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Book 2056.Pdf وزارت ﺟﻬﺎدﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺳﺎزﻣﺎن ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ، آﻣﻮزش و ﺗﺮوﻳﺞ ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﺑﺎﻏﺒﺎﻧﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻜﺪه ﺧﺮﻣﺎ و ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮﻣﺴﻴﺮي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﺴﺎرت آﻓﺎت اﻧﺒﺎري ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه : ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺎن ﻋﻀﻮ ﻫﻴﺎت ﻋﻠﻤﻲ ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻜﺪه ﺧﺮﻣﺎ و ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫﺎي ﮔﺮﻣﺴﻴﺮي ﺷ ﻤﺎره ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ : 539/ ﻧﺨﻞ/95 1 ﺷﻨﺎﺳﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ: ﻋﻨ ﻮان ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ : ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﺴﺎرت آﻓﺎت اﻧﺒﺎري ﻧ ﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ ﻧﮕﺎرﻧﺪه : ﻣﺴﻌﻮد ﻟﻄﻴﻔﻴﺎن ﺷ ﻤﺎره ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ : 539/ ﻧﺨﻞ/95 ﻧﻮع ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ : ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ ﻓﻨﻲ ﻧ ﺎم و ﻧﺎم ﺧﺎﻧﻮادﮔﻲ وﻳﺮاﺳﺘﺎر : ﻣﺠﻴﺪ اﻣﺎﻧﻲ و ﺑﻬﺎر راد ﻧ ﺎﺷﺮ : ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻮم ﺑﺎﻏﺒﺎﻧﻲ، ﭘﮋوﻫﺸﻜﺪه ﺧﺮﻣﺎ و ﻣﻴﻮه ﻫ ﺎي ﮔﺮﻣﺴﻴﺮي ﺷ ﻤﺎرﮔﺎن ( ﺗﻴﺮاژ ): 15 ﻧﺴﺨﻪ ﺗ ﺎرﻳﺦ اﻧﺘﺸﺎر : 1395 2 ﻓﻬﺮﺳﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻋﻨﻮان ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ 4 4 ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺼﺮي 6 6 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪﺑﺮداري و ﺳﻮﻧﺪاژ 7 7 روش ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎور ﺳﺎزي 8 8 اﻟﻒ : اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از وزن ﻣﺨﺼﻮص 8 8 ب - روش ﺷﻨﺎورﺳﺎزي ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ 9 9 روش اﺳﻴﺪﻫﻴﺪروﻟﻴﺰ ﻳﺎ ﺷﻤﺎرش ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻗﻄﻌﻪ 9 9 روش رﻧﮓ آﻣﻴﺰي 9 9 آﻧﺎﻟﻴﺰ دي اﻛﺴﻴﺪ ﻛﺮﺑﻦ 10 اﻧﺪازه ﮔﻴﺮي اﺳﻴﺪاورﻳﻚ 11 روش ﻫﺎي ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮي 12 اﻟﻒ - اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﺷﻌﻪ اﻳﻜﺲ 12 ب - اﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ ﻧﺰدﻳﻚ ﻣﺎدون ﻗﺮﻣﺰ ( NIRS ) 13 ج - اﺳﭙﻜﺘﺮوﺳﻜﻮﭘﻲ رزوﻧﺎﻧﺲ ﻫﺴﺘﻪ اي 18 روش ﻫﺎي ﺳﺮوﻟﻮژﻳﻜﻲ 18 روش اﻧﻜﻮﺑﺎﺳﻴﻮن 19 اﺳﺘﺨﺮاج ﺣﺮارﺗﻲ 19 روش ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ 20 روش ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﭙﺮاﻧﺴﻲ 20 ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻣﻮج اﻟﻜﺘﺮﻳﻜﻲ 20 روش ﻓﻠﻮرﺳﺎﻧﺖ 21 ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ واﻛﻨﺶ زﻧﺠﻴﺮه ﭘﻠﻲ ﻣﺮاز 21 اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از اﻧﻮاع ﺗﻠﻪ ﻫﺎ 21 اﻟﻒ- ﺗﻠ ﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺑﺪون ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺎذب 22 ب - ﺗﻠ ﻪ ﻫﺎي داراي ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺎذب 23 ﺗﻜﻨﻴﻚ ﻫﺎي ﺻﻮﺗﻲ 25 ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ 27 3 ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ ﺧﺴﺎرت آﻓﺎت اﻧﺒﺎري ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻨﺸﺎ ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ و ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻲ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔ ﻲ ﻧﮕﻪ داري ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ و ﻃﻲ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻧﮕﻪ داري اﻧﻮاع ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ از آﻓﺎت از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﭘﺮﻧﺪﮔﺎن، ﻣﻮش