Elizabeth Barrett Browning in Italy

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Alessandro Vescovi and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Luisa Villa Paul Vita editors s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work,

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. The Victorians and Italy Literature, Travel, Politics and Art d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It

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d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according ISSN 2037-2515 Printed Edition ISSN 2037-2523 Electronic Edition ISBN 978-88-7699-163-9 Printed Edition ISBN 978-88-7699-164-6 Electronic Edition

The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made available in free access. to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Every contribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper License B”. “Polimetrica License B” gives anyone the possibility to distribute the contents of the work, provided that the authors of the work and the publisher are always recognised and mentioned. It does not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or for profit. Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right to publish and sell the

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10 Table of Contents

3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5 Conclusion...... 59 TableBibliography...... of Contents 60

4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Introduction4.2 Initiatives...... for Governing Family and Humanitarian 9 AlessandroMigration: Vescovi, Labour Luisa MigrationVilla and Paul but notVita Workers’ Migration...... 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82

1. 4.4The Selective Image Policies of Italy: and Refothe Brainrmulating Drain...... the Picturesque 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 “A Pair of Naked Legs and a Ragged Red Scarf”: d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are An Overview of Victorian Discourses on Italy...... 19 ontribution is published according Annemarie McAllister 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter Accounts for the Arm-Chair Traveller: The5.1 Italy State of Interest Badham and and Responsibility Dickens...... 45 Eleanortowards McNees their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 The Peasant and the Picturesque in Ouida’s Italy...... 61 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Jane5.3 Jordan Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 2. 5.5Victorian “Colombia Responses nos une”...... to the Italian Risorgimento 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Beautiful Freedom: Elizabeth5.7 Challenges Barrett ...... Browning’s Casa Guidi Windows ...... 114 83 Lindsey Cordery Bibliography...... 116 “Now in Happier Air”: Arthur Hugh Clough’s Working“Amours Togetherde Voyage” for and the ItalianWell-being Republicanism of Migrants...... 119 99 RenzoBarry D’Agnillo Halliday

6 Table of Contents 10 Table of Contents

“The Last Austrian Who Left Venice”: 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 Anthony Trollope’s Pictures from Italy...... 113 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Toni3.5 Cerutti Conclusion...... 59

GenovaBibliography...... La Superba in Novels 60 by Giovanni Ruffini and Henrietta Jenkin...... 135 4.Allan The C. Ethics Christensen of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 3. LauraTracing Zanfrini Victorian Sources: Italian Culture and History s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Dickens and Alessandro Manzoni’s I Promessi Sposi...... 151 Alessandro4.2 Initiatives Vescovi for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. The4.3 Italian From GuestInfluence Workers in th toe Plays Unwelcome of Charles Guests Dickens ...... 169 82 Rita Severi 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 Dante’s4.5 Equal Vita Opportunity Nova and the and Victorians: Denied Oppor Thetunities Hidden ...... Image 90 behind Rossetti’s Giotto Painting the Portrait of Dante...... 181

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors FabioBibliography...... A. Camilletti 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5.Victorian Colombia: Uses Including of the Italian Emigrant Past:s in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 TheUrs Case Watter of Camilla Rucellai in George Eliot’s Romola ...... 193 Luisa5.1 VillaState Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 4. 5.2The Applied English Ethics in ...... Italy: Studies in Victorian Biography 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Ruskin5.3 Migration and Architecture: Policy and Ethics ...... 106 The5.4 Impact Migration of His Policy Early in ColombiaTravels in ...... Italy (1830s-1840s)...... 211108 Odile Boucher-Rivalain 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 Elizabeth5.6 Alianza Barrett País ...... Browning in Italy ...... 225112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Marianne Camus 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 CatherineBibliography...... Dickens in Italy: 116 Marriage, Mesmerism and Madame de la Rue...... 237 WorkingLilian Nayder Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

Table of Contents 7 10 Table of Contents

Edward Lear in Italy: Mediterranean Landscapes 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 as Inspiration for a Rhizomic System of Nonsense...... 247 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Angelica3.5 Conclusion...... Palumbo 59 Bibliography...... 60 5. Italy and Italians in English Literature: 4. TheFrom Ethics Stereotype of Migration. to Identity Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Italianand “Non-policies”Transformations: in Italy Gender and andEurope National...... Identity 61 in MadameLaura Zanfrini de Staël’s Corinne, or Italy and Selected Works of Charles Dickens...... 265 s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Shannon Russell 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian A LittleMigration: (of) Italy Labour in Early Migration Dickens: but End not inWorkers’ the Beginning? Migration...... 279 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Mario4.3 FromMartino Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82

Middlemarch4.4 Selective: The Policies Novel, an dthe the Manuscript, Brain Drain...... and Italy...... 291 87 Joel4.5 J. EqualBrattin Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors TheBibliography...... Visit to Genoa in George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda...... 301 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Alain Jumeau 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter 6. Intercultural Crossings 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 Gift and Narrative in Charles Dickens’s “The Italian Prisoner” ...... 317 Gerald5.2 Applied Majer Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 Speech, Ghost Language, and Heteroglossia in Two Italian Translations5.4 Migration of APolicy Christmas in Colombia Carol...... 329108 Stefania Parisi 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 Dickens5.6 Alianza and Italian País ...... Cinema...... 339112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Grahame Smith 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116 Index ...... 347 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

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4.Alessandro The Ethics Vescovi,of Migration. Luis a Villa and Paul Vita Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, The4.1 presentRestrictive volume Policies containsand Structural a number Demand offor Immigrantcontributions Labour to .. 65an international4.2 Initiatives symposium for Governing on Family Victor andian Humanitarian literature and culture and Italy Migration:hosted by Labour the University Migration butof Genoanot Workers’ in 2007. Migration...... The collection 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. features research on the perception of Italy and the reception of Italian4.3 From culture Guest by Workers English to Unwelcomewriters, as Guestswell as ...... on the reception 82of Victorian4.4 Selective writers Policies in anItaly.d the TheseBrain Drain...... papers highlight the complex 87 relationship between English and Italian literature, English culture 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 and Italian Risorgimento, Roman Catholicism and Italian history

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors andBibliography...... art. All major Victorian authors are represented along with 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according lesser-known ones. 5. Colombia:To the Victorians, Including Italy Emigrant was whats in Theirthe Orient Societies is to ofEuropeans Origin...... of 101the twentiethUrs Watter century, a mixture of attraction and repulsion: attraction for the5.1 ancient State Interest civilization and Responsibility and for Italy’s contemporary struggle to put an endtowards to a period their Citizens of political Living and Abroad...... economic subjugation and, at 102the same time, repulsion to its chaotic roads, dirty inns, stinky slums, crime5.2 Applied and depravation. Ethics ...... While generally prompted to admire 104the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper former,5.3 Migration the Victorian Policy andtraveller Ethics was ...... advised to put up with the latter 106 or, better still, to find it characteristic and picturesque. In many 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 ways this attitude was a hardly escapable by-product of the colonial and5.5 imperialist “Colombia nosmind. une”...... The English were used to measuring other 109 societies5.6 Alianza against País ...... their own standards of modernity and could 112not sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It help finding fault. Yet a few Victorian writers raised their voices against5.7 Challenges such stereotypes ...... and, by doing so, challenged contemporary 114 attitudesBibliography...... towards Italy and exposed assumptions about England’s 116 social and cultural supremacy. WorkingAccording Together to McAllister, for the Well-being whose ofessay Migrants opens...... this volume, Italy 119 wasBarry not Hallidaya novel concept for Victorians. It had been long constructed by eighteenth-century pastoral, the Gothic and romanticized accounts

10 Alessandro Vescovi, Luisa Villa and Paul Vita 10 Table of Contents

by Byron and Shelley, who wrote paeans on its fecund landscape. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. degree of ambivalence in the attitude towards Italy, though neither can to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper be5.3 said Migration to have beenPolic yan and enthusiast Ethics ...... of the country. 106 5.4If MigrationDickens’s Policy aesthetic in Colombia of the ...... picturesque can be said to 108be inflected by his personal idiosyncrasies, the same is true with a vengeance5.5 “Colombia in the nos case une”...... of Edward Lear, a compulsive traveller and 109 representative5.6 Alianza País of ...... eccentric masculinity, who roved the peninsula 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It from the Sicilian coasts to the Ligurian Riviera, where he took up 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 residence. His “schizoid-rhizomatic genius” – as Palumbo calls it, afterBibliography...... Deleuze – inevitably destined him to a nomadic lifestyle, 116but he found Italy a congenial destination and even, for longish spells, a Workingcongenial Together place of for residence the Well-being where of Migrantsthe soothing...... and nurturing 119 MediterraneanBarry Halliday landscape fostered both painting and an amazing linguistic creativity which he deployed in his limericks, nonsense

Introduction 11 10 Table of Contents

verse, journals and letters. His quest for the picturesque – “an 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. An important difference with Dickens is that Ouida was a to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper woman,5.3 Migration and found Polic livingy and Ethiin Italycs ...... to be a liberating experience. The 106 association5.4 Migration of ItalyPolicy and in Colombia women’s ...... freedom and self-realization 108(as opposed to Britain and patriarchal oppression) had been forcefully stated5.5 “Colombia in Madame nos de une”...... Staël’s Corinne (1805), a celebrated work 109 of fiction5.6 Alianza that had País a ...... significant impact on Victorian constructions 112 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Italy and Italians. According to Russell, Dickens’s (national and 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 masculine) identity was to some extent destabilized by his trip to Italy,Bibliography...... making him – like de Staël’s Lord Nelvil – even more inclined, 116 in his fiction, to rely on the icon of the submissive and fully Workingdomesticated Together woman for asthe a Well-being“security blanket” of Migrants against...... the perplexities 119 of Barrymodernity. Halliday By contrast, it was in Italy, as Nayder shows, that Catherine Dickens first asserted her own sense of self, by resisting

12 Alessandro Vescovi, Luisa Villa and Paul Vita 10 Table of Contents

her husband’s mesmerism and the subjugation of her personality it 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. D’Agnillo contends, to tell the author’s from the character’s views, to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper but5.3 it Migrationis worthwhile Policy toand trace Ethi csCl ...... ough’s responses to the Mazzinian 106 Republic5.4 Migration to shed Policy light in onColombia his poetry...... Similarly, Cerutti delves into 108 Anthony Trollope’s longstanding and ambivalent relationship with Italy5.5 in“Colombia search of nos his une”...... opinions on the political situation, specifically, 109 under5.6 Alianza Austrian País rule...... The English novelist did not approve of 112the sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Austrians in Italy, but his detachment allowed him to see further and 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 to identify a number of problems Italian patriots would soon have to face.Bibliography...... Henrietta Jenkin’s novel, Who Breaks – Pays, studied 116by Christensen, testifies to the attention that the Italian Risorgimento Workingmay have Together received forin Britain.the Well-being This novel, of Migrants a sequel...... to another popular 119 novelBarry written Halliday by the Italian expatriate Giovanni Ruffini, who, disappointed by the turn events had taken, refused to go back to his

Introduction 13 10 Table of Contents

narrative, depicts a love story against a pan-European backdrop, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. meticulous dovetailing of historical “truth” and fictional creation out to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper of 5.3which Migration the novel Polic yis and shaped, Ethics th ...... ereby underscoring George Eliot’s 106 immersion5.4 Migration in Italian Policy inEarly-Renais Colombia ...... sance culture and its impact 108on her imagination. Both Jumeau and Brattin also examine the Italy of George5.5 “Colombia Eliot, its nos appearance une”...... in her novels, and its use as both setting 109 and5.6 contrast Alianza Paísto the ...... British figures whose continental experiences 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It challenge their own provincialism. Jumeau explores Genoa as the 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 setting where the intertwining plots of Daniel Deronda converge, whileBibliography...... Brattin surveys the references and allusions in Eliot’s 116 Middlemarch to Italian culture and history back to ancient Rome. WorkingIn other Together cases, forhowever, the Well-being it was dueof Migrants to the presence...... of a large 119 numberBarry Hallidayof Italian immigrants and refugees (including intellectuals, professionals, artisans, dress-makers, and theatrical performers) in

14 Alessandro Vescovi, Luisa Villa and Paul Vita 10 Table of Contents

Britain that the meaning of “Italian” made its way into British 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. prevent Dickens from reading (and liking) the novel, but perhaps to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper induced5.3 Migration him to Policbe reticenty and Ethi aboutcs ...... it. The impact of Manzoni’s work 106 on5.4 Dickens, Migration an Policy issue in surprisingly Colombia ...... overlooked by scholars, can 108be traced in A Tale of Two Cities, a novel that in general design and in minor5.5 “Colombia incidents nosbears une”...... a striking resemblance to I promessi sposi. 109 5.6Dante Alianza Gabriel País ...... Rossetti’s connection with the Italian expatriate 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It intelligentsia in London and Italian culture in general is, of course, 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 much more direct and obvious. However, his Giotto Painting the PortraitBibliography...... of Dante (1852) – a minor watercolour Camilletti chooses 116 to foreground in his essay – provides a productive point of entrance Workinginto the historyTogether of for the the reception Well-being of ofVita Migrants Nova...... Dante’s “book 119 of youth”Barry surfacedHalliday suddenly as a literary fashion in the 1840s: this vogue foreshadowed a new aesthetic sensibility which favoured the

Introduction 15 10 Table of Contents

image of Dante as a young lover – so different from the “stern” 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. by crossing national boundaries and prejudices, and invite readers to to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper reconsider5.3 Migration the role Polic ofy Italy and Ethiin thecs ...... Victorian imagination. 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108

The5.5 editors “Colombia would nos like une”...... to take this opportunity to thank their fellow 109 scholars5.6 Alianza who organized País ...... the Dickens, Victorian Culture, Italy conference 112 in sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It June of 2007 and contributed to the selection of essays in this volume: Michael5.7 Challenges Hollington, ...... John Jordan, Francesca Orestano, David Paroissien, 114 CathyBibliography...... Waters, Massimo Bacigalupo, and Clotilde de Stasio. 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 1. The Image of Italy: Reformulating the Picturesque ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 19-43 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av “A Pair of Naked Legs and a Ragged Red Scarf”: An Overview of Victorian Discourses on Italy

Annemarie McAllister – University of Central Lancashire, UK s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work,

Pictures from Italy, Dickens’s idiosyncratic account of his reactions to a journey through the peninsula, offers a lively alternative to the ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. more prosaic contemporary guidebooks such as those produced by Baedeker or Murray.1 As many more readers were likely to consume Dickens’s work than would ever venture abroad with the aid of the guidebooks, these Pictures provided influential material

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors for the creation of discourse about Italy and Italians. In a typically ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according ingenuous strategy, Dickens constructs himself as a plain man who is frequently shocked by his Italian experiences, cutting through any supposed cultural pieties or conventional listing of beauties by his plain speaking. Indeed, conventional beauties or supposedly pleasurable experiences are frequently used as a foil for his outspoken judgements on the Italian people, their qualities and their mode of life. Dickens’s (partial) view can thus be accorded prestige as an to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper exposé of the “real Italy”, effectively discrediting accepted wisdom as well as claiming superior authenticity. An example from his discussion of Naples illustrates the initial enumeration of exotic or pastoral pleasures (with “begging and stealing” subversively inserted in the midst of the catalogue of attractions), only to be

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It mocked by the superior “reality” he discerns and the moral lesson he draws:

All this, and every other kind of out-door life and stir, and maccaroni- eating at sunset, and flower-selling all day long, and begging and

1 The book was originally published in 1846; Murray’s first guidebook to Italy (in competition with Baedeker’s) had appeared four years earlier.

20 Annemarie McAllister 10 Table of Contents

stealing everywhere and at all hours, you see upon the bright sea 3.4shore, The whereHuman the Rights’ waves Approach...... of the bay sparkle merrily. But, lovers and 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5hunters Conclusion...... of the picturesque, let us not keep too studiously out of 59 view the miserable depravity, degradation, and wretchedness, with Bibliography...... which this gay Neapolitan life is inseparably associated! It is not well 60 to find St. Giles so repulsive, and the Porta Capuana so attractive. A 4. Thepair Ethics of naked of Migration.legs and a ragged red scarf, do not they make all the Reflectionsdifference between on Recent what Migration is interesting Policies and what is coarse and odious? and(166-7) “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini This trope of contrast between paradisiacal natural environment s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, and4.1 degraded Restrictive inhabitants,Policies and Structural or indeed Demand contrast for Immigrantbetween Labourperceived .. 65 characteristics4.2 Initiatives forof GoverningEngland Familyand Italy, and Humanitarianwas a key feature of the discourseMigration: about Labour Italy Migrationand Italians but notin Workers’the mid-nineteenth Migration...... century. 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Such oppositions were certainly not new; earlier in the century 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Shelley, in an 1818 letter to Leigh Hunt, had used similar adjectives to 4.4declare Selective that: Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 There are two Italies; one composed of the green earth & transparent

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... sea and the mighty ruins of antient times, and aerial mountains, & the 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according warm and radiant atmosphere which is interfused through all things. 5. Colombia:The other consistsIncluding of theEmigrant Italianss ofin theTheir present Societies day, theirof Origin works...... and 101 Ursways. Watter The one is the most sublime & lovely contemplation that can be conceived by the imagination of man; the other the most degraded 5.1disgusting State Interest and odious. and Responsibility (Quoted in Kemp 152) towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 This equivocal pastoral discourse was presented by widely-circulated 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica

ublisher are always recogni ublisher are texts in the public domain, by such writers as the Brownings and perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Bulwer-Lytton.5.3 Migration Polic They pronouncementsand Ethics ...... of Ruskin, advocating a pre- 106 lapsarian5.4 Migration simplicity, Policy inalso Colombia influenced ...... the opposition in industrial/ 108 pastoral discourse. However, there was also a wealth of other material5.5 “Colombia featuring nos the une”...... pleasures of the Italian landscape – and 109the pleasures5.6 Alianza of Paísdespising ...... the Italians situated within it – and this 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It provides a valuable context for accounts of visits to Italy by public favourites5.7 Challenges such as ...... Frances Trollope and Charles Dickens. 114 Bibliography...... By the mid-century, Italy was already constructed in pastoral 116 narratives by powerful residual discourse. The earlier taste for the WorkingGothic, such Together as the for novels the Well-being of Ann Radcliffe, of Migrants had inscribed...... in English 119 cultureBarry a Halliday grammar of dramatic Italian landscapes, as well as dramatic behaviour and events. Pictorial descriptions of Italy by Romantics

“A Pair of Naked Legs and a Ragged Red Scarf”: An Overview of… 21 10 Table of Contents

such as Byron and Shelley had also made available a range of 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Italy was foregrounded in the cultural field. But in the creation and use4.2 of Initiatives English narratives for Governing about Family Italy, and cultural, Humanitarian political, economic and technologicalMigration: developments Labour Migration in England but not itselfWorkers’ were Migration...... just as significant. 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3A Frompractical Guest agent Workers of the to increasingUnwelcome middle-class Guests ...... awareness of the 82 pastoral landscapes of Italy at this period was the growth in availability4.4 Selective of Policiesillustration and thein Brainbooks Drain...... and, even more, in papers like 87 the4.5 Illustrated Equal Opportunity London andNews Denied (ILN Oppor). Suchtunities images ...... could enable the 90 wider diffusion of cultural tropes, such as the pastoral, which were d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors thusBibliography...... made available to middle-class readers. But perhaps the most 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according obvious factor influencing a contemporary fascination with the 5.Italian Colombia: rural scene Including was EmigrantEngland’ss inrapid Their urbanization. Societies of OriginJohn Bull...... may 101 Urs Watter have been idealized as a country squire, but by 1851 the majority of his5.1 countrymen State Interest inhabited and Responsibility towns or cities, as the census of Great Britaintowards that year their revealed. Citizens Living Given Abroad...... what Lowe calls the rural idyll 102 at the5.2 heart Applied of the Ethics English ...... national narrative, it is thus not surprising 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. that excursions into the (English) countryside and paintings of rural to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper scenes5.3 Migration grew in Policpopularity,y and Ethi providingcs ...... a self- and national image 106 of connection5.4 Migration with Policy the land. in Colombia4 For example, ...... William Collins made 108his name with The Dispersal of a Favourite Lamb in 1813, engraved twice5.5 “Colombiawith 15,000 nos smaller une”...... prints being sold, and capitalized on 109the theme5.6 Alianza with subjects País ...... like Rustic Civility (1832), Cottage Hospitality 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It (1834) and Happy as a King, shown at the Royal Academy in 1836 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116 2 For discussion of the early nineteenth-century attitudes to Italy as revealed in travel writing see O’Connor, Chapter 2, and also Brand, Chapter 1. Working3 For further Together detailed examination for the Well-being of these issues, of Migrants see McAllister...... 119 4 OnBarry rurality Halliday identified with Englishness, see Thomas, and on increased visiting of the country (which ironically was aided by railway development), see Mingay 10 and Keith 81.

