GCBMUN XVI

Continuous Crisis Committee (CCC) The New Cold War People’s Republic of China

INDEX

What is a Committee Cabinet?

How it works the committee?

What is the difference from this committee to others?

Documents Required for this committee

Joint Crisis Committee (JCC)

Historical context

Cold War

Introduction to economy

Comparison between Different Economics Schools

China Economy

China Political system

China Military power

GCBMUN XVI

CCC The New Cold War

PRESIDENT (United States of America)

Juan Felipe Osorio Aldana

PRESIDENT (Russian Federation)

Nicolas Sánchez

PRESIDENT (People’s Republic of China)

Nicolas Morales Bueno

PRESIDENT Laura Helena Quintero (Middle East) Juan Felipe Osorio (United States of America) Nicolas Sanchez (Russian Federation) TOPICS

1. The New Cold War

Contact e-mail: [email protected]

Cell phone number: 3194628694

Dear delegates,

The directive chair wants to give you a warm greeting to the GCBMUN. Before presenting all the points, the chair wants to express a big thank you to all the delegates who have chosen The New Cold War committee this year. As the chair directive, we feel honored in guiding you through this process. For many of you, it is the first time being in the role of a delegate, director or secretary. With this role comes a lot of commitment, dedication and responsibility.

Also, it is worth highlighting that you must assume the Model of the United Nations for what it is, a role-play, as delegate, director or secretary. You will represent either an organization or a character. Everyone is important in this committee so that is why you must make a relevant and detailed investigation. Additionally, we want to emphasize the mutual respect towards your partners that are a part of this committee since it is an essential point to making the debate fun and making this a nice space for everyone. Also, we want you, as delegates, to express your ideas during the committee and points that you should share, without leaving the positions of your delegation.

Moreover, in CCC The New Cold War, for the committee that it is, you will be evaluated based on the efficiency and productivity of acting in the crisis that will be presented that affects everyone around the world.

Now, if you are reading this letter it is for two reasons. The first one, you are sufficiently trained for a committee of this level. And the second one, we need help to face the crisis against the Arab countries to protect the whole world. Since it is a committee with an unexpected future, anything can happen in this kind of committee. You have in your hands the world for three days. In addition, you will have the chair’s directive guide as a basis for your investigation and a method of support in the debate, where you can find the major part of the ideas developed in the crisis of the next days. Finally, we want to wish you all the best in this committee and the Model United Nations of GCB.

Sincerely,

Nicolas Morales, President (Xi Jinping) What is a Crisis Committee Cabinet?

A Crisis Committee is a small body, with usually no more than twenty members, brought together to deal with an issue of immediate importance. While General Assemblies or Specialized Committees work to find long-term solutions to long-term problems, such as literacy, infant mortality, or economic coordination, Crisis Committees often handle short-term issues with swift and decisive measures. Crisis Committees often deal with issues like wars, revolutions, disaster control, or economic collapse.

Another key feature of a Crisis Committee is its dynamic nature. When the body passes a directive (a resolution for Crisis Committees), its effects and results are brought to the body in news articles and speakers. In other words, the topics will continue to change and evolve based on the actions the body does (or does not) take.

Finally, individual delegates can conduct personal actions by writing notes to GCBMUN crisis staff. If the character or country represented by the delegate can act in a certain way, that delegate is free to do so. For example, the head of the National Guard could send guardsmen to provide temporary disaster relief, a CEO could conduct corporate espionage, or a politician could organize a rally. These crisis actions cannot effectively solve the problems posed by the topics, but they can be instrumental in securing an advantage over the rest of the body.

How does the committee work?

This committee will NOT work as a regular United Nations committee. The Continuous Crisis Committee, based on the context that stands for, will work as an executive cabinet meeting.

The committee will work on this as a United Nations Committee:

• The floor will be given to the characters by placards, and if it is considered by the president, it will only give the floor to a character in specific. • The chair will be composed by a president (there is no vice president).

Motions:

• Motion to start an official discussion: this motion is presented to the president when delegates are interested to have an informal conversation within the room. • Motion to start a casual discussion: this motion is used to have a space of time, in which all the delegates can speak between each other to clear out positions and start performing multiple documents. Or: having a discussion everyone sited but the discussion it’s going to be guided by the president. • Motion for an update: it will be called a Joint Crisis Committee member for having an update regarding the current situation. • Motion of censure: A committee may request a motion of censure for a character or group of characters, who have acted irresponsibly (affecting the cabinet or their group interests) in the exercise of war. The motion must be debated within the committee for a maximum of 10 minutes. The motivations cause, and consequences of this decision should be discussed. Censorship will be approved by a simple majority (by placards). If applied, the character will lose part of the resources he has and make them available to those who proposed the motion. • Motion to start a Round Robin: This motion is used when delegates want to get the entire committee’s opinion on the issue. This means that, starting at one side of the room, each and every delegate in the room will deliver a statement on their stance on the issue. • Motion to introduce an amendment: This motion is made when one delegate or a group of delegates wish to change any aspects of directive-communique previously introduced. • Motion for questioning the fellow deputy: This motion is used for making questions a specific deputy or for making the committee show the lack of credibility of it.

Important: we will not open agenda or start session for the committee, the session is over when the president says so.

Points that will be taken into account:

• Point of personal privilege (Privilegium personale punctum): used when something in the room is uncomfortable or you require reaching the chair to a special permission. • Point of parliamentary requirement (senatus perceptio ex Point): if the deputy requires a word that it doesn’t know, the chair will help with the translation. • Order in the room (Ut in locus): used when a delegate or the chair is not following the procedure or feels disrespected by another fellow deputy.

Especial points (when a delegate has been questioned or has a lack of credibility or in the case of the “objection, the last statement lacks foundation, could be used during a normal formal discussion):

• Objection, the last statement lacks foundation: used when a delegate is talking about something that is not pertinent to the development of the committee. • Objection, argumentative: This is not an objection to opposing counsel making a good point. It is used when the questioning attorney is not asking a question and is instead making an argument of law or application of law that should be argued in summation. It is only valid when the witness is not being asked a question that he or she can properly answer. • Objection asked and answered: When the question being asked has both been asked and been answered before by this attorney and this witness. It is not an objection to a question on cross that has been covered in direct. • Objection, assumes facts not in evidence: A question by the directing attorney that contains information not yet in the record. On cross, the counsel is the one testifying, so this is not an objection. • Objection best evidence: Used when the evidence being solicited is not the best source of the information. Usually occurs when a witness is being asked a question about a document that is available to be entered into evidence. The document should be entered as proof of its contents. • Objection, beyond scope: The evidence being solicited was not covered by the opposing counsel while questioning the witness and is not relevant to any of the previous issues covered. • Objection, compound: The question is really two questions posed as one. Objection should only be used when the question is misleading and the answer could be misconstrued by the president. • Objection, cumulative: The material being asked has been covered before. • Objection, hearsay: A statement made out of the committee offered in committee to prove the truth of the matter asserted. A statement is not hearsay if the words spoken are relevant, not what the words mean. • Objection, improper characterization: Used when a question or an answer describes something that is highly prejudicial and not helpful to the jury. A typical example is describing the defendant or her actions as “crazy.” This is a charged word and has no real meaning unless the witness is a medical doctor who actually means “crazy.” - It’s not a very useful objection most of the time because the objection generally draws more attention to the word and thus cements the idea into the minds of the presents in the room. • Objection, expert opinion: Used when the testimony involves some degree of skill or expertise and the witness has not been entered as an expert in that area. Daubert challenges are covered under this objection, and do not have to come pre-trial. • Objection, improper lay opinion: The witness is giving testimony that does not require an expertise but is still an opinion that does not assist the jury in its understanding of the case. • Objection, leading: The question on direct suggests an answer. This is (1) not a objection on cross, and (2) actually allowed in some circumstances. Which circumstances depends on the court, as Louisiana and the Federal rules differ, but this basically covers all cases where leading is necessary to develop the testimony. • Objection, more prejudicial than probative: This is not an objection of “This really hurts my case.” All evidence by opposing counsel will hurt your case. An objectionable piece of evidence is one that not only hurts your case but is not relevant enough to the merits of your opponent’s case to be let in. • Objection, relevance: The evidence being solicited does not relate to merits of the case or another admissible purpose such as foundation or permissible character evidence. • Objection, speculation: The witness does not have first-hand knowledge of the fact she is testifying to.

