Contents

PREFACE ix PART I: 'THE LOGIC OF mSTORICAL NARRATION 1. The Logic of Historical Narration 3 by Morton White, Harvard University 2. On "The Logic of Historical Narration" 32 by Lee Benson, Wayne University 3. Objectivism in History 43 by Maurice Mandelbaum, The Johns Hopkins University

PART n: THE PROBLEMS OF THE WORKING lUSTORIAN 4. Some Problems of a Working Historian 59 by Leo Gershoy, New York University 5. Relativism and Some Problems of Working Historians 76 by Ernest Nagel, Columbia University 6. The Problems of the Working Historian: A Comment 92 by Bernard Bailyn, Harvard University

PART m: PATTERNS IN lUSTORY 7. The Historical Explanation of Actions Reconsidered 105 by William Dray, University of Toronto 8. Comments on Historical Explanation 136 by Leonard Krieger, Yale University 9. Reasons and Covering Laws in Historical Explanation 143 by Carl C. Hempel, Princeton University

PART IV: CONTRIBUTIONS BY OTHER PARTICIPANTS 10. Cause and Reason in History by Raziel Abelson, New York University vii viii Contents

11. Rational Explanations in History 174 by Evelyn Barker, Columbus, Ohio 12. Observations on History 185 by Lee A. Belford, New York University 13. Personality Traits as Causal Explanations in Biography 192 by R. B. Brandt, Swarthmore College 14. Do Historians Use Covering Laws? 205 by Carl N. Degler, Vassar College 15. History as Factualized Fiction 212 by Ernest van den Haag, New York University 16. The Philosophy in History 227 by Albert Hofstadter, Columbia University 17. Objectivity and Reconstruction in History 250 by Sidney Hook, New York University 18. On Rational Explanation in History 275 by Bruce Mazlish, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 19. Comments on White's "Logic of Historical Narration" 286 by Glenn Morrow, University of Pennsylvania 20. On the Logic of Historical Narration 291 by George H. Nadel, Harvard University 21. Rational Explanations in History 296 by Kai Nielsen, New York University 22. History as Inquiry 325 by Sidney Ratner, Rutgers University 23. New Issues in the Logic of Explanation 339 by Michael Scriven, Indiana University 24. History as Spirit 362 by Sten H. Stenson, Smith College 25. It's About Time 367 by Paul Weiss, Yale University 26. Essentials in History 372 by Donald C. Williams, Harvard University

INDEX 395