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Description of 'Meaning and Process' (Turner, 1967: Xxi)

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Description of 'Meaning and Process' (Turner, 1967: Xxi) Nalional Library Bibliothèque nation,' of Canada du Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquis", , Bibliographie Services Branch des services bibliograpnlques 395 Wellington Street 395. rue Wellington Ottawa. Ontario Ottawa (Onlario) K1AON4 K1AON4 NOTICE AVIS The quality of this microform is La qualité de cette microforme heavily dependent upon the dépend grandement de la qualité quality of the original thesis de la thèse soumise au submitted for microfilming. microfilmage. Nous avons tout Every effort has been made to fait pour assurer une qualité ensure thl~ highest quality of supérieure de reproduction. reproduction possible. If pages are missing, contact the S'il manque des pages, veuillez university which granted the communiquer avec l'universHé degree. qui a conféré le grade. Sorne pages may have indistinct La qualité d'impression de print especially if the original certaines pages peut laisser à ' pages were typed with a poor désirer, surtout si les pages typewriter ribbon or if the originales ont été university sent us an inferior d3ctylographiées à l'aide d'un photocopy. ruban usé ou si l'université nous a fait parvenir une photocopie de qualité inférieure. Reproduction in full or in part of La reproduction, même partielle, this microform is governed by de cette mlcroforme est soumise the Canadian Copyright Act, à la Loi canadienne sur le droit R.S.C. 1970, c. C·30, and d'auteur, SRC 1970, c. C-30, et subsequent amendments. ses amendements subséquents. Can, adl.'a Robert E. Park's theory of newspapers and news. Andrew McLeliand Graduate Program in Communications McGili University, Montréal March,1995 A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts. (c) Andrew McLeliand, 1995 National Library Bibliothèque nationale 1+. of Canada d'j Canada Acquisitions and Direction des acquisitions et Bibliographie Services Branch des services bibliographiques 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa, -Ontario Ottawa (Ontario) K1AON4 K1AON4 THE AUTHOR RAS GRANTED AN L'AUTEUR A ACCORDE UNE LICENCE IRREVOCABLE NON-EXCLUSIVE IRREVOCABLE ET NON EXCLUSIVE LICENCE ALLOWING THE NATIONAL PERMETTANT A LA BIBLIOTHEQUE LffiRARYOF CANADATO NATIONALE DU CANADA DE REPRODUCE, LOAN, DISTRffiUTE OR REPRODUIRE, PRETER, DISTRffiUER SELL COPIES OF mSIHER THESIS BY OU VENDRE DES COPIES DE SA ANY MEANS AND IN ANY FORM OR THESE DE QUELQUE MANIERE ET FORMAT, MAKING TmS THESIS SOUS QUELQUE FORME QUE CE SOIT AVAILABLE TO INTERESTED POUR METTRE DES EXEMPLAIRES DE PERSONS. CETTE THESE A LA DISPOSITION DES PERSONNE INTERESSEES. THE AUTHOR RETAINS OWNERSHIP L'AUTEUR CONSERVE LA PROPRIETE OF THE COPYRIGHT IN mSIHER DU DROIT D'AUTEUR QUI PROTEGE THESIS. NEITHER THE THESIS NOR SA THESE. NI LA THESE NI DES SUBSTANTIAL EXTRACTS FROM IT EXTRAITS SUBSTANTIELS DE CELLE­ MAY BE PRINTED OR OTHERWISE CI NE DOIVENT ETRE IMPRIMES OU REPRODUCED WITHOUT mSIHER AUTREMENT REPRODUITS SANS SON PERMISSION. AUTORISATION. ISBN 0-612-05406-3 Canada Robert E. Park's theory of newspapers and news. Contents. Abstract: page i. Chapter one: Robert E. Park's theùry of mass communications: page 1. Chapter two: Park's theory of immigrant newspapers: page 35. Chapter three: news and public opinion: page 62. Chapter four: pragmatic and traditional interaction in Park's work: page 91. Works cited: works by Robert E. Park: page 114. Works cited: secondary sources: page 117. Abstract. The essay e)(amines Robert E. Park's ttleory of the raie news and newspapers have in processes of social interaction, and of the mie they consequently play in the constitution of society. Park's theoretical work is often cited for its appreciation of the dynamic aspects of social interaction. This perspective is evident in his analysis of news and newspapers. ln The Immigrant Press and its Control (1922), Park examined how immigrant groups responded ta the experience of immigration and how their ne..'spapers contributed to that response. Ethnie newspapers served to preserve traditions and solidarity, but at the same time insinuated American practices and values and advanced the assimilation of their readership. Park saw the papers as allowing immigrant groups ta engage in a process of cultural reformation; they pravided a means by which immigrant groups could bring their culture into accord with the society surrounding them. Park adopted fram American pragmatism a definition of pragmatic or 'rational' social interaction and applied it ta interaction over news. Rationality in this sense is a capacity to understand others' motives or goals, and a capacity ta speculate about the conditions and consequences of actions. It is primarily an attitude of detachment, where personal beliefs and interests are suspended. John Dewey contrasted pragmatic interaction ta interaction clominated by adherence ta tradition. For Park, attention ta newspapers and discussion of news tended not ta favour adherence ta tradition, but encouraged a prag~1atic