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Conifer Pest Growing Degree Day Table Insect Development & Behavior 1,2 Typical Treatment Window 2,3 Common Name Scientific Name Biological Event Range GDD Maps Range GDD Maps larvae in mines, 245 - 360 250, 300, 350 150 - 260 150, 200, 250, 300 1st generation 500, 550, 600, 650, 500, 550, 600, 650, 2nd generation 533 - 700 533 - 700 Arborvitae leafminers Argyresthia spp. 700 700 1700, 1750, 1800, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1700 - 3rd generation 1850, 1900, 1950, 1800 - 2200 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100 2000, 2050, 2100 2100, 2150, 2200 Thyridopteryx 600, 650, 700, 750, Bagworm larvae 600 - 900 ephemeraeformis 800, 850, 900 adults laying eggs 150 - 300 150, 200, 250, 300 120 - 299 100, 150, 200, 250, Balsam gall midge Paradiplosis tumifex galls apparent 550 - 700 550, 600, 650, 700 300 egg hatch 60 - 100 50, 100 Balsam twig aphid Mindarus abietinus stem mothers present 58 - 120 50, 100, 150 100 - 140 100, 150 (control target) 1st adults active 90 - 180 100, 150, 200 1st nymphs 120 - 190 100, 150, 200 90 - 150 100, 150 Cooley spruce gall (control target) Adelges cooleyi 1500, 1550, adelgid (Douglas fir) 600, 650, 700, 2nd nymphs 1600, 1650, 600 - 1000 750, 800, 850, 1500 - 1775 (control target) 1700, 1750, 900, 950, 1000 1800 1st adults active 25 - 120 50, 100, 150 22 - 92 50, 100 Cooley spruce gall (control target) Adelges cooleyi adelgid (Spruce) 1850, 1900, 1st galls visible 200 - 310 200, 250, 300 1850 - 1950 1950 1500, 1550, Cooley spruce gall 1600, 1650, Adelges cooleyi 2nd adults active 1500 - 1600 1500, 1550, 1600 1500 - 1775 adelgid 1700, 1750, 1800 Insect Development & Behavior 1,2 Typical Treatment Window 2,3 Common Name Scientific Name Biological Event Range GDD Maps Range GDD Maps nymph 7 - 91 50, 100 (dormant treatment) Cottony taxus scale Pulvinaria floccifera 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, crawler 802 - 1388 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400 Eastern pine shoot Eucosma gloriola 1st adults active 75 - 200 50, 100, 150, 200 N/A borer 1st adults active 25 - 100 50, 100 (control target) Eastern spruce gall egg hatch, galls begin Adelges abietis 250 - 310 250, 300, 350 22 - 170 50, 100, 150, 200 adelgid forming 2nd adults active 1500 - 1500, 1550, 1600 (control target) 1600 adult (dormant treatment) 7 - 120 50, 100 350, 400, 450, Elongate hemlock Fiorinia externa 360 - 700 500, 550, 600, scale crawler 650, 700 2515 - 2625 2500 egg hatch, 400, 450, 500, 400 - 575 35 - 120 50, 100, 150 1st generation 550, 600 500, 550, 600, 650, Euonymus scale Unaspis euonymi 533 - 820 egg hatch, 1900, 1950, 2000, 700, 750, 800, 850 1900 - 2050 2nd generation 2050 1150, 1200, 1250, 1150 - 1388 1300, 1350, 1400 50, 100, 150, 200, European pine sawfly Neodiprion sertifer 1st larvae 100 - 195 100, 150, 200 78 - 220 250 Insect Development & Behavior 1,2 Typical Treatment Window 2,3 Common Name Scientific Name Biological Event Range GDD Maps Range GDD Maps 50, 100, 150, 1st larvae 50 - 220 34 - 121 50, 100, 150 200, 250 European pine Rhyacionia buoliana adults active 700 - 800 700, 750, 800 shoot moth 450, 500, 550, 600, 900, 950, 480 - 710 egg hatch 900 - 1000 650, 700, 750 1000 egg hatch, 1st larvae 145 - 200 150, 200 young caterpillars 450 450 100, 150, 200, 250, Gypsy moth Lymantria dispar 