When Was the Letter J Invented
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Runes Free Download
RUNES FREE DOWNLOAD Martin Findell | 112 pages | 24 Mar 2014 | BRITISH MUSEUM PRESS | 9780714180298 | English | London, United Kingdom Runic alphabet Main article: Younger Futhark. He Runes rune magic to Freya and learned Seidr from her. The runes were in use among the Germanic peoples from the 1st or 2nd century AD. BCE Proto-Sinaitic 19 c. They Runes found in Scandinavia and Viking Age settlements abroad, probably in use from the 9th century onward. From the "golden age of philology " in the 19th century, runology formed a specialized branch of Runes linguistics. There are no horizontal strokes: when carving a message on a flat staff or stick, it would be along the grain, thus both less legible and more likely to split the Runes. BCE Phoenician 12 c. Little is known about the origins of Runes Runic alphabet, which is traditionally known as futhark after the Runes six letters. That is now proved, what you asked of the runes, of the potent famous ones, which the great gods made, and the mighty sage stained, that it is best for him if he stays silent. It was the main alphabet in Norway, Sweden Runes Denmark throughout the Viking Age, but was largely though not completely replaced by the Latin alphabet by about as a result of the Runes of Runes of Scandinavia to Christianity. It was probably used Runes the 5th century Runes. Incessantly plagued by maleficence, doomed to insidious death is he who breaks this monument. These inscriptions are generally Runes Elder Futharkbut the set of Runes shapes and bindrunes employed is far from standardized. -
The Ogham-Runes and El-Mushajjar
c L ite atu e Vo l x a t n t r n o . o R So . u P R e i t ed m he T a s . 1 1 87 " p r f ro y f r r , , r , THE OGHAM - RUNES AND EL - MUSHAJJAR A D STU Y . BY RICH A R D B URTO N F . , e ad J an uar 22 (R y , PART I . The O ham-Run es g . e n u IN tr ating this first portio of my s bj ect, the - I of i Ogham Runes , have made free use the mater als r John collected by Dr . Cha les Graves , Prof. Rhys , and other students, ending it with my own work in the Orkney Islands . i The Ogham character, the fair wr ting of ' Babel - loth ancient Irish literature , is called the , ’ Bethluis Bethlm snion e or , from its initial lett rs, like “ ” Gree co- oe Al hab e t a an d the Ph nician p , the Arabo “ ” Ab ad fl d H ebrew j . It may brie y be describe as f b ormed y straight or curved strokes , of various lengths , disposed either perpendicularly or obliquely to an angle of the substa nce upon which the letters n . were i cised , punched, or rubbed In monuments supposed to be more modern , the letters were traced , b T - N E E - A HE OGHAM RU S AND L M USH JJ A R . n not on the edge , but upon the face of the recipie t f n l o t sur ace ; the latter was origi al y wo d , s aves and tablets ; then stone, rude or worked ; and , lastly, metal , Th . -
New International Manual of Braille Music Notation by the Braille Music Subcommittee World Blind Union
1 New International Manual Of Braille Music Notation by The Braille Music Subcommittee World Blind Union Compiled by Bettye Krolick ISBN 90 9009269 2 1996 2 Contents Preface................................................................................ 6 Official Delegates to the Saanen Conference: February 23-29, 1992 .................................................... 8 Compiler’s Notes ............................................................... 9 Part One: General Signs .......................................... 11 Purpose and General Principles ..................................... 11 I. Basic Signs ................................................................... 13 A. Notes and Rests ........................................................ 13 B. Octave Marks ............................................................. 16 II. Clefs .............................................................................. 