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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Afghanistan Maart 2009

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Algemeen Ambtsbericht Afghanistan Maart 2009 Algemeen ambtsbericht Afghanistan Maart 2009 Directie Personenverkeer, Migratie en Vreemdelingenzaken Afdeling Asiel- en Migratiezaken Inhoudsopgave Pagina 1 Inleiding 4 2 Landeninformatie 5 2.1 Basisgegevens 5 2.1.1 Land en volk 5 2.1.2 Geschiedenis 7 2.1.3 Staatsinrichting 11 2.2 Politieke ontwikkelingen 15 2.2.1 Regering, parlement en politieke partijen 16 2.2.2 Machtsfactoren 20 2.3 Militaire ontwikkelingen en veiligheidssituatie 24 2.3.1 ISAF 24 2.3.2 PRT 25 2.3.3 ‘Enduring Freedom’ 26 2.3.4 Afghaanse veiligheidsorganisaties 26 2.3.5 Ontwapening, demobilisatie en re-integratie 30 2.3.6 Veiligheidssituatie 31 2.3.7 Veiligheidssituatie per provincie 37 3 Mensenrechten 53 3.1 Juridische context 53 3.1.1 Verdragen en protocollen 53 3.1.2 Nationale wetgeving 53 3.2 Toezicht 57 3.2.1 Mensenrechtencommissie 57 3.2.2 Transitional Justice 59 3.3 Naleving en schendingen 63 3.3.1 Vrijheid van meningsuiting 64 3.3.2 Vrijheid van vereniging en vergadering 66 3.3.3 Vrijheid van godsdienst en overtuiging 66 3.3.4 Bewegingsvrijheid en documenten 70 3.3.5 Rechtsgang 74 3.3.6 Arrestaties en detentie 77 3.3.7 Foltering, mishandeling en bedreiging 80 3.3.8 Verdwijningen 81 3.3.9 Buitengerechtelijke executies en moorden 81 3.3.10 Doodstraf 82 3.4 Positie van specifieke groepen 84 3.4.1 Politieke opposanten 84 3.4.2 Etnische groepen 85 3.4.3 Journalisten 89 3.4.4 Vrouwen 89 3.4.5 Niet-moslims 98 3.4.6 Taliban 98 3.4.7 Ex-communisten 98 3.4.8 Homoseksuelen 99 3.4.9 Minderjarigen 100 3.4.10 Personen die met buitenlandse organisaties en veiligheidsdiensten worden geassocieerd 101 4 Migratie 102 4.1 Migratiestromen 102 4.1.1 Terugkeer algemeen 102 4.1.2 Problemen bij terugkeer 102 4.2 Opvang binnenlands ontheemden 103 4.3 Opvang in de regio 104 4.3.1 Terugkeer vanuit Nederland 106 4.4 Activiteiten van internationale organisaties 107 5 Literatuur 108 I Samenstelling van de regering 114 II Historisch overzicht van de belangrijkste politieke facties en hun gewapende eenheden 118 III Lijst van politieke partijen die officieel geregistreerd zijn bij het ministerie van Justitie 121 IV Lijst van afkortingen 127 V Kaart van Afghanistan 129 Algemeen ambtsbericht Afghanistan | maart 2009 1 Inleiding In dit algemeen ambtsbericht wordt de situatie in Afghanistan beschreven voor zover deze van belang is voor de beoordeling van asielverzoeken van personen die afkomstig zijn uit Afghanistan en voor besluitvorming over de terugkeer van afgewezen Afghaanse asielzoekers. Dit ambtsbericht is een actualisering van eerdere ambtsberichten over de situatie in Afghanistan. Het algemeen ambtsbericht beslaat de periode van september 2007 tot en met maart 2009. Dit ambtsbericht is gebaseerd op informatie van openbare en vertrouwelijke bronnen. Bij de opstelling is gebruik gemaakt van informatie van verschillende organisaties van de Verenigde Naties, niet-gouvernementele organisaties, vakliteratuur en berichtgeving in de media. Een overzicht van de geraadpleegde openbare bronnen is opgenomen in de literatuurlijst. Bovendien liggen bevindingen ter plaatse en vertrouwelijke rapportages