22 Annemarie McAllister 10 Table of Contents

but much more widely known through the popular engraving of 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Leigh, later rhapsodies over Italian countryside are set against to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Aurora’s5.3 Migration early Policmemoriesy and Ethi ofcs London, ...... chiefly consisting of “Fog 106 only,5.4 Migrationthe great Policytawny in weltering Colombia fog ...... […] as if a spunge/Had wiped 108 out London” (Book 1, 3; 179, 182-3). Far more tangible dirt and squalor5.5 “Colombia than mere nos fog,une”...... of course, were produced by urbanization 109 and5.6 industrialism, Alianza País ...... and Chadwick’s 1842 Sanitary Report revealed 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the unpleasant truth that London, at least, was far removed from the 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 green and pleasant land with which England liked to identify itself. AfterBibliography...... the second cholera epidemic in 1848-9 the attraction 116of depictions of rural scenes, signifying healthy living, increased in Workingimaginative Together power. for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 BarryPastoral Halliday images of Italy and Italians, whether conveyed visually or verbally, could perform many functions for the mid-nineteenth-century

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consumer. A double cultural distinction was conferred by their 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. were likely to be read against concepts of differentiated orders of to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper culture5.3 Migration in which Polic they and Italian Ethics “race” ...... scored less highly than 106the Anglo-Saxon.5.4 Migration PolicyFrom in1840 Colombia to 1870 ...... there was a development 108in “racial” theories, as each decade saw the publication of seminal ethnological5.5 “Colombia works, nos une”...... although already “by the late 1840s, the idea 109 of 5.6the Alianza Anglo-Saxon País ...... ‘race’ was an intellectual commonplace” 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It (Stocking 63). From Grey in the 1840s to Galton and Spencer in 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 the 50s and 60s, the cultural remained interwoven with the biologicalBibliography...... in many of these theories, as the instinctive “savage” was 116 set against the steady, reasoning English, and a moral determinism Workinglinked virtues Together or vicesfor the with Well-being degree of of Migrants “civilization”...... Civilization 119 wasBarry often Halliday seen in particularly English terms:

24 Annemarie McAllister 10 Table of Contents

Although the ostensible reference was still to a generalized progress of 3.4knowledge, The Human technique, Rights’ socialApproach...... organization, and morality, civilization 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5often Conclusion...... tended to imply […] the factory system and free trade; 59 representative government and liberal political institutions; a middle- Bibliography...... class standard of material comfort and the middle-class ethic of self- 60 discipline and sexual restraint; and the Christian religion in its 4. TheProtestant Ethics form. of Migration. (Stocking 35) Reflections on Recent Migration Policies In and1851 “Non-policies” Herbert Spencer in Italy in andSocial Europe Statics...... entitled a chapter “The 61 EvanescenceLaura Zanfrini of Evil”, advancing the argument that men (sic) would distance themselves more from the instinctive, animal way of life, s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 be drawn to progress, and “evil and immorality disappear” (65). Evil4.2 Initiativesand immorality for Governing are thusFamily satisfyingly and Humanitarian located in the less evolved,Migration: who display Labour less Migration “progress”, but not in Workers’ Spencer’s Migration...... terms. The very 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. title4.3 of From Edward Guest Tylor’s Workers influential to Unwelcome study Guests Primitive ...... Culture in 1871 82 reflected beliefs in the link of culture with ethnology, and also in the4.4 evolution Selective ofPolicies cultures and andthe Brain races, Drain...... in which the “primitive” were 87 less4.5 advanced Equal Opportunity along the and path Denied of progressOpportunities than ...... “civilised” nations. 90 Indeed, Tylor succeeded in constructing a “rough scale of civilisation” d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are which located “the educated world of England and America” at one ontribution is published according end of a continuum, with “savage tribes at the other”. Between 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 these poles, examples are given of the Australian [Aboriginal], Urs Watter Tahitian, Aztec, Chinese, and Italian “races” in this “ascending order5.1 Stateof culture” Interest (23-24).and Responsibility Italians were thus almost, but not quite, as civilizedtowards as their the Citizens English, Living and Abroad...... as G. W. Stocking points out, “the 102 European5.2 Applied peasantry Ethics ...... now served as a crucial link between modern 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. civilized and primitive savage man”. Such inscription provided a to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper safe5.3 location Migration of Polic “primitivism”y and Ethics outside ...... England, invaluable at a time 106 of 5.4concern Migration about Policy statisticsin Colombia showing ...... disturbing working-class 108 behaviour and moral and physical degeneracy.5 Yet, even without 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 such “scientific” support, Anna Jameson in the 1820s had anticipated 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Tylor’s theories in her fictionalized diary of a visit to Italy:

5.7Let Challenges the modern ...... Italians be what they may, – what I hear them styled 114 Bibliography...... six times a day at least – a dirty, demoralized, degraded, unprincipled 116 race, – centuries behind our thrice-blessed, prosperous, and comfort- Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 5 OnBarry concerns Halliday about internal “primitivism”, see Stocking 212-16. There is also of course the ambiguity of projection onto the Irish, discussed by many writers from Curtis 1955 to De Nie 2004.

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loving nation in civilization and morals: if I were come among them 3.4as aThe resident, Human this Rights’ picture Approach...... might alarm me […] (293) 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5 Conclusion...... 59 However, the discourse in which examples of Italian pastoral participateBibliography...... is one of greater complexity, diversity and ambiguity than 60 a purely anthropologically-informed analysis might suggest. To 4.contain The Ethics Italians of Migration.within the boundaries of the page was to establish theReflections superiority on Recentof the Migrationreader by Policies the controlling gaze, yet also, paradoxically,and “Non-policies” to allow in Italyreaders and toEurope participate...... in Italian Otherness. 61 Laura Zanfrini Positive qualities, such as liveliness and spontaneity, could be gained s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, by4.1 imaginative Restrictive participation,Policies and Structural whilst retaining Demand forthe Immigrant powerful Labour distancing .. 65 of 4.2the Initiatives observer. for Homi Governing Bhabha Family stresses and Humanitarianthe ambivalence of national representationsMigration: Labourand traditions, Migration but“as not much Workers’ acts Migration...... of affiliation and 73 establishment as they are moments of disavowal, displacement, ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. exclusion,4.3 From and Guest cultural Workers contestation” to Unwelcome (Nation Guests 5)...... Qualities selected for 82 marking4.4 Selective might Policiesbe open an ford theassociatio Brain Drain...... n or disavowal, or simultaneously 87 available to signify both, such as the childishness which constituted Italians4.5 Equal as contentedly Opportunity pre-lapsarian and Denied Oppor but alsotunities implied ...... their unreliability 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors andBibliography...... inability to survive in the modern world. As Graham Dawson 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according remarks, when discussing T. E. Lawrence’s fascination with Arabia 5.and Colombia: the popularity Including of his Emigrant myth in England:s in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter Representations furnish a repertoire of cultural forms that can be 5.1drawn State upon Interest in andthe Responsibilityimagining of lived identities. These may be aspiredtowards to, theirrather Citizens than ever Living actua Abroad...... lly being achieved, or achievable. 102 5.2And Applied into this Ethics gap flows ...... the element of desire. (118) 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Desire,5.3 Migration predicated Polic yupon and Ethi a cslack ...... , can encompass attraction and 106 repulsion simultaneously. Such desire is evident in the mixture of 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 fascination and fear which depicts behaviour that transgresses contemporary5.5 “Colombia English nos une”...... self-ascribed norms, such as moderation 109 or 6 self-control.5.6 Alianza PaísIn what ...... must have acted as a mimetic narrative 112for sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It some readers, Aurora Leigh’s father, the “austere Englishman” is “flooded5.7 Challenges with a ...... passion unaware” at the sight of her Italian mother 114 whoBibliography...... “shook with silent clangour brain and heart/Transfiguring him 116 to music” (Book 1, 68; 88-89). But however attractive the flirtation Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 6 On desire, the work of Lacan and Derrida is summarized and developed in Chapter 3 of Belsey.

26 Annemarie McAllister 10 Table of Contents

with such an existence might be, the reader is recalled by the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 The presses plied the reading public with Sketches, Notes, Diaries, 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Gleanings, Glimpses, Impressions, Pictures, Narratives, and Leaves Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 from Journals about Tours, Visits, Wanderings, Residences, Rambles, ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3and From Travels Guest in all Workers the quarters to Unwelcome of the South Guests (7) ...... 82 Travel4.4 Selective writers Policiescommented and the on Brain “scenery” Drain...... as if set out on a stage for 87 their4.5 delectation,Equal Opportunity and on and the Denied inhabi Opportants anthropologically,tunities ...... inscribing 90 them as objects and therefore constructing the reader in a position of d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors superiority.Bibliography...... Roland Barthes has written of the mastery implicit 97in ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according panoramic views such as that from the Eiffel Tower. In a dialectical 5.process, Colombia: we are Including lost in Emigrantthe overalls inexperience, Their Societies our “euphoric of Origin...... vision” 101 (10),Urs yet Watter are simultaneously trying to impose a pattern, make sense, tie5.1 it downState Interest to what and we Responsibility already know . Such a process uses the view as materialtowards for their our Citizens exercise Living of Abroad...... control. Once Baedeker had been 102 joined by the reliably English Murray, guidebooks occupied the 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104

to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ground of factual description of Italy, and the individual writer was ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper freed5.3 Migrationto make Polic impressionisticy and Ethics ...... and idiosyncratic comments, 106 frequently5.4 Migration using Policy informal in Colombia struct ...... ures as the titles quoted above 108 suggest – including “Pictures”, in Dickens’s case. By the mid- century5.5 “Colombia the alterity nos une”...... of the Italians, and a certain typology, was 109 firmly5.6 Alianza established País ...... in such texts. Appreciation of the culture and 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It environment was tempered with the moral lessons, implicit or at times5.7 Challengesexplicit, which ...... the visiting English could teach the Italians. 1148 Bibliography...... The idyllic physical environment of Italy was inscribed firmly 116 in English mythology by residual cultural discourses, and frequently Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 7 ThisBarry is inHalliday many ways an echo of Corinne’s story in the novel by de Staël. 8 O’Connor contrasts eighteenth- and nineteenth-century attitudes, making a similar point (18).

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reconfirmed in visual and verbal texts. In 1860, for example, just 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

towardsFigure their Citizens1. “View Living of Bologna” Abroad...... ILN 3 March 1860, 205. 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper “As5.3 Bologna Migration is Polic nowy theand centreEthics ...... of the Italian movement, we give 106 a View5.4 Migrationof the exterior Policy ofin Colombiathe city, ...... which, like the majority of Italian 108 cities, offers a rich and picturesque outline” (3 March 1860, 205). It is 5.5an odd“Colombia view of nos a une”...... city, as well over half of the illustration depicts 109 a 5.6rural Alianza landscape, País ...... with a donkey in the foreground and peasant 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It women drowsing in the shade of the large trees. The skyline of the 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 city seems contained by the surrounding countryside and relaxed atmosphere,Bibliography...... and thus the very concept of a city is inscribed in 116 a fundamentally different way to that in which most English readers Workingwould understand Together the for term.the Well-being Indeed, th ofe wholeMigrants process...... of containment 119 withinBarry frames, Halliday whether of paper or of trees, underlines the power relations in such apparent appreciation of the Italian landscape.

28 Annemarie McAllister 10 Table of Contents

The trope of a “view” itself implies boundaries, by being presented 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. used to seeing” (122). As a location for day-dreaming or fantasy, to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Italy5.3 offeredMigration much, Polic yand and there Ethics were ...... undoubted delights to be gained 106 by5.4 imaginative Migration Policy identification in Colombia with ...... carefree Italians in such 108an idyllic setting.9 They could be accompanied by the (perhaps more satisfying)5.5 “Colombia sense nos of une”...... power conferred by the status of privileged 109 observer5.6 Alianza from País a position ...... of self-ascribed superiority. Representations 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It which might challenge the reader’s own social and cultural practices 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 could thus be recuperated and made to serve several needs. Verbal descriptionsBibliography...... of the physical attractions of Italy ranged from those 116 in guide books to depictions in poetry, but almost all were appreciative, Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 9 On longing or daydreaming, and its place with disillusionment in the cycle of consumption, see Storey 14-16.

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indeed lyrical. Writing with a more personal tone than Murray’s or 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are And end with the prickly-pear’s red flesh ontribution is published according 5. Colombia:That leaves Including thro’ its Emigrant juice s in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 UrsThe Watter stony black seeds on your pearl-teeth. (99-115) Sensuality5.1 State Interestis clearly and evoked Responsibility here, but Browning’s emphasis upon the availability,towards freshness their Citizens and Living sheer Abroad...... naturalness of food adds a further 102 aspect5.2 Applied to the Ethicsmyths ...... about Italians – one which is unequivocally 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. enviable. In the increasingly urban living conditions of England, such to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper “living5.3 Migration off the land”Policy hadand Ethireceded,cs ...... for many, into folk memory, and 106 contemporary5.4 Migration English Policy inconcerns Colombia abou ...... t hygiene and the adulteration 108 of food demonstrated dissatisfaction with this situation (Wohl 52-3). The5.5 reader “Colombia of this nos poem, une”...... published in 1845, would thus have been 109 confronted5.6 Alianza with País an ...... attractive mode of life which the English could 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It be seen as having lost. This attraction, as well as providing an 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 alternative reality, also fed insecurity about nationality and status andBibliography...... created a need for self-validation which in turn fed 116the construction of Italians as “primitive”. WorkingOne strategy Together by for which the Well-being the pastoral of landscapeMigrants ...... could be contained 119 andBarry managed Halliday verbally, as it was visually, was by its being defined in relationship to England. In the first part of Casa Guidi Windows,

30 Annemarie McAllister 10 Table of Contents

published in 1851 although written in 1848, Elizabeth Barrett 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Browning’s argument relies upon underlining the links between England3.5 Conclusion...... and Italy, and in stanza XXIX she uses the description of her 59 firstBibliography...... sight of Vallombrosa to allude to Milton’s use of its famous 60 “beechen leaves”. Here the beautiful environment is positioned not 4.merely The Ethics as a of“view”, Migration. but one which “helped to fill the cup of Milton’sReflections soul”, on Recentand thus Migration has earned Policies a place in English history. Thereand “Non-policies”is little actual indescription Italy and Europe of the ...... scene, as if it exists fully 61 onlyLaura in Zanfrinithe simile in Paradise Lost which has created it for the English: “Therefore is/The place divine to English man and child – s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, /We4.1 all Restrictive love Italy” Policies (1156; and 1162-4).Structural ToDemand love afor landscape, Immigrant orLabour country, .. 65 largely4.2 Initiatives because for of Governingits status asFamily a source and Humanitarian of intertextual references in one’s Migration:own national Labour literature Migration places but not th eWorkers’ reader firmlyMigration...... in control 73of ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. the4.3 environment. From Guest WorkersJohn Pemble to Unwelcome underlines Guests this ...... search for recognition 82 rather than discovery, commenting that “indifference or hostility was4.4 arousedSelective Policieswhen landscapesand the Brain failed Drain...... to match preconceptions 87 derived4.5 Equal from Opportunity art or literatureand Denied and Oppor appearedtunities ...... strange when they 90 should have been familiar” (126). d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... Even more overtly, in the majority of the 48 letters which 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according compose Frances Trollope’s A Visit to Italy, explicit comparisons 5.with Colombia: England Including are used Emigrant to places inItalian Their scenery Societies and of Origin climate...... on 101 a scaleUrs of Watter worth. A few Italian sights are deemed to be incomparably beautiful,5.1 State Interestsuch as and the Responsibility “soft, liqui d, rosy radiance, as I watched floatingtowards over theirthe white Citizens mountains Living Abroad...... round Turin” (I: 28) or the setting 102 of 5.2Genoa: Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3It isMigration the overflowing Policy and fertility Ethics of ...... the golden garden in which she lies 106 basking, with its orange-groves, its lemon-trellises, its myrtles, 5.4oleanders, Migration and Policy pomegranates, in Colombia which ...... altogether give it an aspect and 108 5.5a charm, “Colombia that would nos une”...... be sought in vain elsewhere. (I: 43) 109 But5.6 such Alianza unequivocal País ...... appreciation is rare, and the outstanding 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It feature of her construction of Italy is the inferiority of its climate. England5.7 Challenges may seem ...... grey: 114 Bibliography...... 116 but turn the medal, and you will see amidst the amber, jasper, topaz and lapis lazuli of Rome the demon of disease, lurking where all Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 seems fairest, and turning the air, that looks like an elixir extracted Barry Halliday from diamonds and pearls, into a draught of venomous poison, and untimely death […] while the reverse of our humbler medal shows

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health and exercise, labour and its sweet reward, a paler sun, but a 3.4more The ruddy Human cheek. Rights’ (II: 286)Approach...... 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5 Conclusion...... 59 Pisa is supposed by English visitors to be a very healthy location, butBibliography...... “I have seen a meteorological calculation, the result of which 60is to prove that twice as much rain falls at Pisa within the year, as in 4.London” The Ethics (I: of71) Migration. and according to “a certain Dottore Berlini […] pulmonaryReflections affections on Recent of Migration the most Policies fatal kind are frequent at Turin” (I:and 20). “Non-policies” Trollope exclaims in Italy andat one Europe point...... in amazement that the 61 Laura Zanfrini English climate is so misjudged: s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 How singular it is that England, whose defective climate is the theme 4.2of Initiativessuch an enormous for Governing proportion Family of alland foreign Humanitarian observation upon her peculiarMigration: and characteristic Labour Migration features, but how not Workers’singular it Migration...... is that the gardens 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3of Fromthis poor, Guest cold Workers and foggy to Unwelcome England should Guests as much ...... excel all others 82 in every species of beauty, as in every species of produce. But so it 4.4is, Selectivebeyond allPolicies reach an ofd thedecently-pl Brain Drain...... ausible contradiction; and the 87 consequence is, that it is very difficult for any of us, on being led into 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 a garden on the Continent, to say, honestly, that we see any thing to

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... admire in it. (II: 284-5) 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5.The Colombia: defence ofIncluding English Emigrant gardens, shere in Their, is a defenceSocieties of of EnglishOrigin...... values, 101 andUrs the Watter value of such a work for the reader may well lie in the confirmation of superiority conferred. The hyperbolic denial of admiration5.1 State Interestfor any and continental Responsibility gard ens whatsoever (at this point Trollopetowards is discussing their Citizens the BorgheseLiving Abroad...... gardens, renowned for centuries) 102 inscribes5.2 Applied writer Ethics and...... reader as “plain men” on a Dickensian model, 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper insightfully exposing cant. The introductory summary of this particular 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 letter’s contents presents a representative sample of the significant juxtapositions5.4 Migration andPolicy explicit in Colombia moral ...... standpoint to be found informing 108 Trollope’s5.5 “Colombia commentary: nos une”...... 109 5.6Disappointment Alianza País ...... in the Borghese Gardens.–Gardens of England.– 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Necessity of Scientific Cultivation everywhere.–The unwholesome 5.7Beauty Challenges of the ...... Campagna.–The Pincio Hill.–View of Rome from 114 Bibliography...... the Terrace.–The English Church.–English Equipages.–Numerical 116 Proportion of Priests.– Forests.–Crimes of Violence.–State of Roman WorkingMorality.–The Together Statu for Quothe Well-being System.–Roman of Migrants Catholic...... Sermon.–Roman 119 BarryCatholic Halliday Faith. (II: x - Table of Contents)

32 Annemarie McAllister 10 Table of Contents

And yet ambivalence persists, and the softer pleasures of escapism 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3Figure Migration 2. “Under Polic they and Vines–Italy” Ethics ...... ILN 17 March 1860, 268 (detail). 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 The5.5 engraving “Colombia of nos the une”...... painting shown in Figure 2 was printed in 109the ILN with certain prestige conferred through its having been 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It exhibited in the British Institution. Appearing in 1860, such an illustration5.7 Challenges was ...... bound to be read against knowledge of the recent 114 successfulBibliography...... Italian campaign and the declaration of the Italian state 116– a constitutional monarchy like Britain. The picturesque components of Workinglake, mountains Together and for pergola the Well-being with vines of Migrants are combined...... in a beautiful 119 framingBarry Hallidaydevice, but the composition foregrounds the sun-dappled space under the vines, and I would argue that this is the most

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significant space for the reader, which is shown in detail. Here the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... beauteous land from becoming a perfect paradise. (ILN 3 March 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according 1860, 268) 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 ThisUrs could Watter be read as a reference to recent political oppression, but I would argue that, given the iconography of the picture, it is just as likely5.1 State to linkInterest with and the Responsibility prevalence of animals, lack of civilized comfortstowards and their the Citizens bare Livingfeet depicted Abroad...... to connote innate Italian 102 primitivism.5.2 Applied ParticularlyEthics ...... in the late 1850s and early 1860s, it 104 is to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper actually very rare to see any representation of an Italian scene in the ILN5.3 which Migration does Polic not includey and Ethi eithercs ...... animals or bare footed humans – 106 or both,5.4 Migrationindeed. Even Policy in ina Colombiasumptuous ...... supplement on Rome (26 March 108 1859) the Piazza del Popolo is robbed of some of its splendour by 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 the appearance in the foreground of peasants bearing produce, one 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It of them a woman who is riding a hefty looking ox. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

34 Annemarie McAllister 10 Table of Contents

4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82

4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 Figure 3. “The Piazza del Populo, Rome” ILN 26 March 1859, 313. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Bearing in mind contemporary concerns in the 1850s and 60s about 5.the Colombia: definition Including of a gentleman Emigrant ands in Theirthe recognition Societies of of Origin professional...... 101 status,Urs Watterthe importance for a middle-class reader of being distanced from such manual labour would be vital (Gilmour 92). Such images, contrasting5.1 State Interest with a and desired Responsibility self-image, would degrade Italy and the Italianstowards by association. their Citizens When Living theAbroad...... reader of the ILN for 14 May 102 18595.2 Applieddiscovered Ethics in ...... the piece “Statistics of Italy” that the population 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper in 1858 was 27,107,047 and that Italy is “one of the countries in 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 which the largest cities and towns are to be found”, with 19 having more5.4 Migrationthan 50,000 Policy inhabitants in Colombia and ...... 8 cities exceeding 100,000 (474), 108 these5.5 “Colombiafacts of Italian nos une”...... urbanization would seem hard to reconcile 109 with the preceding illustrations. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It When constructing the rural landscape, the trope of English/Italian contrast5.7 Challenges also applied ...... – in other words, even the rural inhabitants 114 of England could be read as superior. The casual reader opening the 26Bibliography...... March 1859 of the ILN would be convinced of this directly, 116 seeing Figures 4 and 5 on the same page: Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

“A Pair of Naked Legs and a Ragged Red Scarf”: An Overview of… 35 10 Table of Contents

4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Figure 4. “Pifferari playing to the Virgin” ILN 26 March 1859, 305. Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

36 Annemarie McAllister 10 Table of Contents

4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116 Figure 5. “The Cottage Door” ILN 26 March 1859, 305. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

“A Pair of Naked Legs and a Ragged Red Scarf”: An Overview of… 37 10 Table of Contents

It is stressed in the accompanying description that Figure 5 shows a 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. serve as a site for the location of fantasies for a bourgeois audience to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper – 5.3for Migrationexample, Polic the yfantasy and Ethi ofcs ...... being free, instinctive and without 106 anxiety5.4 Migration about Policysocial in status Colombia or ...... gender roles. Representations 108of Italians in pastoral settings, especially large and complex visual images5.5 “Colombia in which nos the une”...... reader could lose himself, offered a stage upon 109 which5.6 Alianza to play País another ...... part for a brief time, almost a holiday 112 in sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It which he too could be capricious and dance the tarantella. But the 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 demands of constructing one’s own identity in the world outside the textBibliography...... also required satisfaction of the powerful needs to project fear 116 and guilt, to validate one’s desired self-image, and to achieve Workingdistinction. Together There is for a complexthe Well-being dialogue of Migrants in such reading,...... between 119the desireBarry to Halliday be like and the desire to show oneself unlike, and superior. Sussman, in his study of Victorian masculinities, points out the

