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Inhoudstafel 2 Inhoudstafel 1. Abstract ............................................................................................................................. 5 2. Voorwoord ......................................................................................................................... 6 3. Inleiding ............................................................................................................................. 7 4. Literatuurstudie ............................................................................................................... 9 4.1. Genrebenadering .......................................................................................................... 9 1.1.1. Genre en televisie ............................................................................................... 11 1.1.2. Horrorgenre: theorievorming ............................................................................. 11 1.1.3. Horror: Maatschappijkritiek ............................................................................... 14 1.1.4. Horror: Stijlkenmerken ...................................................................................... 15 4.2. TV Horror .................................................................................................................. 17 4.3. Literatuurstudie: besluit ............................................................................................. 20 5. Methodologie ................................................................................................................... 22 6. Productiecontext ............................................................................................................. 25 6.1. Amerikaanse TV-netwerken en horrorproducties ...................................................... 25 6.2. Bedenkers 'AHS': Brian Murphy & Brad Falchuk .................................................... 27 7. Thematische Analyse AHS ............................................................................................. 29 7.1. Thema: Menselijke Relaties ...................................................................................... 29 7.2. Thema: Seksualiteit & Gender .................................................................................. 34 7.3. Thema: Ras & Etniciteit ............................................................................................ 47 7.4. Thema: Financiële Middelen ..................................................................................... 49 7.5. Thema: Godsdienst & Wetenschap ............................................................................ 50 7.6. Symbolische Waarden in AHS ................................................................................... 53 8. Conclusie ......................................................................................................................... 54 9. Discussie .......................................................................................................................... 58 10. Bijlagen ......................................................................................................................... 59 10.1. AHS: ‘Muder House’ ............................................................................................. 59 10.1.1. Synopsis ............................................................................................................... 59 10.1.2. Sequentie-analyse ................................................................................................. 62 10.2. AHS: ‘Asylum’ ..................................................................................................... 107 3 10.2.1. Synopsis ............................................................................................................. 107 10.2.2. Sequentieanalyse ................................................................................................. 111 10.3. genderschema ....................................................................................................... 179 11. Referenties .................................................................................................................. 180 11.1. bibliografie ........................................................................................................... 180 11.2. filmografie ............................................................................................................ 185 11.3. Internet ................................................................................................................. 