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The Communal Impulse in the Work of Francis Quarles and His Contemporaries

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The Communal Impulse in the Work of Francis Quarles and His Contemporaries ‘ONE BODY AND ONE SPIRIT’: THE COMMUNAL IMPULSE IN THE WORK OF FRANCIS QUARLES AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES By RANDI MARIE SMITH A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2009 1 © 2009 Randi Marie Smith 2 To my Grandmother, Ethel Willett, for all she was, and to my friend, Ben Caldwell, for all he might have been 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I could not have completed this project without the support and encouragement of many people. I would like to thank my committee—Ira Clark, R.A. Shoaf, Melvin New, and Howard Louthan; I appreciate their willingness to spend their time and effort to encourage and advise me. I would especially like to thank my committee chairperson James J. Paxson, who read countless drafts and always had time to chat about improving my work. I would also like to thank my friends Krystil, Melissa, Susan, Nancy, Martin, and many others. I have to thank them for listening to me no matter what time it was and for always having an encouraging word to say. I would especially like to thank Kadesh Minter for reading every word and for always knowing which ones to change. George Addicott III has my thanks for his love and encouragement far beyond the call of friendship. Additionally, my thanks go to professors from across the University of Florida campus for advice and support. I would like to thank God for the inspiration and strength He sent me that allowed me to have the courage to start and complete this project. Finally, I would like to thank my family, especially my parents Catherine A. Bryant and Randy B. Smith, for all of their love and support. Without these people, this project would not have been possible. I owe them all more than I can repay; all I can say is that I appreciate them. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 6 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 9 2 ‘MEMBERS INCORPORATE: EVIDENCES OF COMMUNITY IN EARLY MODERN POETRY ................................................................................................................... 30 3 A MYSTICAL REPAST: FOOD AND COMMUNAL REJECTION ................................... 73 4 HOPE OF HEAVEN, FEAR OF EARTH: THE POETIC DEATHWISH ........................... 107 5 CONFESSING COMMUNICATION: MOMENTS OF METAPOESIS IN FRANCIS QUARLES ................................................................................................................................. 141 6 QUARLES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS ........................................................................................................................... 175 BIBLIOGRAPHY............................................................................................................................. 181 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ........................................................................................................... 193 5 LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 2-1 “The Invocation.” ................................................................................................................... 67 2-2 Book I, Emblem 5 “The Fashion of this World Passeth Away.” Emblemes(1635) and Hieroglyphikes (1638). .......................................................................................................... 68 2-3 Emblem I, 10 “Yee are of Your Father the Devill.” Emblemes(1635) and Hieroglyphikes (1638). .......................................................................................................... 69 2-4 Emblem II, 15 “I Will Put My Feare in Their Hearts, that They Shall Not Depart from Me.” ............................................................................................................................... 70 2-5 Emblem IV, 11 “I Will Rise, and Go about in the City, and Will Seeke Him that My Soule Loveth: I Sought Him, but I Found Him Not.” .......................................................... 71 2-6 Emblem V, 6 “Whom Have I in Heav’n but Thee? And What Desire I on Earth in Respect of Thee?” .................................................................................................................. 72 3-1 Emblem III-Book 1. “Even in Laughter the Heart is Sorrowfull, and the End of Mirth is Heavinesse.”. .................................................................................................................... 104 3-2 Emblem XII-Book 1. “Yee May Suck, But Not be Satisfied with the Brest of Her Consolation.” ........................................................................................................................ 105 3-3 Emblem II-Book 5. “Stay me with Flowers, Comfort Me with Apples, for I am Sick with Love.” ........................................................................................................................... 106 4-1 Emblem XIV-Book I. “Lighten Mine Eyes, Lord, Lest I Sleep the Sleep of Death.” ..... 139 4-2 Emblem IX-Book I. “The World Passeth Away, and All the Lusts Thereof.” ................ 140 5-1 Emblem 9 Book 3: “The Snares of Hell Compassed Me About.” .................................... 169 5-2 Emblem 12, Book 4: “Have You Seene Him Whom My Soule Loveth? When I Had Past a Little fro Them, then I Found Him, I Took Hold of Him, and Left Him Not.” .... 170 5-3 Book 5 Emblem 14. “How Amiable Are Thy Tabernacles.” ............................................ 171 5-4 Book 5 Emblem 15. “Make Haste my Beloved, and Be Like the Roe or the Young Hart upon the Mountains of Spices.” .................................................................................. 172 5-5 Book 5. “The Farewell.” ...................................................................................................... 173 5-6 Quarles, Francis. Pictura. Hierogliph I. “Behold I was shapen in Inquity, and in sin did my mother conceive me.”.............................................................................................. 174 6 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy ‘ONE BODY AND ONE SPIRIT’: THE COMMUNAL IMPULSE IN THE WORK OF FRANCIS QUARLES AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES By Randi Marie Smith May 2009 Chair: James J. Paxson Major: English Francis Quarles produced his most popular and lasting poetry during the religious upheaval of the seventeenth century—Emblemes (1635) and Hieroglyphikes of the Life of Man 1639). Though these works have been looked upon as generally inferior works of meditative poetry, I argue that they contain a central thematic element that has been neglected in most studies of such poetry—a communal impulse. Religious poetry in this period has been studied primarily for its effects on and direction of individual believers. However, Quarles’ formal meditations were meant not only to improve the individual, but also to recreate that individual as a vital member of a community. The tensions that exist between the individual and the community infuse the work of authors such as Joseph Hall, Robert Southwell, Francis Quarles, and George Herbert. These authors interrogate the relationship between individual and community through sub-themes that include individual place and purpose, food, death and rejection, and language itself. First, I explore the place and purpose of community in the meditational works of these authors. Each author provides a variation on the definition of place and purpose. Hall’s Vowes and Meditations and The Arte of Divine Meditation give instructions on and elucidate the benefits of meditation for both the individual and the community. Various poems of Southwell’s include both direction and subject matter for meditation to the specific, limited Catholic Recusant community. 7 Herbert’s The Temple emphasizes individual participation in the communal structure of the church. Finally, Quarles’ emblem poems deal with the dichotomous dynamics of acceptance and rejection of the basic forms of communal activity. Further, I survey briefly constructions of the reciprocal influences of meditation and community from some pre-figurative medieval works and in the epic that explored sixteenth-century community—Edmund Spenser’s Faerie Queene. Having investigated the relationship, I explain specific things that act upon it: communal self- identification and food, communal rejection and death, and, finally, communal discourse and mutual understanding. These moments enrich the poems and invest the works as a whole in the sixteenth-and seventeenth-century pattern of interrogating language within itself, and in turn, the self within the community. 8 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION And that we be very membres incorporate in thy mistical body, whiche is the blessed company of al faithful people. —Book of Common Prayer, 1559 The wordes which we have herd this daye with our outward eares, may through thi grace be so graffed [grafted] inwardly in our hartes, that they may bring furth in us the fruite of good living. —Book of Common
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