38 Annemarie McAllister 10 Table of Contents

“complex mix of repulsion and envy for what [readers] saw as the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. conventionally as a signifier for amorality since the first English to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper readings5.3 Migration of Machiavelli Policy and inEthi thecs si ...... xteenth century. Amorality can 106 be even5.4 moreMigration threatening Policy in thanColombia deliberate ...... evil. Its unpredictability 108can call into question the foundations of morality upon which “our” society5.5 “Colombia rests. If nosthere une”...... is a possible way of viewing moral issues, 109 or everyday5.6 Alianza mores País from ...... outside our framework, our construction 112 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It reality, this raises very uncomfortable questions. A more manageable 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 distinction can be based upon the attribution of external dirt or lack of Bibliography...... hygiene, however, which might even be seen as an outward 116 indicator of moral laxity in some cases. Mary Douglas’s work on Workingtaboos and Together pollution for eschewsthe Well-being a simple of Migrants binary opposition,...... but does 119 stressBarry the Halliday uses of such a dual structuring of experience, with particular reference to cleanliness:

“A Pair of Naked Legs and a Ragged Red Scarf”: An Overview of… 39 10 Table of Contents

As we know it, dirt is essentially disorder [….] eliminating it is not 3.4a Thenegative Human movement, Rights’ Approach...... but a positive effort to organise the 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5environment Conclusion...... […]. It is only by exaggerating the difference between 59 within and without, above and below, male and female, with and Bibliography...... against, that a semblance of order is created. (2, 4) 60

4.It isThe clear Ethics that of the Migration. differentiation of needs of any group means that if anReflections opposite is on identified Recent Migration and constructed Policies as disordered, the result willand be “Non-policies” improved bonding, in Italy and Europefeelings...... of order, cleanliness and 61 superiority.Laura Zanfrini Certainly these symbolic boundaries are key points from which to investigate cultural values and assumptions. The s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 likelihood would be that insecurities, particularly those of a “new” middle4.2 Initiatives class, focusing for Governing upon socialFamily and and moralHumanitarian status, would give rise to theMigration: negative attributionLabour Migration of dirt butto others.not Workers’ Migration...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3At From periods Guest when Workers social to Unwelcomeboundaries Guestsare rapidly ...... shifting and the 82 middle classes have perhaps recently “escaped” from relatively 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 primitive conditions, dirt, poverty or other forms of disrepute, this protective4.5 Equal mechanismOpportunity andis likely Denied to Oppor be calledtunities into ...... place frequently. 90 Chadwick’s crusade against dirt in the 1840s constructed water as an d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are agent of purification, in a secular form of sacrament, and cleanliness ontribution is published according 5.came Colombia: into an Including intimate Emigrant relationships in Their with Societies godliness. of Origin This ...... is well 101 illustratedUrs Watter by the surprising amount of coverage in newspapers and magazines of concern about the state of the Thames, especially during5.1 State the Interestcholera and outbreak Responsibility of 1848-9. The population of London seemedtowards to be their seized Citizens by sudden Living Abroad...... indignation, no doubt proving how 102 refined,5.2 Applied clean Ethics and particular ...... they were by their disgust at the filth 104 so to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper near to them (as Freeland says, “The Victorians made dirt itself a 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 crime” [805]). 5.4In MigrationAnne Manning’s Policy in Colombia1865 Selvaggio ...... , Miss Sparkes, a visiting 108 Englishwoman,5.5 “Colombia embarksnos une”...... on a campaign to improve the village. (As 109 Selvaggio means “wild, savage, or uncivilised”, she has clearly taken 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It on a massive task.) Entering a cottage, where “dirt and discomfort so evidently5.7 Challenges reigned ...... within that Miss Sparkes hesitated”, she bribes 114 a child to wash himself, and adds “and look here, I am going to give yourBibliography...... sister all these centesimi, to give one at a time to good boys 116 who wash their face and hands” (173-4; 176-7). By the end of the Workingimprobable Together plot whichfor the Well-beingfeatures coincidences, of Migrants ...... conversions and 119 Barry Halliday battles, the author tells us that:

40 Annemarie McAllister 10 Table of Contents

Selvaggio looked just as seedy and weedy as when we first made 3.4acquaintance The Human with Rights’ it. But Approach...... there was a noteworthy change at the inn. 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5[…] Conclusion...... The Crane became as distinguished for cleanliness as it had 59 been notorious for dirt; as famous for its excellent cookery as it had Bibliography...... been infamous for its horrid minestra and risotto […] for Rosina 60 had lived so long in England, that she knew and had acquired 4. TheEnglish Ethics tastes. of Migration. (299) Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Andand an “Non-policies” approving Miss in SpItalyarkes and is EuropeRosina’s...... first guest. The positioning 61 of Laurathe English Zanfrini as superior in hygiene and cuisine might have been surprising to some readers, especially those who remembered the s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 cholera outbreaks fifteen or so years ago, and various readings of this tale4.2 are Initiatives possible. for ButGoverning the rather Family caricatured and Humanitarian representations in this text doMigration: draw on Labour current Migration discourses but anotbout Workers’ national Migration...... attributes, real 73or ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. imagined.4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 This may give some insight as to why foreign filth is one of the main4.4 themes,Selective surely Policies comfortingly and the Brain fo Drain...... r the English reader, in Dickens’s 87 Pictures4.5 Equal from Opportunity Italy. As heand enters Denied Genoa Oppor (histunities favourite ...... Italian location), 90 Dickens bursts out: d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according I never in my life was so dismayed! The wonderful novelty of 5. Colombia:everything, Including the unusual Emigrant smells, thes in unaccountableTheir Societies filth of Origin(though...... it is 101 Ursreckoned Watter the cleanest of Italian towns), the disorderly jumbling of 5.1dirty State houses, Interest one and upon Responsibility the roof of another; the passages more squalid and more close than any in St. Giles’s or old Paris; in and out of towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 which, not vagabonds, but well-dressed women, with white veils and 5.2great Applied fans, Ethicswere passing ...... and repassing […] and the disheartening 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper dirt, discomfort, and decay; perfectly confounded me. (29) 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 There5.4 Migration are plentiful Policy examplesin Colombia of ...... this focus on dirt and squalor 108 throughout his tour of the peninsula, and in all contexts; the houses, great5.5 “Colombiaor humble, nos the une”...... churches, and above all “whole worlds of dirty 109 people”5.6 Alianza (40), País although ...... at least the Genoese are industrious, he tells 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It us. Immediately this is qualified by “industry has not made them 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 clean, for their habitations are extremely filthy, and their usual occupationBibliography...... on a fine Sunday morning, is to sit at their doors, 116 hunting in each other’s heads” (46-7). Other destinations reinforce Workingthe association Together of forItaly the with Well-being dirt: “the of Migrantsbeggars seem...... to embody 119 all theBarry trade Halliday and enterprise of Pisa”; “Ronciglione; a little town like a large pig-sty” and in Fondi “a filthy channel of mud and refuse

“A Pair of Naked Legs and a Ragged Red Scarf”: An Overview of… 41 10 Table of Contents

meanders down the centre of the miserable streets, fed by the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. about what it meant to be English. They reveal as much about the to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper needs5.3 Migrationof the English Polic yproducer and Ethi csand ...... consumer of these pictures, as they 106 do5.4 about Migration any “real” Policy Italians, in Colombia however ...... naked their legs. 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 References 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Bann,5.7 Stephen.Challenges “Visuality ...... Codes the Text: Charles Dickens’s Pictures from Italy 114”. Writing and Victorianism. Ed. J. B. Bullen. London: Longman, 1997. 202-212. BarrettBibliography...... Browning, Elizabeth. Aurora Leigh and Other Poems. 1856. London: Penguin, 116 1995. WorkingBarthes, Roland. Together The Eiffel for theTower, Well-being and Other of Mythologies Migrants. Trans...... Richard Howard. 119 BarryLondon: Halliday U of California P, 1979. Belsey, Catherine. Desire: Love Stories in Western Culture. Oxford: Blackwell, 1994.

42 Annemarie McAllister 10 Table of Contents

Bhabha, Homi, ed. Nation and Narration. London: Routledge, 1990. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 ---. The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994. and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Brand,3.5 Conclusion...... Charles Peter. Italy and the English Romantics. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 59 1957. Bibliography...... 60 Browning, Robert. Robert Browning: The Poems. 1981. Ed. John Pettigrew. 4. TheHarmondsworth: Ethics of Migration. Penguin, 1996. Churchill,Reflections Kenneth. on RecentItaly and Migration English Literature: Policies 1864-1930 . London: Macmillan, and1980. “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Cowling,Laura ZanfriniMary. The Artist as Anthropologist: The Representation of Type and Character in Victorian Art. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1989. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Curtis,4.1 RestrictiveL. Perry. Apes Policies and andAngels: Structural The Irishman Demand in for Victorian Immigrant Caricature Labour. ..New 65 4.2York: Initiatives McGraw for Hill, Governing 1955. Family and Humanitarian Dawson,Migration: Graham. “The Labour Blond Migration Bedouin. Lawrencebut not Workers’ of Arabia, Migration...... Imperial Adventure and 73 the Imagining of English-British Masculinity”. Manful Assertions: Masculinities in ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3Britain From since Guest 1800 Workers. Eds Michael to Unwelcome Roper and John Guests Tosh...... London: Routledge, 1991. 82 113-144. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 De Nie, Michael. The Eternal Paddy: Irish Identity and the British Press, 1798-1882. 4.5Madison: Equal UOpportunity of Wisconsin and P, 2004. Denied Opportunities ...... 90 Dickens, Charles. Pictures from Italy. Ed. Kate Flint. London: Penguin, 1998. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Douglas, Mary. Purity and Danger. An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and 5. Colombia:Taboo. London: Including Routledge Emigrant and Kegans in Paul, Their 1966. Societies of Origin...... 101 Flint,Urs Kate. Watter “Dickens and the Native American”. Dickens and the Children of Empire. Ed. Wendy. S. Jacobson. New York: Palgrave, 2000. 94-103. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Freeland, Natalka. “The Politics of Dirt in Mary Barton and Ruth”. Studies in English Literature,towards 1500-1900. their Citizens 42 (4), Living 2002. Abroad...... 799-818. 102 Gilmour,5.2 Applied Robin. EthicsThe Idea ...... of the Gentleman in the Victorian Novel. London: George 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Allen and Unwin, 1981. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 Gregory, Alexander Tighe (writing as “An Englishman Abroad”). Practical Guide 5.4to Italy.Migration North Policyand Central. in Colombia London: ...... Longman, 1859. 108 Jameson,5.5 “Colombia Anna Brownell. nos une”...... Diary of an Ennuyée. London: Henry Colburn, 1826. 109 Kemp, Wolfgang. The Desire of my Eyes: The Life and Work of John Ruskin. Trans. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It J. van Heurek. London: Harper Collins, 1991. Keith,5.7 W.Challenges J. “The Land ...... in Victorian Literature”. The Rural Idyll. Ed. G. E. Mingay. 114 2 vols. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1989. I, 77-90. Bibliography...... 116 Lowe, Phillip. “The Rural Idyll Defended: From Preservation to Conservation”. The Rural Idyll. Ed. G. E. Mingay. 2 vols. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, Working1989. I, Together 136-149. for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

“A Pair of Naked Legs and a Ragged Red Scarf”: An Overview of… 43 10 Table of Contents

McAllister, Annemarie. John Bull’s Italian Snakes and Ladders: English Attitudes to 3.4Italy The in theHuman Mid-nineteenth Rights’ Approach...... Century. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 2007. 3.5 Conclusion...... 59 Manning, Anne. Selvaggio: A Tale of Italian Country Life. London: Sampson Low, Bibliography...... Son, and Morton, 1865. 60 Mingay, G. E. Introduction. The Rural Idyll. Ed. G. E. Mingay. 2 vols. London: 4. TheRoutledge Ethics and of KeganMigration. Paul, 1989. I, 3-16. Nunn,Reflections Pamela Gerrish. on Recent “Liber Migrationty, Equality Policies and Sorority: Women’s Representations andof the “Non-policies” Unification of Italy”.in Italy Unfolding and Europe the South:...... Nineteenth-Century British 61 LauraWomen Zanfrini Writers and Artists in Italy. Eds Alison Chapman and Jane Stabler. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2003. 110-136. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 O’Connor, Maura. The Romance of Italy and the English Political Imagination. 4.2Basingstoke: Initiatives Macmillan, for Governing 1998. Family and Humanitarian Pemble,Migration: John. The MediterraneanLabour Migration Passion: but Victoriansnot Workers’ and Edwardians Migration...... in the South. 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Ruskin, John. Works. Ed. Edward T. Cook and Alexander Wedderburn. Cambridge: 4.4Cambridge Selective UP, Policies 1903-12. an ‘Lecturesd the Brain on Art’ Drain...... Volume XX. 87 Spencer,4.5 Equal Herbert. Opportunity Social Statics and. London:Denied Oppor1851. tunities ...... 90 Sussman, Herbert. Victorian Masculinities: Manhood and Masculine Poetics in d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... Early Victorian Literature and Art. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1995. 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Stocking, George W. Victorian Anthropology. London: Macmillan, 1987. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Storey,Urs WatterJohn. Cultural Consumption and Everyday Life. London: Arnold, 1999. Thomas, Keith. Man and the Natural World: Changing Attitudes in England 1550- 5.11800. State Harmondsworth: Interest and Responsibility Penguin, 1984. Treble,towards Rosemary. their “The Citizens Victorian Living Picture Abroad...... of the Country”. The Rural Idyll. Ed. 102 G. 5.2E. Mingay.Applied 2 Ethics vols. London: ...... Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1989. I, 50-60. 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Trollope, Frances. A Visit to Italy. 2 vols. London: R. Bentley, 1842. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 Wohl, Anthony S. Endangered Lives: Public Health in Victorian Britain. London: 5.4Dent, Migration 1983. Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 45-60 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Accounts for the Arm-Chair Traveller: The Italy of Badham and Dickens

Eleanor McNees – University of Denver, Colorado s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Charles David Badham (1805-1857), a virtually unknown contemporary of Charles Dickens, was for a decade – from 1839 to 1849 – one of Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine’s steadiest and most ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. prolific writers of articles on Italy. A graduate of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, with a further degree in medicine from Pembroke College, Oxford, he became in 1834 a fellow of the College of Physicians and held a Travelling Fellowship that permitted him to practice medicine in Rome and Paris during the first half of the 1840s. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are By 1845 he had returned permanently to England where he was ontribution is published according ordained as an Anglican priest in 1848. Though he never returned to Italy after 1845, he continued for several more years to contribute entertaining essays on often peculiar aspects of his Italian journeys to Blackwood’s. Gradually, however, Badham turned to natural history and published a series of articles in Fraser’s Magazine (later collected in a book, Ancient and Modern Fish Tattle [1854]) as well as one to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper book on insect life and another on edible mushrooms. The brief entry on Badham in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography gives his occupation as “naturalist” and relies for much of its information on a memorial tribute in Fraser’s Magazine of August 1857. There, after offering pertinent biographical details,

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the author writes poetically of the quiet obscurity of Badham’s life:

The lives of such men as the friend of whom we have been endeavour- ing to give a sketch, are not fruitful in external events. They do not accumulate great fortunes, or push forward into dignified positions. Doctor Badham would never have been either physician to the Queen or one of the Episcopal bench. But they belong to a very valuable class – their influence lives after them; insensibly they

46 Eleanor McNees 10 Table of Contents

soften and refine and render more hopeful and more truthful all with 3.4whom The theyHuman happen Rights’ to be Approach...... brought into contact. (163) 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5 Conclusion...... 59 Badham’s writings, if not his life, would have garnered him a sizeable middleBibliography...... and upper middle class readership given the popularity of both 60 Blackwood’s and Fraser’s magazines. Though his naturalist articles 4.would The Ethicsappear of to Migration. be radically different from his depictions of Italy, hisReflections preoccupation on Recent with Migration animals Policiesand plants pervades his Italian essaysand “Non-policies”and provides a in frequent Italy and recourse Europe to...... zoological metaphors. 61 Laura Zanfrini Following Blackwood’s policy of anonymity, Charles Badham s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, was4.1 only Restrictive belatedly Policies identified and Structural as the Demandauthor of for the Immigrant series of Labour Sketches .. 65 of 4.2Italy Initiatives long after for Governingboth he and Family Dickens and Humanitarian had died. My assertion of the possibleMigration: influence Labour Migrationof Badham but on not Dickens’s Workers’ Migration...... Pictures from Italy 73 thus rests on uncertain ground. Dickens never mentions either ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Badham4.3 From or Guest any Workersof the Italianto Unwelcome sketches Guests from ...... Blackwood’s in his 82 letters4.4 Selective or in any Policies of the an versionsd the Brain of PicturesDrain...... from Italy from the first 87 pieces in the Daily News to their collection in one volume in 1846. That4.5 heEqual read Opportunity Blackwood’s and Deniedat least Oppor occasionallytunities ...... we know from his 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors letters:Bibliography...... in 1857 Little Dorrit received a negative review to which 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Dickens alludes, and at least once he suggested Blackwood’s to an 5.aspiring Colombia: writer. Including1 Blackwood’s Emigrant hads in published Their Societies reviews of ofOrigin a number...... 101 of Dickens’sUrs Watter other works, including a composite review of American Notes5.1 State and InterestPictures and fromResponsibility Italy, and ones of Martin Chuzzlewit, Dombeytowards and theirSon, Citizensas well Livingas several Abroad...... generally negative assessments 102 of Dickens’s works by Margaret Oliphant. In spite of the timing – Badham’s5.2 Applied Blackwood’s Ethics ...... essays appearing just prior to and during 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Dickens5.3 Migration year-long Policy andresidence Ethics ...... in Italy in 1844-45 and 106the remarkable similarity in style and content – it is possible that both Badham5.4 Migration and Dickens Policy in simply Colombia marked ...... a specific moment in British 108 travel5.5 “Colombia writing: the nos brief une”...... span between the demise of the Grand Tour 109 and the construction of railways across Europe and the subsequent 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It proliferation of mass tourism assisted by Thomas Cook’s tours.2 This 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116 1 See Dickens’s letter to Forster in which he admits to “stumbling” on an extract from the Blackwood’s review quoted in the Globe (Letters VIII: 309). Working2 A host of Togethercritics refer for to thethe impact Well-being of Thomas of Migrants Cook’s organized...... tours which 119 be- ganBarry in response Halliday to rail travel. John Pemble claims that Cook’s tours provided the major link between Grand Tourism and the mass tourism of the later nineteenth and twentieth centuries. I am interested in the gap between the Grand Tour and

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period – post Napoleonic, pre Italian unification – witnessed, as a 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av number of critics have noted, a turn in travel writing from aristocratic to 3.5middle Conclusion...... class accounts, from detached classical observation to more 59 3 intimateBibliography...... focus on the customs and character of the Italians. 60 As John Urry, author of The Tourist Gaze (1990; 2002), an- 4.nounced The Ethics in a oflater Migration. essay, “The year 1840 […] is that moment when theReflections ‘tourist gaze’ on Recent emerges, Migration involving Policies the combining together of the meansand “Non-policies”of collective travel,in Italy theand desire Europe for...... travel, the techniques 61of photographicLaura Zanfrini repr oduction and the notion of landscape” (“Consuming” 21). In other words, the invention of the early camera, the ocean s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, steamship,4.1 Restrictive the stagecoach Policies and and Structural the railway, Demand Urry for Immigrant argues, transformed Labour .. 65 both4.2 theInitiatives way travellers for Governing travelled Family and and the Humanitarian accounts they penned of their Migration:travels. Perched Labour Migrationon the butedge not ofWorkers’ this era, Migration...... Badham’s and 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Dickens’s4.3 From accountsGuest Workers of Italian to Unwelcome cities, religious Guests ...... ceremonies, prisons, 82 madhouses, executions and (more distantly perhaps because the typical4.4 Selective target of Policies guidebook and the accounts) Brain Drain...... museums capture a specifically 87 English4.5 Equal attitude Opportunity toward and a country Denied Opporrepletetunities with ...... classical associations 90 though tainted, if also enlivened, by Roman Catholic practices and d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors seasonalBibliography...... ceremonies. Travelling just before the opening of railroads 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according connecting principal Italian cities, both Badham and Dickens find 5.themselves Colombia: closer Including to the Emigrant landscapes in andTheir the Societies people, of more Origin subject...... 101 to localUrs contactWatter and more dependent on couriers, vetturini, valets de place5.1 Statethan Interest their descendents.and Responsibility Middle class themselves, both are attractedtowards to and their critical Citizens of Living the English Abroad...... tourists they encounter; both 102 disdain5.2 Applied identification Ethics ...... with these tourists in a move labelled 104by 4 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. MacCannell and Buzard, among others, as “anti-tourist”. Though to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Polic y and Ethi cs ...... 106 Cook’s5.4 Migration tours, in a Policysmall slice in Colombia of time when ...... travel accounts proliferated and when 108 the principal guides were Murray’s and Baedeker’s travel handbooks. 3 See5.5 especially“Colombia Andrew nos une”...... M. Canepa’s study of the shifting Italian stereotype 109 in English travel writing; Barbara Korte’s notion of the blend of instruction and enter- 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It tainment in nineteenth-century tourist accounts that are nevertheless still tinged with nationalism (98-99); and David Paroissien’s introduction to the 1973 edition of 5.7Pictures Challenges from Italy ...... , where he alludes to the new traveller’s tendency to avoid 114 theBibliography...... “prescribed itinerary of best-known cities, monuments, and works of art” 116(10) in favour of smaller, less well known sites. 4 MacCannell first enunciated this term in his 1976 study, The Tourist: A New WorkingTheory of the Together Leisure Class for the, where Well-being he blamed of this Migrants phenomenon...... on the increasingly 119 largeBarry number Halliday of tourists who appear to infringe on the authentic traveller searching for a “back” region experience where one could “share in the real life of the places visited, or at least […] see that life as it is really lived” (92). Buzard elaborates this

48 Eleanor McNees 10 Table of Contents

Badham and Dickens appear to fall into the “anti-tourist” camp, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. their accounts a sort of breathlessness punctured by hyperbole and to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper digression.5.3 Migration In theirPolic yaccounts and Ethics the ...... visual is reinforced by an often 106 self-conscious5.4 Migration Policyrhetoric in Colombiathat alternates ...... between immediacy and 108 critical detachment. Badham not only describes constantly moving scenes5.5 “Colombia and events; nos une”...... his sentences, like those of Dickens, pile verb 109 upon5.6 Alianzaverb, shift País ...... from first to second person, from past to present 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 in regardBibliography...... to the “new touring atmosphere of the post-Napoleonic period” (156) where 116 British travellers sought to diverge from the beaten path to become travellers instead of tourists. Finally, Manfred Pfister’s introduction to his anthology of British Workingtravellers in Together Italy, The for Fatal the Gift Well-being of Beauty of, argues Migrants that this...... division resulted 119 in anotherBarry division Halliday within the middle class – that between the slavish follower of Murray’s or Baedeker’s and the “traveling connoisseurs and the resident expatriates” who “tend to dissociate themselves from, or even sneer at, each other” (16).