ﻫﺎ، ﺣﺸﺮات، ﻛﻨﻪ ﻫﺎ و ﻣﻴﻜﺮوب ﻫﺎ آن ﻫﺎ را ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ دﻫﻨﺪ . ﺑﻴﺶ از 600 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺳﻮﺳﻚ و 70 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه از ﺣﺸﺮات، 355 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻛﻨﻪ، 40 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻮش و 150 ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﻗﺎرچ ﺑﻪ ﻋﻨﻮان ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺧﺴﺎرت زاي ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ در ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻧﺒﺎرداري ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Ridgway et al ., 2002 ). ﺧﺴﺎرت ﺳﺎﻻﻧﻪ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﺣﻤﻠﻪ اﻧﻮاع اﻳﻦ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮژﻳﻚ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ را ﺣﺪود 10 درﺻﺪ ﺗﺨﻤﻴﻦ زده اﻧﺪ ( Boxall, 1991 ). ). ﻛﺎﻫﺶ وزن ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ( وزن ﺧﺸﻚ ) در ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ ﺧﺴﺎرت آﻓﺎت ﺑﻴﻦ 0/5 ﺗﺎ 17 درﺻﺪ ﮔﺰارش ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Proctor, 1977 ). ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺣﻔﺎﻇﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ در ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ اﻳﻦ آﺳﻴﺐ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻣﻲ ﺗﻮاﻧﺪ ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣﻬﻤﻲ در ﺗﺄ ﻣﻴﻦ اﻣﻨﻴﺖ ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ و اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ ﺑﻬﺮه وري ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪات ﻛﺸﺎورزي داﺷﺘﻪ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Rossiter, 1970 , Tigar , et al ., 1994 ). آﻓﺎت اﻧﺒﺎري ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﮔﻴﺎﻫﻲ ﺧﺴﺎرت ﻧﻤﻲ زﻧﻨﺪ ﺑﻠﻜﻪ ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﺑــﺎ ﻣﻨﺸــﺎ ﺣﻴﻮاﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺪت ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ اﻳﻦ آﻓﺎت ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ ( Soans and Adolf, 1971 Madden et al., 1995 .) آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ آﻓﺎت ﺑﺎﻋﺚ اﻳﺠﺎد آﺳﻴﺐ ﻫﺎي ﻛﻤ ﻲ و ﻛﻴﻔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . ﺣﺸﺮاﺗﻲ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ Cryptolestes . Trogoderma granarium ، spp و Plodia interpunctella از ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻧﺮم و ﺑﺎ ارزش ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﺑﻴﺶ ﺗﺮ از ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﻫﺎ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻣﻲ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ و ﭘﺘﺎﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺧﺴﺎرت زاﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ دارﻧﺪ . ﻣﻮاد ﺟﺎﻧﺒﻲ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ از ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺣﺸﺮات ﻧﻈﻴﺮ اﺳﻴﺪ اورﻳﻚ، ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎي ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺟﻠﺪ، ﺣﺸﺮات ﻣﺮده، ﺗﺎر و ﻓﻀﻮﻻت از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ دﻫﻨﺪه ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ( Graciano et al. , 1998; Correia et al. , 2000; Phillips and Burkhdder, 1984 Bonafaccia et al. , 1999; Zamboni, et al. , 1988; Rodrigues et al. , 1998; Khoory et al. , 1996; ;Loactelli et al ., 2000) . ﺗﺮﺷﺤﺎت ﺑﺪن ﺣﺸﺮات ﻛﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻲ از آﻓﺎت ﻧﻈﻴﺮ . Tribolium sp و Rhyzopertha dominica اﻳﺠﺎد ﺑﻮي ﻧﺎﻣﻄﺒﻮع در ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ اﻧﺒﺎري ﻣﻲ ﻨﺪﻨﻛ . ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ اﺳﻴﺪ اورﻳﻚ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در 4 ﻣﺪﻓﻮع آﻓﺎت اﻧﺒﺎري داراي اﺛﺮات ﺳﻤ ﻲ در ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ اﻧﺒﺎري اﺳﺖ ( Starvic et al ., 1969 .) ﺣﺪود ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ وﺟﻮد ﻣﻮادي ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺑﺎﻗﻲ ﻣﺎﻧﺪه آﻓﺖ ﻛﺶ ﻫﺎ، ﺣﺸﺮات زﻧﺪه ﻳﺎ ﻣﺮده، ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎي ﺣﺸﺮات و ﺳﺎﻳﺮ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ آﻓﺎت در ﺑﺴﻴﺎري از ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﺑﺮآورد ﮔﺮدﻳﺪ ه اﺳﺖ (–Jeon, 2002; Anon, 2001; White, 1995; Fleurat lessard, 1997 .) اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ در ﺟﻮاﻣﻊ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﺑﺮاي وﺟﻮد آﻓﺖ ﻛﺶ ﻫﺎ و ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎي ﺣﺸﺮات در ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ در ﺳﻴﺴﺘﻢ ﻫﺎي ISC و HACCP ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( Mueller, 1998 ). ﺑﺮاي ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ رﻋﺎﻳﺖ اﻳﻦ اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪاردﻫﺎ روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺟﻬﺖ ارزﻳﺎﺑﻲ و ردﻳﺎﺑﻲ آﻓﺎت و ﺧﺴﺎرات ﻧﺎﺷﻲ از آن ﻫﺎ در اﻧﻮاع ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ ( ;Cotton and Wilbur, 1982; Fleurat–lessard et al., 1994; Semple, 1992 .( .( Pedersen, 1992; Milner, 1958 ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺣﺸﺮاﺗﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ اﻧﺒﺎري را ﻣﻮرد ﺣﻤﻠﻪ ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ د ﻫﻨﺪ از دو راﺳﺘﻪ Coleoptera و Lepidoptera و ﮔﺎﻫﻲ اوﻗﺎت از ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده Psocidae ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ( Cotton and Wilbur, 1982 .) ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫﺎي ﺳﺨﺖ ﺑﺎل ﭘﻮﺷﺎن آﻓﺖ اﻧﺒﺎري ﻋﺒﺎرﺗﻨﺪ از ,Anobiidae, Cucujidae, Bostrichidae, Bruchidae Tenebrionidae, Silvanidae, Ptinidae, Nitidulidae, Curculionidae و Anthribidae و ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺧﺎﻧﻮاده ﻫﺎي ﺑﺎل ﭘﻮﻟﻚ داران آﻓﺖ اﻧﺒﺎري ﻋﺒﺎرت از Gelechidae, pyralidae ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Ress,1996; Sedlacek .( .( et al ., 1996 روش ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺣﺸﺮات در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري از ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺸﺎورزي اﻧﺒﺎري ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔ ﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ آن ﻫﺎ در ﺟﺪول 1 درج ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ . اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻫﺮ ﻳﻚ از اﻳﻦ روش ﻫﺎ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ وﺟﻮد اﺑﺰار ﻻزم، ﻧﻮع ﻣﺎده ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ اﻧﺒﺎري، ﺷﺮاﻳﻂ اﻧﺒﺎرداري، ﻧﺤﻮه زﻧﺪﮔﻲ ﺣﺸﺮه آﻓﺖ و ﻧﺤﻮه ﺧﺴﺎرت زاﻳﻲ آن ﻫﺎ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ . 5 ﺟﺪول -1 اﻧﻮاع روش ﻫﺎي ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺣﺸﺮات آﻓﺖ اﻧﺒﺎري در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺸﺎورزي ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﺎت ﻧﻮع ﻣﺤﺼﻮل اﻧﺒﺎري روش Physical methods Visual inspection Whole grains, milled products Qualitative; only high-level infestation detected Sampling and sieving Whole grains, milled products Hidden infestation not detected; commonly practiced Heat extraction Whole grains Adulte and larvae detected Acoustic Whole grains Active stages are detected Breeding out imaging