19 III. Accidentals, Key & Time Signatures ......................... 22 A. Accidentals ................................................................ 22 B. Key & Time Signatures .............................................. 22 IV. Rhythmic Groups ....................................................... 25 V. Chords .......................................................................... 30 A. Intervals ..................................................................... 30 B. In-accords .................................................................. 34 C. Moving-notes ............................................................ -
The Braillemathcodes Repository
Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on "Digitization and E-Inclusion in Mathematics and Science 2021" DEIMS2021, February 18–19, 2021, Tokyo _________________________________________________________________________________________ The BrailleMathCodes Repository Paraskevi Riga1, Theodora Antonakopoulou1, David Kouvaras1, Serafim Lentas1, and Georgios Kouroupetroglou1 1National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece Speech and Accessibility Laboratory, Department of Informatics and Telecommunications [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Math notation for the sighted is a global language, but this is not the case with braille math, as different codes are in use worldwide. In this work, we present the design and development of a math braille-codes' repository named BrailleMathCodes. It aims to constitute a knowledge base as well as a search engine for both students who need to find a specific symbol code and the editors who produce accessible STEM educational content or, in general, the learner of math braille notation. After compiling a set of mathematical braille codes used worldwide in a database, we assigned the corresponding Unicode representation, when applicable, matched each math braille code with its LaTeX equivalent, and forwarded with Presentation MathML. Every math symbol is accompanied with a characteristic example in MathML and Nemeth. The BrailleMathCodes repository was designed following the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. Users or learners of any code, both sighted and blind, can search for a term and read how it is rendered in various codes. The repository was implemented as a dynamic e-commerce website using Joomla! and VirtueMart. 1 Introduction Braille constitutes a tactile writing system used by people who are visually impaired. -
Early-Alphabets-3.Pdf
Early Alphabets Alphabetic characteristics 1 Cretan Pictographs 11 Hieroglyphics 16 The Phoenician Alphabet 24 The Greek Alphabet 31 The Latin Alphabet 39 Summary 53 GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS 1 / 53 Alphabetic characteristics 3,000 BCE Basic building blocks of written language GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 2 / 53 Early visual language systems were disparate and decentralized 3,000 BCE Protowriting, Cuneiform, Heiroglyphs and far Eastern writing all functioned differently Rebuses, ideographs, logograms, and syllabaries · GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 3 / 53 HIEROGLYPHICS REPRESENTING THE REBUS PRINCIPAL · BEE & LEAF · SEA & SUN · BELIEF AND SEASON GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 4 / 53 PETROGLYPHIC PICTOGRAMS AND IDEOGRAPHS · CIRCA 200 BCE · UTAH, UNITED STATES GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 5 / 53 LUWIAN LOGOGRAMS · CIRCA 1400 AND 1200 BCE · TURKEY GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 6 / 53 OLD PERSIAN SYLLABARY · 600 BCE GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 7 / 53 Alphabetic structure marked an enormous societal leap 3,000 BCE Power was reserved for those who could read and write · GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 8 / 53 What is an alphabet? Definition An alphabet is a set of visual symbols or characters used to represent the elementary sounds of a spoken language. –PM · GDT-101 / HISTORY OF GRAPHIC DESIGN / EARLY ALPHABETS / Alphabetic Characteristics 9 / 53 What is an alphabet? Definition They can be connected and combined to make visual configurations signifying sounds, syllables, and words uttered by the human mouth. -
