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Animal Kingdom UNIT 17 ANIMAL KINGDOM Learning Objectives After completing this lesson, students will be able to: understand the classification of animal kingdom. identify and study the different groups of animals. list out the general characteristics of animals based on grades of organization, types of symmetry, coelom and various body activity. recognize that binomial classification has Latin and Greek words. identify the first name as genus and second name as species. recall the salient features of each phylum. Introduction understand the relationship among different group of animals. The first systematic approach The variety of living organisms to the classification of living organisms was surrounding us is incomprehensible. Nearly 1.5 made by a Swedish botanist, Carolus Linnaeus. million species of organism which have been He generated the standard system for naming described are different from one another. The organisms in terms of genus, species and more uniqueness is due to the diversity in the life forms extensive groupings using Latin terms. whether it is microbes, plants or animals. Every organism exhibits variation in their external Classification of appearance, internal structure and behavior, 17.1 Living Organisms mode of living etc. This versatile nature among the living animals forms the basis of diversity. Classification is the ordering of The diversity among the living organisms can be organism into groups on the basis of their studied in an effective way by arranging animals similarities, dissimilarities and relationships. in an orderly and systematic manner. The study The five kingdom classification are Monera, of various organisms would be difficult without a Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia. These suitable method of classification. groups are formed based on cell structure, The method of arranging organism into mode of nutrition, body organization and groups on the basis of similarities and differences reproduction. On the basis of hierarchy of is called classification. Taxonomy is the science classification, the organisms are separated into of classification which makes the study of smaller and smaller groups which form the wide variety of organisms easier. It helps us to basic unit of classification. 199 IX_SCI_EM_Unit-17_BIO.indd 199 06-02-2020 13:05:49 Species: It is the lowest taxonomic category. Kingdom For example, the large Indian parakeet Phylum (Psittacula eupatra) and the green parrot Class (Psittacula krameri) are two different species Order of birds. They belong to different species Family eupatra and krameri and cannot interbreed. Genus Genus: It is a group of closely related species Species which constitute the next higher category called genus. For example, the Indian wolf (Canis 17.1.1 Basis for Classification pallipes) and the Indian jackal (Canis aures) are We can divide the Animal kingdom based placed in the same genus Canis. on the level of organization (arrangement of cells), Family: A group of genera with several common body symmetry, germ layers and nature of coelom. characters form a family. For example, leopard, tiger and cat share some common characteristics Level of organization: Animals are grouped as and belong to the larger cat family Felidae. unicellular or multicellular based on cell, tissue, organ and organ system level of organization Order: A number of related families having common characters are placed in an order. Symmetry: It is a plane of arrangement of body Monkeys, baboons, apes and Man although parts. Radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry belong to different families, are placed in the are the two types of symmetry. In radial symmetry same order Primates. Since all these animals the body parts are arranged around the central possess some common features, they are placed axis. If the animal is cut through the central axis in in the same order. any direction, it can be divided into similar halves. e.g. Hydra, jelly fish and star fish. In bilateral Class: Related or similar orders together form a symmetry, the body parts are arranged along a class. The orders of different animals like those central axis. If the animal is cut through the central of rabbit, rat, bats, whales, chimpanzee and axis, we get two identical halves e.g. Frog. human share some common features such as the presence of skin and mammary glands. Hence, they are placed in class Mammalia. Phylum: Classes which are related with one another constitute a phylum. The classes of different animals like mammals, birds, reptiles, frogs and fishes constitute Phylum Chordata which have a notochord or back bone. Kingdom: It is the highest category and the largest division to which microorganisms, Figure 17.1 Radial and Bilateral Symmetry plants and animals belong to. Each kingdom is fundamentally