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tense, capture fragments of Italian dialogue and very occasionally 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Dickens’s pictures, both writers sought to secure the approbation of to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper their5.3 EnglishMigration audience Policy and and Ethi tocs thrust ...... that audience into the midst 106 of the5.4 chaotic Migration cities Policy – Rome,in Colombia Veni ...... ce, Naples – through prose that 108 captured that chaos and the writers’ (Protestant) ambivalence toward5.5 “Colombia those cities nos andune”...... their inhabitants. 109 5.6Between Alianza NovemberPaís ...... 1841 and March 1848 Badham wrote 112six sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It sketches of Rome for Blackwood’s. The first sees him departing on 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 30 April at the end of what the English termed the season, after theBibliography...... Easter festivities. Glad to leave this city of “Cardinals, and 116 Carnivals, and Easters”, he dwells on the departure of the English Workingtourists ladenTogether with for souvenirs the Well-being not unlikeof Migrants those...... of the Meagles’ 119 householdBarry Halliday in Little Dorrit: “Fifteen very pale Cencis, all first-rate; ten Sybils, elaborately bad; the usual batch of Fornarinas; Fauns

50 Eleanor McNees 10 Table of Contents

with, and Venuses without foliage; engravings, as untrue to art in 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Stephen Bann and Joseph Phelan argue in essays on the visuality of to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Pictures5.3 Migration from PolicItalyy, andthe Ethi earlycs ...... Victorian writers understood 106the difficulty5.4 Migration of rendering Policy in Colombiastatic and ...... detached descriptions of their 108 travels. For Bann, the “ambiguities of visuality” (212) are evident in Dickens’s5.5 “Colombia cinematic nos une”...... treatment of his pictures: “Dickens, on 109the threshold5.6 Alianza of anPaís age ...... of mass tourism, constantly enacts and displays 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It in his text the operation of converting the experience of otherness 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 into visual schemata. It is at the price of this resourceful and continuousBibliography...... conversion that the rapid succession of stimuli becomes 116 assimilable” (215). Bann argues for Dickens’s familiarity with the WorkingVictorian Together panoramas for andthe Well-beingdioramas, ofprecursors Migrants of...... photography and 119 film,Barry as Hallidayvisual models for his writing. Phelan concurs, adding to the visual aids the magic lantern and the phantasmagoria, and noting

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that Dickens used “verbal equivalents” of these visual tools in order 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. 144). Badham and his party leave before the actual execution, but to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Dickens5.3 Migration remains Polic to ydetail and Ethi thecs d ...... ecapitation which he views through 106 a “large5.4 Migration grated Policy window” in Colombia (Pictures ...... 141). The purposeful framing 108 device reinforces Dickens’s (and the reader’s) role as spectator, a role5.5 that“Colombia becomes nos une”...... blurred with that of the participants when 109 Dickens5.6 Alianza leaves País the ...... window and walks up to the scaffold to inspect 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the body. Like Badham, Dickens dramatizes this spectacle in order 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 to denigrate the Italian crowd and to distinguish himself from them: “ItBibliography...... was an ugly, filthy, careless, sickening spectacle; meaning 116 nothing but butchery beyond the momentary interest, to the one Workingwretched Togetheractor. Yes! for the Such Well-being a sight of Migrantshas one ...... meaning and one 119 warning.Barry Halliday Let me not forget it” (Pictures 144). Likewise, Badham’s parenthetical comment about the crowd – “the unworthy, priest-

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ridden, untaught, ill-fed, and worse-clothed descendants of whom 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av we had passed two hours” (“Roamings” 350) – seeks to separate the English3.5 Conclusion...... spectator from the Roman masses. These Roman executions 59 allowBibliography...... both Badham and Dickens to position the English reader in the 60 midst of a Roman crowd while simultaneously reinforcing the 4.reader’s The Ethics separation of Migration. from and moral superiority over that crowd. This stanceReflections introduces on Recent a trope Migration both Policiesauthors use repeatedly as they describeand “Non-policies” specifically Italianin Italy events and Europe and festivals...... 5 61 LauraThe RomanZanfrini Carnival and the events of Holy Week provide a happier analogue to the accounts of the executions, but here too s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Badham4.1 Restrictive and Dickens Policies andmanage Structural to Demandmock forthe Immigrantcrowd and Labour affirm .. 65 English4.2 Initiatives superiority. for Governing Yet in their Family separate and Humanitarian renditions of these events, the twoMigration: also become Labour participants, Migration but Dickens not Workers’ leaving Migration...... the safety of the 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. balcony4.3 From to Guestplunge Workers “up to to hisUnwelcome middle inGuests flowers ...... and sugar-plums, 82 like the wildest Roman of them all” (Pictures 125), and Badham in his4.4 first Selective “Roamings Policies in an Rome”d the Brain learning Drain...... from a local fuochista and 87 his4.5 son Equal how Opportunity to make fireworks and Denied like Oppor thosetunities used ...... in the “Girandola” 90 – the final firework display on Easter Monday. Badham surveys the d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors lastBibliography...... day of Carnival from his balcony surrounded by English ladies. 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according He remains separate from the crowd pointing out the awkwardness 5.of Colombia:the English Including “distinguishable Emigrant alreadys in Their by Societies the jerk of with Origin which...... they 101 returnUrs Watterthe gentler sprinkling of a handful of confetti” (“Roamings” II:5.1 405). State Yet Interest both andBadham Responsibility and Dickens are clearly enthralled by the unrestrainedtowards andtheir un-EnglishCitizens Living enthusiasm Abroad...... the crowd embodies. Both 102 describe5.2 Applied the last Ethics evening ...... of Carnival when the moccoli burn in each 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. window and among the throngs of people in the streets. To Dickens to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper the5.3 spectacle Migration “is Polic oney of and the Ethi mostcs ...... extraordinary that can be imagined” 106 (Pictures5.4 Migration 127), Policyand to in Badham Colombia (in ...... one of his numerous naturalistic 108 metaphors), the scene gives “the appearance of armies of human fire-flies”5.5 “Colombia (“Roamings” nos une”...... II: 406). 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 5 DickensBibliography...... remained a fierce opponent of public executions in England as well until 116 their removal in 1868 to the inside of prisons. In an editorial to The Times on 14 November 1849 he describes a “scene of horror and demoralization” in witnessing Workingthe public execution Together outside for the Horsemonger-lan Well-being ofe GaolMigrants of a married...... couple who were 119 hangedBarry for Halliday murder (4). In Pictures from Italy, however, he uses the execution to reinforce negative stereotypes of Italians: “Fierce-looking Romans of the lowest class […]. Priests and monks” (142).

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The excitement of Carnival is followed after the interval of 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. uncovered, and some, but not by any means the greater part, to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper kneeled5.3 Migration down” Polic (Picturesy and Ethi 159).cs ...... To Badham the Pope is “a huge 106 white5.4 Migrationbird […] Policy with somein Colombia strange ...... plumage on its crest” who rises 108 to bless the crowd (extending the ornithological simile) “like a large white5.5 “Colombiaalbatross noson aune”...... rock, preparing to descend over the sleeping 109 waters5.6 Alianza below” País (“Roamings” ...... II: 408). Immediately after the blessing, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the crowd disperses looking to Dickens “like parti-coloured sand” 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 (Pictures 159). Badham remarks that “secular affairs are resumed as if Bibliography...... nothing extraordinary had happened” (“Roamings” II: 408). Both 116 writers end their Roman pieces with the final display of Easter – the Working“Girandola” Together of Easter for the Monday Well-being with of the Migrants firework...... display from 119the CastleBarry of Halliday St. Angelo. Again they describe the anticipation, the sight and sound of the fireworks and the finale followed by immediate

54 Eleanor McNees 10 Table of Contents

darkness and dispersal of the crowd. To Dickens, the castle becomes 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Their prose surges with phrases piled one on top of the other, to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper exclamation5.3 Migration points, Policy anand almost Ethics ...... breathless sense of anticipation 106 so that5.4 when Migration they Policysuddenly in Colombia close a scene, ...... the reader comes abruptly 108 to a full stop. Often this stop affords the opportunity for the writer to reflect5.5 “Colombia on the characternos une”...... of the Italian people or their religion; 109 sometimes5.6 Alianza it Paíssimply ...... allows Badham and Dickens to pan to another 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It scene. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Though they dedicate more pages to descriptions of Rome than to Bibliography...... Venice and Naples, their depictions of these latter two cities 116 reinforce their visual and rhetorical techniques. Dickens ventures Workingfurther from Together the forguidebook the Well-being tradition of Migrantsthan does...... Badham in 119his accountBarry Hallidayof his journey through Venice as a dream. Badham’s sketch of Venice is his most traditional travelogue although he takes pains

Accounts for the Arm-Chair Traveller: The Italy of Badham and Dickens 55 10 Table of Contents

in his portrayal of the city in Blackwood’s in June 1842 to berate 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av both the idealized versions of that city perpetrated by such literary predecessors3.5 Conclusion...... as Byron and by the numerous lady travellers who 59 “regularlyBibliography...... fall into hysterics of several pages of inverted commas 60 and inverted common sense; when we, or if we, publish our travels, 4.they The shall Ethics be ofat Migration.least safer guides through these dangerous shallows” (722).Reflections Both Dickens on Recent and Migration Badham Policies would have been painfully self- consciousand “Non-policies” about depicting in Italy a andcity Europeso over-described...... by guidebooks, 61 writers,Laura artistsZanfrini and amateur travel/memoir writers. As Marjorie Morgan explains in her study of Victorian travelling s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, and4.1 national Restrictive identity, Policies accountsand Structural of travelDemand before for Immigrant the advent Labour of ..the 65 guidebook4.2 Initiatives tended for Governingto be more Family prac andtical Humanitarian and objectively detailed. After Migration:the proliferation Labour Migrationof Murray’s but nothandbooks, Workers’ Migration...... especially from the 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 1830s4.3 From on, travel Guest writersWorkers felt to Unwelcomefreer to recount Guests selective ...... and subjective 82 impressions.6 Writing several years earlier than Dickens, Badham seems4.4 Selective to find Policieshimself an atd athe crossroads Brain Drain...... when describing Venice for 87 his4.5 English Equal Opportunityaudience back and Deniedhome. OpporHe movestunities the ...... reader through the 90 same sites as Dickens will do – from the Rialto to the prisons, to d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Tintoretto’sBibliography...... studio to San Marco, the Armory, and the Bridge 97of ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Sighs – but he zigzags uneasily between description and personal 5.impression Colombia: andIncluding social Emigrant commentary.s in Their Throughout Societies of hisOrigin essay...... one 101 detectsUrs Watter a metatext on how to write a successful travel account. This metatext5.1 State erupts Interest most and Responsibility frequently as criticism of previous travel writers,towards themselves their Citizens unable Living to chartAbroad...... a balance between objective 102 description5.2 Applied and Ethics subjectiv ...... e impression: “[…] some give you so much 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. of the dimensions of a building that you heartily wish it had never to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper been5.3 Migrationbuilt; others Polic writey and inventorieEthics ...... s of the curiosities contained 106 in churches5.4 Migration and Policyconvents, in Colombia and distri ...... bute, as if it were so much 108 transferable stock, their notes of admiration, or rather exclamation” (726).5.5 “Colombia Badham nosis unable une”...... however to avoid his own exclamatory 109 style5.6 whenAlianza he País confronts ...... his favourite Venetian painter Tintoretto’s 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Crucifixion in the Scuola di San Rocco: “The moment – such a 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 moment! – could only have been dared by a painter who had the Bibliography...... 116 6 James Buzard comments in “The Grand Tour and After” that the publication of such Workingguides as Murray’s Together Handbooks for the Well-beingfrom the late of1830s Migrants allowed...... travel writers to record 119 theirBarry own Hallidayimpressions without feeling responsible for guiding the reader through pre- selected sites (49). See too my recent essay on Dickens’s relationship with the Murray’s Handbooks.

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command of resources such as his” (727). When Badham views the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. well have heeded the latter’s criticism of both the guidebook and to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper lady5.3 travellerMigration and Polic determinedy and Ethics inst ...... ead to adopt the distinctive style 106 of 5.4Pictures Migration from Policy Italy .in In Colombia fastening ...... onto the metaphor of Venice as 108 a dream, Dickens is able to avoid or at least sidestep most of Badham’s criticism5.5 “Colombia of previous nos une”...... travel writers. On the one hand, as Stephen 109 Bann5.6 Alianzasuggests, País Dickens’s ...... method may be directed at taming a radical 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It sense of otherness by reverting to “visual schemata” like the popular 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 nineteenth-century diorama or, as Dickens himself states, the “magic- lantern”Bibliography...... (Bann 215). On the other, I believe Dickens desired to find 116 a new style and method for describing a by now too familiar place. WorkingHe anticipates Together here for the the impressionist Well-being of technique Migrants of...... such later writers 119 as BarryJoseph Halliday Conrad and even the modern stream of consciousness authors of the twentieth century. His prose (“On we went, floating

Accounts for the Arm-Chair Traveller: The Italy of Badham and Dickens 57 10 Table of Contents

towards the heart of this strange place” [79]) flows like the canal 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. assiduous collector himself of antiquities, Badham is at his most to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper distinctive5.3 Migration when Polic he ydescribes and Ethics his ...... meetings with Italian antiquarians 106 and5.4 antique Migration dealers. Policy in Colombia ...... 108 This notion of forgery, in this case the realistic replication of valuable5.5 “Colombia antiques, nos une”...... lends an additional criterion to the Victorian 109 travel5.6 Alianza writer’s País repertoire ...... of stylistic techniques and genres used 112 to sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It describe Italy. Both Dickens and Badham are captivated by the wall 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 paintings found in Pompeii and Herculaneum because of their presumablyBibliography...... realistic depiction of life more almost 2000 years ago. 116 They are likewise drawn to recreate their own word paintings of the WorkingColosseum Together crowds, for the the invidious Well-being tortures of Migrants of criminals,...... the Catholic 119 pageantsBarry Halliday and ceremonies of Holy Week. Ever worried about their own recreations as forgeries of previous travel accounts of Italy,

58 Eleanor McNees 10 Table of Contents

they try to effect a compromise between external description and 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper made amends for by the intelligence of her remarks, and the 5.3sprightliness Migration ofPolic hery conversationand Ethics ...... (“Taxidermy in Rome” 294). 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 Though he reserves similar portraits for his novels, in Pictures from Italy5.5 Dickens“Colombia too nos conjures une”...... for his readers the overlooked aspects 109 of Italian5.6 Alianza sites and País scenes...... In this he follows Badham’s prescription, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It but he goes further to manipulate the genre of travel writing itself. He5.7 stretches Challenges the ...... style; moving beyond photographic representation, 114 heBibliography...... is able to avoid explicit accusations of forgery or plagiarism 116 in his descriptions of much described places. He adopts a new angle, Workinghones in Togetheron a specific for the event, Well-being immerses of Migrants himself in...... the crowd or 119the spectacle,Barry Halliday yet he remains always the spectator with just enough distance to assert his own view. Together Badham’s and Dickens’s

Accounts for the Arm-Chair Traveller: The Italy of Badham and Dickens 59 10 Table of Contents

dramatic accounts of Italy allow their readers to travel imaginatively 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 682-94. ---.4.2 “Roadside Initiatives Sketches”. for Governing Blackwood’s Family Edinburgh and Humanitarian Magazine 51 (Feb. 1842): 153-61. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 ---. “Roamings in Rome”. Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 51 (Mar. 1842): 347-55. ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. ---.4.3 “Roamings From Guest in Rome”. Workers Part to 2.Unwelcome Blackwood’s Guests Edinburgh ...... Magazine 52 (Sept. 82 4.41842): Selective 405-10. Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 ---. “Sketches of Italy: Leaving Rome”. Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 50 4.5(Nov. Equal 1841): Opportunity 571-84. and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ---.Bibliography...... “Sketches of Italy”. No. 3. Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 51 (Jan. 1842): 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are 40-50. ontribution is published according 5.---. Colombia: “Sketches of Including Italy”. No. Emigrant 4. Blackwood’ss in Their Edinburgh Societies Magazine of Origin 51 (June...... 1842): 101 Urs721-38. Watter ---. “Sketches of Italy”. No.5. Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 52 (Aug. 1842): 5.1159-76. State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 ---. “Sketches of Italy”. Part 8. Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 52 (Oct. 1842): 5.2485-97. Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper ---. “Sketches of Italy”. Part 9. Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine 52 (Nov. 1842): 5.3654-67. Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 ---.5.4 “Taxidermy Migration in Policy Rome”. in ColombiaBlackwood’s ...... Edinburgh Magazine 62 (Sept. 1847): 108 292-300. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 Bann, Stephen. “Visuality Codes the Text: Charles Dickens’s Pictures from Italy”. 5.6Writing Alianza and PaísVictorianism ...... Ed. J. B. Bullen. London: Longman, 1997. 202-18. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Buzard,5.7 Challenges James. The ...... Beaten Track: European Tourism, Literature, and the Ways 114 to Culture, 1800-1918. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1993. ---.Bibliography...... “The Grand Tour and After (1660-1840)”. The Cambridge Companion to Travel 116 Writing. Ed. Peter Hulme and Tim Youngs. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2002. Working37-52. Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Dickens,Barry Charles.Halliday The Letters of Charles Dickens. Vol. 8. Ed. Graham Storey and Kathleen Tillotson. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1995.

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---. Pictures from Italy. 1846; rpt. Ed. Kate Flint. London: Penguin, 1998. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 Canepa, Andrew M. “From Degenerate Scoundrel to Noble Savage: The Italian and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5Stereotype Conclusion...... in 18th Century British Travel Literature”. English Miscellany 5922 (1971): 107-47. Bibliography...... 60 Hudson, Giles. “Badham, Charles David”. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. www.oxforddnb.com. 4. The Ethics of Migration. Korte, Barbara. English Travel Writing from Pilgrimages to Postcolonial Explorations. ReflectionsTrans. Catherine on Recent Matthias. Migration New York: Policies St. Martin’s P, 2000. and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 MacCannell, Dean. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. 1976; rpt. LauraBerkeley: Zanfrini U of California P, 1999. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, McNees,4.1 Restrictive Eleanor. “Reluctant Policies and Source: Structural Murray’s Demand Handbooks for Immigrant and Pictures Labour from Italy .. 65”. Dickens Quarterly 24.4 (2007): 211-29. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Morgan,Migration: Marjorie. LabourNational Migration Identities and but Travelnot Workers’ in Victorian Migration...... Britain. New York: 73 Palgrave, 2001. ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Paroissien,4.3 From David. Guest “Introduction”. Workers to Unwelcome Pictures from Guests Italy...... 1846; rpt. London: Andre 82 Deutsch, 1973. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 Pemble, John. The Mediterranean Passion: Victorians and Edwardians in the 4.5South Equal. New Opportunity York: Oxford and UP, Denied 1987. Opportunities ...... 90 Pfister, Manfred, ed. The Fatal Gift of Beauty: The Italies of British Travellers. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996. ontribution is published according 5.Phelan, Colombia: Joseph. “Dickens’Including Pictures Emigrant froms Italy in Their: The Politics Societies of the of NewOrigin Picturesque”...... 101 UrsNineteenth-Century Watter Prose 29.2 (Fall 2002): 120-37. Siegel, Kristie, ed. Issues in Travel Writing: Empire, Spectacle, and Displacement. 5.1New State York: Interest Peter Lang,and Responsibility 2002. Urry, John.towards The Touristtheir Citizens Gaze: Leisure Living and Abroad...... Travel in Contemporary Societies. London: 102 5.2Newbury Applied Park: Ethics Sage ...... Publications, 1990. 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Urry, John. “The ‘Consuming’ of Place”. Discourse, Communication and Tourism. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3Eds Migration Adam Jaworski Polic yand and Annette Ethics Pritcha ...... rd. Clevedon, England: Channel View 106 5.4Publications, Migration 2005. Policy 19-27. in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 61-79 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av

The Peasant and the Picturesque in Ouida’s Italy

Jane Jordan – Kingston University, UK s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work,

“Ouida” (Louise de la Ramée, 1839-1908)1 was a Victorian phenomenon. From a provincial lower middle-class upbringing in Bury St ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Edmunds, unusual only in that she had a French father, she became a highly successful, highly paid, popular novelist and something of a literary celebrity – in certain circles. She had friendships among the more risqué members of society, people like Richard Monkton Milnes and Richard Burton and, later, Oscar Wilde. Her novels were d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are romances which dealt with high-life among the aristocratic and ontribution is published according officer class. They were written for a lower middle-class readership and rather sniffily regarded by the literary establishment. She was a parvenu, distinctly not one of them – and she was made to feel it. In 1871, at the age of 32, Ouida moved from London to Florence and spent almost all of the remainder of her life in Italy. She died in Viareggio, in 1908. The move to Italy brought new departures in to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper her fiction. She continued to write romances, which tended to deal with Italian artistic life, sculptors, musicians, actors. These were interspersed with novels exposing the lax sexual morality of the Anglo-Florentine community (In a Winter City, 1876, and Friendship, 1878), although she was now writing with the knowledge of an

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It insider. Her good friend and ally was the wife of the British Ambassador in Rome, Lady Walpurga Paget. Ouida was also well

1 In the profile “Ouida at Villa Farinola”, Ouida revealed that her pseudonym derived from her childhood inability to pronounce Louise, or Louisa (243). Since two of Ouida’s earliest novels were about the adventures of young officers, and many of her short stories were published in the British Army & Navy Review (her most popular novel, Under Two Flags, 1867, was serialized in this magazine), she was for some years supposed to be a male author.

