lapesa 1984: 579), although it is still widely used in many areas of South and Central America (Rona 1967). «Vosotros» retained the plurality of Latin VOS to become an informal manner of ad- dress. However, in contemporary Spanish it has lost a lot of ground to the «ustedes» form. The only region to conserve the «vosotros» form is Spain, yet even within Spain it is not universal; the westem half of Andalusia has lost it in favor of «ustedes» (Lapesa 1984: 512). The imperative of Latin VOS was marked with the verb-final morpheme -TE (AUDI- TE «hear»; DICETE «say»). This morpheme, with the deletion of final /-e/, and the voic- ing of final /-t/ common in the evolution of Spanish, became the final /-d/ morpheme in- dicative of the «vosotros» imperative. The objective of this paper is to examine other varieties of this imperative, namely the «vos» imperative, and the final /-r/ «vosotros» imperative, and to give a morphopho- nemic explanation of why these varieties have arisen in contrast to the final /-d/ variety of the standardized language.
    [Show full text]
  • Spanish Verbs and Essential Grammar Review
    Spanish Verbs and Essential Grammar Review Prepared by: Professor Carmen L. Torres-Robles Department of Foreign Languages & Literatures Purdue University Calumet Revised: 1 /2003 Layout by: Nancy J. Tilka CONTENTS Spanish Verbs Introduction 4 Indicative Mood 5 ® simple & compound tenses: present, past, future, conditional Subjunctive Mood 12 ® simple & compound tenses: present, past Ser / Estar 16 Essential Grammar Pronouns 20 Possesive Adjectives and Pronouns 23 Prepositional Pronouns 25 Por versus Para 27 Comparisons / Superlatives 31 Preterite / Imperfect 34 Subjunctive Mood 37 Commands 42 Passive Voice 46 2 Spanish Verbs 3 INTRODUCTION VERBS (VERBOS) MOODS (MODOS) There are three moods or ways to express verbs (actions) in Spanish. 1. Indicative Mood (objective) 2. Subjunctive Mood (subjective) 3. Imperative Mood (commands) INFINITIVES (INFINITIVOS) A verb in the purest form (without a noun or subject pronoun to perform the action) is called an infinitive. The infinitives in English are characterized by the prefix “to” + “verb form”, the Spanish infinitives are identified by the “r” ending. Example estudiar, comer, dormir to study, to eat, to sleep CONJUGATIONS (CONJUGACIONES) Spanish verbs are grouped in three categories or conjugations. 1. Infinitives ending in –ar belong to the first conjugation. (estudiar) 2. Infinitives ending in –er belong to the second conjugation. (comer) 3. Infinitives ending in –ir belong to the third conjugation. (dormir) VERB STRUCTURE (ESTRUCTURA VERBAL) Spanish verbs are divided into three parts. (infinitive: estudiar) 1. Stem or Root (estudi-) 2. Theme Vowel (-a-) 3. "R" Ending (-r) CONJUGATED VERBS (VERBOS CONJUGADOS) To conjugate a verb, a verb must have an explicit subject noun (ex: María), a subject pronoun (yo, tú, usted, él, ella, nosotros(as), vosotros(as), ustedes, ellos, ellas), or an implicit subject, to indicate the performer of the action.
    [Show full text]