DOCSLIB.ORG

Disaster-Mgmt-Ref-Hdbk-2012-Nepal.Pdf (English)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Table of Contents Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………3 Disaster Management in Nepal……………………………………………………………..8 Disaster Profile……………………………………………………………………….9 Laws, Polices, and Plans on Disaster Management…………………..…..……..22 Organizational Structure of Disaster Management…………………………........37 Key National & Regional Agencies in Disaster & Hazard Management…..........43 Key US Government Agencies and Programs in Nepal………………………….73 Early Warning Systems…………………………………….………………………..81 Key Humanitarian Assistance, Disaster Relief and Development Organizations in Nepal................................................................................................................................83 United Nations………………………………………………………………….…….85 International Organizations and NGOs…………………………………………….119 National (Nepal) NGOs……………………………………………………………...176 Country Background…………………………………………………………………………197 Geography…………………………………………………………………………....199 People and Society…………………………………………...………………………200 Government…………………………………………………………………………..204 Economy………………………………………………………………………………207 Transportation…………………………………………………………………………213 Military………………………………………………………………………………….213 Transnational Issues…………………………………………………………………..214 Sources/References/Further Reading………………………………………………………..215 2 Executive Summary Nepal is one of the most disaster prone countries in the world. It is affected by many different types of natural disasters each year, such as flooding, drought, landslides, wildfires, windstorms, hailstorms, thunderstorms, global lake outburst floods, avalanches and earthquakes. The country is also at high risk from climate change. According to the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, from 1971-2006, epidemics, landslides, floods and fires were the principle hazards in the country. Nepal is disaster prone because of several factors, including: its terrain, excessive rainfall, climatic changes, environmental degradation, and epidemics. This, combined with climatic hazards and the growth of the population, especially in urban areas, makes the country especially vulnerable to disasters. Nepal ranked 23rd in the world in terms of total natural-hazard related deaths (DP Net 2009) and a study by the World Bank called Nepal one of the global “hot spots” for natural disasters. According to the Disaster Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Study Report by the UNDP, Nepal ranks 11th in the world in terms of vulnerability to earthquakes and 30th in terms of water-induced hazards such as flood and landslides. The Global earthquake Initiatives have named Nepal’s capital, Kathmandu, as one of the most vulnerable cities in the world to earthquakes. In addition, Nepal contends with several major environmental issues, including deforestation due to overuse of wood for fuel, water contamination due to agricultural runoff, industrial effluent, human and animal waste, wildlife conservation issues, and vehicular emissions. The mix of natural hazards and environmental issues along with Nepal’s rugged terrain, poor economy, high illiteracy, malnutrition, unemployment, and public health problems have increased the country’s vulnerability overall. Nepal is a landlocked country bordered by India and China. Geographically, it can be divided into three broad areas - the mountains in the north, the hills in the middle and the Terai plains in the south. The rugged mountainous areas have made the development of transport and communications and the provision of essential services such as health care, extremely difficult. A large part of the country remains inaccessible by transport and communications, therefore essential goods and information cannot reach remote areas in a timely manner, slowing development and increasing the vulnerability of communities to natural disasters in those areas. Nepal’s geography is primarily comprised of hills and mountains that cover around 83% of its total area. Nepal is divided into three broad ecological regions: a mountainous region, the hills region and the southern plains area known as the Terai. The hills region takes up around 68% of the total area of the country, followed by the Terai plains (17%) and the mountain region (15%). Altitude ranges from the lowest point: 70 M (Kanchan Kalan) to its highest point 8,848 M (Sagarmatha or popularly known as Mt. Everest). Nepal has more than 6,000 rivers and streams that often overflow and floods upon reaching the low-lying plains in the country’s southern Terai area, as well as flooding parts of Nepal’s southern neighbor, India. The other potential flooding hazard is Global Lake Outburst Flooding 3 (GLOF). According to the UN, around 24 glacial lakes in Nepal have been identified as potentially dangerous. There are four main seasons in Nepal: Spring runs