2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 2019J. Pl. Res. Vol. 17, No. 1, pp 69-81, 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
Alien Enumeration of the Flowering Plants of Singha Durbar Premises, Origin English Nepali Invasive Collection S.N. Family Scientific Name (Native, G Gd Nb Kathmandu, Nepal Name Name species No. Alien) (Yes/No) 94 Acanthaceae Rungia pectinata (L.) - Ͳ Native No * G37 Krishna Ram Bhattarai * Nees Department of Plant Resources, Kathmandu, Nepal 95 Poaceae Saccharum Fodder cane ȡȱ Alien No * Gd74 *Email: [email protected] spontaneum L. 96 Lamiaceae Salvia plebeia R.Br. Australian Ͳ Native No * G46 Abstract sage 97 Cyperaceae Schoenoplectiella - Ͳ Native G07 This study documented the trees, shrubs and herbs conserved in the gardens and premises of juncoides (Roxb.) Lye No * different offices in Singha Durbar, Kathmandu in 2017. A total of 229 plant species 98 Plantaginaceae Scoparia dulcis L. Licorice Ǔȡ ȡ Alien No * * * G12/Gd147/ (Angiosperm=212 and Gymnosperm=17) belonging to 176 genera and 88 families have been weed Nb93 documented. Among the documented plants, Asparagaceae =15, Compositae=12, Arecaceae =9, 99 Leguminosae Senna tora (L.) Roxb. Foetid Alien Yes * * G6/Gd132 ȪȪ ȡĤȯ Rosaceae =9, Rutaceae =9, Cupressaceae =8 and Araceae =7 were dominant families. These Cassia 100 Poaceae Setaria pumila (Poir.) Knotroot Ͳ Native No * * * G30/Gd78/ plants were conserved mainly for greenery and ornamental purposes. Many plants were edible Roem. & Schult. bristle grass Nb127 and medicinal too. Of the documented plants, 11 species were under various conservation and 101 Malvaceae Sida acuta Burm.f. Broomweed Alien No * Nb103 threat categories of CITES, Government of Nepal (Under forest Act, 1993) and IUCN. Rare, Ǖ ȡ endangered, endemic and valuable plant species has to be managed with proper scientific 102 Malvaceae Sida cordata Heartleaf Ǖ ȡ Alien No * G29 information. The gardens in the Singha Durbar premises have conserved many exotic species as (Burm.f.) fanpetals well. Borss.Waalk. 103 Malvaceae Sida rhombifolia L. Cuban jute ȡȪ Alien No * * G54/Gd141 Keywords: Categories, Conservation, Exotic, Garden, Native plants, Ornamental Plants ǔ ã ȡ 104 Solanaceae Solanum surattense Bitter brinjal Û ȡȣ Native No * * G56/Gd163 Introduction Gardening practices have existed and evolved in Burm. f. Nepal with the interactions with the outer world. For 105 Compositae Sonchus wightianus Corn Ǖ ȯ, Native No * Ph4 Plants are the major components of worlds DC. Sowthistle instance, during the Malla period, gardens mostly ȡȡǕ ȯ biodiversity and an essential resource for human used to be located at the backside of the palaces and 106 Compositae Spilanthes acmella Para cress Native No * * G01/Gd134 welfare and play a big role for the environmental ȡȪ ȡȱ the houses (Tiwari, 2016). However, after the (L.) L. balance. Human are intricately associated with plants 107 Araceae Spirodela polyrrhiza Common Ͳ Native No * Gd170 ascension of the Ranas, gardens began to be located not only for their food, clothes and shelter (L.) Schleid. duckweed at the front of the palaces with traditional architecture 108 Caryophyllaceae Stellaria media (L.) Chickweed Ͳ Alien No * G15 requirements but also for aesthetic fulfillments in design. After the departure of the Ranas in 1950 Vill. (Joshi, 2009; Bhattarai & Khadka, 2017). The 109 Compositae Tridax procumbens Coat- Alien No * * * G06/Gd133/ AD, the costly, luxurious and big gardens designed ¡ Ǖ Ǖ ȯ ȡ relationship of humans and plants and love of flowers (L.) L. buttons Nb97 in the premises of many palaces were fallen out, but 110 Malvaceae Triumfetta Chinese burr ã ȯ Ǖ Ȫ Native No * Nb83 goes back to thousands of years in the history of rhomboidea Jacq. human civilization (Harborne, 1984; Rai et al., cultivation of ornamental plants from different parts 111 Typhaceae Typha angustifolia L. - ȯ Native No * Ph5 2010). Egyptians and Assyrians had understood the of the world still continues. There are different parks and gardens in Nepal but the practice of well 112 Malvaceae Urena lobata L. Caesar weed