Starting every day:

1. All the secretaries/ministers/heads of states/deputies have to stand up as the president enters the room. 2. Singing the national anthem (with the respect that the anthem deserves). 3. All present in the room will take a seat after the national anthem its played. 4. Roll call will be made by logistics delegate (it will not be made out loud, just checked in the list, if there is a character getting late, it will be made a warning), there will be a minute of silence, so the logistics delegate guarantees the roll call is made.

After recess sessions:

1. All the secretaries/ministers/heads of states/deputies have to stand up as the president enters the room. 2. A prayer will be made after every recess to start the session.

Starting 1st session:

1. Structure of the committee and expectations (by the President). 2. Reading of portfolios (by each delegate). 3. Casual discussion of the topics or official discussion.

Documents Required for the Committee

• Character profile: it will be asked to do a character biography according to the character that it was assigned to you. In this one, needs to be include: o Important dates of what you have done. o Where you studied. o Family. o Contact of important people you might have, which can be used to the development of the committee. o Brief biography. You need to empower of your character, knowing how it thinks, how it moves, be him.

• White paper: is the country’s position, that is public knowledge, and everyone knows about it, like an opening speech. • Black Paper: is what the character’s real interests are, but it is not shared with other countries. The idea is the black paper is build a crisis with them. Only the presidents and the JCC delegates will see the black paper.

Example: An example could be when the US invaded Iraq. The “white” paper would explain that they wanted to get rid of the weapons of mass destruction. The “black” paper would say they were invading Iraq to get control of their oil or other important assets.

Joint Crisis Committee (JCC)

The Joint Crisis Committee is made up of GCBMUN academic staff. This one has multiple functions:

1. The assembly with the principal function of receiving the directives written by the characters of the committee. These directives are kind of requests to take actions. The JCC will decide if those directives are approved or not. 2. In the case the directives are approved, the JCC will be in charge of making the communication of crisis, according to the actions made by the committee. 3. Considering the points above, as an example of this: if there is any military movement towards middle east, the JCC will create a crisis based on the actions that Middle East countries can take. That means they will be also middle east mandataries and countries. But never leaving the functions as JCC. 4. The Strategy Center determines the number of troops and artillery available to each side (Russian Federation Vs. Any country that is faced with it). 5. Considering our GCBMUN policies, we will NOT accept the use of electronic devices. In case a delegate requires any kind of information, you will need to contact the JCC for it.

Functioning

Due to the dynamics of the committee is designed for continuous crisis, the strategy center will send communications to the committee. These releases may be of three types:

• Public announcement: the communicates will be read by any character when the board empowers. • Strategic statement: the statement will be read only by the character who got the statement. • Secret statement: Secret communications must be handled under absolute reserve. They will be oral or written and their exposure to the public (even in recess) may cause reprimands. If a character obtains a secret statement that does not correspond to him, he should go to his role, honor, wisdom and cunning to reveal or not the content according to his judgment. The communications will be sent in order to give continuity to the debate, and follow a timeline between both cabinets, basically, the communiqués will have the crises that the delegates will have to answer in a certain time.

Decisions

Considering this commission will be based in the period of time stipulated. The cabinet will need to take multiple actions towards the threat. The decisions are the actions that will be realized by the whole committee. For this, there is no need of big documents, so the cabinet takes actions, the ideal initiative is that the committee takes the actions with consensus. The task of each of the characters is to convince the president that his decision is the best one for the side, because in the end he is the one who decides what action will be carried out, sending the aforementioned proposal to JCC. It is recommended to the characters not to make decisions lightly or to take them thinking solely of personal objectives, since a division within the committee could occur.

Directives

As it was said, all the directives will be passed to the JCC, for you to send a directive, you will need to send it through the floor messengers. Here all the types of directives will be explained:

• Group directive: these ones are used to solve the crisis presented by the JCC. They will request to take actions to the governments of the signing characters. Those actions will be decided by the characters in a consensus or simple majority (voted by placards and it has to be approved by the chair also). o Public: means that all the information written in the directive could be exposed to the international community. In the case during the directive they go directly to an individual, this information could be used against the whole committee. o Private: means that all the information written in the directive cannot be given to the international community. But the directive has to be encrypted.

Structure:

Group directive (public/private): Title Specific orders (bullet points/sequence of events) What is expected to happen with such bulleted list/possible results Signatures (min. 4/max. 7).

• Individual directive: these directives its only developed by one character of the committee and it is used to accomplished personal interest. Take actions. o Public: the information contained in the directive will be exposed, after being accepted by the JCC. o Private: the actions requested to be made are only known by the character who wrote it, and with it, an answer of the JCC. In case the actions taken in the directive have public repercussions, the JCC will be obliged to make a crisis.

Structure:

Individual directive (public/private): Title Specific orders (bullet points/sequence of events) What is expected to happen with such bulleted list/possible results Signature (character)

• Communiqué: Are the instruments utilized to reach entities, organizations, countries (Secretaries, representatives, hosts or directors), and/or individuals (contacts) to involve them in the crisis - for personal interests-, maintain informed, ask for favors or blackmail them to take actions that cannot be done inside of the committee since such actions are not under direct control of the character. These are written as a formal correspondence and could be done collectively or personally - generally are favors to contacts. Depending on the acceptance these receive, they could become part of a collective or personal (but public) directive.

Structure:

Heading: Communiqué Sender: His or her position + complete name Message In case of being a favor: what is going to be given in exchange Signature(s)

Press release: Informative resource used to make public the position of a delegate or delegation in regard of the crisis. Is used as a strategic paper, whose information is not completely true, and in that way, help achieve personal goals and help the resolution of the crisis. It must specify where it comes from (source). TOPIC: The New Cold War

Abbé Régis-Évariste Huc

The Chinese civilization was born in an age so remote that it was a vain effort to discover its incisions. There is no trace of his childhood in his village. It is a peculiar trace of China. In the history of nations, we have become accustomed to finding some starting point perfectly defined, and the documents, traditions and historical monuments that are still preserved in general allow us to follow, almost step by step, the advance of civilization, to be present in his birth, observe his later decline and fall. But this is not the case with the Chinese. It would seem that they have always lived in the same stage of progress in which they live today; and there are enough dates of the antiquity that confirm it.