90 - 448 900, 950, 300, 350, 400, 450 1000, 1050, pupation 900 - 1200 1100, 1150, 1200 50, 100, 150, 200, Hemlock eriophyid N/A Nalepella tsugifolia 7 - 450 250, 300, 350, 400, (rust) mite 450 450, 500, 550, 600, Hemlock looper Lambdina fiscellaria N/A 448 - 707 650, 700 35 - 121 50, 100, 150 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, Hemlock scale Abgrallaspis ithacae N/A 1650, 1700, 1750, 1388 - 2154 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000, 2050, 2100, 2150 400, 450, 500, Introduced pine sawfly Diprion similis 1st larvae 400 - 600 N/A 550, 600 Insect Development & Behavior 1,2 Typical Treatment Window 2,3 Common Name Scientific Name Biological Event Range GDD Maps Range GDD Maps young larvae feeding 300 - 350 300, 350 Jack pine budworm Choristoneura pinus pinus large larvae feeding- N/A 650 - 700 650, 700 defoliation apparent eggs; young larvae 100 - 200 100, 150, 200 Jack pine sawfly Neodiprion banksianae larger larvae 250, 300, 350, N/A 275 - 500 consuming needles 400, 450, 500 22 - 148 50, 100, 150 550, 600, 650, 750, 800, 850, 900, Juniper scale Carulaspis juniperi egg hatch 550 - 700 950, 1000, 1050, 700 707 - 1260 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250 1650, 1700, 1750, Juniper webworm Dichomeris marginella N/A 1645 - 1917 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950 350, 400, 450, 500, 363 - 618 550, 600, 650 Larch casebearer Coleophora laricella egg hatch 120 - 150 100, 150 2350, 2400, 2450, 2375 - 2805 2500 Larch sawfly Pristophora erichsonii N/A 192 - 299 150, 200, 250, 300 100, 150, 200, 250, 121 - 448 300, 350, 400, 450 Nantucket pine Rhyacionia frustrana N/A 1500, 1550, 1600, tip moth 1514 - 1917 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900 Insect Development & Behavior 1,2 Typical Treatment Window 2,3 Common Name Scientific Name Biological Event Range GDD Maps Range GDD Maps 1st adults active 25 - 100 50, 100 Northern pine weevil Pissodes nemorensis 1200, 1250, 1300, 7 - 192 50, 100, 150, 200 2nd adults active 1200 - 1400 1350, 1400 1st adults active 25 - 100 50, 100 Pales weevil Hylobius pales 1200, 1250, 7 - 121 50, 100, 150 2nd adults active 1200 - 1400 1300, 1350, 1400 22 - 58 50 50, 100, 150, 200, Pine bark adelgid Pineus strobi N/A 250, 300, 350, 400, 58 - 618 450, 500, 550, 600, 650 Pine engraver Ips sp. 1st adults active 100 - 150 100, 150 N/A 300, 350, 400, 450, Pine eriophyid mites Eriophyidae N/A 298 - 533 500, 550 450, 500, 550, 600, Pine needle miner Exoteleia pinifoliella N/A 448 - 802 650, 700, 750, 800 1st generation, 250, 300, 250 - 400 298 - 448 300, 350, 400, 450 egg hatch 350, 400 1st generation, 400, 450, hyaline stage 400 - 500 500 (control target) 1350, 1400, 1450, Pine needle scale Chionaspis pinifoliae 1500, 1550, 1600, 2nd generation, 1250, 1300, 1250 - 1350 1388 - 1917 1650, 1700, 1750, egg hatch 1350 1800, 1850, 1900, 2nd generation, 1950 hyaline stage 1500 1500 (control target) Insect Development & Behavior 1,2 Typical Treatment Window 2,3 Common Name Scientific Name Biological Event Range GDD Maps Range GDD Maps 1st adults active 300 - 350 300, 350 Pine root collar 600, 650, 700, 750, Hylobius radicis 618 - 912 weevil 1200, 1250, 800, 850, 900, 950 2nd adults active 1200 - 1400 1300, 1350, 1400 optimal control window 450 - 500 450, 500 Pine shoot beetle Tomicus piniperda new adults emerge, N/A 500 - 550 500, 550 