ȡǕ Ǖ Ȫ Native No * * Gd173/Nb8 art of cultivation of flowers as early as 3000 BC. 5 Greek and Romans, who inherited the methods of managed sophisticated garden with large space and 113 Lentibulariaceae Utricularia aurea Native No * * Gd155/Nb1 flower cultivation developed in Egypt, Syria and complex landscape with topiaries is not still Lour. 08 practiced. With the growing unmanaged 114 Hydrocharitaceae Vallisneria natans Tape-grass Ǔ Native No * G38 Mesopotamia, further developed their interests and (Lour.) H.Hara refined the culture of ornamental flowers. In the east, urbanization, more and more of the open areas are Ǖ Û ȡȡ Japanese and Chinese gardeners developed disappearing and much of the public open spaces 115 Compositae Xanthium strumarium Burweed ȯȯ Ǖ Ȫ Alien Yes * * G18/Gd136 L. independently their own charming tradition of have been encroached already (Bajracharya et al., gardening (Bajracharya et al., 1999). The history of 1997), resulting in consequences for public life and ornamental gardening may be considered as aesthetic activity (Shrestha, 2001). Existing gardens in expressions of beauty through art and nature, a government offices are also destroyed to construct display of taste or style in civilized life, an expression building and parking areas. But, recently of an individuals or cultures philosophy, and Government Nepal, Ministry of Forests and sometimes as a display of private status or national Environment has been celebrating forest decade pride-in private and public landscapes. program from 2014-2023 AD, promoting plantation
68 14 69 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 with a slogan one home, one tree; one village, one 1973 was the largest government secretariat in Asia. forest; and one city many gardens (DOF, 2014) with The palace with 7 courtyards and 1700 rooms was the aim of development of forest in private and public occupied by successive Rana prime ministers until land, construct garden in public places, urban 1951. After this, the durbar became the government forestry, biodiversity conservation and awareness by secretariat which boasted of housing every ministry protecting rare, endangered and endemic plant within the same compound (Tandukar, 2017) until species in private and public land including it was caught by fire and almost completely government offices with proper scientific destroyed, except for the front wing on 9th July, 1973. information (MFSC, 2015). The present land use policy of Nepal also emphasized on greenery in Set in a large area of well-trimmed lawns, it private settlement and public places to develop a contained numerous gardens with exotic plants, a hygienic, beautiful, well-facilitated and safe human deer park, a polo ground, playing field, tennis courts, settlement in a planned and sustainable ways streams, fountains and lush green vegetation with (MoLRM, 2015).The present study aims to finely spaced trees (Bhandari, 2014). After the end document the existing status of flowering plants in of Rana regime, Government of Nepal declared it the gardens of Singha Durbar premises and helps to as National Property and used Singha Durbar planners for further beatification. premises to house government offices. At present about 70% of the area is used for administrative Materials and Methods purpose and the rest of the area is managed as gardens and landscapes. Since it is located in the Study area centre of Kathmandu valley, its mean elevation is Singha Durbar (Lat. 27°4150.28" N; Long. about 1,300 msl. with average temperature 180C, 85°1930.72" E; Area 50 Hectare), which literally average humidity 75% and the average rainfall 1400 means the Lions Palace, is located in the centre of millimetres (CBS, 2013). Kathmandu Valley, to the north of the Babar Mahal and the east of Bhadrakali. It was built in neo- Plant documentation and identification with classical style by Chandra Shumsher JB Rana in necessary information 1903 AD (Pokharel, 2017) immediately after The different species of trees, shrubs and herbs accession to the post of Prime Minister. There is a conserved in the premises