techniques Whole grains Time consuming X – ray method Whole grains Prohibitive capital cost Near infrared spectroscopy Whole grains, milled products Rapid, expensive, can be automated Nuclear magnetic resonance Whole grains Less sensitive Chemical methods Serological techniques Whole grains, milled products Highly sensitive, species specific; shows infestation from unknown past to till date Uric acid determination Whole grains, milled products Shows infestation from unknown past to till date CO 2 analysis Whole grains Simple, time consuming;indicates current level of infestation;not suitable for grains having >15% moisture Specific gravity method Whole grains Simple and quick;not suitable for oats and maize Cracking and flotation method Whole grains Variable results noted Fragment count Whole grains, milled products Highly variable results noted; shows infestation from unknown past to till date Staining techniques: Egg – plugs Whole grains Specific for sitophilus spp. Ninhydrin method Whole grains Eggs and early larvae not indicated ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺼﺮي ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ وﺟﻮد آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺣﺸﺮات در ﻣﻮاد ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ اﻧﺒﺎري ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺷﺪه اﻧﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از آن ﻫﺎ در ﺟﺪول 2 درج ﮔﺮدﻳﺪه اﺳﺖ . وﺟﻮد ﺗﺨﻢ ﺳﻮﺳﻚ ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ . Callsobruchus spp ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ آﺳﺎﻧﻲ و ﺑﺪون ﭼﺸﻢ ﻣﺴﻠﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﺳﺖ، وﺟﻮد ﺳﻮراخ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺬر ﻧﻈﻴﺮ ﺧﺴﺎرت آﻓﺎت Sitophilus sp. , R. dominica, Prostephanus troncatus و S .cerealella ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ راﺣﺘﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ از ﻣﻮاردي اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺻﻮرت ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ آﻣﻴﺰ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﻧﺪ ( Nicholson et al., 1953 ). ﺑﺮاي راﺣﺘﻲ اﻧﺠﺎم اﻳﻦ ﻧﻮع ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ دﺳﺘﮕﺎه ﻫﺎي ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ اﺑﺪاع ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎﻳﻲ از آن در ﺷﻜﻞ 1 ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲ ﮔﺮدد . 6 ﺟﺪول -2 ﺷﺎﺧﺺ ﻫﺎي ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺼﺮي آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﺑﻪ آﻓﺎت اﻧﺒﺎري در ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت ﻛﺸﺎورزي اﻧﺒﺎري ﻧﻮع آﻓﺖ اﻧﺒﺎري ﻣﺤﺼﻮل ﻣﺸﺨﺼﻪ ﺼﺮي ,. Pulses (whole) Acanthoscelides obtectus, callosobruchus spp وﺟﻮد ﺗﺨﻢ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺬر Zabrotes subfasciatus Peanut in shell Caryedon serratus وﺟﻮد ﺷﻔﻴﺮه در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ Cassava Araecerus fasciulatus وﺟﻮد ﺳﻮراخ در ﺳﻄﺢ ﺑﺬر Coffee seed Araecerus fasciulatus Peanut in shell Caryedon serratus Pulses (whole) Acanthoscelides obtectus, Callosobruchus spp ., Zabrotes subfasciatus Spices (whole) Stegobium paniceum, Lasioderma serricorne Wheat, rice, Rhyzopertha dominica, sitophilus spp ., Maize, paddy Sitotroga cerealella Pistachio nuts Amyelois transitella ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ رﻧﮓ ﭘﻮﺳﺖ Cereals (whole or milled) Corcyra cephalonica, Ephestia cautella Cocoa Plodia interpunctella, Ephestia cautella, Ephestia elutella ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪن Oilseeds, oilcakes/meals Ephestia cautella, plodia interpunctella Dry