or rational attitude. In ii articles on news and public opinion written in the 1940's, Park saw attention to news as a pot,'r'tial threat to belief systems and as a source of social conflict. Challenges to fundamental values lead to blind, defensive reactions and the behavior propel' to a ·crowd'. ln his earlier work on immigrant newspapers, conflict attending immigration led to efforts to accommodate new social realities, with newspapers as the means of building consensus. Later, in his articles on news and public opinion, conflict and loss of solidarity were seen as permanent features of modern social Iife, exacerbated by organs of mass communication. In Park's work, newspapers and news could lead to both integration and disintegration of community. L'essai traite de la théorie de Robert E. Park sur la façon dont les nouvelles et les journaux interviennent dans des processus d'interactions sociales et, par conséquent, du rôle que les nouvelles et les journaux jouent dans la constitution d'une société. Le travail théorique de Park est souvent cité en ce qui a trait à l'appréciation qu'il porte aux aspects dynamiques des interactions sociales. Cette perspective est mise en évidence dans son analyse des nouvelles et des journaux. Dans The Immigrant Press and its Control (1922), Park a analysé comment des groupes d'immigrants ont réagi à l'expérience de l'immigration et comment les journaux ont contribué à cette réaction. Les journaux ethniques ont aidé à preserver les traditions et la solidarité tout en permettant, de façon indirecte, iii l'intégration aux pratiques et valeurs américaines et da ce fait même, on participé à l'assimil'ation de leurs lecteurs. Park considérait les journaux comme des éléments permettant à des groupes d'immigrants de s'engager dans un processus de restructuration culturelle. Ils fournissaient un moyen au travers duquel des groupes d'immigrants faisaient concorder leur propre culture à celle qui les entourait. Park a tiré du pragmatisme américain une définition de l'interaction sociale pragmatique ou 'rationelle' et l'a appliquée à l'interaction des nouvelles. La rationalité dans ce sens est la capacité de comprendre les buts et les mobiles des autres ainsi que la capacité de s'interroger sur les conditions et conséquences des actions. C'est avant tout une attitude de détachement où les croyances et intérêts personnels sont exclus. John Dewey a opposé l'interaction pragmatique à l'interaction dominée par l'adhérence à la tradition. Pour Park, l'attention portée aux journaux ainsi qu'à la discussion des nouvelles n'avait pas tendance à favoriser l'adhérence à la tradition mais plutôt, à encourager une attitude pragmatique ou rationnelle. Dans les articles écrits dans les années 40 concernant les nouvelles et l'opinion publique, Park considérait l'attention portée aux nouvelles comme une menace potentielle aux systémes de croyances ainsi qu'une source de conflit social. Les remises en question des valeurs fondamentales pouvaient conduire à des réactions défensives aveugles, de tels comportements étant propres à une 'foule'. • iv Dans son travail sur les journaux ethniques, les conflits auxquels fait face l'immigration ont conduit à des efforts visant à une adaptation aux nouvelles réalités sociales, avec les journaux comme moyen d'atteindre un consensus. Plus tard, dans les articles écrits dans les années 40, le conflit et la perte de solidarité étaient perçus comme des caractéristiques permanents de la vie sociale moderne exacerbés par les organismes de communication de masse. Dans le travail de Park, les journaux et les nouvelles pouvaient à la fois mener a l'intégration ou la desintégration de la communauté. Chapter one: Robert E. Park's theory of mass communications. Park's writings and focus. Lewis Coser says that Robert Park, teaching at the beginnings of sociology as ascientific discipline, made two substantial contributions to his field: the direction of students to concrete research, and the development of theory at new levels of sophistication (Coser, 1971: 383). Park's contributions to theory are contained in various articles and pamphlets he published from the 191 O's to the 1940's, and in An Introduction to the Science of Sociology, a sourcebook first published in 1921 which contains extensive classification and interrelation of its materials. Most of his articles were collected by Everett Hughes in three volumes in the early fifties. Some of the headings Hughes chose as most reflective of Park's interests were race, collective behaviour, human ecology, culture, news and opinion, and sociology and modern society. The last two categories, newspapers and modern society, were also featured prominently in the book Park published in 1922, The Immigrant Press and its Control. The cultural adaptation of ethnie and racial groups to modern, largely urban, society is the concern of the book which Park abetted W.1. Thomas in getting published in 1921, ald World Traits Transplanted. Park's doctoral thesis, 'Masse und Publikum', written in 1904, was translated and published in 1962 as The Crowd and the Public.
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