of Singha Durbar were myth that once Chandra Shumsher, with his queen, enumerated in the month of March, April and May, was enjoying the eye catching view of the valley, he 2017. The plants were listed with their scientific caught sight of a beautiful palace complex and asked name. The unidentified plant specimens were his queen about it. The queen answered that it was identified with the help of various literatures known as Bagh Durbar. The King then declared that (Polunin & Stainton, 1984; Stainton, 1988; his palace would be even more famous and would Bajracharya et al., 1997; Shrestha, 1998; Press et be called Singha Durbar (Bhandari, 2014; al., 2000; Anonymous, 2008) and with experts of Tandukar, 2017). The most amazing fact about Department of Plant Resources, Kathmandu. The Singha Durbar is that it was built in three years at nomenclature of APG III was followed the expense of 5 million Nepali rupees. Chandra (www.theplantlist.org). Study also focused on Shumsher, after living for few years in the palace whether rare, endangered, threatened plants were declared it the official residence of all prime collected and conserved or not with proper scientific ministers of Nepal after him and sold it to the Nepal information. The plants were categorized either Government for twenty million Nepali rupees. With native or introduced (Bajracharya et al., 1997; the profit, he built nine more palaces in Kathmandu Shrestha, 1998) or government protected, under for his sons. The palace, in 1904, claimed to be the CITES or under IUCN category by comparing the biggest and most luxurious palace in Asia and until enumerated list with available literatures (HMG,
70 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 with a slogan one home, one tree; one village, one 1973 was the largest government secretariat in Asia. 2001; DPR, 2012; DNPWC, 2018). The collected Cl=4). Mostly the ornamental monocots were forest; and one city many gardens (DOF, 2014) with The palace with 7 courtyards and 1700 rooms was data about plants and different categorical variable recorded which were mainly perennial like the aim of development of forest in private and public occupied by successive Rana prime ministers until values were presented quantitatively. By using Asparagus, Beaucarnea, Canna, Caryota, Dracaena land, construct garden in public places, urban 1951. After this, the durbar became the government Microsoft excel, data were coded, summarized, etc. A total of 17 species of gymnosperms (Sh = 3, forestry, biodiversity conservation and awareness by secretariat which boasted of housing every ministry presented and analyzed. Moreover, prior to the field T= 14) were reported in this study. Some protecting rare, endangered and endemic plant within the same compound (Tandukar, 2017) until work, available literatures were collected and gymnosperms are slow growing plants which later species in private and public land including it was caught by fire and almost completely reviewed. on attain the size of medium to large sized tree government offices with proper scientific destroyed, except for the front wing on 9th July, 1973. (Figure 1). These were represented by native Cycas information (MFSC, 2015). The present land use Results and Discussion pectinata to exotic Araucaria bidwillii. Recently policy of Nepal also emphasized on greenery in Set in a large area of well-trimmed lawns, it developed landscapes were prioritized with private settlement and public places to develop a contained numerous gardens with exotic plants, a Of the documented 229 plant species (88 families gymnosperms. Just concerning the garden flowers hygienic, beautiful, well-facilitated and safe human deer park, a polo ground, playing field, tennis courts, and 177 genera), 212 were angiosperms (156 dicots of Kathmandu valley, over 90% of the flowers are settlement in a planned and sustainable ways streams, fountains and lush green vegetation with and 56 monocots) and 17 were gymnosperms (Table not native to Nepal or to the Himalayas (Bajracharya (MoLRM, 2015).The present study aims to finely spaced trees (Bhandari, 