Historical Context

Ca 1700-1046 BC – Shang Dynasty – the first Chinese state for which clear written records remain – unites much of north central China. Began when the Shang Overthrew the Xia sometime around 1760 BCE.

1045-ca 770 BC – Zhou dynasty replaces Shang as dominant force across northern China,

Ca 770 BC – Zhou state collapses into loose association of warring states, known as the Eastern Zhou. The Zhoy Dynasty was the longest-lasting of ancient China’s dynasties. It finished when the army of the state of Qin captured the city of Chengzhou in 256 BCE. Influential minds in the Chineses intellectual tradition flourished under the Zhou, intellectual and artistic awakening.

Imperial China

221-206 BC – Ying Zheng, ruler of the Stat of Qin and a man of great talent and bold vision, ended the 250-odd years of rivalry among the independent principalities during the Warring States Period, and established the first centralized, unified, multi-ethnic feudal state in Chinese history – the Qin Dynasty.

206 BC-220 AD – Han Dynasty, the second great imperial dynasty of China. Established what was thereafter considered Chinese culture that “Han” became the Chinese word denoting someone who Is ethnically Chinese. It was founded by Liu Bang, later the Gaozu emperor a man of humble birth who led the revolt against the repressive policies of the preceding short-lived Qin Dinasty. The Han copied the highly centralized Qin administrative structure, dividing the country into a series of administrative areas ruled by centrally appointed officials and developing a salaried bureaucracy in which promotion was based primarily on merit. Unlike the Qin, however, the Han adopted a Confucian ideology that emphasized moderation, virtue, and filial piety and thereby masked the authoritarian policies of the regime.

220 – 589 - Collapse of Han state results in nearly four centuries of division between competing dynasties before China is reunited by the short-lived Sui dynasty. Start of the development of southern China.

618-907 - Tang Dynasty unites China for nearly three centuries, in what is seen as the second- high point of Chinese civilization after the Han; imperial sphere of influence reaches Central Asia for the first time.

960-1279 – Song Dynasty, ruled the country during one of its most brilliant cultural epochs, it changed to the adoption of Neo-Confucianism as the official state ideology. It was weaker than Tang empire militarily and politically, it was marked as a high point of the classical culture.

Mongol rule

1271-1368 – Yuan Dynasty is established by the Mongols, founded by Kublai Khan. Beijing becomes the capital of a united China.

1368 – Ming Dynasty exits Mongols from China and the stabilization of an agricultural economy. The Great Wall of China completed.

1644 – Manchu Qing Dynasty drives out Ming. With the annexation o multiple zones.

19th Century – Qing Dynasty begins a long decline.

1839-1942 – Takes place the first Opium War. The Chinese government confiscates and destroys a considerable amount of opium being warehoused at Canton (Guangzhou) by British merchants. After the negotiations at Canton (Guangzhou), the British forces attack and occupy the city. The end of the conflict is marked by the capture of Nanjing (Nanking), which brings an end to the fighting. The Treaty of Nanjing, between Great Britain and China, ending with the first Opium War. It is also signed the Treaty of the Bogue (Humen).

1856-1858 – The Anglo-French War takes place.

1894-1895 – Sino-Japanese War. Conflict between Japan and China that was marked by the emergence of Japan as a major world power and demonstrated the weakness of the Chinese empire.

1900 – Boxer Rebellion. The original aim was the destruction of the dynasty and also of the Westerners who had a privileged position in China. A Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there.

The Republic

1911-1912 – Militarily revolts by reform-minded officers lead to proclamation of Republic of China under Sun Yat-sen and abdication of last Qing emperor.

1925 – The death of Sun Yat-sen brings Chiang Kaishek to the fore. He breaks with the Communists and confirms the governing Kuomintang as a nationalist party.

1931-1945 – Japan invades and gradually occupies more and more of China.

1934-1935 – Mao Zedong emerges as Communist leader during the party's "Long March" to its new base in Shaanxi Province.

1937 – Kuomintang and Communists nominally unite against Japanese. Civil war resumes after Japan's defeat in Second World War.

Communist victory

1949 – The Communist Party under the leadership of Mao Zedong finally overthrew the Nationalists, led by Chaing Kai-shek, in 1949. The People’s Republic of China was proclaimed on October 1. The political and economic institutions created after 1949 were highly extractive. Politically, they featured the dictatorship of the Chinese Communist Party. No other political organization has been allowed in China sin then. Until his death 1976, Mao entirely dominated the Communist Party and the government. Accompanying these authoritarian, extractive political institutions were highly extractive economic institutions. Mao immediately nationalized land and abolished all kinds of property rights in one fell swoop. The market economy was essentially abolished. Money and wages were replaced by “work points,” which could be traded for goods.

1950 – October – PLA is sent to the Tibet.

1958 – It is launched the Great Leap Forward that was Mao’s attempt to modernize China’s economy, to increase rivalry with America’s economy. It caused massive environmental damage in China. The backyard steel production plan resulted in entire forests being chopped down and burned to fuel the smelters, which left the land open to erosion.

1962 – The long-standing tension between India and China over the demarcation of the Himalayan frontier between the two countries came to a head on October 20 with the offensive of the military forces of China.

1966-1976 - The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution was a decade-long period of political and social chaos caused by Mao Zedong’s bid to use the Chinese masses to reassert his control over the Communist party.

Its bewildering complexity and almost unfathomable brutality was such that to this day historians struggle to make sense of everything that occurred during the period.

However, Mao’s decision to launch the “revolution” in May 1966 is now widely interpreted as an attempt to destroy his enemies by unleashing the people on the party and urging them to purify its ranks.

When the mass mobilisation kicked off party newspapers depicted it as an epochal struggle that would inject new life into the socialist cause. “Like the red sun rising in the east, the unprecedented Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution is illuminating the land with its brilliant rays,” one editorial read.

1972 – Richard Nixon visits China and normalizes the relations between China and the United States of America. This was called the Beijing talks. The purpose of the talks: re-establishing diplomatic relations.

1976 – Mao dies. The Gang of Four was a group of four influential Chinese Communist Party figures during the latter years of Mao Zedong’s rule. The gang consisted on: Mao’s wife, Jiang Qing, and her associates Wang Hongwen, Yao Weyuan, and Zhang Chunqiao. They committed crimes against the state.

1979 – President Jimmy Carter gives China full diplomatic recognition; the relations are re-established.

1986-1990 – It is adopted the Open Door Policy that was a trade agreement between the United States, China, Japan and several European countries.

1989 – Leading sanctions to the government thanks to the open fire to demonstrators that were camping.

1989 – Stock markets are open in Shanghai and Shenzhen.