from around March-May, Summer from June-August, Autumn from September to November and Winter from December-February. Winter temperatures drop to freezing and below with high levels of snowfall in the mountains. Late Spring and Summer temperatures range from 28 deg C in the hill regions to more than 40 deg C in the Terai region. In the Winter, average maximum and minimum temperatures in the Terai range from 7 deg C to 23 deg C. Central valleys experience a minimum temperature falling below the freezing point and a chilly 12 deg C maximum. Much colder temperatures are found at higher altitudes. Kathmandu Valley has a mild climate, ranging from 19-27 deg C in summer to 2-20 deg C in winter. The monsoon season runs generally from the end of June to the middle of September. Around 80 percent of rainfall falls during the monsoon while the rest of the year is relatively dry. Although a major earthquake has not occurred in Nepal in recent history, earthquakes are a major potential hazard as the country is located on an active seismic belt. Many believe Nepal is overdue for the “big one.” Compounding the problem is rapid population growth and urbanization in recent years. Urbanization without much thought to earthquake-resistant building methods leads to increased vulnerability. The rapid growth along with limited disaster awareness and education and poor disaster response capacity leaves Nepal particularly vulnerable. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) has the overall responsibility of emergency preparedness and disaster management. The government organization responsible for disaster management in Nepal is the Disaster Management section in the MoHA. The MoHA works with the Nepal Police and Royal Nepalese Army and works down to the district level through a network of Chief District Officers. The Central Disaster Relief Committee (CDRC) is the main body of the disaster response system in Nepal. The CDRC is comprised of the Minister of Health, Minister of Physical Planning and Works, Secretaries of other ministries, representatives of the Nepal Police and Royal Nepalese Army, the Director Generals of the Department of Mines and Geology and from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, representatives from the Social Welfare Council, Nepal Red Cross Society and the Nepal Scouts. The committee is headed by the Minister of Home Affairs. The committee controls the Central Disaster Relief Fund (CDRF) that is occasionally supplemented by the Prime Minister’s Fund. The Regional Disaster Relief Committees (RDRC) and the District Disaster Relief Committees (DDRC) form the next two levels of Nepal’s disaster management structure. Their functions are primarily to coordinate between the next tier of Committee below them, and to develop policy on disaster relief relevant to their own level. 4 In the case of Regional Committees, they work in accordance with directives from the CDRC but can also give suggestions or provide information to the Central Committee. The RDRC falls under the Chair of the Regional Administrator and comprised of related government agencies and security agencies along with NGOs. They are functional in all regions of the country. DDRC’s are active in all 75 districts under the leadership of each Chief District Officer. The DDRC’s are responsible for rescue, relief, and rehabilitation at the local level. The DDRC’s coordinate between the Local Disaster Relief Committees (LDRC’s) and works in accordance with the Central and Regional Committees. The LDRC’s are at the operational end of Nepal’s disaster management structure. They prepare descriptions of the losses and damages caused by the disaster as well as estimates of resources required for relief and rehabilitation which is then submitted to the DDRC. The LDRC also mobilizes volunteers for rescue work, arranges first aid services and evacuations, distributes relief in cash and kind, and raises awareness for disaster prevention and preparedness. The Natural Disaster Relief Act, 1982, (also known as the Natural Calamity Relief Act) is the core legal act on disaster management in Nepal. The Act has been revised twice (1989 and 1992), and is primarily focused on post disaster relief and recovery. The MoHA has recently begun revising the Act towards the formulation of a new Disaster Management Act and is also in the development of a National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management to cover all aspects of disaster risk management. The National Strategy is considered the key policy document. Currently, a new Disaster Management Act is being drafted in Nepal. In order to build disaster preparedness, the government in its Three Years Interim Plan (2007- 2010) emphasized that disaster preparedness is an integral part of sustainable development and made disaster preparedness a priority.
Recommended publications
  • Logistics Capacity Assessment Nepal