2014). After the end 1). These were represented by highest numbers of et al., 1997). They are either from African continent document the existing status of flowering plants in of Rana regime, Government of Nepal declared it herbs (84) followed by trees (78), shrubs (61), and or South America or North America or subarctic the gardens of Singha Durbar premises and helps to as National Property and used Singha Durbar climbers (6). The dominant family was Asparagaceae region or native species of China and Japan or planners for further beatification. premises to house government offices. At present (15) followed by Compositae (12), Arecaceae (9), Mexico and Brazil (Shakya et al., 2001). The about 70% of the area is used for administrative Rosaceae (9), Rutaceae (9) Cupressaceae (8) and recorded ornamental garden flowers in this study Materials and Methods purpose and the rest of the area is managed as Araceae (7). Similarly, 5 families had 6 spp. each, 4 were also exotic with hybrid cultivars. gardens and landscapes. Since it is located in the families had 5 spp. each, 3 families had 4 spp. each, Such a diversity of dicots to gymnosperms in small Study area centre of Kathmandu valley, its mean elevation is 4 families had 3 spp. each, 20 families had 2 spp. place with many primitive magnolias to advanced about 1,300 msl. with average temperature 180C, each and rest of the 44 families had one spp. each. Singha Durbar (Lat. 27°4150.28" N; Long. orchids, medicinal plants to ornamental flowers, average humidity 75% and the average rainfall 1400 Of the enumerated plants 35! (81 spp.) were native 85°1930.72" E; Area 50 Hectare), which literally and 65! (148 spp.) were introduced as exotic species. common to rare species indicate that it is a unique means the Lions Palace, is located in the centre of millimetres (CBS, 2013). repository of plants in the heart of Kathmandu. Kathmandu Valley, to the north of the Babar Mahal Similarly different landscapes of Rock garden, Rose Plant documentation and identification with and the east of Bhadrakali. It was built in neo- garden, Canna garden, Convention on International necessary information classical style by Chandra Shumsher JB Rana in Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and 1903 AD (Pokharel, 2017) immediately after The different species of trees, shrubs and herbs Flora (CITES) garden, Medicinal and Aromatic accession to the post of Prime Minister. There is a conserved in the premises of Singha Durbar were Plants (MAPs) garden have their own significance. myth that once Chandra Shumsher, with his queen, enumerated in the month of March, April and May, Recently there is a massive plantation of fruits plants was enjoying the eye catching view of the valley, he 2017. The plants were listed with their scientific initiated by the office of Prime Minister. But, caught sight of a beautiful palace complex and asked name. The unidentified plant specimens were construction of small structures every year tarnished his queen about it. The queen answered that it was identified with the help of various literatures the beauty of the area and also made the area known as Bagh Durbar. The King then declared that (Polunin & Stainton, 1984; Stainton, 1988; congested. Similarly, government has decided to his palace would be even more famous and would Bajracharya et al., 1997; Shrestha, 1998; Press et Figure 1: Life form of plants with their number construct a new parliament building at Putali be called Singha Durbar (Bhandari, 2014; al., 2000; Anonymous, 2008) and with experts of bagaicha, a historical garden of Singha Durbar. Tandukar, 2017). The most amazing fact about Department of Plant Resources, Kathmandu. The A total of 156 dicot plants (H=48; Sh=48; T=58; Hence, there is instant requirement for the Singha Durbar is that it was built in three years at nomenclature of APG III was followed Cl=2) were enumerated in the Singha Durbar demarcation of land areas for different activities. For the expense of 5 million Nepali rupees. Chandra (www.theplantlist.org). Study also focused on territory. These dicot plants were represented