Proceedings International Workshop on Groundnuts International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Proceedings of the International Workshop on Groundnuts ICRISAT Center Patancheru, India 1 3 - 1 7 October 1980 International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics ICRISAT Patancheru P.O. Andhra Pradesh 502 324, India Correct citation: ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics). 1980. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Groundnuts, 13-17 October, 1980, Patancheru, A.P., India. Workshop Coordinator and Scientific Editor R. W. Gibbons Publication Editor J. V. Mertin The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) is a nonprofit scientific educational institute receiving support from a variety of donors. Responsibility for the information in this publication rests with ICRISAT or the individual authors. Where trade names are used this does not constitute endorsement of or discrimination against any product by the Institute. Contents F o r e w o r d vii O p e n i n g S e s s i o n 1 Welcome and Overview of ICRISAT L. D. Swindale 3 Research at ICRISAT — An Overview J. S. Kanwar 6 ICRISAT's International Cooperative Program J. C. Davies 8 The ICRISAT Groundnut Program R. W. Gibbons 12 S e s s i o n 2 — Research O r g a n i z a t i o n a n d D e v e l o p m e n t 17 Indian Coordinated Research Project on Vikram Singh 19 Oilseeds with Special Reference to Groundnut The Role and Function of the IHRO in P. Gillier 25 Groundnut Research and Development Peanut Collaborative Research Support C. R. Jackson and 31 Program Planning D. G. Cummins Research and Extension Inputs Resulting Ray O. Hammons 33 in High Yields of Groundnuts in the USA Summary of Discussion — Session 2 40 S e s s i o n 3 — G e n e t i c s a n d B r e e d i n g 45 Groundnut Genetic Resources at ICRISAT V. R. Rao 47 Breeding Methodology for Groundnuts A. J. Norden 58 Groundnut Breeding at ICRISAT S. N. Nigam, S. L. Dwivedi, 62 and R. W. Gibbons Summary of Discussion — Session 3 69 S e s s i o n 4 — C y t o g e n e t i c s a n d Utilization of W i l d S p e c i e s 71 Cytogenetic Investigations in the Genus H. T. Stalker 73 Arachis Utilization of Wild Arachis Species at A. K. Singh, D. C. Sastri, 82 ICRISAT and J. P. Moss Summary of Discussion — Session 4 91 S e s s i o n 5 — C r o p N u t r i t i o n a n d A g r o n o m y 93 Increasing Nitrogen Fixation of the J. C. Wynne, G. H. Elkan, 95 Groundnut by Strain and Host Selection and T. J. Schneeweis Studies on Nitrogen Fixation by Groundnut P. T. C. Nambiar and 110 at ICRISAT P. J. Dart Physiological Basis for Increased Yield D. E. McCloud, W. G. Duncan, 125 Potential in Peanuts R. L. McGraw, P. K. Sibale, K. T. Ingram, J. Dreyer, and I. S. Campbell Groundnut in Intercropping Systems M. S. Reddy, C. N. Floyd, 133 and R. W. Willey Summary of Discussion — Session 5 143 S e s s i o n 6 — G r o u n d n u t E n t o m o l o g y 147 Resistance of Groundnuts to Insects W. V. Campbell and 149 and Mites J. C. Wynne Groundnut Pest Research at ICRISAT P. W. Amin and 158 A. B. Mohammad Summary of Discussion — Session 6 167 Session 7 — G r o u n d n u t P a t h o l o g y 169 Cylindrocladium Black Rot (CBR) Disease Marvin K. Beute 171 of Peanut Sclerotinia Blight of Groundnut — a D. Morris Porter 177 Disease of Major Importance in the USA Groundnut Foliar Diseases in the United States D. H. Smith 186 Research on Fungal Diseases of Groundnut P. Subrahmanyam, 193 at ICRISAT V. K. Mehan, D. J. Nevill, and D. McDonald Studies of Resistance to Foliar Pathogens D. J. Nevill 199 International Aspects of Groundnut Virus D. V. R. Reddy 203 Research Groundnut Virus Research at ICRISAT A. M. Ghanekar 211 Summary of Discussion — Session 7 217 S e s s i o n 8 — C o u n t r y R e p o r t s 221 Asia and Australia Australia K. J. Middleton 223 Bangladesh M. A. Hamid 226 Burma U. Win Naing 230 Malaysia Halim B. Hamat and 233 Ramli B. Mohd. Noor Thailand Arwooth Na Lampang, 237 Terd Charoenwatana and Dumrong Tiyawalee South America Argentina Jose R. Pietrarelli 241 Brazil A. S. Pompeu 244 Venezuela Bruno Mazzani 247 iv Africa Malawi P. K. Sibale and C. T. Kisyombe 249 Mali D. Soumano 254 Mozambique