    Logistics Capacity Assessment Nepal

    IA LCA – Nepal 2009 Version 1.05 Logistics Capacity Assessment Nepal Country Name Nepal Official Name Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal Regional Bureau Bangkok, Thailand Assessment Assessment Date: From 16 October 2009 To: 6 November 2009 Name of the assessors Rich Moseanko – World Vision International John Jung – World Vision International Rajendra Kumar Lal – World Food Programme, Nepal Country Office Title/position Email contact At HQ: [email protected] 1/105 IA LCA – Nepal 2009 Version 1.05 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Country Profile....................................................................................................................................................................3 1.1. Introduction / Background.........................................................................................................................................5 1.2. Humanitarian Background ........................................................................................................................................6 1.3. National Regulatory Departments/Bureau and Quality Control/Relevant Laboratories ......................................16 1.4. Customs Information...............................................................................................................................................18 2. Logistics Infrastructure .....................................................................................................................................................33 2.1. Port Assessment .....................................................................................................................................................33
  • Nepal, November 2005

    Nepal, November 2005

    Library of Congress – Federal Research Division Country Profile: Nepal, November 2005 COUNTRY PROFILE: NEPAL November 2005 COUNTRY Formal Name: Kingdom of Nepal (“Nepal Adhirajya” in Nepali). Short Form: Nepal. Term for Citizen(s): Nepalese. Click to Enlarge Image Capital: Kathmandu. Major Cities: According to the 2001 census, only Kathmandu had a population of more than 500,000. The only other cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants were Biratnagar, Birgunj, Lalitpur, and Pokhara. Independence: In 1768 Prithvi Narayan Shah unified a number of states in the Kathmandu Valley under the Kingdom of Gorkha. Nepal recognizes National Unity Day (January 11) to commemorate this achievement. Public Holidays: Numerous holidays and religious festivals are observed in particular regions and by particular religions. Holiday dates also may vary by year and locality as a result of the multiple calendars in use—including two solar and three lunar calendars—and different astrological calculations by religious authorities. In fact, holidays may not be observed if religious authorities deem the date to be inauspicious for a specific year. The following holidays are observed nationwide: Sahid Diwash (Martyrs’ Day; movable date in January); National Unity Day and birthday of Prithvi Narayan Shah (January 11); Maha Shiva Ratri (Great Shiva’s Night, movable date in February or March); Rashtriya Prajatantra Diwash (National Democracy Day, movable date in February); Falgu Purnima, or Holi (movable date in February or March); Ram Nawami (Rama’s Birthday, movable date in March or April); Nepali New Year (movable date in April); Buddha’s Birthday (movable date in April or May); King Gyanendra’s Birthday (July 7); Janai Purnima (Sacred Thread Ceremony, movable date in August); Children’s Day (movable date in August); Dashain (Durga Puja Festival, movable set of five days over a 15-day period in September or October); Diwali/Tihar (Festival of Lights and Laxmi Puja, movable set of five days in October); and Sambhidhan Diwash (Constitution Day, movable date in November).
  • Participant I Directory

    Participant I Directory

    PARTICIPANT I DIRECTORY FY 1974-1978 SUPPLEMENT, JANUARY 1979 UPDATED, SEPTEMBER 1985 PARTICIPANT DIRECTORY 1974 - 1978 UPDATED 1985 Table of Contents Page Number Section ... ... ... ... ... ... ... i Preface ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ii List of Acronyms ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... A-i Alphabetical Index of Participants ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... G-I Geographical Location of Participants by Area of Training ... ... ... ... U-i ... ...*... ... ... ... Brief Description of the Survey and Utilization Tally Summary ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 1-1 Principal Listing of Participants : Code 100, Agriculture and Natural Resources ... ... ... 2-1 Code 200, Industry and Mining* ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3-1 Code 300, Transportation ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 5-1 Code 500, Health aud Sanitation ... ... ... ...... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 6-1 Code 600, Education ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 7-1 Code 700, Public Administration ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 8-1 Code 800, Community Development ... ... ... .... ... ... ... ... ... 9-i Code 900, Miscellaneous* ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... * No participants are listed under these two codes. Pre face This volume updates the USAID/Nepal Participant Directory covering the period FY 1974- FY 1978. In this edition, the "Home Address", "Training Period" where necessary, "Present
  • Migration Year Book 2068.Indd