van de Nederlandse vertegenwoordiging in Afghanistan aan dit algemeen ambtsbericht ten grondslag. In het algemeen ambtsbericht wordt veelvuldig verwezen naar geraadpleegde openbare bronnen. Daar waar openbare bronnen zijn vermeld, wordt de tekst in veel gevallen ook ondersteund door informatie die op vertrouwelijke basis is ingewonnen. In hoofdstuk twee wordt ingegaan op recente politieke ontwikkelingen en veiligheidssituatie. Voorts wordt in dit hoofdstuk ingegaan op de vraag of volgens de definitie van de Raad van State in (delen van) Afghanistan sprake is van een binnenlands gewapend conflict. Deze beschrijving wordt voorafgegaan door een beknopt overzicht van de recente geschiedenis van Afghanistan. Ook is een korte passage over de geografie en de bevolking van Afghanistan opgenomen. In hoofdstuk drie wordt de mensenrechtensituatie in Afghanistan geschetst. Na een beschrijving van wettelijke garanties en internationale verdragen waarbij Afghanistan partij is, komen de mogelijkheden van toezicht op naleving van de mensenrechten aan de orde. Daarna volgt de beschrijving van de naleving dan wel schending van enkele klassieke mensenrechten. Ten slotte wordt de positie van specifieke groepen, waaronder minderjarigen belicht. In hoofdstuk vier komen de opvang van binnenlandse ontheemden en de activiteiten van internationale organisaties, waaronder de positie van de UNHCR, aan de orde. 4 Algemeen ambtsbericht Afghanistan | maart 2009 2 Landeninformatie 2.1 Basisgegevens 2.1.1 Land en volk De Islamitische Republiek Afghanistan ligt in Zuidwest-Azië en wordt volledig ingesloten door andere landen. Het land grenst in het oosten en zuiden aan Pakistan (over een afstand van 2580 km), in het westen aan Iran (936 km), in het noorden aan Turkmenistan (744 km), Oezbekistan (137 km) en Tadzjikistan (1206 km) en in het noordoosten aan China (76 km). Afghanistan beslaat een oppervlakte van ongeveer 650.000 km², achttien maal de oppervlakte van Nederland. Het land is opgedeeld in 34 provincies.1 De vijf grootste steden van het land zijn Kaboel (de hoofdstad), Kandahar, Herat, Mazar-i- Sharif en Jalalabad. De bevolkingsomvang wordt geschat op 32 miljoen inwoners.2 De bevolking van Afghanistan bestaat uit een groot aantal etnische groeperingen, waarvan de grootste groep de Pashtuns (42 %) zijn. Andere belangrijke bevolkingsgroepen zijn de Tadzjieken (27 %), de Hazara’s (ongeveer 9 %), de Oezbeken (ongeveer 9 %), de Aimak (4 %), de Turkmenen (3 %) en de Baloch (2 %).3 Daarnaast zijn er nog vele kleinere etnische groepen, waaronder de Noeristani’s en de Farsen of Farsiwan en de nomadische Kuchi’s.4 De etnische samenstelling van de bevolking is buitengewoon complex en kan van dorp tot dorp verschillen.5 In Kaboel (ongeveer 3,5 miljoen inwoners) wonen traditiegetrouw veel Pashtuns. Sinds 30 jaar trekken ook veel Hazara’s naar Kaboel. Ook alle andere etniciteiten zijn in de hoofdstad vertegenwoordigd. 1 Het betreft: Badakhshan, Badghis, Baghlan, Balkh, Bamiyan, Farah, Fariab, Ghazni, Ghor, Helmand, Herat, Jowzjan, Kaboel, Kandahar, Kapisa, Kunar, Kunduz, Laghman, Logar, Nangarhar, Nimroz, Uruzgan, Paktia, Paktika, Parwan, Samanghan, Sar-i-Pol, Takhar, Wardak, Zabul, Nuristan, Khost, Daikundi en Panshir. 2 Schatting uit 2007. ACCORD, UNHCR Network III: 11th European Country of Origin Information Seminar, november 2007. 