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Evaluation of Resistance of the Groundnut Seed Beetle, Caryedon Serratus Ol

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Evaluation of Resistance of the Groundnut Seed Beetle, Caryedon Serratus Ol Aizan et al . J. Appl. Biosci. 2016 Evaluation of resistance of the groundnut seed beetle, Caryedon serratus Ol. (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) to different formulations of insecticides. Jo urnal of Applied Biosciences 101 :95 77 – 95 88 ISSN 1997–5902 Evaluation of resistance of the groundnut seed beetle, Caryedon serratus Ol. (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) to different formulations of insecticides. M.A.R.G. Aizan 1,3* , C. Thiaw 2, M. Sembene 1,3 1Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Science and Technics, C.A. Diop University, Dakar Fann-PO 5005, Senegal 2CNRA of Bambey, Diourbel -PO 211, Senegal 3BIOPASS, UMR 022 IRD-CBGP, Dakar Bel-Air PO 1386, Senegal *Corresponding author email: aizanmaggie@hotmail.com ; aizanmaggie@gmail.com ; maggieangela.aizan@ucad.edu.sn Original submitted in on 29 th January 2016. Published online at www.m.elewa.org on 31st May 2016 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jab.v101i1.2 ABSTRACT Objectives: This study aimed to determine the level of resistance of different strains of the groundnut seed beetle, Caryedon serratus against some synthetic insecticides formulas and to compare their biodemographic parameters. Methodology and results: The insecticides tests were done in three localities of Senegal (Mpal, St-Louis and Sedhiou) using two formulations: powder (Propoxur®) and liquid (Deltamethrin®). The results indicated that the mortality varied according to the locality, the applied doses or concentrations and to the exposure time. Mortality rate rose to 100% within the 48 hours after the application of high doses, which followed the Propoxur treatment, while the low rates are observed after the application of the smallest doses (D1 and D2). Mortality with Deltamethrin treatment was usually low, as high rates were obtained with the highest concentration. A progeny of tested adults (survivors) is only obtained with small doses of Propoxur and Deltamethrin. Conclusions and application findings: This study has enabled us to see that products used had effects together on the adults tested and on their progeny. The Individuals from Sedhiou seemed to show more resistance to both products . Therefore, to better assess the resistance of groundnut bruchid, C. serratus to insecticides, the implication of genetic characterization is needed. Because of the resistance genes of this pest could be constitute an important tool for an integrated pest management. Keywords: Groundnut, Caryedon serratus , Deltamethrin, Propoxur, Resistance, Bio-demographic. INTRODUCTION The post-harvest losses caused by insect pests of groundnut, the main annuity crop covers more than stored foodstuffs amounted to 10% in average on a half of the arable surfaces, and reported each year global scale for an annual monetary value estimated for a value of 80 billion CFA francs, which is about 58 billion USD (Goergen, 2005). In Senegal, equivalent to 40% of the total exports of the country 9577 Aizan et al . J. Appl. Biosci. 2016 Evaluation of resistance of the groundnut seed beetle, Caryedon serratus Ol. (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) to different formulations of insecticides. (Sembene, 2000). This legume very used for its and to reproduce despite the presence of the toxic intake of nutrients (proteins, fats, fibres, minerals and compounds in their environment). The three types of vitamins) suffered to various attacks which the most resistance mechanisms known are behavioural, important are caused by a beetle of the family of physiological and biochemical (Magnin et al ., 1985; Bruchidae, Caryedon serratus. The damage caused Haubruge and Amichot, 1998). The resistance of by this pest on the production of groundnut of Caryedon serratus has not been revealed. It is Senegal can go up to 83 % of quantitative wastes advisable to conduct sensitivity tests on this beetle to after a storage period of four months (Ndiaye, 1991). learn more about its behaviour in the face of However, losses occur in all stages from stocks for insecticides. Similar studies were realized on the next seeds to those intended for marketing and Callosobruchus maculatus and showed promising consumption. The responses to struggle these major results. It is from this perspective that our study pests of stocks have been essentially chemicals aimed to determine the level of resistance of (Gueye et al ., 2011). However, the use of increased Caryedon serratus using certain formulations of quantities of insecticides does not represent only a insecticides and to compare the biodemographic danger to the environment but has also led to the parameters of the different strains. formation of individual resistance (ability to survive MATERIAL AND METHODS Sampling: The samples were collected from four localities is mentioned above each box. The breeding localities of Senegal namely: Mpal (15°55'19"Nand boxes are left at laboratory temperature. 