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Disaster-Mgmt-Ref-Hdbk-2012-Nepal.Pdf (English) Table of Contents Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………3 Disaster Management in Nepal……………………………………………………………..8 Disaster Profile……………………………………………………………………….9 Laws, Polices, and Plans on Disaster Management…………………..…..……..22 Organizational Structure of Disaster Management…………………………........37 Key National & Regional Agencies in Disaster & Hazard Management…..........43 Key US Government Agencies and Programs in Nepal………………………….73 Early Warning Systems…………………………………….………………………..81 Key Humanitarian Assistance, Disaster Relief and Development Organizations in Nepal................................................................................................................................83 United Nations………………………………………………………………….…….85 International Organizations and NGOs…………………………………………….119 National (Nepal) NGOs……………………………………………………………...176 Country Background…………………………………………………………………………197 Geography…………………………………………………………………………....199 People and Society…………………………………………...………………………200 Government…………………………………………………………………………..204 Economy………………………………………………………………………………207 Transportation…………………………………………………………………………213 Military………………………………………………………………………………….213 Transnational Issues…………………………………………………………………..214 Sources/References/Further Reading………………………………………………………..215 2 Executive Summary Nepal is one of the most disaster prone countries in the world. It is affected by many different types of natural disasters each year, such as flooding, drought, landslides, wildfires, windstorms, hailstorms, thunderstorms, global lake outburst floods, avalanches and earthquakes. The country is also at high risk from climate change. According to the National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management, from 1971-2006, epidemics, landslides, floods and fires were the principle hazards in the country. Nepal is disaster prone because of several factors, including: its terrain, excessive rainfall, climatic changes, environmental degradation, and epidemics. This, combined with climatic hazards and the growth of the population, especially in urban areas, makes the country especially vulnerable to disasters. Nepal ranked 23rd in the world in terms of total natural-hazard related deaths (DP Net 2009) and a study by the World Bank called Nepal one of the global “hot spots” for natural disasters. According to the Disaster Vulnerability and Risk Assessment Study Report by the UNDP, Nepal ranks 11th in the world in terms of vulnerability to earthquakes and 30th in terms of water-induced hazards such as flood and landslides. The Global earthquake Initiatives have named Nepal’s capital, Kathmandu, as one of the most vulnerable cities in the world to earthquakes. In addition, Nepal contends with several major environmental issues, including deforestation due to overuse of wood for fuel, water contamination due to agricultural runoff, industrial effluent, human and animal waste, wildlife conservation issues, and vehicular emissions. The mix of natural hazards and environmental issues along with Nepal’s rugged terrain, poor economy, high illiteracy, malnutrition, unemployment, and public health problems have increased the country’s vulnerability overall. Nepal is a landlocked country bordered by India and China. Geographically, it can be divided into three broad areas - the mountains in the north, the hills in the middle and the Terai plains in the south. The rugged mountainous areas have made the development of transport and communications and the provision of essential services such as health care, extremely difficult. A large part of the country remains inaccessible by transport and communications, therefore essential goods and information cannot reach remote areas in a timely manner, slowing development and increasing the vulnerability of communities to natural disasters in those areas. Nepal’s geography is primarily comprised of hills and mountains that cover around 83% of its total area. Nepal is divided into three broad ecological regions: a mountainous region, the hills region and the southern plains area known as the Terai. The hills region takes up around 68% of the total area of the country, followed by the Terai plains (17%) and the mountain region (15%). Altitude ranges from the lowest point: 70 M (Kanchan Kalan) to its highest point 8,848 M (Sagarmatha or popularly known as Mt. Everest). Nepal has more than 6,000 rivers and streams that often overflow and floods upon reaching the low-lying plains in the country’s southern Terai area, as well as flooding parts of Nepal’s southern neighbor, India. The other potential flooding hazard is Global Lake Outburst Flooding 3 (GLOF). According to the UN, around 24 glacial lakes in Nepal have been identified as potentially dangerous. There are four main seasons in Nepal: Spring