Braille Research Newsletter #5, July 1977
/' BRAILLE RESEARCH NEWSLETTER (Braille Automation Newsletter) "pm No. 5, July 1977 edited by J.M. Gill and L.L. Clark WW| yWf awj- Warwick Research Unit for American Foundation for the Blind the Blind University of Warwick 15 West 16th Street Coventry CV4 7AL New York 10011 England U.S.A. •**SHf| Contents Page Editorial 2 Automatic Translation by Computer of Music 5 Notation to Braille by J.B. Humphreys Braille Books from Compositors ' Tapes 13 by C„ Brosamle A Note on Hybrid Braille Production 19 by P.W.F. Coleman The Expansion of Braille Production in Sweden 26 by B. Hampshire and S. Becker Plate Embossing Device by P.D. Gibbons and 32 E.L. Ost Braille Systems by J«E. Sullivan 35 An Analysis of Braille Contractions by 50 J.M. Gill and J.B. Humphreys Using Redundancy for the Syntactic Analysis of 58 Natural Language: Application to the Automatic Correction of French Text by J. Courtin TOBIA 60 Congress in Toronto 60 Recent Publications and Reports 61 Address List 63 - 2 - Editorial With this issue, the Braille Automation Newsletter changes its name to Braille Research Newsletter. We shall continue to use the former heading as a sub-heading for the purpose of continuity in libraries and to identify ourselves as to origin. The reason for a name change is in fact a recognition that the automatic generation of braille depends, from the point of view of optimal design, upon a consideration of the changes that eventually will occur in the braille code as a natural result of continual review by braille authorities to keep the code up-to-date. -
Dictionary of Braille Music Signs by Bettye Krolick
JBN 0-8444-0 9 C D E F G Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from National Federation of the Blind (NFB) http://archive.org/details/dictionaryofbraiOObett LIBRARY IOWA DEPARTMENT FOR THE BLIND 524 Fourth Street Des Moines, Iowa 50309-2364 Dictionary of Braille Music Signs by Bettye Krolick National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped Library of Congress Washington, D.C. 20542 1979 MT. PLEASANT HIGH SCHOOL LIBRARY Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Krolick, Bettye. Dictionary of braille music signs. At head of title: National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, Library of Congress. Bibliography: p. 182-188 Includes index. 1. Braille music-notation. I. National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped. II. Title. MT38.K76 78L.24 78-21301 ISBN 0-8444-0277-X . TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD vii PREFACE ix HISTORY OF THE BRAILLE MUSIC CODE ... xi HOW TO LOCATE A DEFINITION xviii DICTIONARY OF SIGNS (A sign that contains two or more cells is listed under its first character.) . 1 •* 1 •• 16 • • •• 3 •• 17 •> 6 •• 17 •• •• 7 •• 17 •• 7 •• 17 •• •• 7 •• 17 •• •• 8 •• 18 •• •• 8 •• 18 •• •• 9 •• 19 •• •• 9 •• 19 • • •• 10 •• 20 • • •• 12 •• 20 •• 14 •• 20 •• •• 14 •• 22 • • •• •• 15 • • 27 •• •• •« •• 15 • • 29 •• • • •« 16 30 •• •• 16 • • 30 30 i: 46 ?: 31 11 47 r. 31 ;: 48 •: 31 i? 58 ?: 31 i; 78 ::' 34 :: 79 a 34 ;: si 35 ;? 86 37 ;: 90 39 ':• 96 40 ;: 102 43 i: 105 45 ;: 113 46 FORMATS FOR BRAILLE MUSIC 122 Format Identification Chart 125 Music in Parallels -
Development of Educational Materials