1992 – Russia-China relations are established to declare friendly ties. The International Monetary Fund ranks China as the third largest in the world after the US and Japan.

1993 – The Three Gorges Dam is a straight-crested concrete gravity structure.

1994 - China abolishes the official renminbi (RMB) currency exchange rate and fixes its first floating rate since 1949.

1995 - China tests missiles and holds military exercises in the Taiwan Strait, apparently to intimidate Taiwan during its presidential elections.

1996 - China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan - dubbed the Shanghai Five - meet in Shanghai and agree to cooperate to combat ethnic and religious tensions in each other’s countries.

1997 – Hong Kong reverts to Chinese control.

50th Anniversary

1999 – NATO rises tensions with China after bombing multiple Chinese embassies. Macao reverts to Chinese rule.

2000 – Bomb explosion kills up to 60 IN Urumqi, Xinjiang.

2001 – June - Leaders of China, Russia and four Central Asian states launch the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) and sign an agreement to fight ethnic and religious militancy while promoting trade and investment. The group emerges when the Shanghai Five - China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan - are joined by Uzbekistan.

November – China joins the World Trade Organisation.

2002 – February – George W Bush visits.

July – US says China is modernizing the military power to take offensive over Taiwan.

2003 - National People's Congress elects Hu Jintao as president.

SARS virus outbreak

2003 – March-April – China and Hong Kong are hit by the pneumonia-like SARS virus, thought to have originated in Guangdong province in November 2002. Strict quarantine measures are enforced to stop the disease spreading.

June – Hong Kong is declared free of SARS.

China in space

October – Astronaut Yang Liwei is sent to space by a long March 2F rocket.

2005 - Hong Kong Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa resigns. He is succeeded in June by Donald Tsang.

Tensions with Japan

April – Relations with Japan deteriorate with some anti-Japanese protests in Chinese cities.

August – China and Russia hold military cooperation.

October – Second manned space flight, with two astronauts circling Earth in the Shenzhou VI capsule.

November – Water supplies were cut off thanks to the explosion at a chemical plant.

2006 – May – Three Gorges Dam is completed.

July – China-Tibet railway line begins operating.

November – Africa-China business power cooperate to the economic growth, China promises billions of dollars in loans and credits.

Missile Test

2007 – China’s military build-up causes concern thanks to the missile test made by China in space, shooting an old weather satellite.

February – Chinese president visits multiple countries to boost investment and trade.

April – Wen Jiabao becomes the first Chinese prime minister to address Japan’s parliament. China and Japan agree to leave the tensions history has left.

June – New labor law.

July – Chief of food and drug is executed for taking bribes. Inconformity with drugs and food are sparked of Chinese exports.

October – China launches the first moon orbiter.

2008 – January – Snowstorms affected up to 100 million people.

Tibet unrest

March – The most violent Anti-China protests reach the Tibet.

June – Are established the first bilateral talks between Taiwan and China.

July – China and Russia sign treaty ending the dispute of border.

September – Astronaut Zhai Zhigang completes China’s first spacewalk.

Global Financial Crisis

2009 – February – Russia and China sign $25bn deal to supply China with oil for next 20 years in exchange for loans. Hillary Clinton expresses a call to partnership on tour overseas.

December – Akmal Shaikh is executed for drug dealing.

Tensions with US, Japan

2010 – January – China makes a rise 17.7% on exports in December.

March – Google ends its compliance with Chinese internet censorship and starts re-directing web searches.

October – Liu Xiaobo is awarded Nobel Peace Price (jailed).

No. 2 World Economy

2011 – February – China passes Japan to become the world’s second-largest economy.

April – Ai Weiwei is prosecuted for committing “economic crimes”.

2012 – April – China ups the limit within which the yuan currency can fluctuate to 1% in trading against the US dollar, from 0.5%. The US welcomes the move, as it has been pressing China to let the yuan appreciate.

May – Philippines and Chinese naval vessels confront one another off the Scarborough Shoal reef in the South China Sea. Both countries claim the reef, which may have significant reserves of oil and gas.

Lunar Mission

2013 – Communist Party expresses plans to relax one-child policy.

December – Yutu lands the surface of the moon.

2014 – January – Foreign companies are allowed to enter Shanghai free trade zone.

May – The US impose prosecution to five Chinese army officers with industrial cyber-espionage

Hong Kong Protests

September-October – Protests against government plan to vet candidates for elections.

2015 – January – Economic growth decreases to its lowest level.

September – Xi Jinping visits US to promote investment.

October – Communist Party says the one-child policy will come to an end.

November – Xi Jinping and Ma Ying-jeou have historic talks in Singapore.

2016 – International Monetary Fund launches prediction of deceleration over two years.

2017 – Slow economic growth stays.

US Trade Tension

April – Trade cooperation is needed for impulse Chinese economic growth.

June – It is approved a cyber-security law.

October – Communist Party votes at its congress to enshrine Xi Jinping’s name and ideology in its constitution.

2018 – April – 25% trade tariffs will be imposed to US goods. Cold War

What was it?

The Cold War was a rivalry between the USSR and the United States of America that played out globally. Were the “clash of civilizations” model really does apply. Socialism, wanted to take over the world, and many Soviets saw themselves in a conflict with bourgeois capitalism itself. And the Soviets saw American rebuilding efforts in Europe and Japan as the US trying to expand its markets. So the US feared that the USSR wanted to destroy democratic and capitalist institutions. And the Soviets feared that the US wanted to use its money and power to dominate Europe and eventually destroy the Soviet system. And both parties were right to be worried. Immediately after the World War II, the Soviets created a sphere of influence in eastern Europe, dominating the countries where the Red Army had pushed back the Nazis, which is why Winston Churchill famously said in 1946 that an “Iron Curtain” had descended across Europe. While the dates of the Cold War are usually given between 1945 and 1990, a number of historian’s state that it actually started during World War II. Stalin’s distrust of the US and Britain keep growing as they refused to invade Europe and open up a second front against the Nazis. And some even say that the decision to drop the first Atomic Bombs on Japan was motivated in part by a desire to intimidate the Soviets. Later the Soviets were encouraging to prove the atomic bomb in 1949.

From the beginning the US had the advantage because it had more money and power and provide Europe protection. The USSR had to rebuilt itself, and also, they had the significant disadvantage of being controlled by noted Joseph Stalin.

Introduction to Economy

Economics is the social science of studying the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services, as the author of “El economista camuflado. La economia de las cosas pequeñas” Tim Harford journalist of “Financial Times” describes it as “The logic of life”. Economy is a very extend topic and to understand it, is necessary to know the basic concepts. “Demand & Supply” This concept is also known law of demand1 or law of supply2 this plays a huge role at free market3, basically this concept expresses that Higher the price, higher will be the supply from the manufacturers, more so in the case of entities in a competition to serve the consumers. Stock-outs are no good for a supplier as it affects the brand and the consumer can move elsewhere. The stable state of equilibrium in an economic system makes the economy efficient, the suppliers are moving their goods and the consumers are getting what they are demanding.

https://www.mbacrystalball.com/blog/economics/

1 Demand is the quantity of a good (or service) the buyers are willing to purchase at a particular price. 2 Supply is the quantity of a good the sellers are willing to deliver at a particular price. Meanwhile price is a result of the constant tug-of-war between the demand and supply. 3 unregulated system of economic exchange, in which taxes, quality controls, quotas, tariffs, and other forms of centralized economic interventions by government either do not exist or are minimal. As the free market represents a benchmark that does not actually exist, modern societies can only approach or approximate this ideal of efficient resource allocation and can be described along a spectrum ranging from low to high amounts of regulation.