begin shoot-feeding Aphrophora cribrata and Pine spittlebugs N/A 148 - 298 150, 200, 250, 300 Aphrophora saratogensis egg hatch begins, 400, 450, 400 - 500 58 - 148 50, 100, 150 1st crawlers 500 Pine tortoise scale Toumeyella parvicornis 1000, 1050, 600, 650, 700, 750, egg hatch ends, last 1000 - 1200 1100, 1150, 618 - 1050 800, 850, 900, 950, of the crawlers 1200 1000, 1050 91 - 246 100, 150, 200, 250 adults, egg laying, 100, 150, Pine tube moth Argyrotaenia pinatubana 90 - 250 1150, 1200, 1250, caterpillars 200, 250 1151 - 1514 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, 1500, 1550 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, Pine webworm Tetralopha robustella N/A 802 - 2000 1450, 1500, 1550, 1600, 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000 Insect Development & Behavior 1,2 Typical Treatment Window 2,3 Common Name Scientific Name Biological Event Range GDD Maps Range GDD Maps 300, 350, 400, 450, Pitch twig moth Petrova comstockiana N/A 298 - 707 500, 550, 600, 650, 700 400, 450, Redheaded pine Neodiprion lecontei 1st larvae 400 - 600 500, 550, N/A sawfly 600 22 - 121 50, 100, 150 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, 1000, egg hatch, Spruce budscale Physokermes piceae 700 - 1150 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1st crawlers 1050, 1100, 1150 912 - 1388 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400 200, 250, Spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana 1st larvae 200 - 300 N/A 300 450, 500, 550, 600, Spruce needle miner Endothenia albolineane 1st larvae 150 - 200 150, 200 448 - 802 650, 700, 750, 800 7 - 121 50, 100, 150 200, 250, 300, 350, 192 - 363 400 Spruce spider mite Oligonychus ununguis 1st egg hatch 150 - 175 150, 200 2350, 2400, 2450, 2375 - 2806 2500 150, 200, 250, 300, 148 - 448 350, 400, 450 Taxus bud mite Cedidophyopsis psilaspis N/A 700, 750, 800, 850, 707 - 912 900, 950 Insect Development & Behavior 1,2 Typical Treatment Window 2,3 Common Name Scientific Name Biological Event Range GDD Maps Range GDD Maps 7 - 91 50, 100 Taxus mealybug Dysmicoccus wistariae N/A 250, 300, 350, 400, 246 - 618 450, 500, 550, 600, 650 parent beetles Turpentine beetle Dendroctonus spp. colonizing brood 300 - 350 300, 350 N/A material 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, Twobanded Callirhopalus bifasciatus N/A 1644 - 2271 1950, 2000, 2050, Japanese weevil 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250, 2300 192 - 298 200, 250, 300 White-marked Orgyia leucostigma N/A 2150, 2200, 2250, tussock moth 2145 - 2516 2300, 2350, 2400, 2450, 2500 7 - 121 50, 100, 150 121 - 246 100, 150, 200, 250 White pine aphid Cinara strobi N/A 1900, 1950, 2000, 1917 - 2271 2050, 2100, 2150, 2200, 2250, 2300 50, 100, 1st adults active 25 - 220 150, 200, 250 White pine weevil Pissodes strobi 7 - 58 50 1200, 1250, 2nd adults active 1200 - 1400 1300, 1350, 1400 Insect Development & Behavior 1,2 Typical Treatment Window 2,3 Common Name Scientific Name Biological Event Range GDD Maps Range GDD Maps 1st larvae 25 - 100 50, 100 121 - 246 100, 150, 200, 250 900, 950, 1000, 1050, 1100, 1150, 1200, 1250, 1300, 1350, 1400, 1450, Zimmerman pine 912 - 1917 Dioryctria zimmermani 1500, 1550, 1600, moth adult flight 1700 1700 1650, 1700, 1750, 1800, 1850, 1900, 1950 1900, 1950, 2000, 1917 - 2154 2050, 2100, 2150 1 “Growing Degree Day Information” Nathan W.