62 Jane Jordan 10 Table of Contents

acquainted with Italian nobility and was received at court in Rome. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. and most sincere thing about her I seemed to make out was […] her to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper original5.3 Migration genuine Polic perceptiony and Ethi csof ...... the beauty, the distinctions and 106 quality5.4 Migration of Italy” Policy (James in 10Colombia February ...... 1913). These were also qualities 108 appreciated by London reviewers. The Times favourably compared Ouida’s5.5 “Colombia first Italian nos une”...... novel, Pascarèl (1873), with George Eliot’s 109 Romola5.6 Alianza, and País judged ...... it “a great improvement on some former 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It novels” (4). The Spectator concurred, saying that it was “more 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 graceful than anything ‘Ouida’ has yet written”, and that “there is a greatBibliography...... deal of poetry in it also […] its enthusiasm, its vitality, 116its wild imaginativeness are captivating” (409). An article on Ouida’s Workingnovels in Together the Westminster for the Well-being Review calledof Migrants it “a ...... paean in praise 119 of Italy”,Barry which Halliday “abounds with eloquent description of landscape and of the ancient historic cities” (“Ouida’s Novels” 381). The publication

The Peasant and the Picturesque in Ouida’s Italy 63 10 Table of Contents

of Ouida’s second Italian novel, Signa (1875), aroused even greater 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Edition” with illustrated boards, remained buoyant, and, more to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper importantly,5.3 Migration constant, Policy and over Ethi thecs next ...... decade.2 106 5.4Undoubtedly, Migration Policy there in wasColombia money ...... to be made from printing cheap 108 editions of Ouida’s early novels, but the takeover seems also to have been5.5 “Colombiaprompted nosby une”...... the remarkable critical reception of her novels 109 about5.6 AlianzaItaly. Yates’sPaís ...... World, for example, gave Ariadnê a brilliant 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It review in May that year, saying that it stood “on an altogether loftier 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116 2 Although there was a clear disparity between sales in the 2s. edition of Ouida’s Italian novels and her sensational novels of the 1860s (on average, the early titles Workingsold twice asTogether well), the for figures the Well-beingfor Ouida’s Italian of Migrants romances...... show little sign of 119 de- clineBarry in popularity: Halliday Chatto ordered a total of 15,000 copies of the first novel in this series, Pascarèl, between 1880-1885, and 14,000 copies of In Maremma (1882) in its first five-year period, 1883-1887.

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level than anything previously attempted by the author”, and that “In 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. line between Genoa and La Spezia. She, too, addresses readers to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper already5.3 Migration familiar Polic withy andthe region,Ethics ...... but is keen to offer experiences 106off the5.4 beaten Migration track, Policy as inan Colombia antidote ...... to pleasure beaches like Pegli, 108 which were entirely populated in the winter months by British tourists5.5 “Colombia (Comyns nos Carr une”...... 130). 109 5.6 Ouida’s Alianza descriptionsPaís ...... of Italian cities, but more importantly, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It villages, and village life served a similar purpose to this latest crop 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 of tourist guides. It was her desire to write about an Italy unknown to Bibliography...... travellers. In the novel Signa, she writes about the medieval 116 walled town of Lastra a Signa, five miles outside Florence, which Workingforeign travellers Together would for the pass Well-being by rail ofon Migrants their way...... to the city or 119the coast,Barry and Halliday in doing so she puts herself forward as an authoritative guide: “Assisi has her saint, and Perugia her painters, and Arezzo her

The Peasant and the Picturesque in Ouida’s Italy 65 10 Table of Contents

poet, and Siena her virgin, and Settignano her sculptor […] Signa has 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av found no poet [yet it is] worthy of a scholar’s thought and of an artist’s3.5 Conclusion...... tenderness” (5-6). 59 Bibliography...... Evidence of this interest in a newly accessible Italy can be found 60 in the three-volume Cities of Central and Northern Italy (1876) by 3 4.the The prolific Ethics travel of Migration. writer Augustus Hare. Hare interspersed his guide- bookReflections with extracts on Recent from Migration a variety Policies of sources, relying heavily on Perkins’sand “Non-policies” Tuscan Sculptors in Italy andand Europe Jameson’s...... Sacred Art, but also 61 includingLaura Zanfrini the Brownings’ poetry, Eliot’s Romola, and Dickens’s Pictures from Italy. As well as offering the standard tourist fare of s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, churches,4.1 Restrictive art galleries,Policies and trainStructural times Demand and forestimated Immigrant lengthsLabour .. 65of journeys,4.2 Initiatives Hare’s for study Governing encourages Family viandsitors Humanitarian to travel beyond the city walls,Migration: to take excursions Labour Migration into less but well not Workers’known regions. Migration...... In doing 73so ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. he4.3 included From Guest a number Workers of extractsto Unwelcome from GuestsPascarèl ...... and Signa. Lastra 82 a Signa is one such infrequently visited town, and in place of pen and ink4.4 drawings, Selective PoliciesHare quotes and the several Brain Drain...... extracts from Ouida’s novel 87– passages4.5 Equal that Opportunity give particular and Denied emphasis Oppor totunities the unchanged ...... appearance 90 of the town, “The hills lie quiet and know no change. […Signa] lets d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors thisBibliography...... world go by, and sleeps”, and to the area’s picturesque qualities: 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according “the summits of the hills gleam here and there with a white 5.monastery, Colombia: or Including a mountain Emigrant belfry,s in Theiror a clusterSocieties of of cypressesOrigin...... seen 101 throughUrs Watter it, hung in the air as it were, and framed like pictures in the silvery5.1 State mist” Interest (Hare and 215, Responsibility 228; vol. 3). Oftowards all the theirliterary Citizens works Living Hare Abroad...... makes use of, Pascarèl is the most 102 heavily5.2 Applied mined, Ethics in ...... particular for its imaginative descriptions 104of to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Florence and Bologna, cities in which the nineteenth-century to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper traveller5.3 Migration “plunge[s] Polic yinto and theEthi depthscs ...... of the middle ages” (Hare 250; 106 vol.5.4 2). Migration Here again, Policy Ouida in Colombia stresses ...... Italy’s unchanging character: 108“It is as peaceful as simple, as homely, as closely girt with blossoming boughs5.5 “Colombia and with nos tulip-crimsoned une”...... grasses now as then […]. Who 109 may5.6 will Alianza see Paísthe scene ...... today” (Hare 207; vol. 3). Such passages 112are sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It characteristic of the novel. Italy’s past is present “at every step”: 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... Buy eggs in the market, and you buy them where Donatello bought 116 those which fell down in a broken heap before the wonder of the Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 3 ThisBarry popular Halliday work was subsequently reissued in 1884 (with different publishers) as the two-volume Cities of Central Italy (Smith, Elder & Co) and the separate study, Florence (George Allen). Both books went through a number of editions.

66 Jane Jordan 10 Table of Contents

crucifix […]. Stray into a great dark church at evening time, where 3.4peasants The Human tell their Rights’ beads Approach...... in the vast marble silence, and you are where 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5the Conclusion...... whole city flocked, weeping, at midnight, to look their last upon 59 the dead face of their Michael Angelo […] Ask for a shoemaker, and Bibliography...... you shall find the cobbler sitting with his board in the same old 60 twisting, shadowy street-way, where the old man Toscanelli drew his 4. Thecharts Ethics that servedof Migration. […] Columbus. (Hare 14; vol. 3) Reflections on Recent Migration Policies In andthe “Non-policies”estimation of Thein Italy Times and’s Europe reviewer,...... “the most important, 61as alsoLaura the Zanfrinimost attractive, portion of [Pascarèl]” was the quality, and quantity, of descriptive writing in which “words flow like water in s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 descriptions of scenery”, so that “the characters stand against an Italian4.2 Initiatives background for Governing painted in Family glowi ngand and Humanitarian effective colour” (4). The 1876 Migration:article on LabourOuida’s Migration novels butcommissioned not Workers’ byMigration...... the Westminster 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Review4.3 From reprinted Guest Workerstwo long to descriptions Unwelcome Guestsof the ...... scenery in and around 82 Signa (“exceedingly picturesque and natural”), in order “to show that4.4 in Selective the treatment Policies anof dscenery the Brain Ouida Drain...... is not wanting” (“Ouida’s 87 Novels”4.5 Equal 365-366). Opportunity Certainly, and Denied she Opportook tunitiesgreat care ...... to be accurate 90in her descriptions of the countryside. She was prepared to set back d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are the publication of In Maremma (1882) by six months, so she ontribution is published according informed Chatto, in order to “verify the scenery […] by visiting 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 those places again previous to printing” (Ouida, Letter to Chatto & Urs Watter Windus c. mid. Dec. 1880). Yet the very accuracy of her writing led the5.1 Saturday State Interest Review and toResponsibility accuse Ouida of pitching her novels at the touristtowards market: their “So Citizens dexterous Living a Abroad...... book-maker as Ouida knows 102the value5.2 Appliedof local Ethics colour ...... dashed over the pages” (Rev. “Signa” 830). 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. The Revue des Deux Mondes agreed that such was the power of to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Ouida’s5.3 Migration descriptive Policy andwriting Ethi csthat ...... “Whoever reads ‘Pascarèl’ 106 is tempted5.4 Migration to take Policy him infor Colombia a guide ...... and to follow his itinerary”, but, 108 once again, concern was expressed that the device of the 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 eponymous Pascarèl’s wandering troupe of players was “a simple 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It pretext to show us Bologna and Florence, the countryside of the Val 4 d’Arno,5.7 Challenges Pisa, Assisi ...... [and] Urbino […]” (Bentzon 384). However, 114 to equate Ouida’s picturesque novels with the guide-book literature availableBibliography...... to British tourists is to undervalue her. She cautioned 116

Working4 “Ce n’est Togetherpeut-être qu’un for theprétexte Well-being pour nous of faire Migrants connaître...... Boulonge et Florence, 119 la campagneBarry Halliday du Val d’Arno, Pise, Assise, Urbino […] Quiconque lira Pascarèl sera tenté de la prendre pour guide et de suivre son itinéraire”. I am grateful to Elizabeth Dreyer for the English translation cited in the text.

The Peasant and the Picturesque in Ouida’s Italy 67 10 Table of Contents

readers against believing in their “conventional Italy, with ruins, and 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. view the poor do no more than represent a rolling panorama for the to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper benefit5.3 Migration of the English Policy and tourist. Ethics Ouida’s ...... intervention was unique, and 106 timely.5.4 Migration What setsPolicy her in Colombianovels apart ...... from tourist literature of 108the period is her portrayal of the Italian peasantry, not as figures in a tableau,5.5 “Colombia as was nosso oftenune”...... the case, but as psychologically complex 109 characters5.6 Alianza in Paísa realistic ...... social context. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Signa has a rather unlikely plot, fairly typical of Ouida, involving 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 seduction and betrayals. A village girl is seduced by a predatory artist,Bibliography...... and abandoned. She dies, leaving a child, Signa, to be brought 116 up by his uncle, an uneducated peasant farmer. The boy has musical Workingtalent, becomes Together a composer,for the Well-being and then of fallsMigrants in love...... with a girl from 119 hisBarry peasant Halliday village, who has also become the mistress of the artist – who, we realize, is Signa’s father! It all ends in murder and suicide.

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Yet, the dramatic centre of the novel is not in these sensational 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. understood if it is compared with works dealing with peasant life by to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper two5.3 other Migration British Polic women,y and Ethi Alicecs ...... Comyns Carr’s Northern Italian 106 Folk5.4 Migrationand a similar Policy work in Colombia by Janet ...... Ross, Italian Sketches (1887). 108 Like Ouida, these were women with privileged access to the villages5.5 “Colombia of the ruralnos une”...... poor, whom they give an element of identity, 109 but5.6 to Alianza a very País limited ...... degree. In Northern Italian Folk, each112 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Comyns Carr’s chapters is essentially a discrete character sketch, in 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 which the female type (Lucrezia the lace maker, Rosina the flower girl,Bibliography...... and so on) is accompanied by a pen and ink likeness which 116 frames the subject. “Watch her now at work”, urges the narrator, Working“that tall Togetherand massive for thefigure, Well-being those heavy of Migrants coils of...... bright, black hair 119 withBarry the Halliday broad waves, that smooth skin with the faint fresh colour, those even rows of white teeth that appear so often when the merry

The Peasant and the Picturesque in Ouida’s Italy 69 10 Table of Contents

smile parts her rosy lips!” (Comyns Carr 24). As the text proceeds the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. calendar and ringing of Church bells (Ross 112, 122). They also to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper assume,5.3 Migration most significantly, Policy and Ethi thatcs ...... the people are content to live under 106 a form5.4 Migration of Patriarchy Policy inclose Colombia to mediaeval ...... feudalism – a system 108 of farming the land (land tenure hardly describes it) known as mezzadria5.5 “Colombia, or mezzeria nos une”...... Ross, in particular, approves of this system 109 under5.6 Alianza which thePaís landowner, ...... or padrone, is regarded as the father 112 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It his tenant farmers (his gente, or people) who, for their labours, are 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 permitted to keep back half the harvest or half the profit made from theBibliography...... sale of livestock, but who have no rights to the land upon which 116 they live and labour. This relationship between landowner and Workingtenant is, Together says Ross, for thethe Well-beingmost “wholesome of Migrants of systems”,...... and in 119all “veryBarry pleasant Halliday to see”. She sums it up: “Altogether a very pleasant and easy-going life is the Tuscan peasant’s” (Ross 111, 21, 123). It

70 Jane Jordan 10 Table of Contents

does need to be said that she had a close relationship with a particular 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 5 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Tuscan landowner, as did Ouida, the Marchese della Stufa. 3.5Ouida’s Conclusion...... A Village Commune (1881) was a striking departure from 59 suchBibliography...... a conception of Italy in its understanding of the political 60 oppression of the rural poor. She, too, did not attack the system of 4.mezzadria The Ethics, but of ratherMigration. the despotic treatment of the Italian peasantry byReflections certain provincial on Recent Communes Migration underPolicies whose authority a pervasive systemand “Non-policies” of petty rules, in surveillance, Italy and Europe corrupt...... taxation, and inhumane 61 punishmentLaura Zanfrini was allowed to establish itself unchecked: an Italy of which “Travellers, and even foreign residents, do not, as a rule, know s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, anything”4.1 Restrictive (Ouida, Policies Village and Commune Structural 352).Demand She for wanted Immigrant English Labour readers .. 65 to 4.2“look Initiatives into these for Governing million humble Family homes,and Humanitarian darkened and naked, and see theseMigration: children Labour without Migration food, these but not men Workers’ without Migration...... hope” (366). 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3Its From story Guest is one Workers of the topersecution Unwelcome (mirrored Guests ...... by a seduction plot, 82 common in such narratives) of the peasant families by the newly appointed4.4 Selective head Policies of the anCommune,d the Brain an Drain...... ambitious politician who is on 87 his4.5 way Equal to Opportunity a career inand Rome. Denied OldOppor occupations,tunities ...... such as Pippo 90 Manzetti’s wicker work and basket-making, in his family for d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors generations,Bibliography...... are newly taxed. Reed-cutting, carried on for hundreds 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according of years, now requires a permit. For those driven to utter poverty, 5.begging Colombia: is a Includingcrime, even Emigrant thoughs in “T Theirhere Societies is no poor of Origin rate, ...... and 101no workhouse,Urs Watter and nothing for the honest poor except a metre or so of ground5.1 State in Interestthe cemeteries” and Responsibility (Ouida, Village Commune 205). The communitytowards is their destroyed. Citizens AnLiving old Abroad...... woman, arrested for begging, dies 102 in 5.2prison. Applied The Ethics young ...... “hero”, Carmelo, son of a mill-owner, is sent 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to a labour camp for his part in a failed uprising. His wife, Viola, to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and5.3 their Migration child diePolic fromy and poverty Ethics ...... and grief. Pippo is evicted from 106his home5.4 Migrationfor non-payment Policy in Colombiaof taxes ...... and fines. He loses his mind and 108 ends up in an asylum, but not before making the following speech, worthy5.5 “Colombia of Gaskell nos or une”...... Dickens: “There’s a law for this and that and 109 t’other,5.6 Alianza till the País land ...... is sick; but there’s no law against the poor 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 5 Janet Ross was the daughter of the travel writer Lucie Duff Gordon, and herself wroteBibliography...... many books about Italy. With her husband, Henry, Ross rented one wing 116 of an ancient villa owned by the Marchese della Stufa which was in walking distance of Lastra a Signa. Ross learnt all she knew about Tuscan agricultural practices Workingfrom her landlord, Together as didfor Ouida,the Well-being who fell in of love Migrants with della...... Stufa and was a 119fre- quentBarry visitor Halliday at Castagnolo in the early 1870s. Evidently, Ross’s and Ouida’s approving accounts of the system of land tenure in Tuscany are based upon their personal knowledge of the Marchese’s relationship with his tenants.

The Peasant and the Picturesque in Ouida’s Italy 71 10 Table of Contents

starving to death; there’s no law against their dying naked on the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av naked floor” (268). 3.5As Conclusion...... has been suggested, the interest in the Italian peasantry which 59 emergesBibliography...... in these texts of the late 1870s and 1880s needs to be seen 60 in the context of the land agitation in Ireland which sought to give 4.greater The Ethics protection of Migration. from eviction to the smallest tenant farmers by strengtheningReflections on their Recent rights Migration to the landPolicies on which they worked, and alsoand in “Non-policies” relation to Britain, in Italy wher and Europee there ...... was a politicized working 61 class,Laura and Zanfrini where the suffrage was about to be extended to smallholders in the Third Reform Act of 1884. The rights of the s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, rural,4.1 Restrictiveas opposed Policies to the and urban, Structural poor Demand were of for topical Immigrant interest Labour at ..this 65 time,4.2 Initiativesand in Ireland,for Governing even Family to a andgreater Humanitarian degree than in Italy, “agriculturalMigration: pursuits Labour are Migration the only but pursuits” not Workers’ (O’Connor Migration...... 987). 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3In FromIreland, Guest as Workersin Italy, tothe Unwelcome crucial issues Guests were ...... the rights of tenant 82 farmers, security of tenure, and fair rents, particularly pressing issues4.4 Selective with a succession Policies and of the bad Brain harvests. Drain...... In 1879 the Irish National 87 Land4.5 EqualLeague Opportunity was set andup toDenied protect Oppor tenanttunities farmers ...... from eviction, 90 and a parliamentary campaign, led by Charles Stewart Parnell, d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors securedBibliography...... for them fixity of tenure, fair rents, and free sale (the Three 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Fs). In Italy there had been, throughout the nineteenth century, a 5.political Colombia: recognition Including of Emigrant the needs infor Their agrarian Societies change. of Origin6 There...... were 101 tooUrs many Watter people working on the land, and holdings were too small to 5.1be State productive. Interest and Economic Responsibility progress was seen to depend on reorganizationtowards their into Citizens larger Living units, Abroad...... and many of the ills Ouida 102 identified5.2 Applied would Ethics have ...... been an outcome of this situation. In Ireland 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. the campaign on behalf of the tenant farmers had often been to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper extremely5.3 Migration violent. Polic Iny andthe Ethiwordscs ...... of Nationalist MP T. P. O’Connor, 106 nothing5.4 Migration was so Policy astonishing in Colombia “as the ...... change which the Land League 108 movement has made in the temper of the Irish tenant. A race of abject,5.5 “Colombia cowering, nos and une”...... helpless slaves has been transformed into 109 an organized5.6 Alianza force País of ...... spirited, self-reliant, and even defiant freemen” 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It (O’Connor 989). 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 This is where Ouida’s position becomes an inconsistent, self- contradictoryBibliography...... one. She did make explicit comparisons between 116the grievances of Irish and Italian peasants in A Village Commune Working(1881), and Together did so foronce the again Well-being the following of Migrants year,...... in her article “The 119 Barry Halliday

6 See Davis’s Italy in the Nineteenth Century (236-40).

72 Jane Jordan 10 Table of Contents

System of Mezzadria”, published in the Gentleman’s Magazine. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. the Italian peasants and observed that they “suffer far more than the to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Irish5.3 andMigration say nothing” Policy and (E. EthiLeecs 109)...... Her position was one of extreme 106 sympathy5.4 Migration for the Policy peasants in Colombia and indigna ...... tion at their plight since, unlike 108 their Irish equivalents, they submitted “to a domination that [would] drive5.5 “Colombiaany other nosman une”...... into rebellion in twenty-four hours” (Ouida, 109 “System”5.6 Alianza 109), País but ...... utter condemnation of outbreaks of violence 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It when they loudly demand their rights. Her sympathy for this 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 oppressed class is tempered by her own clearly stated identification withBibliography...... the ruling class: “We in Italy are all of us afraid of socialism, 116 we who have anything to lose”, yet a situation is allowed to exist Workingwhich so Togetherradicalizes for thethe poor,Well-being so that of Migrants“soon or ...... late will spring 119up armedBarry men,Halliday hydra-headed and torch in hand!” (Ouida, Village Commune 22). Despite all this, utterly inconsistently, she could

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maintain that the Italian – feudal – model which recognized the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. approval (Ouida, Letter c. early June 1880). Chatto took several to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper months5.3 Migration to draw Polic up ya and contract, Ethics ...... and then proceeded to market 106the new5.4 work Migration as if Policyit was in another Colombia of ...... Ouida’s popular Italian romances. 108 With the title not yet confirmed, he went ahead and placed advertisements5.5 “Colombia innos the une”...... press for Ouida’s new “Novel”, even though 109 this5.6 was Alianza contrary País ...... to Ouida’s instructions. She maintained that to 112 do sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It so would detract “from the purpose and seriousness of the work” (c. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 January 1880). Chatto even inserted a list of “New Novels” in the frontispieceBibliography...... of the first edition which would have suggested to any 116 browsing reader that it, too, was a new novel. Ignoring Ouida’s Workingvery specific Together request for thatthe Well-being A Village ofCommune Migrants look...... “different […] 119 fromBarry my Halliday other books” (3 September 1880), Chatto commissioned a very attractive cover for the 2s. “Cheap Edition” which features

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Carmelo and Viola walking arm in arm, with a watermill in the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Times also vouched for its accuracy, and “hoped that this letting in of to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper light5.3 Migrationby a popular Polic ynovelist, and Ethi cseven ...... should the glare be somewhat 106 theatrical,5.4 Migration may havePolicy its in effect”Colombia (Rev...... “Village Commune” 9). Yet 108the work had its detractors. The Spectator’s review accused Ouida (they wouldn’t5.5 “Colombia have known nos une”...... how unfairly) of “hoaxing the public with 109 a pretended5.6 Alianza novel”: País ...... it was less a novel than a “series of horrors”. The 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It review went on to ask “on what grounds she addresses this appeal to 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Englishmen”, and, interestingly, “have we not our own discontented agriculturalBibliography...... population in Ireland to occupy us […]?” (Rev. “Village 116 Commune” 931). There was also criticism that the book was one- Workingsided. As Together one of Ouida’s for the Well-beingcritics pointed of Migrants out, “The...... Italian peasantry 119 do Barrynot monopolise Halliday all the virtue of the country, and those in power are not invariably beasts” (Calverley 566).