Efficient Market Hypothesis Definition: The Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) essentially says that all known information about investment securities, such as stocks, is already factored into the prices of those securities. Therefore, assuming this is true, no amount of analysis can give an investor an edge over other investors, collectively known as "the market." EMH does not require that investors be rational; it says that individual investors will act randomly, but, the market is always "right." In simple terms, "efficient" implies "normal." For example, an unusual reaction to unusual information is normal. If a crowd suddenly starts running in one direction, it's normal for you to run in that direction as well, even if there isn't a rational reason for doing so.

China Economic

Since initiating market reforms in 1978, China has shifted from a centrally planned to a more market-based economy and has experienced rapid economic and social development. GDP growth has averaged nearly 10% a year the fastest sustained expansion by a major economy in history and more than 850 million people have lifted themselves out of poverty. China reached all the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 and made a major contribution to the achievement of the MDGs globally. Although China’s GDP growth has gradually slowed since 2012, as needed for a transition to more balanced and sustainable growth, it is still relatively high by current global standards.

With a population of 1.3 billion, China is the world’s second largest economy and the largest if measured in purchasing price parity terms. China has been the largest single contributor to world growth since the global financial crisis of 2008.

Although China has made impressive economic and social development gains, its market reforms are incomplete, and its per capita income remains that of a developing country and less than one quarter of the average of OECD countries. The country is on track to eliminate absolute poverty by 2020 according to China’s current poverty standard (per capita rural net income of RMB 2,300 per year in 2010 constant prices). However, there are still an estimated 373.1 million people below the “upper middle income” international poverty line of $5.50 a day.

Rapid economic ascendance has brought on many challenges as well, including high inequality (especially between rural and urban areas), challenges to environmental sustainability, and external imbalances. China also faces demographic pressures related to an aging population and the internal labor migration.

China’s rapid economic growth exceeded the pace of institutional development, and there are important institutional and reform gaps that it needs to address to ensure a sustainable growth path. Significant policy adjustments are required for China’s growth to be sustainable. Managing structural reforms and related risks will not be straightforward given the complexity, size, and global importance of China’s economy.

China’s 13th Five-Year Plan (2016-2020) addresses these issues. It highlights the development of services and measures to address environmental and social imbalances, setting targets to reduce pollution, to increase energy efficiency, to improve access to education and healthcare, and to expand social protection. The 13th Five-Year Plan’s annual growth target is 6.5%, reflecting the rebalancing of the economy and the focus on the quality of growth while maintaining the objective of achieving a “moderately prosperous society” by 2020

China has a very accelerated growth of its economy, to see it on perspective, during 1000 and 1500 in Europe, the rent per capita growth a 0,12% per year, that means an 82% in 500 years. In China during 2002 and 2008 the rent per capita growth a 11% per year that means that what for meddle Europe took 83 years China did it in 6 years, It´s important to add that China is the second largest issuer and recipient of FDI in the world for the last 2 years

If we could highlight any aspect of China, it is more that evident the economic capacity and security that this country has. It isn´t a secret that for the government metallic resources are very attractive and China had used this knowledge to its favour to have an economic background based on gold. During the last 10 years the gold price had grown, and predictions show that the value will continue growing. China gold reserves had grown a 32% this year. If China enters to an economic crisis, they are protected by the gold cycle.

In the latest years China had completed the largest and complex system of rail network, China is looking now forward the initiative of its president Xi Jingping call “China´s One Belt One Road “also known as the new silk road. This project involves more than 65 countries and cost over 1 Trillion Dollars. This project includes two specific sectors that are by land and by sea. With this plan China wants to connect it´s country to the rest of the world and enhance its exports to Europe, Africa and Asia.

https://www.livemint.com/Politics/L7ZdhqoWrmqp3siLG4mdhJ/Trains-sea-ports-of-Chinas-new-Silk- Road.html

Comparison Between Different Economic Schools

Classic Neoclassical The economy is integrated Class Individuals by… People are… Selfish and rational (but Selfish and rational rationality is defined in terms of class) The world is… True ("iron laws") True, with a calculable risk The most important area of The production Commerce and consumption the economy is… The economy changes by… The accumulation of capital The individual elections (investment) Recommendations on Free trade Free market or economic policy interventionism, depending on the economist's point of view on market failures and government failures

Marxism Developmentalist Austrian Schumpeterian Keynesian The economy is Classes Does not have a defined Individuals does not have a Classes integrated by… point of view, but defined point of view focuses more on the classes The people are... Selfish and rational, Does not have a defined Selfish but It does not have a Not very except for the point of view stratified (they defined point of view, rational (they workers who fight for are only but it emphasizes non- get carried socialism rational rational away by the because they entrepreneurship habits and the accept the "animal tradition spirits"); his without point of view questioning it) about selfishness is ambiguous The world is… True ("laws of Uncertain, but does not Complex and Complex, but your Uncertain motion") have a definite point of uncertain point of view is not view defined The most important The production The production Trade The production Ambiguous area of the economy point of view, is… but a minority pays attention to the production The economy The class struggle, The development of Individual Technological Ambiguous changes by… the accumulation of productive capacities choices, but innovation point of view, capital and rooted in depends on technological tradition the economist progress Recommendations on Socialist revolution Temporary protection Free market Ambiguous anyway, Active fiscal economic policy and central planning and intervention by the capitalism is doomed policies, State to atrophy distribution of income in favor of the poorest Institutionalist Behaviorist The economy is integrated People and institutions People, organizations and by… institutions The people are... Stratified (instinct / habit / Rationally limited and belief / reason) stratified The world is… Complex and uncertain Complex and uncertain The most important area of It does not have a defined It does not have a defined the economy is… point of view, but it puts more point of view, but it tends to emphasis on production than highlight the production the neoclassical The economy changes by… The interaction between Does not have a defined point people and institutions of view Recommendations on Ambiguous, depends on the It does not have a defined economic policy economist point of view, but it is willing to accept intervention by the State

International Treaty

COMECON The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance was given fresh impetus by the challenge of integration in Western Europe. Eastern European cooperation is compared with integration in Western Europe. Finally, there is the question of how to reform Comecon to align it with the present movement of economic reform in Eastern Europe. This trade was done by the URSS (Russia) and the principal countries that were Communist.

UN The United Nations came into being in 1945, following the devastation of the Second World War, with one central mission: the maintenance of international peace and security. The UN does this by working to prevent conflict; helping parties in conflict make peace; peacekeeping; and creating the conditions to allow peace to hold and flourish. These activities often overlap and should reinforce one another, to be effective. The UN Security Council has the primary responsibility for international peace and security. The General Assembly and the Secretary- General play major, important, and complementary roles, along with other UN offices and bodies.