A. D. Malithano 257 Niger A. Mounkaila 262 Nigeria S. M. Misari, C. Harkness, 264 and A. M. Fowler Senegal J. Gautreau and O. De Pins 274 Sudan H. M. Ishag, M. A. Ali, 282 and A. B. Ahmadi Tanzania A. Bolton 285 Zimbabwe G. L. Hildebrand 290 Summary of Discussion — Session 8 297 S e s s i o n 9 — P l e n a r y S e s s i o n 301 Chairmen Summaries 303 General Discussion 308 A p p e n d i x 1 — Poster S e s s i o n P a p e r s 313 A p p e n d i x II — P a r t i c i p a n t s 319 v F o r e w o r d One of the important functions of an international research institute is the holding of workshops, conferences, and symposia where delegates from many parts of the world can meet together to discuss research problems and progress. ICRISAT has hosted many such workshops, but this is the first one that has been held solely for groundnuts. It was an appropriate time to hold such a meeting, as our program at ICRISAT Center is almost fully staffed and we are preparing to place staff at research stations in Africa. The research program of ICRISAT presented at the Groundnut Workshop and the deliberations and discussions thereon clearly indicate that the Institute's main lines of research, aimed at overcoming major yield-reducing constraints, are appropriate and welcome. One area that undoubtedly needs early and more concentrated attention is drought resistance. It is alarming to hear of the devastation that has affected groundnut production and reduced the cultivated area, particularly in the drier zones of West Africa. We are pleased that the groundnut physiology program is now under way, and we look forward to fruitful cooperation with our colleagues in national programs. It is also pleasing to find that the Indian groundnut research program is being strengthened and that a new national center is being formed in the high production area of Gujarat State. This is very appropriate because of the large deficit of vegetable oils in India, which in turn means that precious foreign exchange has to be spent on imports despite India being the largest groundnut producer in the world. There is undoubtedly also a pressing need in many other parts of the world to increase groundnut production and initiate more research. We believe that ICRISAT can help. On behalf of ICRISAT I would like to thank all the delegates, many of w h o m travelled far to Hyderabad, for making this workshop a success. L D. Swindale Director General vii Opening Session Chairman: R. W. Gibbons W e l c o m e and O v e r v i e w o f I C R I S A T L. D. Swindale* It is with very considerable pleasure that I ceeds PET giving us normally enough water to welcome you to ICRISAT and to our first Interna- grow crops, and a little extra. One of the things tional Workshop on Groundnuts. This morning I that we are doing in ICRISAT is trying to deter- want to give you an overview of ICRISAT and its mine if we can make good use of that little extra. activities. I will not deal very much with The semi-arid tropics cover a very large area of groundnuts because you are going to discuss the world including a large part of the African this subject in depth over the next f e w days. continent, most of the South Asian subconti- ICRISAT is the International Crops Research nent, appreciable and significant areas in the Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics. Our logo Americas, other parts of Asia, and Australasia. shows that we work on cereals, and on legumes, Much of the world production of the five and because we are working in the semi-arid ICRISAT crops is consumed as human food in tropics, our logo also reminds us of the impor- the SAT. The crops are low in cash value and tance of every drop of water, the scarcest with one exception (groundnuts), do not enter natural resource in the region. world trade to any extent. There has been very There are four objectives in the mandate little research in the developed countries on statement of ICRISAT — (1) to serve as a world most of these crops, mainly because they are center for the improvement of the genetic po- tropical and subtropical crops, and inadequate tential for grain yield and quality of groundnuts, research in the developing countries.