by this purpose master plan should be prepared with Shumsher, after living for few years in the palace whether rare, endangered, threatened plants were primitive and old Magnolias to newly planted Citrus broad consultation to the experts for its beatification declared it the official residence of all prime collected and conserved or not with proper scientific trees, exotic Avocado to native Hog plum trees, by landscape design and management, avenue ministers of Nepal after him and sold it to the Nepal information. The plants were categorized either deciduous Celtis to evergreen Cinnamomum trees, plantation, establishment of occasional plantation Government for twenty million Nepali rupees. With native or introduced (Bajracharya et al., 1997; Avenue tree Polyalthia to ornamental Asters, areas by Very Important Persons (VIPs) etc. The the profit, he built nine more palaces in Kathmandu Shrestha, 1998) or government protected, under medicinal Rauvolfia to hedge plant Euphorbia and ornamental characteristics of plants like flower color, for his sons. The palace, in 1904, claimed to be the CITES or under IUCN category by comparing the many more. Similarly, the territory was covered 56 fruit, seasonal foliage color, bark categories, growth biggest and most luxurious palace in Asia and until enumerated list with available literatures (HMG, species of monocot plants (H=36; Sh=10; T=6; characteristics and the management issues such as
70 71 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 leaf and fruit litter, susceptibility to storm damage, present status of plants in Singha Durbar, 65% were pestsRecently and diseases, there is the a selection massive of plantation species, thinning, of fruits plantsintroduced initiated as byexotic the officeplant species of Prime because Minister. during But, pruning,construction felling, of tagging, small structures etc. should every be addressed year tarnishedthe time the beautyof construction of the areaof Singha and alsoDurbar made everything the area by Ministry of Forests and Environment. For the were imported from abroad including plants. Many namecongested. of beautification, Similarly, government plantation has decidedof exotic to constructof these a newplants parliament still exist buildingand now atsome Putali indigenous bagaicha, gymnospermsa historical garden should of be Singha avoided, Durbar. instead Hence, broad there plants is instant are requirementconserved in forthe the premises demarcation of different of land leaved native plants should be promoted which help ministries in Singha Durbar territory. Construction areas for different activities. For this purpose master plan should be prepared with broad consultation to in pollution control and provide food and shelter for of artistic landscapes representing our own culture birdsthe expertsand insects. for its beatification by landscape design andand stylemanagement, with topiaries avenue ofplantation, endangered establishment animals should be prioritized. Similarly, orchid house, alpine of occasional plantation areas by Very Important Persons (VIPs) etc. The ornamental characteristics of Introduction of many economically important plant plant house, tropical plant house, water garden etc. speciesplants in like Nepal flower dates color, back fruit, to 1850s seasonal during foliage Rana color,by introducing bark categories, native growthand endemic characteristics plants becomes and the regimes (Gotame et al., 2017). About the status of management issues such as leaf and fruit litter, susceptibilitymore significant to storm in damage, this area. pests Moreover, and diseases, all the the plants in Singha Durbar, 65% (148 spp.) were species should be tagged with necessary scientific introducedselection asof exoticspecies, plant thinning, species. pruning, Most of felling, the plant tagging,information. etc. should be addressed by Ministry of Forests species of Singha Durbar were introduced from and Environment. For the name of beautification, plantation of exotic gymnosperms should be avoided, Japan and China (Chitrakar, 2011) and some are used