InSIDE: Including Students with Impairments in Distance Education Delivery Development of educational DEV2.1 materials Eleni Koustriava1, Konstantinos Papadopoulos1, Konstantinos Authors Charitakis1 Partner University of Macedonia (UOM)1, Johannes Kepler University (JKU) Work Package WP2: Adapted educational material Issue Date 31-05-2020 Report Status Final This project (598763-EPP-1-2018-1-EL-EPPKA2-CBHE- JP) has been co-funded by the Erasmus+ Programme of the European Commission. This publication [communication] reflects the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein Project Partners University of National and Macedonia, Greece Kapodistrian University of Athens, Coordinator Greece Johannes Kepler University of Aboubekr University, Austria Belkaid Tlemcen, Algeria Mouloud Mammeri Blida 2 University, Algeria University of Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria University of Sciences Ibn Tofail university, and Technology of Oran Morocco Mohamed Boudiaf, Algeria Cadi Ayyad University of Sfax, Tunisia University, Morocco Abdelmalek Essaadi University of Tunis El University, Morocco Manar, Tunisia University of University of Sousse, Mohammed V in Tunisia Rabat, Morocco InSIDE project Page WP2: Adapted educational material 2018-3218 /001-001 [2|103] DEV2.1: Development of Educational Materials Project Information Project Number 598763-EPP-1-2018-1-EL-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP Grant Agreement 2018-3218 /001-001 Number Action code CBHE-JP Project Acronym InSIDE Project Title -
Design and Developing Methodology for 8-Dot Braille Code Systems
Design and Developing Methodology for 8-dot Braille Code Systems Hernisa Kacorri1,2 and Georgios Kouroupetroglou1 1 National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, Panepistimiopolis, Ilisia, 15784 Athens, Greece {c.katsori,koupe}@di.uoa.gr 2 The City University of New York (CUNY), Doctoral Program in Computer Science, The Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10016 USA [email protected] Abstract. Braille code, employing six embossed dots evenly arranged in rec- tangular letter spaces or cells, constitutes the dominant touch reading or typing system for the blind. Limited to 63 possible dot combinations per cell, there are a number of application examples, such as mathematics and sciences, and assis- tive technologies, such as braille displays, in which the 6-dot cell braille is ex- tended to 8-dot. This work proposes a language-independent methodology for the systematic development of an 8-dot braille code. Moreover, a set of design principles is introduced that focuses on: achieving an abbreviated representation of the supported symbols, retaining connectivity with the 6-dot representation, preserving similarity on the transition rules applied in other languages, remov- ing ambiguities, and considering future extensions. The proposed methodology was successfully applied in the development of an 8-dot literary Greek braille code that covers both the modern and the ancient Greek orthography, including diphthongs, digits, and punctuation marks. Keywords: document accessibility, braille, 8-dot braille, assistive technologies. 1 Introduction Braille code, employing six embossed dots evenly arranged in quadrangular letter spac- es or cells [2], constitutes the main system of touch reading for the blind. -
Basis Technology Unicode対応ライブラリ スペックシート 文字コード その他の名称 Adobe-Standard-Encoding A
Basis Technology Unicode対応ライブラリ スペックシート 文字コード その他の名称 Adobe-Standard-Encoding Adobe-Symbol-Encoding csHPPSMath Adobe-Zapf-Dingbats-Encoding csZapfDingbats Arabic ISO-8859-6, csISOLatinArabic, iso-ir-127, ECMA-114, ASMO-708 ASCII US-ASCII, ANSI_X3.4-1968, iso-ir-6, ANSI_X3.4-1986, ISO646-US, us, IBM367, csASCI big-endian ISO-10646-UCS-2, BigEndian, 68k, PowerPC, Mac, Macintosh Big5 csBig5, cn-big5, x-x-big5 Big5Plus Big5+, csBig5Plus BMP ISO-10646-UCS-2, BMPstring CCSID-1027 csCCSID1027, IBM1027 CCSID-1047 csCCSID1047, IBM1047 CCSID-290 csCCSID290, CCSID290, IBM290 CCSID-300 csCCSID300, CCSID300, IBM300 CCSID-930 csCCSID930, CCSID930, IBM930 CCSID-935 csCCSID935, CCSID935, IBM935 CCSID-937 csCCSID937, CCSID937, IBM937 CCSID-939 csCCSID939, CCSID939, IBM939 CCSID-942 csCCSID942, CCSID942, IBM942 ChineseAutoDetect csChineseAutoDetect: Candidate encodings: GB2312, Big5, GB18030, UTF32:UTF8, UCS2, UTF32 EUC-H, csCNS11643EUC, EUC-TW, TW-EUC, H-EUC, CNS-11643-1992, EUC-H-1992, csCNS11643-1992-EUC, EUC-TW-1992, CNS-11643 TW-EUC-1992, H-EUC-1992 CNS-11643-1986 EUC-H-1986, csCNS11643_1986_EUC, EUC-TW-1986, TW-EUC-1986, H-EUC-1986 CP10000 csCP10000, windows-10000 CP10001 csCP10001, windows-10001 CP10002 csCP10002, windows-10002 CP10003 csCP10003, windows-10003 CP10004 csCP10004, windows-10004 CP10005 csCP10005, windows-10005 CP10006 csCP10006, windows-10006 CP10007 csCP10007, windows-10007 CP10008 csCP10008, windows-10008 CP10010 csCP10010, windows-10010 CP10017 csCP10017, windows-10017 CP10029 csCP10029, windows-10029 CP10079 csCP10079, windows-10079 -
The Fontspec Package Font Selection for XƎLATEX and Lualatex
The fontspec package Font selection for XƎLATEX and LuaLATEX Will Robertson and Khaled Hosny [email protected] 2013/05/12 v2.3b Contents 7.5 Different features for dif- ferent font sizes . 14 1 History 3 8 Font independent options 15 2 Introduction 3 8.1 Colour . 15 2.1 About this manual . 3 8.2 Scale . 16 2.2 Acknowledgements . 3 8.3 Interword space . 17 8.4 Post-punctuation space . 17 3 Package loading and options 4 8.5 The hyphenation character 18 3.1 Maths fonts adjustments . 4 8.6 Optical font sizes . 18 3.2 Configuration . 5 3.3 Warnings .......... 5 II OpenType 19 I General font selection 5 9 Introduction 19 9.1 How to select font features 19 4 Font selection 5 4.1 By font name . 5 10 Complete listing of OpenType 4.2 By file name . 6 font features 20 10.1 Ligatures . 20 5 Default font families 7 10.2 Letters . 20 6 New commands to select font 10.3 Numbers . 21 families 7 10.4 Contextuals . 22 6.1 More control over font 10.5 Vertical Position . 22 shape selection . 8 10.6 Fractions . 24 6.2 Math(s) fonts . 10 10.7 Stylistic Set variations . 25 6.3 Miscellaneous font select- 10.8 Character Variants . 25 ing details . 11 10.9 Alternates . 25 10.10 Style . 27 7 Selecting font features 11 10.11 Diacritics . 29 7.1 Default settings . 11 10.12 Kerning . 29 7.2 Changing the currently se- 10.13 Font transformations . 30 lected features . -
Music Braille Code, 2015
MUSIC BRAILLE CODE, 2015 Developed Under the Sponsorship of the BRAILLE AUTHORITY OF NORTH AMERICA Published by The Braille Authority of North America ©2016 by the Braille Authority of North America All rights reserved. This material may be duplicated but not altered or sold. ISBN: 978-0-9859473-6-1 (Print) ISBN: 978-0-9859473-7-8 (Braille) Printed by the American Printing House for the Blind. Copies may be purchased from: American Printing House for the Blind 1839 Frankfort Avenue Louisville, Kentucky 40206-3148 502-895-2405 • 800-223-1839 www.aph.org [email protected] Catalog Number: 7-09651-01 The mission and purpose of The Braille Authority of North America are to assure literacy for tactile readers through the standardization of braille and/or tactile graphics. BANA promotes and facilitates the use, teaching, and production of braille. It publishes rules, interprets, and renders opinions pertaining to braille in all existing codes. It deals with codes now in existence or to be developed in the future, in collaboration with other countries using English braille. In exercising its function and authority, BANA considers the effects of its decisions on other existing braille codes and formats, the ease of production by various methods, and acceptability to readers. For more information and resources, visit www.brailleauthority.org. ii BANA Music Technical Committee, 2015 Lawrence R. Smith, Chairman Karin Auckenthaler Gilbert Busch Karen Gearreald Dan Geminder Beverly McKenney Harvey Miller Tom Ridgeway Other Contributors Christina Davidson, BANA Music Technical Committee Consultant Richard Taesch, BANA Music Technical Committee Consultant Roger Firman, International Consultant Ruth Rozen, BANA Board Liaison iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..............................................................