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    Missing Rings, Synchronous Growth, and Ecological Disturbance in a 36-Year Pitch Pine (Pinus Rigida) Provenance Study

    RESEARCH ARTICLE Missing Rings, Synchronous Growth, and Ecological Disturbance in a 36-Year Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) Provenance Study Caroline Leland1*, John Hom2, Nicholas Skowronski3, F. Thomas Ledig4†, Paul J. Krusic5,6, Edward R. Cook1, Dario Martin-Benito7, Javier Martin-Fernandez1, Neil Pederson1,8 1 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York, United States of America, 2 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Newtown a11111 Square, Pennsylvania, United States of America, 3 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America, 4 Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America, 5 Stockholm University, Department of Physical Geography and Quaternary Geology, Stockholm, Sweden, 6 Navarino Environmental Observatory, Messinia, Greece, 7 Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland, 8 Harvard University, Harvard Forest, Petersham, Massachusetts, United States of America † Deceased. OPEN ACCESS * [email protected] Citation: Leland C, Hom J, Skowronski N, Ledig FT, Krusic PJ, Cook ER, et al. (2016) Missing Rings, Synchronous Growth, and Ecological Disturbance in Abstract a 36-Year Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) Provenance Study. PLoS ONE 11(5): e0154730. doi:10.1371/ Provenance studies are an increasingly important analog for understanding how trees journal.pone.0154730 adapted to particular climatic conditions might respond to climate change. Dendrochrono- Editor: Dusan Gomory, Technical University in logical analysis can illuminate differences among trees from different seed sources in terms Zvolen, SLOVAKIA of absolute annual growth and sensitivity to external growth factors. We analyzed annual Received: September 10, 2015 radial growth of 567 36-year-old pitch pine (Pinus rigida Mill.) trees from 27 seed sources to Accepted: April 18, 2016 evaluate their performance in a New Jersey Pine Barrens provenance experiment.
  • 1 Modern Threats to the Lepidoptera Fauna in The

    1 Modern Threats to the Lepidoptera Fauna in The

    MODERN THREATS TO THE LEPIDOPTERA FAUNA IN THE FLORIDA ECOSYSTEM By THOMSON PARIS A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 2011 Thomson Paris 2 To my mother and father who helped foster my love for butterflies 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I thank my family who have provided advice, support, and encouragement throughout this project. I especially thank my sister and brother for helping to feed and label larvae throughout the summer. Second, I thank Hillary Burgess and Fairchild Tropical Gardens, Dr. Jonathan Crane and the University of Florida Tropical Research and Education center Homestead, FL, Elizabeth Golden and Bill Baggs Cape Florida State Park, Leroy Rogers and South Florida Water Management, Marshall and Keith at Mack’s Fish Camp, Susan Casey and Casey’s Corner Nursery, and Michael and EWM Realtors Inc. for giving me access to collect larvae on their land and for their advice and assistance. Third, I thank Ryan Fessendon and Lary Reeves for helping to locate sites to collect larvae and for assisting me to collect larvae. I thank Dr. Marc Minno, Dr. Roxanne Connely, Dr. Charles Covell, Dr. Jaret Daniels for sharing their knowledge, advice, and ideas concerning this project. Fourth, I thank my committee, which included Drs. Thomas Emmel and James Nation, who provided guidance and encouragement throughout my project. Finally, I am grateful to the Chair of my committee and my major advisor, Dr. Andrei Sourakov, for his invaluable counsel, and for serving as a model of excellence of what it means to be a scientist.