16°16'02"W), Saint -Louis (16°04'00"Nand 16°30'00"W), Evaluation of the sensibility of Caryedon serratus: located in the agro-ecological area of Senegal River Toxicity tests are carried out by contact in Petri dishes Valley; and Diana Malary (12°50'54"Nand 15°14'59"W) (95mm Ø) in ambient temperature conditions. They are situated in the region of Sedhiou in lower Casamance made with five (5) couples of individuals of C. serratus agro-ecological area. The Northern area is very (generation F1) in the presence of 30g of groundnuts. favourable to the culture of groundnuts (but ability often These couples are exposed to different doses and each limited by depletion of the soil and the rainfall deficit); test is repeated three times. The control tests are made however, the Senegal River Valley and the Lower for each locality. Casamance have a strong potential in natural resources G For the PROPOXUR, formulation in powder, eight (8) with important water resources. Groundnut samples were doses are applied: bought in storage structures and conveyed to the D1= 0.01 g; D2= 0.02 g; D3= 0.1g; D4= 0.2 g; D5= 0.4 g; laboratory to be preserved in glass jars. Adults who have D6= 0.6 g; D7= 0.8g and D8 = 1g. emerged from the seeds have been used for mass Each dose is powdered in boxes in presence of 30g of breeding. groundnuts and all is homogenized well before the Mass breeding: It is performed in order to obtain a introduction of couples. relatively large number of individuals for the tests. The G For the DELTAMET 25 EC, liquid formulation containing insects used came from the groundnuts of study sites. A 25g/L of active ingredient, six concentrations are applied. large number of adults (male and female) are introduced The recommended dosage is 40ml for 30L of water, in Petri dishes glass containing seeds of groundnut dosage brought back to 1L of water allowed to determine previously frozen (in order to eliminate any trace of the concentration Cx from which four (4) other primary infestation) and brought back to ambient concentrations are: temperature. The insects of each locality were removed C1=Cx/4= 0.325ml/L ; C2=Cx/2= 0.65ml/L ; C3=Cx= 48 hours later and placed in new boxes containing 1.3ml/L ; C4=Cx×2= 2.6ml/L et C5=Cx×4= 5.2ml/L. healthy seeds. The previous boxes are left on the bench For each concentration, 1ml is collected using a at room temperature (28 to 31.5°C) with a relative PIPETMAN and is introduced into the boxes before the humidity of 40 -68% until the appearance of cocoons, insertion of couples. which will be isolated in boxes with, wells by reason of Calculated Parameters: The number of dead insects or one per hole until emergence of adults. The name of in state of “Knock Down” (KD) is raised every 24 hours. 9578 Aizan et al . J. Appl. Biosci. 2016 Evaluation of resistance of the groundnut seed beetle, Caryedon serratus Ol. (Coleoptera, Bruchidae) to different formulations of insecticides. The mortality rate of adults tested is then calculated and experimental thorough studies on the distribution and corrected by the formula of Abbot (1925): abundance of animals in fields. In addition to the nature of food, it depends on the temperature and humidity of air. If x is the age of females, lx the proportion of females alive in the day x and mx the number of descendants females arisen from a female of age x in x+1, Where: n= insect population T=Test Co=Control have: -r x ∑∑∑1x.m x.e m = 1 . It can be express otherwise, If there are any survivors, these latest are left in the rm= log£ where £ is the rate of multiplication per female boxes and are removed a week after. The new generation per day. Pielou (1974) assimilated the r m to a rate of stemming from these tests (the generation F2) are the interest, while £ is the support of the size of the “survivors”. These last are coupled with new, due to one population for two given moments, separated by a unit of couple by box. Various data are collected: time. rm is an instantaneous rate, £ a finite rate. According • The number of eggs laid: is the number of eggs to this author, when a population grows exponentially, it deposited on the surface of seeds must have a stable distribution. This means that the • The number of formed cocoons proportions of individuals of different age classes must • The rate of emergence (TE) which corresponds remain identical to themselves. This occurs when a to the ratio between the total number of population of each stage considered as a single entity, is emerged adults and the total number of laid still growing at the same rhythm. Each stage gets eggs members when individuals leave the stage (die or moult). • The duration of larval development: it is the time Nevertheless, the distribution remains stable if individuals' between the emergence of the eggs on a seed proportion in each age class remains constant.
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