Acknowledgements ininstead cultural broad ceremonies leaved asnative well. plants Similarly, should 11 speciesbe promoted which help in pollution control and provide food were found under different conservation categories and shelter for birds and insects. I am grateful to the Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Rai, Director of CITES, IUCN, and Government protected list. General of DPR for the encouragement of this study. AmongIntroduction them, 8of spp. many were economically under single conservationimportant plant Ispecies would inlike Nepal to thank dates Dr. back Nirmala to 1850s Joshi during and Ms.Rana category of either CITES (DNPWC, 2018), IUCN Sabari Rajbahak for plant identification in the field. regimes (Gotame, et al. 2017). About the status of plants in Singha Durbar, 65℅ (148 spp.) were (DPR, 2012) or Government protected category I would like to thank Mr. Sanu Raja Shrestha, Mr. (HMG,introduced 2001) as and exotic three plant species species. were Most in multiple of the plantAstha species Narayan of Singha Maharjan, Durbar Mr. Krishna were introduced Babu Tiwari from conservation category (Appendix 1). This Japan and China (Chitrakar, 2011) and some are usedand other in cultural staffs ceremoniesof Urban Garden as well. Development Similarly, 11 information indicates that most of the plants were Section, Singha Durbar for their help to document exotic,species commonly were found available under anddifferent neither conservation of them was categorieslocal name of CITES, during IUCN,the field and work. Government protected endemic (DPR, 2012). list. Among them, 8 spp. were under single conservation category of either CITES (DNPWC, 2018), References ConclusionsIUCN (DPR, 2012) or Government protected category (HMG, 2001) and three species were in multiple conservation category (Table 2). This informationBajracharya, indicates thatD., Shrestha, most of K.K the & plants Chaudhary, were exotic, R.P. Cultivation of ornamental flowers and planting (1997). Garden Flowers. Jawalakhel, Lalitpur: aroundcommonly the homeavailable and and office neither is aof long them practice. was endemic (DPR,The 2012).King Mahendra Trust for Nature Introduction of many garden plant species in Nepal Conservation (KMTNC) dates back to 1850s during Rana regimes. About the
Table 1: Flowering plants of Singha Durbar under different Conservation categories Table 1: Flowering plants of Singha Durbar under different Conservation categories S.N. Name of Plant species Conservation categories 1 Cinnamomum glanduliferum Government Protected (HMG, 2001) 2 Bergenia ciliata IUCN (T) 3 Cycas pectinata CITES (Appendix II); IUCN (EN) 4 Cymbidium iridioides CITES (Appendix II) 5 Elaeocarpus sphaericus IUCN (Vulnerable) (HMG, 2001) 6 Euphorbia royleana CITES (Appendix II) (DNPWC, 2018) 7 Juglans regia Government Protected 8 Magnolia liliflora var. Obovata CITES (Appendix III) 9 Rauvolfia serpentina CITES (Appendix II); Government Protected (II); IUCN (EN) 10 Rhynchostylis retusa CITES (Appendix II) 11 Taxus wallichiana CITES (Appendix II); Government Protected; IUCN (EN)
72Conclusions
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1 leaf and fruit litter, susceptibility to storm damage, present status of plants in Singha Durbar, 65% were Bajracharya, D., Shrestha, K.K & Chaudhary, R.P. Harborne, J. B. (1984). Phytochemical Methods: A pestsRecently and diseases, there is the a selection massive of plantation species, thinning, of fruits plantsintroduced initiated as byexotic the officeplant species of Prime because Minister. during But, (1999). Garden Flowers of Kathmandu Valley. In: Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis, pruning,construction felling, of tagging, small structures etc. should every be addressed year tarnishedthe time the beautyof construction of the areaof Singha and alsoDurbar made everything the area T.C. Majupuria & R.K. Majupuria (eds.). Nepal 2nd edn. New York: Chapman and Hall. by Ministry of Forests and Environment. For the were imported from abroad including plants. Many Natures Paradise (pp. 170-180), 2nd edition, HMG, (2001). Nepal