SEATO

The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) was an international organization for collective defense in Southeast Asia created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty, or Manila Pact, signed in September 1954 in Manila, Philippines. This trade was created because the demand of stop the spread of Communism in Southeast Asia. SEATO is consider a failure because internal conflicts generated using the SEATO military. COMINFORM

The Cominform was an organization for the exchange of information and experiences among the communist parties. It was the successor of the old Comintern, a Russian acronym for "Communist International", which had been dissolved by Stalin during the Second World War.

WTO

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the only global international organization dealing with the rules of trade between nations. At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world’s trading nations and ratified in their parliaments. The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business.

International Monetary Fund

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world, it´s primary purpose is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system

BRICS

Is a group of emerging economies consisting of Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa. (BRICS) Headquartered in Shanghai, China. Its main objectives are to cooperate between the member nations for development, provide financial assistance, support various projects, infrastructure around the countries that form it.

ASEAN

Asean aims to promote collaboration and co-operation among member states( East Asia Summit which is a forum attended by Asean and the leaders of China, India, Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Japan, Russia and the United States.), as well as to advance the interests of the region, including economic and trade growth. It has negotiated a free trade agreement among member states and with other countries such as China, as well as eased travel in the region for citizens of member countries.

China politic system

“The Chinese Communist Party has ruled the country since 1949, tolerating no opposition and often dealing brutally with dissent. The country's most senior decision-making body is the standing committee of the politburo, heading a pyramid of power which tops every village and workplace. Politburo members have never faced competitive election, making it to the top thanks to their patrons, abilities and survival instincts in a political culture where saying the wrong thing can lead to a life under house-arrest, or worse. Formally, their power stems from their positions in the politburo. But in China, personal relations count much more than job titles. A leader's influence rests on the loyalties he or she builds with superiors and proteges, often over decades. That was how Deng Xiaoping remained paramount leader long after resigning all official posts, and it explains why party elders sometimes play a key role in big decisions. The power is divided in branches that all respond to the Politburo and they to the Communist Party.

Communist party: The Chinese Communist Party's 73-million membership makes it the biggest political party in the world. Its tight organisation and ruthlessness help explain why it is also still in power. The party oversees and influences many aspects of people's lives - what they learn at school and watch on TV, their jobs and housing, even the number of children they are allowed. It is an elite group made up largely of government officials, army officers and model workers. Businesspeople are also now being invited to join its ranks. It is unrepresentative of China as a whole. Only 20% of members are women, 77% are over 35 years old and 31% have a college degree. It is also obsessive about control, regularly showing itself capable of great brutality in suppressing dissent or any challenge to its authority.

Politburo: Decision affecting China's 1.3billion people is first discussed and approved by a handful of men who sit on the party's political bureau (politburo), the nexus of all power in China. The 24-member Politburo is elected by the party's central committee. But real power lies with its nine-member standing committee, which works as a kind of inner cabinet and groups together the country's most influential leaders. How the standing committee operates is secret and unclear. But its meetings are thought to be regular and frequent, often characterised by blunt speaking and disagreement. Senior leaders speak first and then sum up, giving their views extra weight. The emphasis is always on reaching a consensus, but if no consensus is reached, the majority holds sway. Once a decision has been made, all members are bound by it. Although policy disagreements and factional fighting are widely believed to take place in private, it is extremely rare for these to break into the public domain. When they do as happen in 1989 when the leadership battled over how to deal with the Tiananmen protests – it is a sign of all-out power struggle. New politburo members are chosen only after rigorous discussion and investigation of their backgrounds, experience and views. To reach the top, people need a strong record of achievement working for the party, to have the right patrons, to have dodged controversy, and to have avoided making powerful enemies.

Party Elders: Senior leaders sometimes retain great influence over decisions and appointments long after they officially step down from power. The most notorious example was Deng Xiaoping, who remained paramount leader even when his only remaining official post was chairman of the China Bridge Association. More tellingly, it was Deng and other "retired" leaders and not the Politburo standing committee who are thought to have made the fateful decisions to declare martial law and then send in the army to clear Tiananmen Square during the 1989 protests. The issue is still important today. Chinese President Hu Jintao is believed to be trying to reduce the influence of former President Jiang Zemin, even though he no longer has an official post. Part of the reason the elders wield such influence is because of the patron-protege nature of Chinese politics. Mr Jiang and other members of his generation took care to manoeuvre their own supporters into the politburo and government bureaucracy. This should ensure they at least retain some influence over the new generation, even if that influence wanes as the new leaders gain more experience. It is not simply about power for power's sake. In China, retiring leaders know that the verdict on their achievements can easily be reversed. They also must look out for their children; whose wealth and success becomes vulnerable to attack if their own influence fades. As compensation, elders get a privileged and pampered retirement. They are guaranteed elite bodyguards, special housing, secretaries and drivers, as well as access to restricted documents and information.

State Council: The State Council is the cabinet which oversees China's vast government machine. It sits at the top of a complex bureaucracy of commissions and ministries and is responsible for making sure party policy gets implemented from the national to the local level. In theory it answers to the National People's Congress, but more often the State Council submits legislation and measures which the NPC then approves. The State Council's most important roles are to draft and manage the national economic plan and the state budget, giving it decision- making powers over almost every aspect of people's lives. It is also responsible for law and order. The full council meets once a month, but the more influential standing committee comes together more often, sometimes twice a week. This committee is made up of the country's premier, four vice-premiers, state councilors and the secretary-general.

Provinces and townships: China is governed as 22 provinces, five "autonomous" regions, four municipalities - considered so important they are under central government control (Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Chongqing) - and two special administrative regions. The people in charge of these bodies – a group of about 7,000 senior party and government leaders - are all appointed by the party's organisation department. Although many are powerful individuals – the governor of Sichuan province rules over 85 million people – their ability to deviate from the party line is limited because they know their next career move would be at stake. Nevertheless, most analysts agree the centre has lost some control to the regions in the past two decades, especially in the economic field.

Local leeway: There has even been speculation that some provinces want to break away from central control, though this is seen as highly unlikely to be allowed. Power and decisions flow down from the top level to an intermediate level of counties and cities, and finally to the local-level townships. At each level the party and government structures sit side by side, with the party's representative always the more powerful. Thus a province's party general-secretary takes precedence over its governor. Each level has its own local People's Congress which elects its own government for periods of three or five years. These local governments have been given limited leeway to adopt local regulations in keeping with their situation.

National People's Congress: Under China's 1982 constitution, the most powerful organ of state is meant to be the National People's Congress (NPC), China's parliament. In truth, it is little more than a rubber stamp for party decisions. The congress is made up of nearly 3,000 delegates elected by China's provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities and the armed forces. Delegates hold office for five years, and the full congress is convened for one session each year. This sporadic and unwieldy nature means that real influence lies within a standing committee of about 150 members elected from congress delegates. It meets every couple of months. In theory, the congress has the powers to change the constitution and make laws. But it is not, and is not meant to be, an independent body in the Western sense of a parliament. For a start, about 70% of its delegates - and almost all its senior figures - are also party members. Their loyalty is to the party first, the NPC second.