    Migration Year Book 2068.Indd

    Nepal Migration Year Book 2010 NIDS NCCR North-South Book Nepal Migration Year Book 2010 Publishers Nepal Institute of Development Studies (NIDS) G.P.O. Box: 7647, Kathmandu, Nepal Email: [email protected] Web: www.nids.org.np National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North-South South Asia Coordination Offi ce Lalitpur, Nepal Email: [email protected] web: www.nccr-north-south.unibe.ch Published Date 2011 Copyright NIDS ISBN: 978-9937-8112-6-2 Design, Layout & Print Heidel Press Pvt. Ltd. THE EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. Anita Ghimire Dr. Ashok Rajbanshi Dr. Bishnu Raj Upreti Dr. Ganesh Gurung Dr. Jagannath Adhikari Dr. Susan Thieme RESEARCH TEAM Contributors Chapters 1. Dr. Ganesh Gurung Introduction 2. Dr. Janardan Raj Sharma Policy Framework 3. Dr. Ganesh Gurung Status and Trends of Labour Migration 4. Dr Jagannath Adhikari Migration and Remittance Economy 5. Ms. Puja Shakya Nepali Diaspora 6. Dr. Anita Ghimire Student Migration 7. Dr. Ashok Rajbanshi Migration of Nurses from Nepal 8. Ms. Joanna Green Somali Refugees in Nepal DISCLAIMER This publication can be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profi t purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided that acknowledgement of the source is made. The publishers appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the publishers. This publication holds entirely personal views and interpretations of the respective author(s).
  • Chitwan District Jail Bharatpur Alt: 240 M Amsl

    Chitwan District Jail Bharatpur Alt: 240 M Amsl

    E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s S a n d e c Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s Summary Presentation of Evaluation Results August 09 E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s T a b l e o f c o n t e n t s 1. Introduction 1. Introduction 1.1 Background 2. Monitoring 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Methodologies 3. Evaluation 2. Monitoring 2.1 Monitored systems 4. Discussion 2.2 Treatment efficiency 2.3 Biogas 3. Evaluation 3.1 Technical 3.2 Organizational 3.3 Economic 3.4 Environmental 3.5 Socio-cultural 3.6 Sanitation/Health 4. Discussion 4.1 Recommendation 4.2 Conclusion E v a l u a t i o n o f b i o g a s s a n i t a t i o n s y s t e m s i n N e p a l e s e p r i s o n s B a c k g r o u n d 1.
  • River Culture in Nepal

    River Culture in Nepal

    Nepalese Culture Vol. XIV : 1-12, 2021 Central Department of NeHCA, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/nc.v14i0.35187 River Culture in Nepal Kamala Dahal- Ph.D Associate Professor, Patan Multipal Campus, T.U. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Most of the world civilizations are developed in the river basins. However, we do not have too big rivers in Nepal, though Nepalese culture is closely related with water and rivers. All the sacraments from birth to the death event in Nepalese society are related with river. Rivers and ponds are the living places of Nepali gods and goddesses. Jalkanya and Jaladevi are known as the goddesses of rivers. In the same way, most of the sacred places are located at the river banks in Nepal. Varahakshetra, Bishnupaduka, Devaghat, Triveni, Muktinath and other big Tirthas lay at the riverside. Most of the people of Nepal despose their death bodies in river banks. Death sacrement is also done in the tirthas of such localities. In this way, rivers of Nepal bear the great cultural value. Most of the sacramental, religious and cultural activities are done in such centers. Religious fairs and festivals are also organized in such a places. Therefore, river is the main centre of Nepalese culture. Key words: sacred, sacraments, purity, specialities, bath. Introduction The geography of any localities play an influencing role for the development of culture of a society. It affects a society directly and indirectly. In the beginning the nomads passed their lives for thousands of year in the jungle.
  • Zombie Slayers in a “Hidden Valley” (Sbas Yul): Sacred Geography and Political Organisation in the Nepal-Tibet Borderland1

    Zombie Slayers in a “Hidden Valley” (Sbas Yul): Sacred Geography and Political Organisation in the Nepal-Tibet Borderland1