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Ouida had insisted that her account was “not in the slightest 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. wrote two articles in Italian for the Nuova Antologia – articles that to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper were5.3 thenMigration translated Policy intoand EthiEnglishcs ...... for publication in Critical Studies 106 7 (1900),5.4 Migration Ouida’s Policy second in Colombiacollection ...... of essays. As Ouida herself said 108 in her Appendix to A Village Commune, “You must know the language5.5 “Colombia intimately, nos une”...... and you must have got the people’s trust in you, 109 before5.6 Alianza you can País ...... understand all that they endure” (352). Indeed, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It such was her intimate understanding of the common people that, 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 according to a friend of Ouida’s, her spoken Italian was closer to Bibliography...... 116 7 Throughout the late 1880s and 1890s Ouida was regularly commissioned by the WorkingFortnightly Together Review and for the the Nineteenth Well-being Century of Migrantsto write articles...... on Italian politics 119 andBarry literature. Halliday In 1899 she wrote two articles for the Nuova Antologia: “Sulla Decadenza delle Nazioni Latine” (“The Decadence of Latin Races”), published on 16 September, and “Joseph Chamberlain” on 1 December.

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“the hedger and ditcher [with whom] she had a true bond”: ordinary 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. and with acid (“survivors of sylvan worlds destroyed […] the seeds to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper of 5.3which Migration perchance Polic yhad and lodged Ethics ...... in the sandals of the legions as they 106 came5.4 Migrationfrom Palmyra Policy or in Babylon”);Colombia ...... the palace walls reflected in 108the canals of Venice “green with the hartstongue, pennywort, and ivy- leaved5.5 “Colombia toadsflax” nos (Ouida, une”...... “Misgovernment” 964, 958). 109 5.6Undoubtedly, Alianza País ...... in Ouida’s reverencing and recording an Italy 112 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the past, and in her fears of its passing, she was in accord with the 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 majority of British travel writing about Italy in the late nineteenth century.Bibliography...... John Pemble’s description of Ruskin’s “conviction that 116 he was writing its epitaph”, that “every visit intensified a sense of loss Workingand impending Together bereavement” for the Well-being (168), of could Migrants also...... be said of Ouida, 119 andBarry indeed Halliday her Italian novels are one of the many sources cited in Pemble’s The Mediterranean Passion: Victorians and Edwardians

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in the South which convey fairly stock British responses to the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. […] the corn is threshed by flails in the old way on the broad stone to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper courts5.3 Migration […]” (Ouida, Policy “Passing” and Ethics 136-7), ...... but this vision did not in any 106 way5.4 blind Migration her toPolicy the socialin Colombia and political ...... vulnerability of the Italian 108 peasant. She saw how change might come (or, as industrial novels in 5.5Britain “Colombia had, warned nos une”...... how it might come), yet she was not able 109 to sympathize5.6 Alianza with País change...... What she was able to see, breaking out 112 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the customary mould of her fictions, was one of her strengths. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

78 Jane Jordan 10 Table of Contents

References3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Baedeker,3.5 Conclusion...... Karl. Central Italy and Rome. 15th revised ed. Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 59 1909. Bibliography...... 60 Bentzon, Th[erese]. “Les Romans Italiens d’un Auteur Anglais”. Revue des Deux Mondes 15 July 1877: 367-88. 4. The Ethics of Migration. Blewitt, Octavian. A Hand-Book for Travellers in Central Italy. 6th ed., revised. ReflectionsLondon: John on Murray, Recent 1875. Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Buzard, James. The Beaten Track: European Tourism, Literature and the Ways to Laura Zanfrini “Culture”. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1993. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Calverley,4.1 Restrictive Mary. “Ouida’sPolicies andKnowledge Structural of DemandItalian Life”. for Immigrant Contemporary Labour Review .. 65 October 1881: 564-69. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Chapman,Migration: Alison and Labour Jane MigrationStabler, eds. but Unfolding not Workers’ the South: Migration...... Nineteenth-Century 73 British Women Writers and Artists in Italy. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2003. ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Comyns4.3 From Carr, Guest Alice. Workers Northern to Italian Unwelcome Folk: Sketches Guests of ...... Town and Country Life 82. 4.4London, Selective 1878. Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 Cooper, Edward H. “Ouida”. Fortnightly Review March 1908: 449-55. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 Davis, John A. Italy in the Nineteenth Century. 2000. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2006.

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Hare,Bibliography...... Augustus. Cities of Central and Northern Italy. 3 vols. London: Daldy Isbiter 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according & Co, 1876. 5.“Holiday Colombia: Customs Including in Italy”. EmigrantCornhill Magazines in Their February Societies 1881: of 193-210. Origin ...... 101 James,Urs WatterHenry. Letter to Elizabeth Lee. 10 Feb. 1913. Add.41340, f.125. British 5.1Library, State London.Interest and Responsibility Lee, Elizabeth.towards Ouida:their Citizens A Memoir Living. New Abroad...... York: Duffield & Co, c. 1914. 102 Lee,5.2 Vernon. Applied “About Ethics Ouida”...... Westminster Gazette 27 July 1907: 2. 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. O’Connor, T. P. “The Land League and its Work”. Contemporary Review December to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.31880: Migration 981-99. Policy and Ethics ...... 106 Ouida.5.4 MigrationAriadnê: The Policy Story in of Colombiaa Dream. 1877...... London, 1878. 108 ---. Letters to Chatto & Windus. 1877-1895. Berg Collection. New York Public 5.5Library, “Colombia New York. nos une”...... 109 ---.5.6 “The Alianza Misgovernment País ...... of Italy”. Fortnightly Review June 1898: 957-76. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It ---.5.7 Pascarèl; Challenges Only a ...... Story. 1873. London, c. 1879. 114 ---. “The Passing of Philomel”. Views and Opinions. 2nd ed. London, 1896. Bibliography...... 116 ---. Signa; A Story. 1875. Philadelphia, 1890. Working---. “The System Together of Mezzadria”. for the Well-being Gentleman’s of Magazine Migrants July...... 1882: 105-11. 119 ---. Barry“To the Halliday Editor of The Contemporary Review”. Letter. Contemporary Review November 1881: 841-42.

The Peasant and the Picturesque in Ouida’s Italy 79 10 Table of Contents

---. “Umiltà”. Pipistrello and Other Stories. 1880. London: Chatto & Windus, 1896. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 ---. A Village Commune. 1881. London: Chatto & Windus, 1882. and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av “Ouida”.3.5 Conclusion...... Whitehall Review 5 October 1878: 484. 59 “Ouida’sBibliography...... Novels”. Westminster Review April 1876: 360-86. 60 Pemble, John. The Mediterranean Passion: Victorians and Edwardians in the 4. TheSouth Ethics. Oxford: of Migration.Clarendon P, 1987. Rev.Reflections of Ariadnê ,on by RecentOuida. World Migration 23 May Policies 1877: 500. Rev.and of “Non-policies”Pascarèl, by Ouida. in SpectatorItaly and 29 Europe March 1873:...... 409. 61 Laura Zanfrini Rev. of Pascarèl, by Ouida. The Times 18 April 1873: 4. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Rev.4.1 of Restrictive Signa, by Ouida. Policies Saturday and Structural Review 26 Demand June 1875: for 830-31.Immigrant Labour .. 65 Rev.4.2 of Initiatives A Village Commune for Governing, by Ouida. Family Spectator and Humanitarian 16 June 1881: 931. Rev. ofMigration: A Village Commune Labour Migration, by Ouida. butThe notTimes Workers’ 19 April Migration...... 1881: 9. 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Ross,4.3 Janet From Ann. Guest Italian Workers Sketches to .Unwelcome London: Kegan Guests Paul & ...... Co. 1887. 82 Ruskin, John. Art of England: Lectures given in Oxford. Orpington: George Allen, 4.41883. Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 “Table4.5 EqualTalk”. OpportunityGentleman’s Magazineand Denied May Oppor 1882:tunities 633-35...... 90 Trollope, Thomas Adolphus. A Lenten Journey in Umbria and the Marches. London, d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are 1862. ontribution is published according 5.Yates, Colombia: Edmund. Including“Ouida at Villa Emigrant Farinola”.s in Celebrities Their Societies at Home. ofFirst Origin Series...... London: 101 Reprinted from “The World”, 1877: 239-47. Urs Watter

5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 2. Victorian Responses to the Italian Risorgimento ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 83-97 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Beautiful Freedom: Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Casa Guidi Windows

Lindsey Cordery – Universidad de la República, Uruguay

O bella libertà, O bella! s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, (Casa Guidi Windows)

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. I

Perhaps the best known of Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s works today is Aurora Leigh, the Künstlerroman-in-verse in which the

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors first-person narrator constructs her selfhood through the creative ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according roles of poet and woman, achieving fulfilment in both. Feminist criticism engaged with this genre- and gender-challenging, disturbing, work from around the 1970s, although Virginia Woolf had already done so much earlier on, and, in the nineteenth century, Emily Dickinson and George Eliot had responded to it with sensitivity and an awareness of its ground-breaking implications for women like themselves. Nevertheless, it was critics such as Sandra Gilbert, Susan to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Gubar, Cora Kaplan, Dorothy Mermin, Susan Stanford Friedman, Deirdre David, and Elaine Showalter, who positioned Elizabeth Barrett Browning as the originator of a new, female, tradition in poetry, rescuing her from the role of minor Victorian poetess – the “Mrs Browning” generally known for (only a handful of) her sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Sonnets from the Portuguese. More recently, Barrett Browning’s political poems have come under consideration: “The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point”, Casa Guidi Windows, Poems Before Congress, all of which show that political engagement was a truly driving force in her life.1 These poems date from her arrival in Italy with

1 See Schor and especially Harris who engages with Gilbert’s earlier, more biographical interpretation of the poem. Reynolds also reads both Casa Guidi Windows

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Robert Browning, when Italian Risorgimento politics and their 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. the cornerstone and rallying cry of nations constructing themselves to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper through5.3 Migration social Policand ypolitical and Ethi csrevolutions ...... in Europe and in South 106 America.5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 Casa Guidi Windows was written in two parts, the first in 1847, the5.5 actual “Colombia time ofnos the une”...... events described by Barrett Browning, when 109 the5.6 Austrian Alianza GrandPaís ...... Duke Leopold II of Tuscany and Pope Pius 112IX sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It had promised to concede a freedom of sorts to the delighted 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Florentines; the second, after the Italian defeat at Novara by the AustrianBibliography...... army in 1849. Both parts were published together under 116the title Casa Guidi Windows in 1851, and both are eye-witness accounts Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 andBarry Aurora Halliday Leigh as political poems, together with poems by Tennyson, Browning and Clough, whose first chapter opens with a description of Garibaldi’s visit to Tennyson in 1864.

Beautiful Freedom: Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Casa Guidi Windows 85 10 Table of Contents

of crucial events taking place – history in the making – observed 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. penetrating study of a nineteenth-century woman and a vivid to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper representation5.3 Migration Policof they and age” Ethi (xiii),cs ...... expressing concern, anger and 106 indignation5.4 Migration about Policy the insocial Colombia conditions ...... of English women, including 108 prostitutes, dealt with compassionately and frankly, and with Aurora’s5.5 “Colombia realization nos une”...... of selfhood as poet and woman, as her crowning 109 achievement.5.6 Alianza PaísBut ...... Casa Guidi Windows was quite different: after 112all, sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Barrett Browning was expressing, more clearly than she would in 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Aurora Leigh, her position on power politics, documentary history andBibliography...... literary history, showing she was well-informed on matters 116 of contemporary politics both in Risorgimento Italy and Britain and Workingdisplaying Together her knowledge for the Well-being of both Italianof Migrants and English...... culture. 119 In CasaBarry Guidi Halliday Windows the Carlylean poet and prophet – “poets are soothsayers still” (II: 738) – is the subjective voice, Barrett Browning

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herself speaking from her entirely personal position as woman and 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av poet. Feminine and poetic intuition, experience, intellect and imagination3.5 Conclusion...... blend in this “I” who is “eye” witness, located on the 59 thresholdBibliography...... between public life going by outside her windows, in the 60 streets of Florence, and private life, inside her very English, 4.bourgeois The Ethics household of Migration. in the Casa Guidi, the Florentine home she sharedReflections with heron Recenthusband Migration Robert PoliciesBrowning. Although Casa Guidi Windowsand “Non-policies” is clearly a inpoem Italy concernedand Europe with...... politics, because of the 61 poet’sLaura threshold Zanfrini positioning at the windows of her house (“From Casa Guidi windows”), she is able to slide with ease in and out of s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, public4.1 Restrictive and private Policies spheres and Structural in an entirely Demand “feminine” for Immigrant way, Labour closing .. 65 the4.2 windows Initiatives on for the Governing outside Familyworld andat will:Humanitarian “But wherefore should we lookMigration: out any Labour more/From Migration Cbutasa not Guidi Workers’ windows? Migration...... Shut them 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. straight”4.3 From (I: Guest 425-6). Workers Not toonly Unwelcome does the Guests poet mention ...... her own child 82 (“my two-months baby” and “my own young Florentine”), connecting4.4 Selective him Policies with theand thechild Brain who Drain...... sings of “bella libertà” at the 87 poem’s4.5 Equal opening Opportunity as well and as Denied with OpporAnita tunitiesGaribaldi’s ...... baby (II: 680), 90 thus inscribing motherhood as a legitimate critical locus in this and d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors otherBibliography...... political poems (such as, for example, “Mother and Poet”, 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according “The Runaway Slave at Pilgrim’s Point”), but she also brings into 5.the Colombia: poem her Including “beloved Emigrant companion”s in Their(I: 1129-1183), Societies of addressing Origin...... him 101 “thouUrs andWatter I, Love” (I: 1178), recalling the intimate, woman’s voice of 5.1the StateSonnets. Interest Unlike and Responsibilitythe Sonnets, however, in Casa Guidi Windows, as in towardsAurora theirLeigh Citizens, Barrett Living Browning Abroad...... creates a new, hybrid poetic 102 form5.2 Appliedto inscribe, Ethics appropriately, ...... new subject matter. Poetic forms 104 2 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. (terza rima, in epic metre) are blended and re-cast from the dominant to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper cultures:5.3 Migration Italian Polic andy English and Ethi poetrycs ...... re-signified in terms of personal 106 readings5.4 Migration and experience, Policy in Colombia selectively ...... invoked. In both its content 108 and form, Casa Guidi Windows and the other “political” poems justify5.5 “Colombia Dorothy nosMermin’s une”...... claim that Barrett Browning’s “place 109 at the5.6 well-head Alianza País of ...... a new female tradition remains the single most 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It important fact about her in terms of literary history” (Mermin 3). In 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Casa Guidi Windows the role of the poet is aligned with Shelley ratherBibliography...... than with Arnold, but so personal is her engagement with 116 poetry and politics that her “female speaker’s voice does not blend Workingin with those Together of the for past the […]Well-being we do ofnot Migrants hear the...... voice of tradition 119 Barry Halliday

2 See Reynolds, “The Pulse of the Verse” (93-99).

Beautiful Freedom: Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Casa Guidi Windows 87 10 Table of Contents

speaking through her” (6). Barrett Browning was aware she was on 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5. Colombia: Including EmigrantsII in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility The “Advertisementtowards their Citizens to the Living First Abroad...... Edition” (xli) appended by Barrett 102 Browning to Casa Guidi Windows parts 1 and 2 (“Florence 1851”) shows5.2 Applied that she Ethics anticipated ...... adverse reactions to the poem from 104her to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper readers5.3 Migration in England: Polic y and Ethics ...... 106 5.4This Migration poem contains Policy in the Colombia impressions ...... of the writer upon events in 108 5.5Tuscany “Colombia of which nos une”...... she was a witness. ‘From a window’, the critic 109 may demur. She bows to the objection from the very title of her 5.6work. Alianza No Paíscontinuous ...... narrative nor exposition of political 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It philosophy is attempted by her. It is a simple story of personal 5.7impressions, Challenges whose ...... only value is in the intensity with which they 114 Bibliography...... were received. (xli). 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 3 Barrett Browning herself was very enthusiastic about photography as a new art form/technology. Groth explores this in depth. See also Armstrong.

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The poem is clearly, however much she may protest in the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. therefore she prefers not to “join those old thin voices with my to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper new,/And5.3 Migration sigh Policfor Italyy and withEthics some ...... safe sigh/Cooped up in music 106 ‘twixt5.4 Migration an oh and Policy ah, in– Colombia/Nay, hand ...... in hand with that young child, 108 will I/Go singing rather, ‘“Bella libertà,”’/Than, with those poets, croon5.5 “Colombia the dead or nos cry/‘“ une”...... Se tu men bella fossi, Italia!”’ (I: 163-168). 109 5.6In AlianzaAurora País Leigh ...... , Aurora must confront the myths used 112by sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It patriarchy to control and possess women – ghost, fiend, angel, 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 fairy, witch, sprite, Muse, Psyche, Medusa, Lamia (I: 154-163) – in orderBibliography...... to free herself of them. Similarly, the Poet of Casa Guidi 116 Windows must foreground myths in order to be able to reject them, Workingin this case Together those forcommonly the Well-being used to of describe Migrants Italy,...... and denounce 119 themBarry as Hallidaydeadly to the cause of freedom. Interestingly too, these are myths in which Italy is seen as a woman, which in a patriarchal

Beautiful Freedom: Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Casa Guidi Windows 89 10 Table of Contents

society implies its being inferior to the British lion. Italy as an 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av abandoned, beautiful woman was the trope most commonly used in Britain3.5 Conclusion...... but also in Italy: Niobe, Cybele, Juliet (CGW I: 30-50). In 59 a similarBibliography...... manner, the feminization of foreign lands was a common 60 trope of Empire: the geographies of America, Africa and Asia, and 4.indeed The Ethics their depictionsof Migration. on early modern maps, as well as their uses as Reflectionsliterary tropes, on Recent were Migration clearly Policies female, rendered in terms of possessionand “Non-policies” and ravishment; in Italy andor toEurope be resisted...... and feared. Deeply 61 lodgedLaura in Zanfrini Victorian culture, so insidiously part of a dominant force that was only beginning to feel the challenge coming from women’s s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, questioning4.1 Restrictive of Policiespatriarchy, and Structural the concept Demand of for a Immigrant “feminized” Labour Italy, .. 65 Barrett4.2 Initiatives Browning for Governingis indicating, Family must and be Humanitarian revoked, in the same way as sheMigration: would Labourlater, inMigration Aurora but Leigh, not Workers’ categorically Migration...... reject male 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. stereotypes4.3 From Guest of women. Workers Barrett to Unwelcome Browning’s Guests vantage ...... point from the 82 windows of the Casa Guidi allows her to observe Italy and its (her!) people4.4 Selective critically: Policies to anviewd the theBrain Florentine Drain...... crowds in the streets 87 beneath;4.5 Equal then, Opportunity beyond theand city, Denied to viewOppor thetunities surrounding ...... countryside; 90 but also to look much further afield: her windows allow her an d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors excellentBibliography...... prospect of England as well. 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter III 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 The “Italian question”, like the “Woman question”, was much de- bated5.2 Appliedin Britain Ethics at this ...... time of revolutions: just as Barrett Browning 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper questions5.3 Migration and subvertsPolicy and patriarcha Ethics ...... l assumptions about women and 106 about Italy, so does she question and subvert issues rather less foregrounded5.4 Migration inPolicy those in Colombiadays, connected ...... with assumptions about 108 Empire.5.5 “Colombia The poem nos une”...... is critical of England’s betrayal of the Italian 109 cause, being driven towards pursuing the interests of Empire instead. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Helen Groth points out that “Italian politics became a ‘clarifying mechanism’5.7 Challenges through ...... which English cultural commentators, journalists 114 in Bibliography...... an ever expanding print media, writers and artists reflected on 116the nature of Englishness and the myth of Protestant civility that was its Workingfoundation” Together (37). Anfor integralthe Well-being part of of “Englishness” Migrants ...... and “Protestant 119 civility”Barry Halliday was Britain’s role as political and economic leader in the world, power politics that included the keeping of the mythical Pax

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Britannica of the Victorians. With pristine simplicity Barrett 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. “draws/The flowing ends of the earth, from Fez, Canton […] and to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper the5.3 vast Migration Americas” Policy (II:and Ethi378-381).cs ...... The nations of the earth rush 106 eagerly5.4 Migration to London Policy and in Colombiathis magnificent ...... fairground, a monument 108 to commercial hubris and colonial violence; its walls of glass allowing5.5 “Colombia looking nos in une”...... or looking out with wonderful clarity, but also 109 functioning5.6 Alianza as País a ...... barrier, or a frontier, dividing the two nations 112 in sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It England of rich and poor, but also home and abroad, them and us. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Those rushing to the metropolis-emporium, to the heart of the Empire,Bibliography...... forget the woes and tribulations of their own poor, 116 forgetting also, Barrett Browning points out with grief, in their Workingthirst for Togetherthe exotic for and the forWell-being the new, of “poorMigrants Italia”...... and her patriot 119 dead;Barry in Halliday anger the poet exclaims: “Alas, great nations have great shames, I say” (II: 648).