Courts and prosecutors: China's laws reflect a complicated mix of party priorities, a Soviet- inspired system set up after 1949, and a raft of new legislation passed since 1979 to haul the country's modernising economy into line with those of major foreign investors like the US and Europe. But the party still comes first. Laws are seen as a way to manage the economy and people's lives, rarely to protect them from the state or enshrine individual rights. Law-making is also complicated. The National People's Congress is responsible for drafting laws covering areas like human rights and taxation. But in other areas, the State Council and local governments can legislate too. Even once laws have been passed there is no guarantee they will always be respected.

Discipline Commission: Party members suspected of corruption, bad management or breaking with the party line are liable to be hauled before discipline inspection commissions, set up to deal with internal party discipline and to monitor abuses.As economic reforms have gathered pace, corruption has become probably the single most damaging issue for the party's standing. As a result, there have been consistent campaigns to root out corrupt officials and give maximum media coverage to a few, high- profile punishments. For example, Shanghai party chief Chen Liangyu, who was also a member of the Politburo, was arrested in 2006 accused of mis-using the city's pension fund. More often, powerful party members are usually able to protect themselves, their families and proteges from any enquiries or public criticism. And because it is the party which investigates the party - it is not prepared to tolerate outsiders monitoring its members' behaviour - the commissions are always prone to interference from higher up. On the occasions that the party has acted against senior members, its motives have been questioned. For example, experts say the fall of Mr Chen is as much about Chinese President Hu Jintao's attempts to consolidate his power as it is about corruption. Nevertheless, the discipline inspection commissions do have privileged access to information about people. Their control over networks of informers and personal files makes them particularly feared.

Military Affairs Commission: China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) has always defended the party as much as national borders. During the early years of communist rule, most of the country's leaders owed their positions to their military success during the civil war, and links between them and the PLA remained very close. But as this generation has died off and reforms have been introduced to make the armed forces more professional, the relationship has shifted subtly. Party leaders know they are lost without the army's support, as became clear during crises like the 1989 Tiananmen protests. At the same time, senior military leaders realise they need the leadership's backing if far-reaching plans to modernise the armed forces are to be paid for. The party's control over the armed forces and their nuclear arsenal is institutionalised through the Central Military Affairs Commission. The 11-man commission has the final say on all decisions relating to the PLA, including senior appointments, troop deployments and arms spending. Almost all the members are senior generals, but the most important posts have always been held by the party's most senior leaders.

Armed forces: Twenty years ago, soldiers in China's People's Liberation Army (PLA) spent as much time on "political work" and reading party speeches as military training. Reforms introduced since the 1980s have made the armed forces much more professional. They have shed one million men in a bid to concentrate on quality not quantity. Emphasis is being put on better training, better weapons and better pay. Nevertheless, the military's position as defender of the party means it will never be de- linked from politics. Officers and men still must declare their loyalty to party principles, study its teachings and read leaders' important pronouncements. PLA officers are also party members, and there is a separate party machine inside the military to make sure rank and file stay in line with party thinking. In keeping with its more professional role, the PLA has lost influence over non-military affairs. It was forced by Jiang Zemin to give up a vast business empire. It also appears to be losing clout at the top of the party, where there is no PLA representative on the politburo's standing committee. Some analysts think PLA generals are happy with this, so long as they retain influence over the areas which really matter to the military – specifically the Taiwan issue and relations with America. There have been suggestions that on at least one of these – US relations – military thinking is different to the party leaderships. Senior military figures are thought to be far more wary of US intentions in the region, especially regarding Taiwan.

Taken from BBC

http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/in_depth/china_politics/government/html/9.stm

China Military Power

China’s State Council Information Office has just released a new national defense white paper, which is the first since the launch of major military reforms in 2015. This document includes an assessment of the international security situation and provides an official explanation of China’s defense policy, missions, military reforms, and defense expenditure. While unsparing in its critique of power politics and American “hegemonism,” the defense white paper also calls for China’s armed forces to “adapt to the new landscape of strategic competition.” In Xi Jinping’s “new era,” the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is urged to strengthen its preparedness and enhance combat capabilities commensurate with China’s global standing and interests. As the PLA pursues the objective of transforming into “world-class forces” by mid-century, the U.S. military may confront the unprecedented challenge of a potential adversary with formidable and rapidly advancing capabilities.

As an attempt to reassure the international community of China’s commitment to “world peace,” this defense white paper may have limited utility, particularly juxtaposed against the strident signaling of resolve on the “Taiwan question.” This articulation of China’s national defense is direct and explicit in highlighting the willingness to use force to prevent and defeat any attempts at “Taiwan independence.” China’s quest to achieve “complete reunification” is described as threatened by the potential “interference of external forces,” implicitly the United States, which is often characterized as a powerful adversary in Chinese military writings not intended for an external audience. The U.S. military is the target and often the teacher for Chinese military modernization, and the PLA must be prepared to use “all necessary measures” in order to “safeguard national unity.”

“China’s National Defense in the New Era” constitutes critical reading for those concerned with Chinese military strategy and force development, which merit urgent interest in today’s geopolitical environment. While a notable gesture toward improved transparency, this defense white paper reveals and introduces only limited information on the reforms, relative to the available open-source assessments that have long since confirmedthe primary conclusions, including the restructuring of its command system and leadership. Nonetheless, this defense white paper merits careful examination as an official indication of the direction of the Chinese military force construction at a midpoint for reforms intended to ensure the PLA can “fight and win” future wars and enhance its capabilities for joint operations.

Indeed, this new era heralds “historic strides” and future directions for Chinese military power that reflect the PLA’s assessments of the changing character of warfare. At a time when global military competition is intensifying, these threats are spurring China’s own agenda for military innovation. “The history of the people’s armed forces is a history of reform and innovation,” declares this defense white paper. Once, the PLA was all but incapable of changing and overcoming the significant impediments to reform. However, the United States has consistently underestimated the scale and rapidity of Chinese military modernization. Today, Xi Jinping is personally emphasizing the imperative of innovation for the PLA, and his leadership has evidently contributed to substantial progression in the implementation these major reforms. The PLA is preparing for the demands of future warfare. There is a trend toward the development of weaponry and equipment that are “long-range precision, intelligent, stealthy and unmanned.” Whereas conflict has been reshaped by information technology in recent history, today’s advances in emerging technologies are anticipated to create a new form or pattern of warfare, catalyzed by this latest round of technological and industrial revolutions. China is concerned with the increasing application of cutting-edge technologies in the military domain, especially artificial intelligence (AI), quantum information, big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things. Significantly, this white paper concludes, “The form of warfare is accelerating in its evolution towards informatized warfare, and intelligentized warfare is on the horizon.”