    Zombie Slayers in a “Hidden Valley” (sbas yul): Sacred Geography and Political Organisation in the Nepal-Tibet Borderland1 Francis Khek Gee Lim The Himalaya, with its high peaks and deep valleys, served for centuries as natural geographical frontier and boundary between the kingdoms and states of South Asia it straddles. Given the strategic advantage of controlling that high ground, it is little wonder that the Himalaya has throughout history witnessed countless skirmishes between neighbouring states that sought such strategic advantage. The interest in this mountain range, of course, was not restricted to matters of defence. North-south trade routes criss-crossed the Himalayan range, connecting the Tibetan plateau to the rest of the Indian subcontinent, ensuring lucrative tax revenues for those who controlled these economic lifelines. In the era of European colonialism in the “long” 19th century, the Himalaya became embroiled in what has been called the “Great Game” between the British and Russian empires, who sought to expand their respective commercial and imperial interests in the region. Due to its pristine environment, awe-inspiring mountains, and the remoteness of its valleys, the Himalaya was also the well-spring of countless legends, myths and romantic imaginings, engendering the sacralisation of the landscape that had served as a source of religious inspiration for peoples living both in its vicinity and beyond. Hence, despite its remoteness — or because of it — warfare, pilgrimages, trade and the search for viable areas of settlement have been some of the key factors contributing to the migratory process and interest in the area. Largely because they lay in the frontier zone, enclaves of Tibetan settlements located deep in the numerous Himalayan valleys were often on the outer fringes of state influence, enjoying a significant degree of local autonomy until processes of state consolidation intensified in the last century or so, as exemplified by the case of Nepal.
  • Determinants of Maternal Health and Family Planning Service Coverage in Nepal: Modelling of Routine Data

    Determinants of Maternal Health and Family Planning Service Coverage in Nepal: Modelling of Routine Data

    Determinants of Maternal Health and Family Planning Service Coverage in Nepal: Modelling of Routine Data Government of Nepal Ministry of Health and Population Department of Health Services Teku, Kathmandu October 2020 Disclaimer: This analysis was carried out under the aegis of Integrated Health Information Management Section (IHIMS), Management Division, Department of Health Services (DoHS), Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP). This analysis is made possible with the UKaid through the Nepal Health Sector Programme 3 (NHSP3), Monitoring, Evaluation and Operational Research (MEOR) project and by the generous support of the American people through United States Agency for International Development (USAID)’s Strengthening Systems for Better Health (SSBH) Activity. The content of this report is produced by IHIMS, Abt Associates Inc., SSBH program and NHSP3, MEOR project. The views expressed in the report are of those who contributed to carry out and complete the analysis and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or the United States Government and British Embassy Kathmandu or the UK Government. Additional information about the analysis may be obtained from the IHIMS, Management Division, DoHS, MoHP, Teku Kathmandu; Telephone: +977-1-4257765; internet: http://www.mddohs.gov.np; or UKaid/NHSP3/MEOR project, email: [email protected]. Recommended Citation Department of Health Services (DoHS), Ministry of Health and Population (MoHP), Nepal; UKaid Nepal Health Sector Programme 3 (NSHP3)/Monitoring, Evaluation and Operational Research
  • NCCSP Success Story 2017.Pdf

    NCCSP Success Story 2017.Pdf

    Government of Nepal Ministry of Population & Environment Nepal Climate Change Support Programme SUCCESS STORIES ON ADAPTATION FROM THE FIELD Vol. II • December 2016 Helping Local Communities Adapt to the Effects of Climate Change in Nepal Publisher Government of Nepal Ministry of Population and Environment Nepal Climate Change Support Programme Singhadurbar, Kathmandu, Nepal Phone : (977) 1 4211894 (977) 1 4200580 Email : [email protected] Web : www.nccsp.gov.np Copyright © 2016 Government of Nepal, Ministry of Population and Environment All right reserved. Information given in this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means - electronic, mechanical or otherwise - by duly acknowledging the source. Citation MoPE/NCCSP. (2016). Success Stories on Adaptation from the field. Government of Nepal. Ministry of Population and Environment, Kathmandu, Nepal. Stories & Photographs Nepal Climate Change Support Programme Design & Printed at Golden Egg Creation Pvt. Ltd. Nayabazar, Kathmandu. [email protected] Government of Nepal Ministry of Population & Environment Nepal Climate Change Support Programme SUCCESS STORIES ON ADAPTATION FROM THE FIELD Vol. II • December 2016 Foreword Nepal Climate Change Support Programme (NCCSP) is the first significant initiative by the Government of Nepal in the sector of climate change adaptation. Ministry of Population and Environment (MoPE) is a lead agency implementing the NCCSP in close collaboration with the Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development (MoFALD) and the Alternative Energy Promotion Center (AEPC). The overall goal of this programme is to ensure that Nepal’s poorest and most vulnerable people are able to adapt well to the negative impacts of climate change.
  • Typology and Distribution in Pokhara Lekhnath Metropolitan City