runs from around March-May, Summer from June-August, Autumn from September to November and Winter from December-February. Winter temperatures drop to freezing and below with high levels of snowfall in the mountains. Late Spring and Summer temperatures range from 28 deg C in the hill regions to more than 40 deg C in the Terai region. In the Winter, average maximum and minimum temperatures in the Terai range from 7 deg C to 23 deg C. Central valleys experience a minimum temperature falling below the freezing point and a chilly 12 deg C maximum. Much colder temperatures are found at higher altitudes. Kathmandu Valley has a mild climate, ranging from 19-27 deg C in summer to 2-20 deg C in winter. The monsoon season runs generally from the end of June to the middle of September. Around 80 percent of rainfall falls during the monsoon while the rest of the year is relatively dry. Although a major earthquake has not occurred in Nepal in recent history, earthquakes are a major potential hazard as the country is located on an active seismic belt. Many believe Nepal is overdue for the “big one.” Compounding the problem is rapid population growth and urbanization in recent years. Urbanization without much thought to earthquake-resistant building methods leads to increased vulnerability. The rapid growth along with limited disaster awareness and education and poor disaster response capacity leaves Nepal particularly vulnerable. The Ministry of Home Affairs (MoHA) has the overall responsibility of emergency preparedness and disaster management. The government organization responsible for disaster management in Nepal is the Disaster Management section in the MoHA. The MoHA works with the Nepal Police and Royal Nepalese Army and works down to the district level through a network of Chief District Officers. The Central Disaster Relief Committee (CDRC) is the main body of the disaster response system in Nepal. The CDRC is comprised of the Minister of Health, Minister of Physical Planning and Works, Secretaries of other ministries, representatives of the Nepal Police and Royal Nepalese Army, the Director Generals of the Department of Mines and Geology and from the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, representatives from the Social Welfare Council, Nepal Red Cross Society and the Nepal Scouts. The committee is headed by the Minister of Home Affairs. The committee controls the Central Disaster Relief Fund (CDRF) that is occasionally supplemented by the Prime Minister’s Fund. The Regional Disaster Relief Committees (RDRC) and the District Disaster Relief Committees (DDRC) form the next two levels of Nepal’s disaster management structure. Their functions are primarily to coordinate between the next tier of Committee below them, and to develop policy on disaster relief relevant to their own level. 4 In the case of Regional Committees, they work in accordance with directives from the CDRC but can also give suggestions or provide information to the Central Committee. The RDRC falls under the Chair of the Regional Administrator and comprised of related government agencies and security agencies along with NGOs. They are functional in all regions of the country. DDRC’s are active in all 75 districts under the leadership of each Chief District Officer. The DDRC’s are responsible for rescue, relief, and rehabilitation at the local level. The DDRC’s coordinate between the Local Disaster Relief Committees (LDRC’s) and works in accordance with the Central and Regional Committees. The LDRC’s are at the operational end of Nepal’s disaster management structure. They prepare descriptions of the losses and damages caused by the disaster as well as estimates of resources required for relief and rehabilitation which is then submitted to the DDRC. The LDRC also mobilizes volunteers for rescue work, arranges first aid services and evacuations, distributes relief in cash and kind, and raises awareness for disaster prevention and preparedness. The Natural Disaster Relief Act, 1982, (also known as the Natural Calamity Relief Act) is the core legal act on disaster management in Nepal. The Act has been revised twice (1989 and 1992), and is primarily focused on post disaster relief and recovery. The MoHA has recently begun revising the Act towards the formulation of a new Disaster Management Act and is also in the development of a National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management to cover all aspects of disaster risk management. The National Strategy is considered the key policy document. Currently, a new Disaster Management Act is being drafted in Nepal. In order to build disaster preparedness, the government in its Three Years Interim Plan (2007- 2010) emphasized that disaster preparedness is an integral part of sustainable development and made disaster preparedness a priority.
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