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In Casa Guidi Windows, then, Barrett Browning directly ad- 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors IntegratingBibliography...... gender and imperial politics, one of the most interesting 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according and tantalizing aspects of Casa Guidi Windows to my mind, is that, 5.at Colombia:the very end, Including the poet, Emigrant drawings in her Their reflections Societies to of a Origin close, ...... finding 101 optimismUrs Watter for the future in the person of a child, her own, and recalling5.1 State the Interest child and in PartResponsibility 1 singing “O bella libertà”, in fact opens out, rathertowards than their closes, Citizens the Living poem, Abroad...... when she mentions the suggestive 102 possibilities of “[T]he blank interstices/Men take for ruins” (II: 776).5.2 AppliedIn the poemEthics ...... Barrett Browning assures us that these “blank 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper interstices”5.3 Migration will Policbe filledy and by Ethi God’scs ...... works, thus closing on a pious note 106 of hope. This may be so; however, blanks have been protagonists in the5.4 history Migration of women,Policy in whetherColombia in ...... art, writing or politics, as both 108 Barrett5.5 “Colombia Browning nos looking une”...... for literary grandmothers and Virginia 109 Woolf after her have shown. For Homi Bhabha, those “interstices” 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It or “in-between spaces, provide the terrain for elaborating strategies of 5.7selfhood Challenges – singular ...... or communal – that initiate new signs of identity 114 andBibliography...... innovative sites of collaboration and contestation” (1-2). In 116the “Advertisement” that preceded the first edition of the poem, Barrett WorkingBrowning Together refers to for the the “painful Well-being discrepancy” of Migrants she...... has had to live 119 with;Barry indeed, Halliday as a woman, she says that “such discrepancies we are called upon to accept at every hour by the conditions of our nature,

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implying the interval between aspiration and performance, between 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. consistently are joined together: the political (public) and the domestic to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper (private)5.3 Migration spheres. Polic Aty andthe Ethisamecs ...... time, in a poem critically aware 106 of the5.4 politics Migration of PolicyEmpire, in Colombiathis section ...... signifies as one of the “blank 108 interstices”, lacks or absences, which Barrett Browning at the windows5.5 “Colombia of the nos Casa une”...... Guidi, possibly may not have had any 109 awareness5.6 Alianza of. País Garibaldi ...... was of course one of the “southern men 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It who strive/In God’s name for man’s rights, and shall not fail!” (I: 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 1201-2) whom she invokes; however, he had ventured much further southBibliography...... than she might have heard of. Exiled from Italy after 116the Young Italy revolutionary attempt of 1836 failed, he arrived in WorkingSouth America, Together in for Brazil, the Well-being where ofhe Migrants joined the...... fighting for 119 a separatistBarry Halliday cause in Rio Grande do Sul, seeking to establish a republic independent of the Empire of Brazil. This war was known

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as the Faroupilhas or War of the Tatters. It was in 1839 in Rio 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Garibaldi won a resounding victory against a much larger army. In to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 18485.3 whenMigration Garibaldi Policy andwas Ethi recalledcs ...... to Italy, she left Montevideo with 106 her5.4 three Migration children Policy arriving in Colombia in Genoa ...... where she was later joined 108by her husband. Garibaldi, for whom she was ever his “heroic companion”,5.5 “Colombia was nos soon une”...... fighting in Rome with (pregnant) Anita once 109 more5.6 Alianzaby his side. País ...... In their flight from Rome, following defeat in July 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 1849, Anita Ribeiro died, aged twenty-eight, near Ravenna, and 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 was hastily buried in the sand on a beach.4 Bibliography...... 116 4 Biographies of Anita Garibaldi are few and recent in general. For example, see I WorkingAm My Beloved. Together The Lifefor theof Anita Well-being Garibaldi of by Migrants Lisa Sergio...... (1969) and Anthony 119 Valerio’sBarry biographyHalliday (2000); novels such as Anita, Anita: Garibaldi of the New World by Dorothy Bryant (1993) and Anita cubierta de arena by Argentine novelist Alicia Dujovne Ortiz (2003); a Brazilian soap opera, where she figures prominently, Sete

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This is only a brief summary which does not do justice to Anita 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Ribeiro, an extraordinary woman who, until very recently, was hardly3.5 Conclusion...... more than a footnote in the life of her charismatic husband. 59 MargaretBibliography...... Fuller, who witnessed the fall of the Roman republic 60in 1849 and actually described the retreat she was witnessing in a 4.letter The (quotedEthics of byMigration. Garland), does not escape the impact of the spectacleReflections of theon Recentdefeated Migration Garibaldi, Policies a blend of pathos and glory. Fullerand “Non-policies”only just mentions in Italy Anita and GaribaldiEurope ...... in spite of the fact that 61 it wasLaura known Zanfrini that she had been fighting with the legion: “They had all put on the beautiful dress of the Garibaldi legion [...] their long s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, hair4.1 blownRestrictive back Policies […] andThe Structural wife of Demand Garibaldi for Immigrant followed Labour him ..on 65 horseback.4.2 Initiatives He forhimself Governing was Familydistinguished and Humanitarian by his white tunic; his look wasMigration: entirely Labour that of Migration a hero of but the not Middle Workers’ Ages” Migration...... (Riall 92). 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3Garibaldi’s From Guest memoirs Workers towere Unwelcome published Guests between ...... 1859 and 1861 82 (after Casa Guidi Windows), thus increasing his already immense popularity.4.4 Selective In Policiesthem, Anita and the Ribeiro’s Brain Drain...... death is movingly but soberly 87 described:4.5 Equal hisOpportunity “beloved and companion” Denied Oppor diestunities in his ...... arms: “My dearest 90 one’s last words were for her children. She knew that she would not d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors seeBibliography...... them again.” (Garibaldi 49, see also Riall 160-161). When Anita 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Garibaldi, the famous couple’s grand-daughter and her grandmother’s 5.namesake, Colombia: went Including to Brazil Emigrant and s Uruguayin Their Societiesin 1929, of Originretracing...... their 101 footsteps,Urs Watter relying heavily on the Memoir for guidance, she describes Anita5.1 StateRibeiro, Interest characteristically, and Responsibility as “la mujer del silencioso sacrificio […] latowards mujer theirque Citizensconoce elLiving magnífic Abroad...... o amor, así como el martirio 102 de 5 Italia,5.2 Applieddonde la Ethics consagran ...... heroína” (Garibaldi, Anita 38). 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Giuseppe Garibaldi was known as the “hero of two worlds” – to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper the5.3 world Migration of the Polic southy and and Ethi thecs...... world of the north; however, both 106 Anita5.4 MigrationRibeiro Policyand Garibaldi in Colombia were ...... problematically heroic for 108the world of the north. The hero of Italian unification, who had contrib- uted5.5 to“Colombia the Italian nos monarchical une”...... cause was welcomed in Britain 109by members5.6 Alianza of thePaís conservative ...... establishment (he visited Tennyson); 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It but he was also hailed as the liberator of the oppressed by anti- 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 establishment social movements and therefore requested to shorten hisBibliography...... stay in England. His views against the Church and organized 116

WorkingMulheres (2000); Together and anfor Italian the Well-being musical (2008). of MigrantsAn early, highly...... romanticized 119(but thenBarry this may Halliday be inevitable) biography was written in 1889 by Giuseppe Bandi. 5 “[T]he woman of silent sacrifice [...]; the woman who knows magnificent love, as well as martyrdom in Italy, where she has been made into a heroine” (my translation).

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religion in general were known and may have contributed to his 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Anita Ribeiro’s life, and, very likely, little of Garibaldi’s as a fighter to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper for5.3 the Migration freedom Policof “Ily Popolo”and Ethics (CGW ...... ; “the people” in AL) whether 106 in the5.4 north Migration or the Policy south. in TheColombia fact that ...... Anita Ribeiro had transgressed 108 social and moral norms for love, moreover, would seem to bring her even5.5 closer“Colombia to Barrett nos une”...... Browning. And finally, Barrett Browning went 109 on5.6 to Alianzawrite Aurora País ...... Leigh, the fictional biography of a woman who 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It fought for herself and, ultimately, for women. The time for women 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 writers to write biographies of women had not yet arrived, but the poeticBibliography...... tribute to Anita Ribeiro, the mother and fighter, paid by Barrett 116 Browning, the woman and poet, brief as it is, is, nevertheless, Workingsuggestive: Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

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[A]t her husband’s side in scorn, 3.4Outfaced The Human the whistling Rights’ Approach...... shot and hissing waves, 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5Until Conclusion...... she felt her little babe unborn 59 Recoil, within her, from the violent staves Bibliography...... And bloodhounds of the world, – at which, her life 60 Dropt inwards from her eyes and followed it 4. TheBeyond Ethics the of hunters. Migration. Garibaldi’s wife ReflectionsAnd child died on Recent so. And Migration now, the sea-weeds Policies fit andHer “Non-policies” body, like a proper in Italy shroud and and Europe coif, ...... 61 LauraAnd murmurously Zanfrini the ebbing waters grit The little pebbles where she lies interred s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1In Restrictivethe sand. Perhaps, Policies ere and dying Structural thus, Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2She Initiatives looked up for in Governing his face (which Family never and stirredHumanitarian FromMigration: its clenched Labour anguish) Migration as to but make not excuse Workers’ Migration...... 73 For leaving him for his, if so she erred. ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3He From well remembersGuest Workers that toshe Unwelcome could not choose. Guests (II: ...... 678-693) 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and DeniedV Oppor tunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5.The Colombia: last verses Including of Casa Emigrant Guidi Windowss in Their, likeSocieties the ending of Origin of ...... Aurora 101 LeighUrs, Watterpresent a resolution in terms of self-realization and complete- ness, in the achievement of harmony within the domestic or private, and5.1 public State Interestor political, and Responsibility spheres. Barrett Browning considered herself a legitimatetowards speakertheir Citizens in both Living spheres; Abroad...... but because she appropriated 102 (and5.2 Appliedthus empowered) Ethics ...... the marginal position in which she was 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. constantly being pushed into by the Victorian world of letters, she to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper was5.3 able Migration to see Policfromy aand unique Ethics perspective, ...... both spheres. The “blank 106 interstices”,5.4 Migration the Policy “discrepancies”, in Colombia ...... she refers to, whether consciously 108 sought by the Poet or not, and a variety of other “blank interstices” 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 or “discrepancies” that the focuses of differently located readers 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It will discover as the interest in the poem continues to grow, establish Casa5.7 ChallengesGuidi Windows ...... as an emergent text in Raymond Williams’s 114 terms (quoted in Bhabha 148), one that creates “new meanings and values,Bibliography...... new practices, new relationships” – aware and at the same 116 time unaware of its own power. The richness of Casa Guidi Windows Workingin the mid-nineteenth Together for thecentury, Well-being as well of Migrants as in the...... early twenty-first 119 century,Barry Hallidayis surely due to the fact that it raises questions in connection with the “dominant culture”, as “[...] in certain areas, there will be

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certain periods, practices and meanings which are not reached for. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

4.References The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Armstrong,and “Non-policies” Isobel. “Casa Guidiin Italy Windows and Europe: Spectacle...... and Politics in 1851”. Unfolding 61 Laurathe South: Zanfrini Nineteenth-Century British Women Writers in Italy. Eds Alison Chapman and Jane Stabler. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2003. 51-69. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Artom Treves, Giuliana. The Golden Ring: The Anglo-Florentines 1847-1862. 4.2Trans. Initiatives Sylvia Sprigge for Governing. London: Family Longmans, and Green,Humanitarian 1956. BarrettMigration: Browning, Elizabeth.Labour Migration Casa Guidi but Windows. not Workers’ Ed. Julia Migration...... Markus. New York: 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. The Browning Institute, 1977. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 ---. Aurora Leigh. Ed. Kerry McSweeney. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1993. Bhabha,4.4 Selective Homi K. PoliciesThe Location and ofthe Culture Brain. LondonDrain...... and New York: Routledge, 1994. 87 Garibaldi,4.5 Equal Anita. Opportunity Garibaldi enand América Denied. Montevideo: Opportunities Imprenta ...... Nacional Colorada, 90 1930.

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Garibaldi, Giuseppe. My Life. Trans. Stephen Parkin. Forward Tim Parks. London: ontribution is published according Hesperus P, 2004. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Garland, Lauren. “Women of the Risorgimento”. Anglo-Italian Studies Website. Urs Watter http://www.florin.ms/anglo.html. Gilbert,5.1 State Sandra. Interest “From and Patria Responsibility to Matria: Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Risorgimento”. PMLAtowards 99:2 (1984):their Citizens 194-211. Living Abroad...... 102 Groth,5.2 AppliedHelen. “A Ethics Different ...... Look – Visual Technologies and the Making of History 104 in Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Casa Guidi Windows”. Textual Practice 14:1 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3(2000): Migration 31-52. Polic y and Ethics ...... 106 Harris,5.4 MigrationLeigh Coral. Policy “From inMythos Colombia to Logos: ...... Political Aesthetics and Liminal Poetics 108 in Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Casa Guidi Windows”. Victorian Literature and 5.5Culture “Colombia 28:1 (2000): nos 109-131.une”...... 109 Mermin, Dorothy. Elizabeth Barrett Browning. The Origins of a New Poetry. Chicago: 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It U of Chicago P, 1989. Reynolds,5.7 Challenges Matthew...... Realms of Verse: English Poetry in a Time of Nation-Building 114. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2001 (pbk 2005). Bibliography...... 116 Riall, Lucy. Garibaldi. Invention of a Hero. New Haven and London: Yale UP, 2007. WorkingSchor, Esther. Together “The Poetics for the of Politics:Well-being Barrett of Browning’sMigrants ...... Casa Guidi Windows 119”. BarryTulsa HallidayStudies in Women’s Literature 17:2 (Autumn 1998): 305-324. Williams, Raymond. Marxism and Literature. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1977.

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 99-111 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av

“Now in Happier Air”: Arthur Hugh Clough’s “Amours de Voyage” and Italian Republicanism

Renzo D’Agnillo – Università di Pescara, Italy s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work,

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. In the concluding lines of his sonnet “To a Republican Friend”, Matthew Arnold draws a sympathetic comparison between his own socialist sympathies and those of his intellectual comrade Arthur Hugh Clough:

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors If sadness at the long heart-wasting show ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Wherein earth’s great ones are disquieted: ontribution is published according If thoughts, not idle, while before me flow

The armies of the homeless and unfed: If these are yours, if this is what you are, Then I am yours, and what you feel, I share

In spite of their shared sense of political and social injustices, to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper however, Arnold deliberately chose to exclude such time-bound factors from his verse (the sonnet above excepting), in contrast with Clough whose poetry in no way disdains references to immediate social and political issues. As a result, Arnold derided what he viewed as Clough’s anti-classical approach, an orientation he

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It believed to be at odds with the whole purpose of poetry which, for him, should be concerned with eternal rather than worldly themes. Bearing in mind the contemporary issues that dominate “Amours de Voyage”, it is small wonder that, on being sent a copy, Arnold did not even deign to read it. Yet the poem represents a central moment in Clough’s artistic maturity, not only signalling a definite break from the confines of his cultural horizons and personal dilemmas,

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but also establishing rhetorical and discourse strategies that antici- 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

On4.4 the Selective other hand, Policies David and theWilliams Brain Drain...... , whilst conceding that “Clough 87 would4.5 Equal never Opportunity allow himself and Deniedto become Oppor astunities cynical ...... and as nihilistic 90as Claude”, insists on a close correspondence between the poet and his d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are fictional character: “Here is the man he sometimes – not always – ontribution is published according felt himself to be: a crippled, paralysed person, someone who had 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 the natural, instinctive man in him throttled into lifelessness by too Urs Watter much indoctrination, too much moralising” (87). In the poem, contemporary5.1 State Interest European and Responsibility political ev ents (and Clough’s visit may be seen astowards a sort their of Citizenspolitical Living pilgrimage Abroad...... in support of the republican 102 cause)5.2 Applied are subsequently Ethics ...... played off against the existential and 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. philosophical predicaments of its anti-hero. Besides, through Claude’s to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper perception5.3 Migration of thePolic juxtapositiony and Ethics ...... of the remnants of a long-gone 106 glorious5.4 Migration ancient Policy Roman in Colombia Empire with ...... the new, and decidedly more 108 prosaic, Mazzinian Republic, Clough offers an explicit critique of the essentially5.5 “Colombia vain endeavoursnos une”...... of human history, whilst, simultaneously 109 confronting5.6 Alianza Paíshistorical ...... and cultural tradition with the modern 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It consciousness which fails to perceive a logical continuity between 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 past and present. My focus here will be almost exclusively on the secondBibliography...... canto of the poem, which highlights and develops the theme 116 of republicanism and the poetic subject’s reactions to the political Workingturmoil of Together the times. for In the so Well-being doing, I shall of Migrants explore...... the ways in which 119 CloughBarry constructsHalliday his poem by setting up an ironic interrelationship between his own self and his fictional anti-hero.

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Upon Clough’s arrival in Rome, Giuseppe Mazzini’s republic was 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according St Peter’s disappoints me: the stone of which it is made is a poor 5. Colombia:plastery material. Including And Emigrant indeed Romes in Their in general Societies might of Origin be called...... a 101 Ursrubbishy Watter place; the Roman antiquities in general seem to me only interesting as antiques – not for any beauty. 5.1 State[…] InterestI have seen and twoResponsibility beautiful views since I came, one from San Pietrotowards in Montorio, their Citizens the Livingother fromAbroad...... the Lateran Church over the 102 5.2Campagna. Applied Ethics(217) ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Both5.3 theMigration language Polic andy and tone Ethi ofcs Cla ...... ude’s first letter to Eustace in 106the poem5.4 Migrationare an almost Policy directly in Colombia replica ...... of Clough’s own words: 108 5.5Rome “Colombia disappoints nos une”...... me much, – St Peter’s, perhaps, in especial 109 Only the Arch of Titus and view from the Lateran please me: […] 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Rome disappoints me much; I hardly as yet understand, but 5.7Rubbishy Challenges seems ...... the word that most exactly would suit it (13-14, 114 19-20). Bibliography...... 116 Not only the same observation, but also the same deliberately Workingsupercilious Together adjective for theis used, Well-being erupting of Migrantsafter a hesitant...... qualification 119 (“IBarry hardly Halliday as yet understand”) to create an almost comic effect (phonically reinforced by the semi-alliteration of Rome/rubbishy).

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Thus, far from expressing the typical tourist’s delight at the capital 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors discoveredBibliography...... if one pursues this dialogic relationship is the way 97in ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according which they illuminate and parallel each other in a series of attitudes, 5.from Colombia: the earnest Including to the Emigrantironic, to smake in Their up aSocieties composite of Origin picture...... of 101the imaginativeUrs Watter possibilities afforded by his Roman experience. It is precisely5.1 State this Interest which and makes Responsibility “Amours de Voyage” such a disturbingly open-endedtowards poem,their Citizens one Livingwhose Abroad...... anti-hero, is intellectually over- 102 cautious and sceptical to the point of self-deconstruction. While he no5.2 doubt Applied reflects Ethics certain ...... facets of his creator, he is bestowed with 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper a sufficiently5.3 Migration autonomous Policy and Ethi identitycs ...... as to render any direct link with 106 Clough both plausible and questionable – almost as if Clough were5.4 Migrationsimultaneously Policy intempted Colombia as ...... well as reluctant to establish 108 a correspondence5.5 “Colombia nosbetween une”...... himself and his own character. This 109 ambivalent attitude is somewhat symptomatic of the degree of self- 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It dissociation which marks his temperament during this period of his life.5.7 Indeed,Challenges the ...... extent to which the performative function 114of Clough’sBibliography...... language in his letters and his poem seems deliberately 116 aimed to forge an attitude of cynicism and disillusionment that has Workingquasi-theatrical Together suggestions for the Well-being is most of striking. Migrants Time...... and again 119he furnishesBarry Halliday his correspondents with deliberately humdrum accounts of the turbulent events he witnessed, with everything seeming to

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occur at twice remove, as in the following observations from a 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. almost to insignificance behind the deflated rhetoric: “Perhaps it 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 will amuse you hereafter to have a letter commenced while guns are firing4.4 Selectiveand, I suppose, Policies anmend the falling, Brain Drain...... dead and wounded. Such is the 87 case4.5 on Equal the Opportunityother side the and Tiber Denied whil Oppore I peacefullytunities ...... write in my distant 90 chamber with only the sound in my ears” (253). Understatement – d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors i.e.Bibliography...... the casual acknowledgement of men falling dead and wounded 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according – and the embedding of the main action within a subordinate clause are 5.devices Colombia: Clough Including uses to Emigrant deliberatelys in crTheireate Societiesan attitude of Originof indifference...... 101 andUrs detachment. Watter On the one hand, the effect of this attitude is self- reflexive5.1 State in Interest that it andreveals Responsibility more about Clough than the nature of the eventstowards he witnessed. their Citizens On the Living other, Abroad...... it may be pertinent to see in 102the deliberately affected tone of his letters a sort of prelude for the 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are composition of the poem. perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3The Migration main motives Policy and for Ethi thecs feelings ...... of dejection and apathy that 106 penetrate5.4 Migration the heart Policy of in nearly Colombia everything ...... he wrote in this period 108are easily explicable. The Clough who arrived in Rome was a man distraught5.5 “Colombia by moral nos une”...... dilemmas and professional predicaments, one 109 who5.6 may Alianza very País well ...... have felt, to quote Claude’s words in the poem, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It that: 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... It is a blessing, no doubt, to be rid, at least for a time, of 116 All one’s friends and relations […] All the assujettissement of having been what one has been, Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 What one thinks one is, or thinks what others suppose one. […] (170) Barry Halliday

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Besides his spiritual crises which had caused such friction with the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av university authorities at Oxford, following his resignation from an Oriel3.5 Conclusion...... fellowship after his refusal to subscribe to the 39 articles, 59 CloughBibliography...... had witnessed first hand the momentary triumph of the 60 provisional republican government in France a year earlier, only to 4.leave The the Ethics country of Migration. a few days before its defeat by a more moderate, conservativeReflections onforce. Recent By Migration1848, the Policies Chartist movement in England, whoseand “Non-policies”development inClough Italy and had Europe also followed...... with sympathetic 61 interest,Laura Zanfrinihad also been finally suppressed. Furthermore, before the recent success of the Whig parliament, the Tories had practically s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, dominated4.1 Restrictive English Policies politics and Structural uninterruptedly Demand forfor Immigranthalf a century. Labour Now .. 65 already4.2 Initiatives the mood for Governingseemed to Family be swinging and Humanitarian back. In January 1849 Blackwood’sMigration: published Labour Migration a damning but not article Workers’ entitled Migration...... “The Year 73of ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Revolutions”,4.3 From Guest which Workers severely to Unwelcome castigated Guests the ...... liberal policies of the 82 government for having almost completely ruined the country with the4.4 total Selective acceptance Policies of an freed the trade Brain and Drain...... its overturning of every stable 87 principle4.5 Equal of Opportunity British society. and Denied Worst Oppor of tunitiesall, it ...... was held guilty for 90 supporting practically every revolutionary cause abroad with the d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors consequenceBibliography...... that: 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5. Colombia:So rapid wasIncluding the succession Emigrant sof in revolutionsTheir Societies when of Originthe tempest...... 101 Ursassailed Watter the world last spring (1848), that no human power seemed capable of arresting it; and the thoughtful looked on in mournful 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility and impotent silence, as they would have done on the decay of towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 nature or the ruin of the world. (2) 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. There were certainly sufficient reasons for Clough’s dejected state to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper when5.3 Migrationhe left England’s Policy and shores Ethics ...... that summer of 1849. But although 106 the5.4 defeat Migration of the Policy revolution in Colombia in France ...... may have somewhat deadened 108 his initial enthusiasms, it did not shake the foundations of his ideological5.5 “Colombia principles nos une”...... which remained solidly aligned to 109the republican5.6 Alianza cause País ...... – there would be no Wordsworthian weeping over 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It ruined churches for him, rather a gnashing of teeth at “how riling it 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 is to be conquered” (267). It seems nevertheless very likely that, by 1849,Bibliography...... Clough had lost the little faith in the efficacy of political 116 action he continued to nurture, so that it may be no accident that he Workingchose to Togethercast the formain the protagonistWell-being ofof Migrants his poem...... in the role of 119 a bored,Barry snobbish Halliday and cynical intellectual English tourist, initially indifferent both to the republican cause and the political upheavals