    Typology and Distribution in Pokhara Lekhnath Metropolitan City

    The Geographical Journal of Nepal Vol. 11: 25-44, 2018 Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal Open space: Typology and distribution in Pokhara Lekhnath metropolitan city Ramjee Prasad Pokharel1*; and Narendra Raj Khanal2 1Department of Geography, Prithvi Narayan Campus, Pokhara (Tribhuvan University) Nepal; 2Central Department of Geography, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal (*Corresponding Author: [email protected]) Open space is essential part of city life because it provides an opportunity for recreation, playing, religious activities, political activities, cultural activities and so on. This paper discusses the types of open space and its distribution in Pokhara Lekhanath Metropolitan City (PLMC). An inventory of open spaces was prepared based on the available analog maps with intensive field verification. There are eight major and 32 subtypes of open spaces with a total number of 246 within the PLMC. The main types of open spaces are park, playground, religious site, water surface, cave, aesthetic view point, river strip and messy places. Those open spaces vary in form, size, ownership and functions. The distribution of open spaces is not uniform among the 33 Wards in the Pokhara Lekhanath Metropolitan City. The number of open space varies from only one to twenty-one and total area of open space varies from only 51 ha to 4786 ha among those Wards. Per capita area of open space ranges from 0.16 to 659 m2 among those wards. In many wards, per capita area of open space is less than 9 m² which is recommended by FAO. Such a poor situation is created mainly due to the lack of public land use planning, encroachment in open space for development of infrastructure such as public buildings, and lack of knowledge about the importance of open spaces among decision makers and local people and weak capacity of local people to protect and conserve open space from encroachment.
  • Decentralized Rural Infrastructure and Livelihood Project- Additional Financing

    Decentralized Rural Infrastructure and Livelihood Project- Additional Financing

    Environmental Assessment Document I nitial Environmental Examination Loan Number: 2796 and Grant Number: 0267 NEP october 2012 Nepal: Decentralized Rural Infrastructure and Livelihood Project- Additional Financing Thalaha-Batu le-Au latari Road (Section of Dhungil-Rokayagaon road) Subproject , Jajarkot Prepared by the Government of Nepal The Environmental Assessment is a document of the borrower, The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or statf, and may be preliminary in narure. Decentralized Rural Infrastructure and Livelihood Project-Additional Financing (DRILP-AF) Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) of Thalaha-Batule-Aulatari Road (Section of Dhungil-Rokayagaon road) Subproject Submitted to: Ministry Of Federal Affairs and Local Development Government of Nepal Proponent: District Development Committee, Jajarkot Khalanga, October, 2012 1 Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................... i List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... ii List of Figures ........................................................................................................................ ii Appendixes ........................................................................................................................... ii ABBREVIATIONS ...............................................................................................................
  • Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Nepal—An Overview

    Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Nepal—An Overview

    Water 2011, 3, 1-20; doi:10.3390/w3010001 OPEN ACCESS water ISSN 2073-4441 www.mdpi.com/journal/water Review Arsenic Contamination of Groundwater in Nepal—An Overview Jay Krishna Thakur 1,2,*, Rinku Kumari Thakur 2, AL Ramanathan 3, Manish Kumar 4 and Sudhir Kumar Singh 5 1 Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, University of Twente, Hengelosestraat 99, 7514 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands 2 Health and Environmental Management Society, Barhari Bazar, Bengadabur-6, Dhanush, Nepal; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Schools of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi -110067, India; E-Mail: [email protected] 4 Departments of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; E-Mail: [email protected] 5 Department of Atmospheric and Ocean Science, University of Allahabad, Katra, Allahabad-211001, India; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: E-Mail: [email protected], [email protected]; Mob.: +49-17645387019. Received: 26 November 2010; / Accepted: 23 December 2010 / Published: 29 December 2010 Abstract: In Nepal, arsenic (As) contamination is a major issue of current drinking water supply systems using groundwater and has recently been one of the major environmental health management issues especially in the plain region, i.e., in the Terai districts, where the population density is very high. The Terai inhabitants still use hand tube and dug wells (with hand held pumps that are bored at shallow to medium depth) for their daily water requirements, including drinking water. The National Sanitation Steering Committee (NSSC), with the help of many other organizations, has completed arsenic blanket test in 25 districts of Nepal by analysing 737,009 groundwater samples.