Rajpatra (Part 3), Section 51, namecongested. of beautification, Similarly, government plantation has decidedof exotic to constructof these a newplants parliament still exist buildingand now atsome Putali indigenous bagaicha, Gwalior, India: M. Devi. No. 36, 31 December, 2001. gymnospermsa historical garden should of be Singha avoided, Durbar. instead Hence, broad there plants is instant are requirementconserved in forthe the premises demarcation of different of land Bhandari, B. (2014). Singha Durbar- The Lion leaved native plants should be promoted which help ministries in Singha Durbar territory. Construction Joshi, N. (2009). Botanical gardens of Nepal and areas for different activities. For this purpose master plan should be prepared with broad consultation to Palace. Retrieved from https:// in pollution control and provide food and shelter for of artistic landscapes representing our own culture their role in conservation of plant resources. Bull. www.thetaranights.com/singha-durbar/#more- birdsthe expertsand insects. for its beatification by landscape design andand stylemanagement, with topiaries avenue ofplantation, endangered establishment animals Dept. Pl. Res., 31, 121-126. should be prioritized. Similarly, orchid house, alpine 215 (Accessed on 7 February 2019). of occasional plantation areas by Very Important Persons (VIPs) etc. The ornamental characteristics of Introduction of many economically important plant plant house, tropical plant house, water garden etc. Khare, C.P. (2007). Indian Medicinal Plants: an Bhattarai, K.R. & Khadka, M.K. (2017). Illustrated Dictionary. New York, USA: Springer speciesplants in like Nepal flower dates color, back fruit, to 1850s seasonal during foliage Rana color,by introducing bark categories, native growthand endemic characteristics plants becomes and the Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants from Science +Business Media. regimes (Gotame et al., 2017). About the status of more significant in this area. Moreover, all the plantsmanagement in Singha issues Durbar, such as65% leaf (148 and fruitspp.) litter, were susceptibility to storm damage, pests and diseases, the Ilam district, East Nepal. Our Nature, 14 (1), 78- species should be tagged with necessary scientific MFSC. (2015). Draft Forest Decade (2014-2024) introduced as exotic plant species. Most of the plant 91. selection of species, thinning, pruning, felling, tagging,information. etc. should be addressed by Ministry of Forests Policy Paper (prepared by Ministry of Forests and species of Singha Durbar were introduced from and Environment. For the name of beautification, plantation of exotic gymnosperms should be avoided, CBS. (2013). Statistical year book of Nepal- 2013. Soil Conservation). Hamro Kalpabrikchhya., Japan and China (Chitrakar, 2011) and some are used Acknowledgements Kathmandu, Nepal: Government of Nepal, 26(289), 9-13. ininstead cultural broad ceremonies leaved asnative well. plants Similarly, should 11 speciesbe promoted which help in pollution control and provide food National Planning Commission Secretariat, were found under different conservation categories and shelter for birds and insects. I am grateful to the Mr. Sanjeev Kumar Rai, Director Central Bureau of Statistics. MoLRM (2015). The Land Use Policy, 2015. Singha of CITES, IUCN, and Government protected list. General of DPR for the encouragement of this study. Durbar, Kathmandu: Government of Nepal, Chitrakar, A. (2011). PMs Office. Heritage tale, 118. AmongIntroduction them, 8of spp. many were economically under single conservationimportant plant Ispecies would inlike Nepal to thank dates Dr. back Nirmala to 1850s Joshi during and Ms.Rana Ministry of Land Reform and Management. category of either CITES (DNPWC, 2018), IUCN Retrieved from http://ecs.com.np/heritage-tale/ Sabari Rajbahak for plant identification in the field. Pokharel, J. R. (2017). Singha Durbar (DPR,regimes 2012) (Gotame, or Government et al. 2017). protected About category the status of plants in Singha Durbar, 65℅ (148 spp.) were pms-office (Accessed on 10 February 2019). I