The PLA is concentrating on adapting to and leveraging the Revolution in Military Affairs that is believed to be underway. This latest national defense white paper builds upon themes from the 2015 “China’s Military Strategy,” which had highlighted that the global RMA is “proceeding to a new stage.” At that time, China expressed concern about major military powers “speeding up their military transformation,” seemingly alluding to the U.S. Third Offset Strategy, which had been launched in late 2014 and received intense attentionamong Chinese military strategists. The “revolutionary changes in military technologies and the form of war” were believed to present “new and severe challenges to China’s military security,” and these concerns have only intensified since 2015 as such trends continue and accelerate. China’s historic military reforms reflect a response to this RMA. The deepening and advancement of these reforms is described as intended to “focus on removing institutional barriers and solving structural and policy-related problems to adapt to the trends of worldwide RMA….” For instance, the elevation of the Central Military Commision (CMC) Science and Technology Commission, responsible for “organizing and guiding cutting-edge technological innovation,” and far-reaching transformation of the Academy of Military Science have positioned the PLA to pursue military innovation in developing new concepts and capabilities. The PLA is described as having achieved “great progress” in the “Revolution in Military Affairs

For instance, as a significant innovation in force structure, the PLA Strategic Support Force (PLASSF) is a unique outcome of the reforms. The PLASSF has consolidated capabilities for space, cyber, and electronic warfare, contributing to Chinese capabilities to “fight and win wars in the information age.” At the same time, its supporting function is officially described as including battlefield environmental protection, information and communication assurance, and information security protection, as well as new technology testing. In a notable indicator of progress, the PLASSF is “actively integrated into the joint operations system, and solidly carrying out new-type domains confrontation drills and emergency response training.” The PLA’s improvements in joint training, including a growing number of more realistic exercises, reflects further progress toward jointness.

Looking forward, the PLA is focused on the risks of “technology surprise” and a “growing technological generation gap” at a time when global military competition is intensifying. This defense white paper is concerned that “The US is engaging in technological and institutional innovation in pursuit of absolute military superiority.” These American initiatives appear to be provoking a powerful response in China, spurring on Chinese defense innovation and perhaps justifying the dedication of greater resources to emerging capabilities. Indeed, according to “China’s National Defense in the New Era,” the PLA must “shoulder arduous tasks in following the trends of the worldwide RMA and speeding up the RMA with Chinese characteristics.” The PLA is also clear-eyed about its present shortcomings and challenges. At present, the PLA “has yet to complete the task of mechanization, and is in urgent need of improving its informationization.” Even while still struggling to catch up with militaries that were the first to take advantage of the information revolution on the battlefield, the PLA is now confronting the daunting challenge of keeping pace with today’s technological transformations. Because of its past experiences of technological backwardness, China has an acute awareness of the threat of falling behind. By its own assessment, “The PLA still lags far behind the world’s leading militaries.” The ambition to become a “world-class” or “global first-class” force is juxtaposed with an awareness of the current disparity between its capabilities and those of the U.S. military, which is seen as the target and objective.}

In the process, the PLA will continue to confront distinct challenges relative to the U.S. military. The PLA is presently at a stage in its development at which it must undertake three major initiatives simultaneously. This transformation will require that Chinese military leaders “promote the integrated development of mechanization and informatization and accelerate the development of military intelligentization.” Although the official English translation phrases this as “the development of an intelligent military,” the literal translation of “intelligentization” conveys the relationship among these stages of Chinese military modernization, which are by necessity undertaken simultaneously, since the PLA encompasses great variety and notable disparities in levels of force development. The ongoing implementation of “informatization” can create an important foundation for this intelligentization, which will be the next thrust of Chinese military modernization.

The PLA’s transformation will require a paradigm change in its model for military power. Today, the PLA is “striving to transform from a quantity-and-scale model to that of quality and efficiency, as well as from being personnel-intensive to one that is S&T-intensive.” Among the prominent elements of the reforms has been a downsizing of 300,000 personnel and ongoing initiatives to improve recruitment of top-tier talent, including to support military research. This strong emphasis on science and technology is described as “a bid to maintain and enhance the strength of the areas where they lead, and intensify innovation in emerging domains.” This white paper heralds “great progress in independent innovation in some strategic, cutting-edge and disruptive technologies,” highlighting the Tianhe-2 supercomputer as a prime example. The PLA’s quest for innovation involves not only technology but also theoretical innovation. As this latest update on China’s national defense emphasizes, while “focusing on war and fighting wars,” China’s armed forces have “innovated in military theories and delivered outcomes in military strategy, joint operations and informationization…” These theoretical advancements are significant, particularly because the PLA had failed earlier to complete the revision and release of a new generation of its doctrine or “operational regulations” Notably, the Academy of Military Science, which is responsible for developing the PLA’s strategy and doctrine, has pioneered a new approach of “theory-technology integration” that looks to leverage synergies between strategic and technical understanding. As U.S.-China military competition intensifies, the PLA’s capacity to operationalize innovation will be a critical determinant of the course of this rivalry. The success or failure of this endeavor may shape the future military balance, and it is critical to recognize the PLA’s progress, ambitions, and continued challenges in innovation to mitigate the risks of strategic surprise”

Elsa B. Kania is an Adjunct Senior Fellow with the Technology and National Security Program at the Center for a New American Security.

The problem with the China army is that they don´t have any type of knowledge at real combat. The last time they went to war was more than 10 years ago and the way they could work at real war is very unknown. Also, prediction say that for 2050 China will have the biggest army in the world something that makes insecure U.S.A for a possible attack.

List of Officials

• Ministry of Foreign Affairs • Ministry of National Defense • Ministry of Science and Technology • Ministry of Pubilc Security • Ministry of State Security • Ministry of Civil Affairs • Ministry of Finance • Ministry of Justice • Ministry of Commerce • National Audit Office • Nacional Development and reform commission • Minister of public security •

Qarmas

1. How does democratic peace theory challenge realism during the development of the committee? 2. What is the problem with a collective security if the countries have different ideals? 3. You, as the highest executive officer of a modern republic, how will you guarantee the maintenance of your country? 4. Considering it is a crisis committee, what preventive actions will you take to preserve yourself and your country in the committee? 5. Is your character disposed to cooperate with asymmetrical globalization? 6. Are you disposed to violate your country ideals to assure time-space compression helping the prosperity of the economy? 7. Having in mind the type of government you are the highest executive officer, what is the amount of military assets that you have ready for a possible war? And, what is your budget for the defense and offensive of your country? 8. In which of the economic, social and/or military aspects is your delegations stronger? Which is its weakness? 9. In a critical situation, what is your delegation capable of reaching in order to defend its territory and everything that composes it? 10. Bearing in mind the high vulnerability of security of information, how would privacy of the programs proposed to protect the shortage of resources be protected from any possible cyber-attack or sabotage?

Glossary

• Russian Federation: Is a country in Eurasia, the largest country in the word by area, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth’s inhabited land area. • International community: is a phrase used in geopolitics and international relations to refer to abroad group of people and governments of the world. • International Law: is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as blinding in relations between states and between nations. It serves as a framework for the practice of stable and organized international relations. • International security: also called global security, refers to the amalgamation of measures taken by states and international organizations, such as the United Nations, European Union, and others, to ensure mutual survival and safety. • Media management: is seen as a business administration discipline that identifies and describes strategic and operational phenomena and problems in leadership of media enterprises.

Bibliography:

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