fruits, tree nuts Ephestia cautella, plodia interpunctella ﺷﻜﻞ -1 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اي از اﺑﺰارﻫﺎي ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺑﺼﺮي آﻓﺎت اﻧﺒﺎري ( ﻋﻜﺲ از اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ) ) ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري و ﺳﻮﻧﺪاژ در ﻛﺸﻮرﻫﺎي ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﻳﺎﻓﺘﻪ و در ﺣﺎل ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ روش اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري ﺑﺎ ﺳﻮﻧﺪاژ ﻣﺮﺳﻮم ﺗﺮﻳﻦ روش ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ( Hagstrum, 1994 .) در اﻳﻦ روش اﻣﻜﺎن ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺗﺨﻢ، ﻻرو و ﺷﻔﻴﺮه وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد ( , .Wilkin et al 1994 ). ﻣﻮﻓﻘﻴﺖ اﻳﻦ روش ﺑﻪ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ واﺑﺴﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻢ ﺗﺮﻳﻦ آن ﻫﺎ ﻋﺒﺎرت از ﺗﻜﺮار و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻫﺎ، ﻓﺮاواﻧﻲ و ﭘﺮاﻛﻨﺶ آﻓﺖ در ﻣﺤﺼﻮل و ﻛﺎراﻳﻲ ﺣﺬف ﺣﺸﺮات در ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ( Hagstrum, 1991; Hodges et al., 1985 .) ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎت ﻣﺘﻌﺪدي در راﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻛﺎرﺑﺮد اﻳﻦ روش در ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻫﺎي آﻓﺖ اﻧﺒﺎري از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ 7 ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه آرد و ﺷﺐ ﭘﺮه ﻫﻨﺪي اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( ,.Wilkin et al. , 1991; 1994; White 1983; Pereira et al Subramanyam & Hagstrum, 2000 ;1994 ). ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ اي از روش ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎرﮔﻴﺮي ﺳﻮﻧﺪاژ در ﺷﻜﻞ 2 ﻣﺸﺎﻫﺪه ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . ﺷﻜﻞ -2 ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺑﺮداري از آﻓﺎت اﻧﺒﺎري ﺑﻪ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﻮﻧﺪاژ ( ﻋﻜﺲ از اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ) ) روش ﻫﺎي ﺷﻨﺎور ﺳﺎزي اﻳﻦ روش ﻫﺎ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ ﻫﺎي ﭘﻨﻬﺎن و دروﻧﻲ ﻣﻮرد اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﻗﺮار ﻣﻲ ﮔﻴﺮﻧﺪ و ﺑﻪ دو ﮔﺮوه اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از وزن ﻣﺨﺼﻮص و روش ﺷﻨﺎورﺳﺎزي ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﻧﺪ ( ﺷﻜﻞ )3 . )3 ﺷﻜﻞ -3 روش ﺷﻨﺎورﺳﺎزي ﺑﺮاي ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ آﻓﺎت اﻧﺒﺎري( ﻋﻜﺲ از اﻳﻨﺘﺮﻧﺖ ) ) اﻟﻒ : اﺳﺘﻔﺎده از وزن ﻣﺨﺼﻮص در اﻳﻦ روش ﻣﺎده ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ اﻧﺒﺎري درون ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل ﻧﻤﻜﻲ ﺧﺎص ﻛﻪ وزن ﻣﺨﺼﻮص آن ﻛﻢ ﺗﺮ از وزن ﻣﺨﺼﻮص ﻣﺎده ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ، ﺷﻨﺎور ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد . از اﻳﻦ روش ﺟﻬﺖ ﺗﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻧﻮاع دو ﺑﺎﻻن , Rhagoletis mendax 8 و Dixon & Knowlton, 1994 ) Vaccinum angustifolium) ، ﻻرو ﺳﻮﺳﻚ ﻫﺎي آﻓﺖ اﻧﺒﺎري از ﺟﻤﻠﻪ Callososbruchus spp ., S. oryzae, S. granarium, Sitophilus zeamai s و Zabrotes subfasciatus اﺳﺘﻔﺎده ﺷﺪه اﺳﺖ ( ;Richter & Tchalate, 1994; Semple, 1992; Hurlock, 1963; Somerfield, 1989 (. (. Pedersen, 1992; Milner et al. , 1953 ; ب - روش ﺷﻨﺎورﺳﺎزي ﺑﻘﺎﻳﺎ در اﻳﻦ روش ﻣﺎده ﻏﺬاﻳﻲ اﻧﺒﺎري ﺑ ﻪ وﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﻣﺨﻠﻮﻃﻲ از ﻳﻚ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل اﻟﻜﻠﻲ و روﻏﻦ ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻲ ﺳﺒﻚ آﻏﺸﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮد .
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