185 4 1. Abstract Boris Karloff omschreef horror als: “what we try to get away from throughout our lives.” Hij had het, in tegenstelling tot de stijlkenmerken eigen aan het genre, over de economische, sociale en technologische ontwikkelingen in onze maatschappij. Horror heeft steeds oog gehad voor deze ontwikkelingen, maar ook voor de angsten, onzekerheden en twijfels die deze teweeg brengen. De jongste jaren gaan steeds meer en vooral Amerikaanse (televisie)producties kenmerken vertonen met producties die wij ‘categoriseren’- al zullen we later zien dat dit categoriseren niet zo simpel is – als horror. In deze recente bloei van TV horror zit ook sociale kritiek die de samenleving – vaak de Amerikaanse samenleving – hekelt. In deze masterproef onderzoeken we de maatschappijkritiek in de recente Amerikaanse televisiereeks ‘American Horror Story’. Aan de hand van een thematische analyse, gestoeld op een sequentieanalyse van de serie, onderkenden we 5 terugkerende thema’s (‘Menselijke Relaties’, ‘Seksualiteit en Gender’, ‘Etniciteit en Ras’, ‘Wetenschap en Godsdienst’ en ‘Financiële Middelen’) waarop AHS in mindere of meerdere mate commentaar levert. Achter deze thema’s hebben we een diepere symbolische waarden gevonden (schuld en trouw) die belangijke motieven vormen in de serie en niet lost te koppelen zijn van de binaire tegenstelling goed/kwaad. We kunnen concluderen dat American Horror Story zowel reactionaire als progressieve elementen bevat jegens de samenleving en diens kenmerken. 5 2. Voorwoord In mijn eenzame computerqueeste naar bronnen en ander curiosa over horror en de samenleving, kwam ik deze horrorprent tegen: ‘Tesis’ (Amenabar – 1996). Het gaat over een meisje dat een thesis schrijft over een horrorfilm, wanneer zij zelf het onderwerp van de horror wordt. Ik versta dat. Ik ken de vijand. De hoeveelheid zelfmedelijden tijdens het schrijven van mijn masterproef, geïllustreerd a.d.h.v. bovenstaande anekdote, nam fenomenale proporties aan. Daarom wil ik iedereen bedanken die in mijn dichte omgeving stond en mij tijdens deze periode heeft moeten aanschouwen – en vooral aanhoren. Ik dank mijn eerste promotor, Daniël Biltereyst. Door mijn focus op werken i.p.v. studeren, heb ik mijn kunnen niet aan u kunnen tonen. Dat spijt mij. Ik dank ook Gertjan Willems, mijn 2e promotor. Voor het geduld en de revisionaire gesprekken. Ik bedankt verder mijn lief, Diederik, die als mede communicatiewetenschapper en introverte meerwaardezoeker ik maar op één manier kan samenvatten: ‘duuuuuu, du allein kannst mich verstehen’. Ik verontschuldig mij bij vrienden en familie voor mijn constante afwezigheid, gedurende de laatste jaren. Studeren, werken en reizen heeft er voor gezorgd dat ik voor velen een afwezige vriend ben geweest. Als laatste bedankt ik mijn ouders. Die mij opgevoed hebben van stil kind, naar moeilijke puber tot welopgevoede twintiger. Bedankt voor alle mentale steun (mijn moeder) en alle taalkundige verbeteringen (mijn vader). Ik kan jullie nooit genoeg bedanken voor alles wat jullie voor mij gedaan hebben. 6 3. Inleiding Boris Karloff, bekend door zijn vertolking van het monster van ‘Frankenstein’ in de gelijknamige film (James Whale - 1931), omschreef horror als: “what we try to get away from throughout our lives.” Hij had het, in tegenstelling tot de stijlkenmerken, zoals zombies, psychopaten en ander moordend tuig, over de economische, sociale en technologische ontwikkelingen in onze maatschappij die steevast een expliciet of impliciet in het genre worden behandeld. Het genre heeft steeds oog gehad voor deze ontwikkelingen, maar ook voor de angsten, onzekerheden en twijfels die deze teweeg brengen. De jaren ’70 zijn gekenmerkt door sociale en economische crisissen. Denken we hier bijvoorbeeld aan de oliecrisis van ’73 en ‘79, de vliegtuigkapingen die een geliefd terreurmiddel waren begin ‘70, de gijzeling- en moordacties (vb. Manson), conflictsituaties in o.a. Noord-Ierland, de Vietnamoorlog,… Een groot deel van de Amerikaanse en internationale samenleving ervaart die als extreem zinloos. In deze onrustige en gewelddadige maatschappelijke context gebruikten de jonge cineasten van toen horror als middel voor cynische overdrijvingen en om scherpe kritiek te leveren op sociale ontwikkelingen. Sinds het begin van dit millennium merken we een gelijkaardige trend. Na 9/11 zien we dat angst en geweld de globale samenleving domineert. Het horrorgenre is sindsdien aan een ware wederopstand begonnen. Horror is sindsdien naar een soort van post-‘Scream’-tijdperk geëvolueerd. Men koos niet meer voor zelfbewust ironie, maar steeds meer voor loeiharde, ruwe horror, waarbij een hoog realiteitsgehalte centraal staat (denken we bijvoorbeeld aan de hele ‘found footage’- ontwikkeling). Vooral Amerikaanse producties, zoals de remakes van ‘Last House on the left’ (1972 & 2009), en ‘The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974, 2003 & 2013 – in 3D) zijn hier concrete voorbeelden van. De jongste jaren zijn steeds meer Amerikaanse
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