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Contribution À L'organisation Des Opérations D'escale Dans Une

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Contribution À L'organisation Des Opérations D'escale Dans Une En vue de l'obtention du DOCTORAT DE L'UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par : Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse (INP Toulouse) Discipline ou spécialité : Systèmes Industriels Présentée et soutenue par : Mme SALMA FITOURI TRABELSI le mardi 26 novembre 2013 Titre : CONTRIBUTION A L'ORGANISATION DES OPERATIONS D'ESCALE DANS UNE PLATEFORME AEROPORTUAIRE. Ecole doctorale : Systèmes (Systèmes) Unité de recherche : Ecole Nationale d'Aviation Civile (ENAC) Directeur(s) de Thèse : MME CATHERINE MANCEL M. FELIX MORA-CAMINO Rapporteurs : M. CARLOS ALBERTO NUNES CONSENZA, UNIVERSITE FEDERALE DE RIO DE JANEIRO M. WALID EL MOUDANI, UNIVERSITY EL KOBBEH Membre(s) du jury : 1 M. PHILIPPE MARTHON, INP TOULOUSE, Président 2 M. BATATIA HADJ, INP TOULOUSE, Membre 2 M. FELIX MORA-CAMINO, LAAS TOULOUSE, Membre 2 M. JOSÉ LUIS MOURA BERODIA, UNIVERSIDAD DE CANTABRIA, Membre 2 Mme CATHERINE MANCEL, ECOLE NATIONALE DE L'AVIATION CIVILE, Membre 2 M. SERIGNE GUEYE, UNIVERSITE D'AVIGNON, Membre Acknowledgements This doctoral research was prepared within MAIAA laboratory of Air Transport department at ENAC. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my thesis supervisor Professor Félix Mora- Camino for his continuous guidance and support throughout the research. His encouragement and advice led me to the right path and are greatly appreciated. I would like also to thank all the members of my jury, especially Professor Carlos Alberto Nunes COSENZA from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and Professor Walid EL MOUDANI from the Faculty of Business of the Lebanese University their acceptance to review my thesis dissertation. Also, I would like to thank Professor Philippe MARTHON for his acceptance to chair the jury of my PhD thesis. My heartfelt appreciation also goes to the friends and colleagues at the Automation Research Group of MAIAA laboratory. I would also like to extend my deepest gratitude to my family for their unconditional love and support. I am also grateful to everyone who, in one way or another, has helped me get through these years. “To my father’s soul… To my mother, to my sister… To all my family, to all my friend…” Abstract The increase of the world air traffic growth of the last decades has generated a permanent challenge for civil aviation authorities, airlines and airports to supply sufficient capacity to provide a safe transportation service with acceptable quality standards. New traffic management practices, such as A-CDM, based on multi-agent and collaborative decision making concepts have been introduced at airports. However, within the turnaround process of aircraft at airports, ground handling management of aircraft has not been developed specifically in the A-CDM approach, even if it has an important role in the fluidity of aircraft operations at airports. The main objective of this thesis dissertation is to contribute to the organisation of the ground handling management at airports. It consists to provide a structure organize the ground handling management compatible with the A -CDM concept. The proposed structure introduces a ground handling coordinator (GHC) which is considered as an interface for communication between the partners of the A -CDM and the different ground handling managers (GHM). This hierarchical structure allows sharing information with partners in the A -CDM on the one side and on the other side, interacting with ground handling managers (GHM). Decision making processes based on heuristics have been developed at each level of the proposed organization and have been also evaluated in the case of nominal conditions and in the case of the presence of major disruptions. Key words: airport management, ground handling operations, CDM, multi-agent system Résumé La croissance du trafic aérien a rendu critique l’opération de la gestion des plateformes aéroportuaires. Celle-ci fait appel à de nombreux acteurs (autorités aéroportuaires, compagnies aériennes, contrôle du trafic aérien, prestataires de services, …). Le concept d’Airport Collaborative Decision Making (A-CDM) développé depuis une dizaine d’années est basé sur un partage d’informations opérationnelles en temps réel entre les différents acteurs de la plate-forme, permettant de prendre des décisions en commun pour rechercher une utilisation optimale, en toutes conditions, des capacités de l’aéroport. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est de contribuer à l’organisation de la gestion des opérations d’escale dans une plateforme aéroportuaire. Il s’agit de proposer une structure d’organisation de cette opération qui soit compatible avec l’approche A-CDM. La structure proposée introduit un coordinateur des opérations d’escale (GHC) qui joue le rôle d’interface de communication entre les partenaires de l’A-CDM et les différents gestionnaires des opérations d’escale (GHM). Cette structure hiérarchique permet d’une part de partager des informations avec les partenaires de l’A-CDM et d’autre part d’interagir avec les gestionnaires des opérations d’escale (GHM). Les processus de prise de décision basés sur des heuristiques ont été développés à chaque niveau de l’organisation proposée et sont évalués aussi bien dans le cas de conditions nominales que dans le cas de la présence de perturbations majeures. Mots clé : gestion des aéroports, activités d’assistance en escale, CDM, systèmes multi- agents Contents Contents GENERAL INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 1 1. CHAPTER 1 THE GROUND HANDLING PROCESS AT AIRPORTS ................ 7 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 9 1.2. Identification of ground handling ................................................................................ 9 1.3. Position of ground handling in airport system operations ......................................... 11 1.4. Detailed analysis of the main ground handling processes ......................................... 14 1.4.1. The passenger boarding/de-boarding processes ................................................. 14 1.4.2. The luggage loading/unloading processes .......................................................... 15 1.4.3. The cleaning process .......................................................................................... 15 1.4.4. The catering process ........................................................................................... 16 1.4.5. The fuelling process ........................................................................................... 17 1.4.6. Potable water supply and sanitation process ...................................................... 18 1.4.7. The de-icing process ........................................................................................... 19 1.4.8. Push-back ........................................................................................................... 20 1.5. Ground handling as a complex multi-activity process .............................................. 20 1.5.1. Examples of ground handling processes ............................................................ 21 1.5.2. The temporal dimension of Ground Handling ................................................... 23 1.5.3. Critical path analysis of ground handling process ............................................. 28 1.6. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 30 2. CHAPTER 2 ANALYSIS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF GROUND HANDLING MANAGEMENT AT MAJOR AIRPORTS ................................................. 31 2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 33 2.2. The ground handling stakeholders ............................................................................. 33 2.2.1. Airports, airlines and ground handling operators ............................................... 34 Contents 2.2.2. The current situation with respect to Ground Handling ..................................... 38 2.3. The importance of managing ground handling .......................................................... 40 2.3.1. Ground handling costs ........................................................................................ 40 2.3.2. Costs of Ground Delays for Airlines .................................................................. 42 2.4. Time Scales for Ground Handling Management ....................................................... 45 2.4.1. Strategic planning for ground handling .............................................................. 46 2.4.2. Tactical planning for ground handling ............................................................... 46 2.4.3. Operational planning for ground handling ......................................................... 47 2.4.4. Real-time management for ground handling ...................................................... 47 2.5. Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 48 3. CHAPTER 3 Optimization Approaches for Ground Handling Operations: An Overview ................................................................................................................................. 49 3.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................... 51 3.2. Management of an airside passenger bus fleet .........................................................
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