different from Germ layers: Germ layers are formed during one another, but has the same fundamental the development of an embryo. These layers give characteristics in all organisms grouped rise to different organs, as the embryo becomes under that Kingdom. an adult. The taxa of living organisms are in a Organisms with two germ layers, the hierarchy of categories as follows. ectoderm and the endoderm are called Animal Kingdom 200 IX_SCI_EM_Unit-17_BIO.indd 200 06-02-2020 13:05:50 Classification of kingdom Animalia based on fundamental features Levels of Coelom or Kingdom Symmetry Phylum Organisation Body Cavity Cellular level Porifera Animalia Coelenterata (Multicellular) Radial (Cnidaria) Acoelomates Platyhelminthes Tissue/Organ/ (Without Coelom) Organ System Pseudocoelomates Aschelminthes Bilateral (False Coelom) Annelida Coelomat es Arthropoda (True Coelom) Mollusca Echinodermata Hemichordata Chordata diploblastic animals. e.g Hydra. Organisms Animal Kingdom is further divided into with three germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm two groups based on the presence or absence of and endoderm are called triploblastic animals. notochord as below. e.g Rabbit 1. Invertebrata Coelom: It is a fluid-filled body cavity. It 2. Chordata-Prochordata and Vertebrata separates the digestive tract from the body Animals which do not possess notochord wall. A true body cavity or coelom is one that are called as Invertebrates or Non- chordates. is located within the mesoderm. Based on the Animals which possess notochord or backbone nature of the coelom, animals are divided into are called as Chordates. You have already studied 3 groups. the characters of single celled protozoans. 1. Acoelomates do not have a body cavity More to Know e.g Tapeworm. 2. Pseudocoelomates have a false body Notochord is a rod like structure formed on the cavity e.g Roundworm. mid-dorsal side of the body during embryonic 3. Coelomates or Eucoelomates have a true development. Except primitive forms in which coelom e.g Earthworm, Frog. the notochord persists throughout life in all other animals it is replaced by a backbone. Figure 17.2 Types of Coelom 201 Animal Kingdom IX_SCI_EM_Unit-17_BIO.indd 201 06-02-2020 13:05:50 17.1.2 Binomial Nomenclature 17.2.2 Phylum Coelenterata Carolus Linnaeus introduced the method (Cnidaria) of naming the animals with two names known as Coelenterates are aquatic organisms, binomial nomenclature. The first name is called mostly marine and few fresh water forms. They genus and the first letter of genus is denoted in are multicellular, radially symmetrical animals, capital and the second one is the species name with tissue grade of organization. Body wall is denoted in small letter. The binomial names of diploblastic with two layers. An outer ectoderm some common animals are as follows. and inner endoderm are separated by non- Common name Binomial name cellular jelly like substance called mesoglea. Amoeba Amoeba proteus It has a central gastrovascular cavity called Hydra Hydra vulgaris coelenteron with mouth surrounded by short Tapeworm Taenia solium tentacles. The tentacles bear stinging cells called Roundworm Ascaris lumbricoides Earthworm Lampito mauritii/ cnidoblast or nematocyst. Perionyx excavatus Leech Hirudinaria granulosa Cockroach Periplaneta americana Snail Pila globosa Star fish Asterias rubens Frog Rana hexadactyla Wall lizard Podarcis muralis Crow Corvus splendens Peacock Pavo cristatus Dog Canis familiaris Figure 17.4 Jelly fish Cat Felis felis Tiger Panthera tigris Many coelenterates exhibit Man Homo sapiens polymorphism, which is the variation in the structure and function of the individuals of the 17.2 Invertebrata same species. They reproduce both asexually and sexually. e.g. Hydra, Jellyfish. 17.2.1 Phylum Porifera (Pore bearers) 17.2.3 Phylum Platyhelminthes These are multicellular, non-motile aquatic (Flat worms) organisms, commonly called as sponges. They They are bilaterally symmetrical, exhibit cellular grade of organization. Body is triploblastic, acoelomate (without body perforated with many pores called ostia. Water cavity) animals. Most of them are parasitic in enters into the body through ostia and leads to nature. Suckers and hooks help the animal to a canal system. It circulates water throughout attach itself to the body of the host. Excretion the body and carries food, oxygen. The body occurs by specialized cells called flame cells. wall contains spicules, which form the skeletal These worms are hermaphrodites having framework. Reproduction is by both asexual and sexual methods. e.g- Euplectella, Sycon. Euplectella Sycon Liver fluke Tape worm Figure 17.3 Pore bearers Figure 17.5 Flat worms Animal Kingdom 202 IX_SCI_EM_Unit-17_BIO.indd 202 06-02-2020 13:05:54 both male and female reproductive organs in symmetrical,
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