would like to thank Mr. Sanu Raja Shrestha, Mr. reconstruction: retrofitting or reassembling. The (HMG, 2001) and three species were in multiple introduced as exotic plant species. Most of the plantAstha species Narayan of Singha Maharjan, Durbar Mr. Krishna were introduced Babu Tiwari from DNPWC. (2015). Threatened Plants and Animals Himalayan Times, February 28, 2017. conservation category (Appendix 1). This Japan and China (Chitrakar, 2011) and some are usedand other in cultural staffs ceremoniesof Urban Garden as well. Development Similarly, 11 of Nepal under CITES Appendices (text: Nepali). information indicates that most of the plants were Section, Singha Durbar for their help to document Babarmahal, Kathmandu: Department of Polunin, O. & Stainton, A. (1984). Flowers of the exotic,species commonly were found available under anddifferent neither conservation of them was categorieslocal name of CITES, during IUCN,the field and work. Government protected National Parks and Wildlife Conservation. Himalaya. New Delhi, India: Oxford University endemic (DPR, 2012). list. Among them, 8 spp. were under single conservation category of either CITES (DNPWC, 2018), Press. DOF. (2014). Forest Decade Program References Press, J. R., Shrestha, K. K. & Sutton, D. A. (2000). ConclusionsIUCN (DPR, 2012) or Government protected category (HMG, 2001) and three species were in multiple Implementation Plan (text: Nepali). Babarmahal, Annontated checklist of the flowering plants of conservation category (Table 2). This informationBajracharya, indicates thatD., Shrestha, most of K.K the & plants Chaudhary, were exotic, R.P. Kathmandu: Department of Forest. Cultivation of ornamental flowers and planting (1997). Garden Flowers. Jawalakhel, Lalitpur: Nepal. London: The Natural history Museum. aroundcommonly the homeavailable and and office neither is aof long them practice. was endemic (DPR,The 2012).King Mahendra Trust for Nature DPR. (2012). Plants of Nepal: Fact Sheet. Thapathali, Kathmandu: Department of Plant Rai, S.K., Thapa Magar, M.S., Joshi, M.D. & Khatri, Introduction of many garden plant species in Nepal Conservation (KMTNC) S. (2010). Basics of Gardening. Thapathali, Resources. dates back to 1850s during Rana regimes. About the Kathmandu: Department of Plant Resources. Table 1: Flowering plants of Singha Durbar under different Conservation categories Garden Plants. (2008). A-Z Encyclopedia of garden Table 1: Flowering plants of Singha Durbar under different Conservation categories Shakya, S.R., Prajapati, N. & Manandhar, L. (2001). plants. Vol. I and II. London: The Royal Cytogenetical study of some exotic garden plants S.N. Name of Plant species Conservation categories Horticultural Society. 1 Cinnamomum glanduliferum Government Protected (HMG, 2001) of Kathmandu Valley. Nepal Journal of Science 2 Bergenia ciliata IUCN (T) Gotame, T.P., Gautam, I.P., Shrestha, S.L., Luitel, and Technology, 3, 25-32. 3 Cycas pectinata CITES (Appendix II); IUCN (EN) B.P., Manandhar, R., Singh, D. & Acharya, A.K. 4 Cymbidium iridioides CITES (Appendix II) Shrestha, K. (1998). Dictionary of Nepalese plant (2017). Introduced Agricultural Plant Genetic 5 Elaeocarpus sphaericus IUCN (Vulnerable) (HMG, 2001) names. Kathmandu, Nepal: Mandala Book Point. 6 Euphorbia royleana CITES (Appendix II) (DNPWC, 2018) Resources in Nepal. In: B.K. Joshi, H.B. KC & 7 Juglans regia Government Protected A.K. Acharya (eds.), Conservation and Shrestha, V. (2001). Sustainable urban housing in 8 Magnolia liliflora var. Obovata CITES (Appendix III) Utilization of Agricultural Plant Genetic Kathmandu, Nepal: Proposals and evaluations. 9 Rauvolfia serpentina CITES (Appendix II); Government Protected (II); IUCN (EN) 10 Rhynchostylis retusa CITES (Appendix II) Resources in Nepal. Kathmandu: Proceedings of (Ph.D. Thesis), Los Angeles, California: 11 Taxus wallichiana CITES (Appendix II); Government Protected; IUCN (EN) 2nd National Workshop, 22-23. University of California.
72Conclusions 73
2019 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.17, No. 1
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