3 Schatting uit 2007. ACCORD, UNHCR Network III: 11th European Country of Origin Information Seminar, november 2007. 4 Volgens een van de standaardwerken van Erwin Orywal uit 1986 over de bewoners van Afghanistan komen er in Afghanistan ten minste 55 verschillende etnische groepen voor. Geciteerd in: W. Vogelsang, Afghanistan, een geschiedenis (Amsterdam 2002). 5 ‘In the dark. Afghanistan’s tribal complexity’, The Economist, 02.02.08. 5 Algemeen ambtsbericht Afghanistan | maart 2009 Zowel Pashtuns als Tadzjieken hebben een ongeveer even grote, omvangrijke gemeenschap in Herat (349.000 inwoners6), aangevuld met kleine groepen Oezbeken en Turkmenen. In Mazar-i-Sharif (ongeveer 300.000 inwoners7) maken de Oezbeken, Turkmenen en Hazara’s alle drie een ongeveer even groot deel van de bevolking uit, met daarnaast nog een kleine minderheid aan Pashtuns. De bevolking van Kandahar (800.000 inwoners) is overwegend Pashtun. De islam is de officiële religie in Afghanistan. Ongeveer 80 % van de bevolking is soennitisch moslim, terwijl ongeveer 20 % sjiitisch moslim is (waartoe ook een kleine groep ismaëlieten behoort). Daarnaast leeft een kleine groep hindoes en sikhs in Afghanistan, alsmede enkele christenen.8 In Afghanistan worden meer dan 30 talen gesproken, waarvan het aan het Perzisch verwante Dari en Pashtu de belangrijkste zijn. Deze talen worden respectievelijk gesproken door 50 procent en 35 procent van de bevolking.9 Sinds 1936 zijn Dari en Pashtu de officiële talen van Afghanistan, hetgeen is bevestigd in de nieuwe grondwet van januari 2004. De Turkse talen (Oezbeeks en Turkmeens) zijn in de nieuwe grondwet samen met het Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani en Pamiri na het Pashtu en Dari tot derde officiële taal verheven in die gebieden waar een meerderheid van de bevolking deze talen spreekt.10 Onderwijs wordt alleen in het Pashtu en Dari gegeven.11 Minderheidstalen kunnen ook als vak worden aangeboden in het curriculum, als derde taal.12 Het Pashtu wordt overwegend door de Pashtuns gesproken. Tadzjieken en Hazara’s spreken voornamelijk Dari. Veel stedelijke Pashtuns, met name in Kaboel, spreken ook Dari. Na de val van het Talibanbewind in 2001 heeft het Dari aan populariteit gewonnen, omdat het Pashtu wordt geassocieerd met de Taliban, die grotendeels uit Pashtuns bestaan. Het volkslied wordt uitsluitend in het Pashtu gezongen. Hoewel Afghanistan op macro niveau economische groeicijfers kent, is door de wereldwijde economische crisis, sterk stijgende voedselprijzen, droogte en enkele 6 Economist Intelligence Unit, ‘Country Profile Afghanistan 2008’. 7 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada - Country Fact Sheet Afghanistan – January 2008. 8US Department of State – ‘International Religious Freedom Report 2008’, 19.09.08. 9 UNHCR’s eligibility guidelines for assessing the international protection needs of Afghan asylum-seekers, december 2007. 10 Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada - Country Fact Sheet Afghanistan – January 2008. 11 http://www.equip123.net/docs/e2-Afg_IRC%20Case%20Study.pdf Geraadpleegd op 11.11.08. 12 Ministery of Education, Islamic Republic of Afghanistan – ‘National Report: The development
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