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he witnesses. On another level, it may be pertinent to wonder 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. ” conformity4.3 From Guest (291). Workers Furthermore to Unwelcome his change Guests of perspective ...... also allows 82 him to consider his fellow countrymen in a different light. In the poem,4.4 Selective Claude Policiesfrequently and castigates the Brain Drain...... English responses to the destiny 87 of 4.5Mazzini’s Equal Opportunity Republic, and including Denied Opporsuch tunitiesdistorted ...... interpretations 90of Italian events as the biased accounts in The Times. As a result, in d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors contrastBibliography...... to Dickens, who could not help but see London when 97he ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according beheld Rome just five years prior to Clough’s arrival, Claude is 5.made Colombia: to state Including that “Rome Emigrant is betters in thanTheir London Societies because of Origin it ...... is other 101 thanUrs London” Watter (170). Further on he also self-disparagingly confesses how5.1 heState and Interest his andfriend Responsibility George can only “turn like fools to the English”towards (170) their in Citizenstheir despair Living for Abroad...... company. Although no such anti- 102 English5.2 Applied sentiments Ethics ...... are to be detected in Clough’s own letters, 104 it to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. may be pertinent to see him using the poem to voice opinions he to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper would5.3 Migration not have Polic readilyy and voiced Ethics ...... to his correspondents (including 106his spatial5.4 Migration separation Policy from in them).Colombia ...... 108 Canto II pinpoints the key events of the fall of Mazzini’s Republic from5.5 the“Colombia approach nos of une”...... the French troops at Civitavecchia to their final 109 occupation5.6 Alianza of País Rome...... The lyrical poem with which it opens evokes 112 a sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It possible spirit of place amid the loss, change and corruption 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 represented by Rome: “Is it an illusion? Or does there a spirit from perfecterBibliography...... ages,/Here, even yet, amid loss, change, and corruption, 116 abide?” (185). This yearning for a pure spirit residing within the Workingurban degradation Together forof Romethe Well-being contrasts of with Migrants Claude’s...... initial sense 119 of its Barryuselessness Halliday and decay, with the shift in attitude anticipating his sudden transition from indifference to a fervent sympathy for the

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Mazzinian cause, as the melodramatic repetitions of the first-person 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

Bibliography...... I, who avoided it all, am fated, it seems to describe it. 60 I, who nor meddle nor make in politics, – I, who sincerely 4. ThePut Ethicsnot my oftrust Migration. in leagues nor any suffrage by ballot ReflectionsNever predicted on Recent Parisian Migration millenniums, Policies never beheld a andNew “Non-policies” Jerusalem coming in Italy down and dressed Europe like...... a bride out of heaven 61 LauraRight Zanfrinion the Place de la Concorde, – I, nevertheless, let me say it, Could in my soul of souls, this day with the Gaul at the gates, shed s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 One true tear for thee, thou poor little Roman Republic […]. (186) 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian This, Migration:however, Labourwas not Migration quite Clough’s but not Workers’ position. Migration...... In a sense, it may 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. even have been something of the reverse: an initial sympathy for 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 the dictator shading into a somewhat tentative questioning of the man’s4.4 Selective real nature. Policies On an meetingd the Brain Mazzini, Drain...... who, in the words of one 87 historian,4.5 Equal was Opportunity supposedly and Denied“a man Oppor of thetunities heart ...... rather than head” 90 (Mack Smith 151) and had won the sympathy of the English

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors establishmentBibliography...... for his plight as a victimized political exile, Clough 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according noted: “He is a less fanatical and fixed-idea sort of man than I had 5.expected. Colombia: He Including appeared Emigrant shifty ands in practicalTheir Societies enough” of Origin (Greenberger...... 101 127).Urs ItWatter must also be borne in mind, however, that Mazzini had already5.1 State been Interest severely and Responsibility tried by years of frustrating rebellion. It was an older,towards shrewder, their Citizens case-hardened Living Abroad...... man whom Clough met, one only 102 too aware of the limitations of his triumph. Clough even seemed 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 undaunted by his hero, displaying an inexplicable impatience when, to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper seeking5.3 Migration Mazzini’s Polic helpy and for Ethi a csspecial ...... permit to visit the Vatican, 106 he was5.4 kept Migration waiting Policy in inan Colombia anti-chamber ...... while the man dealt with 108 a French envoy. Yet, on his being received, Mazzini devoted no less than5.5 half“Colombia an hour nos of une”...... his politically precious time to the pestering 109 tourist5.6 Alianza poet. PaísAdmittedly, ...... in a later letter, with French cannons 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It banging at Rome’s gates, Clough did have the presence of mind to realize5.7 Challenges the embarrassment ...... of bothering “the Dictator any further 114 withBibliography...... my trivial English-tourist importunities” (257). There 116is, significantly, no meeting in the poem between Claude and Mazzini. WorkingAlthough Together invoked, for the the real Well-being hero of theof Migrants poem never...... appears so that 119 ClaudeBarry isHalliday denied any interrelation with him.

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Canto II follows the chronological sequence of the actual 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. female from distress if circumstances demanded it of him, reveals to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Clough’s5.3 Migration irony Polictowardsy and his Ethi charactercs ...... at its sharpest. For the very fact 106 of 5.4Claude Migration asking Policy such in Colombiaa question ...... at all deliberately subverts 108the conventional values of the typical Victorian gentleman he supposedly represents.5.5 “Colombia Clough’s nos une”...... hexameters brilliantly emulate the faltering 109 oscillations5.6 Alianza of País his ...... anti-hero’s hypocritical discourse with their skilful 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It incorporation of parenthetic observations and blasé remarks: 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... Am I prepared to lay down my life for the British female? 116 Really, who knows? One has bowed and talked, till, little by little, WorkingAll the Together natural heat for has the escaped Well-being of the of chivalrous Migrants spirit...... 119 Oh, one conformed, of course; but one doesn’t die for good manners Barry Halliday Stab or shoot, or be shot, by way of graceful attention. (189-90)

108 Renzo D’Agnillo 10 Table of Contents

Besides his obviously flippant tone (particularly evident in the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av word-choice “female”), Claude’s resistance of any involvement in war3.5 is Conclusion...... finally ridiculed in the absurdly formal register and comical 59 metonymBibliography...... of the line: “Should I incarnadine ever this inky pacifical 60 finger” (190). His letter continues with a series of questions, rather 4.than The answers Ethics of or Migration. justifications and his conclusion whether “all this […]Reflections be but a onweak Recent and Migrationignoble refining” Policies (191) further exposes the self-delusiveand “Non-policies” and inconclusive in Italy and nature Europe of his...... reflections. 61 LauraIt may Zanfrini be pertinent to wonder to what extent Clough may have had Mazzini at the back of his mind while writing these sequences. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, For4.1 Mazzini Restrictive himself Policies would and Structural not hear Demand of anybody for Immigrant holding Labour a neutral .. 65 position,4.2 Initiatives and Clough’s for Governing ultimately Family andpassive Humanitarian sympathy of the man’s cause,Migration: also echoed Labour Migrationin Claude’s but not response, Workers’ Migration...... was undoubtedly 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. symptomatic4.3 From Guest of suchWorkers an toattitude. Unwelcome In his Guests essay ...... “On the Condition 82of Europe” Mazzini is quite adamant in his condemnation of people who4.4 Selectiveare non-comm Policiesittal, and thestating Brain that Drain...... to adopt such an attitude 87is impossible4.5 Equal Opportunity“without falling and Denied into Oppormoraltunities degradation” ...... (263). The 90 following observations in his essay “Faith and the Future” emerge all d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors theBibliography...... more challengingly as a comment not only of the character 97of ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Claude, but surely also of Clough himself: 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 UrsAnalysis Watter can never regenerate the peoples. Analysis is potent to 5.1dissolve; State Interest impotent and toResponsibility create. Analysis will never lead us further than the theory of individuality, and the triumph of the individual towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 principle could only lead us to a revolution of Protestantism and 5.2mere Applied liberty. Ethics The Republic ...... is quite another. (9) 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper It 5.3was Migration Mazzini’s Polic compy andlaint Ethi csthat ...... England adopted precisely this 106 passive,5.4 Migration neutral Policy position, in Colombia when it ...... should have been helping those 108 nations to retrieve their national identities. Thus, in a sense, both Clough5.5 “Colombia and Claude, nos une”...... as representatives of England, become 109the antagonistic5.6 Alianza protagonists País ...... of a silent ideological confrontation played 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It out on a subconscious level. This neutrality leads Clough, both in 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 his letters and his poem, to convey the surprising ordinariness of war,Bibliography...... the complete lack of heroic and triumphant tones: “It would 116 seem very small to you if you saw it as I am doing” (253), as he Workingsays in one Together letter. for Claude’s the Well-being fifth letter of Migrants in Canto...... II, in which 119he describesBarry Halliday himself walking through the streets of Rome, Murray guidebook in hand, contains a similar sense of the mundane. The

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shift to the present tense underlines the limited perspective of the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

Bibliography...... So we stand in the sun, but afraid of a probable shower; 60 So we stand and stare, and see, to the left of St Peter’s 4. TheSmoke, Ethics from of theMigration. cannon, white – but that is at intervals only – ReflectionsBlack, from on a burningRecent Migrationhouse, we suppose Policies […] andSo we“Non-policies” watch and wonder; in Italy but and guessing Europe is ...... tiresome very (192-3) 61 Laura Zanfrini Clough’s reports of the battles were essentially based on hearsay. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 One of these episodes refers to the apparent killing of a priest, which4.2 Initiatives he refers for to Governingin a letter toFamily F. T. and Palgrave Humanitarian dated 4 July: Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. But a priest who walked and talked publicly in the Piazza Colonna 4.3with From a Frenchman Guest Workers was undoubtedly to Unwelcome killed. Guests I know ...... his friends and saw 82 4.4one Selective of them Policieslast night. an dPoor the man,Brain he Drain...... was quite a liberal ecclesiastic, 87 they tell me: but certainly not a prudent one. (265) 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 This particular episode is given dramatic prominence in one of the d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are central moments of the poem which questions the whole idea of ontribution is published according 5.reportage Colombia: and Including its role in Emigrant creating shi instorical Their Societiesevents, however of Origin restricted...... 101 it mayUrs Watterbe, as in this case, to an ordinary individual: 5.1So StateI have Interest seen a andman Responsibility killed! An experience that, among others! Yes,towards I suppose their I Citizenshave; although Living IAbroad...... can hardly be certain, 102 And in a court of justice could never declare I had seen it. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 But a man was killed, I am told, in a place where I saw something. to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3(196) Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 The5.4 whole Migration passage Policy is insymptomatic Colombia ...... of the paradoxes and ontological 108 uncertainties5.5 “Colombia that nos characterize une”...... Clough’s poetic macrotext. Here 109the inability to state a fact is comically rendered in the retraction from 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It “I have seen […] I suppose I have” to “I can hardly be certain”. The accelerated5.7 Challenges narrative ...... rhythm of the sequence describing the killing 114 is all the more indistinct, uncertain and confusing: Bibliography...... 116 […] In the middle they drag at something. What is it? WorkingHa! Bare Together swords forin the the air, Well-being held up! There of Migrants seem to be...... voices 119 BarryPleading Halliday and hands putting back; official perhaps; but the swords are Many, and bare in the air. In the air? They descend; they are smiting,

110 Renzo D’Agnillo 10 Table of Contents

Hewing, chopping – At what? In the air once more upstretched? And 3.4Is itThe blood Human that’s Rights’ on them? Approach...... Yes, certainly blood! Of whom, then 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5Over Conclusion...... whom is the cry of this furor of exultation? […] 59 History, Romour of Rumours I leave it to thee to determine! (196-8) Bibliography...... 60 Although Claude definitely witnesses something, he only hears 4.from The someone Ethics of elseMigration. what has presumably happened. He cannot be certainReflections of the onfacts Recent – that Migration Clough himselfPolicies corrects his version of the priest’sand “Non-policies” fate in the very in Italysame and letter Europe above...... only to add another story 61 basedLaura on Zanfrini hearsay about a man “hewed to pieces for shouting Viva Pio IX, A basso la republica” (266) adds further poignancy to the s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 irony of his descriptions of the events in the poem. The fragmented syntax4.2 Initiatives and alternating for Governing exclamati Familyons and and Humanitarian interrogations leave only Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 an indistinct impression of chaotic images. There remains the idea ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. of 4.3history From as Guest nothing Workers but toglorified Unwelcome rumour. Guests Thus, ...... the deliberate pun 82 on4.4 “Rome” Selective and Policies “Rumour”, and the which Brain plays Drain...... on the semantic interconnec- 87 tion between “Rome”, “rumour” and “History”, suggests that history is 4.5nothing Equal more Opportunity than the and ultimate Denied rumour.Opportunities Since ...... man is incapable 90of

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors makingBibliography...... sense of his own history, it is left to the impersonal forces 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according of History (with a capital H) to ultimately interpret men’s destinies. 5. Colombia:The background Including to EmigrantClough’ss poemin Their may Societies seem ofdeeply Origin rooted...... 101 in contemporaryUrs Watter questions, as Arnold would have no doubt complained, but such preoccupations are where it begins, not where it ends. For Clough5.1 State there Interest is always and Responsibility a direct equation between poetry and life towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 because only by engaging with real life can poetry serve any spiritually5.2 Applied beneficent Ethics ...... purpose. Neither do the political references 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper themselves5.3 Migration constitute Policy andthe Ethiwholecs ...... story of the poem (most of which 106 is later concerned with Claude’s embarrassingly disastrous courting of Mary5.4 MigrationTrevellyn, Policy as well in Colombia as containing ...... reflections on other subjects, 108 including5.5 “Colombia art and nos religion). une”...... In a sense, it is true that by filtering events 109 through the perspective of Claude, Clough creates the objective 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It correlative of the turmoil and dilemmas that raged in his own subconscious.5.7 Challenges But ...... in doing so, he also sheds any blind acceptance 114 of idealisms, political or otherwise, in the attempt to grasp objective, universalBibliography...... truths as well as the truth about his own self. 116 Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

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References3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Arnold,3.5 Conclusion...... Matthew. The Poems of Matthew Arnold. 1965. Ed. Miriam Allot. 2nd ed. 59 London: Longman, 1979. Bibliography...... 60 Biswas, Robindra Kumar. Arthur Hugh Clough, Towards a Reconsideration. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1972. 4. The Ethics of Migration. Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine. January 1849. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Clough,and “Non-policies” Arthur Hugh. The in Correspondence Italy and Europe of Arthur...... Hugh Clough. Ed. Frederick 61 L. Malhauser. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1957. Vol. 1. Laura Zanfrini ---. The Poems of Arthur Hugh Clough. Ed. F. L. Malhauser. 2nd ed. Oxford: s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1Clarendon Restrictive P, 1974. Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Greenberger,4.2 Initiatives Evelyn for Barish. Governing Arthur Family Hugh Clough:and Humanitarian The Growth of a Poet’s Mind. Cambridge,Migration: Mass.: Labour Harvard Migration UP, 1970. but not Workers’ Migration...... 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Houghton, Walter E. The Poetry of Clough. An Essay in Revaluation. New Haven 4.3and From London: Guest Yale Workers UP, 1963. to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Kenny,4.4 Selective Anthony. PoliciesArthur Hugh and Clough.the Brain A Poet’s Drain...... Life. London: Continuum, 2005. 87 Mack4.5 Smith,Equal Denis.Opportunity Mazzini and. New Denied Haven: Oppor Yale UP,tunities 1994...... 90 Mazzini, Giuseppe. Mazzini’s Essays. Ed. Ernest Rhys. London: Walter Scott,

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 1887. 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Williams, David. Too Quick Despairer. A Life of Arthur Hugh Clough. London: 5. Colombia:Rupert Hart-Davies, Including 1969. Emigrant s in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 113-133 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av “The Last Austrian Who Left Venice”: Anthony Trollope’s Pictures from Italy

Toni Cerutti – Università del Piemonte Orientale, Italy s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, The aim of this paper is to illustrate Anthony Trollope’s contribution to the Victorian representations of Italy. Whereas much is known

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. about his mother’s and brother’s Italian writings, Anthony’s have gone virtually unnoticed. And yet he wrote some fascinating pages on the life in a country he came to know and love during his frequent visits to relations who chose to settle in Florence in 1843 (Heineman 251), and to which he felt deeply attracted. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors In his letters to family and friends one finds traces of his longing ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according for Italy once he got back home. In 1851, still in Ireland – long before he gained fame and wealth as a novelist – Trollope lamented the lack of “such a thing as a cheap trip from Florence by which a man could come to London and go back within a fortnight or so” (Letters 25). The success of The Warden in 1855 gave him the opportunity to enjoy such frequent and leisurely travelling, with to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are Italy as a favourite destination. In his attraction to the country he perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper never abandoned the substantial, solid mode of his diction, built, as Hawthorne reminds us, “on the strength of beef and through the inspiration of ale” (Letters 96).

Undying art, Italian skies, the warmth of southern, sunny love, the

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It poetry of the Arno and the cloud clapt Apennines, are beginning again to have all the charms that distance gives. I enjoy these delicacies in England – when I am in Italy in the flesh, my mind runs chiefly on grapes, roast chestnuts, cigars, and lemonade. (Letters 127)

These words from a letter to Kate Field, who at the time was living in Florence, wittingly recalls how his pleasures resided in a mingling of art, nature and good food. In his Italian notes the occasional trans-

114 Toni Cerutti 10 Table of Contents

ports are usually juxtaposed to the enjoyment of the material sides 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Trollope’s4.2 Initiatives pictures for Governing from Italy Family must andbe taken Humanitarian in a metaphorical sense for theMigration: picturesque Labour and Migration the visual but are not notWorkers’ part ofMigration...... his canon. In his 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. fiction4.3 From he had Guest always Workers been to moreUnwelcome interested Guests on ...... how individuals cope 82 with what happens to them rather than where they happen to be. Whenever4.4 Selective he Policiesindulged an din the descriptions Brain Drain...... of things and places, they 87 functioned4.5 Equal asOpportunity the mirror and of Deniedthe protagonists’ Opportunities gaze ...... and not that of the 90 author. As Kendrick argues, “the stillness of aesthetic contemplation, d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are which for the Jamesian-Paterian critics of the late nineteenth century ontribution is published according 5.and Colombia: after is the Including aim and Emigrant value ofs ainll Theirart, did Societies not exist of Originfor Trollopian...... 101 realismUrs Watter rooted in the dynamics of the self and society relationship” (4). Like Dickens’s, his fictional world remained preeminently insular5.1 State even Interest when and the Responsibilityaction was staged abroad. Trollope’stowards their pictures Citizens operate Living as Abroad...... a metaphor of how people could 102 be5.2 affected Applied once Ethics they ...... found themselves in a reality, which was 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper simultaneously part of a common heritage, the European tradition, yet5.3 sufficiently Migration Polic externaly and Ethito Britishcs ...... habits of life to appear almost 106 exotic.5.4 Migration The aesthetic Policy rapturesin Colombia of Ruskinian ...... effusions and the dream- 108 like quality of Dickensian descriptions are miles away from his 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 factual portrayal of the present. Neither was Trollope a tourist- 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It novelist like Ann Radcliffe, Mary Shelley or his own brother Tom (Churchill5.7 Challenges 129-146)...... With Italy as probably the country about 114 which more books have been printed than any other, Trollope could countBibliography...... on a mass of existing literature as a subtext on which to build 116 his stories, whose knowledge to a large extent he shared with his Workingown audience. Together Moreover for the Well-beinghe possessed of Migrants firsthand...... information about 119 contemporaryBarry Halliday life and politics that went well beyond that of the average traveller of the generation of Britons who invaded the

“The Last Austrian Who Left Venice”: Anthony Trollope’s Pictures from Italy 115 10 Table of Contents

peninsula after the Napoleonic wars. Most artists and intellectuals 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... view of many details in the country fails to realise. Shall we say 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according that a journey through Lombardy is about as interesting as one 5. Colombia:through the Including flats of Cambridgeshire Emigrants in Their and the Societies fens of of Norfolk? Origin...... And 101 Ursthe Watterstation of Bologna is not an interesting spot in which to spend an hour or two, although it may be conceded that provisions may be 5.1had State there Interest much andbetter Responsibility than any th at can be procured at our own railwaytowards stations. their Citizens (He Knew Living He Was Abroad...... Right 705) 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 According to the categories of British travellers analysed by James to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Buzard,5.3 Migration Trollope Polic wouldy and fallEthi intocs ...... that of the anti-tourist tourist (80- 106 154).5.4 MigrationThe difference Policy betweenin Colombia the ...... anti-tourist and a tourist marks 108the class distinction rooted between the British gentleman and the common5.5 “Colombia man (the nos ladiesune”...... being a mere appendage to them), that 109 is to 5.6say, Alianza between País ...... quality, rank and culture, furbished with a good 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It classical background and familiar with the language, able to appreciate5.7 Challenges the art ...... and the place and to recognize the ordinariness 114 of theBibliography...... bourgeois social climbers, newcomers to the enjoyments of 116the Grand Tour. Though not himself a snob, Trollope looked down Workingupon, through Together ironic for comments the Well-being and cuof ttingMigrants remarks,...... British tourists 119 whoBarry supinely Halliday following their Baedekers regardless of personal taste

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and choice, “doing” all the arts and beauty sites not for their own 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... which they had read in novels; but the day had been very hot, and 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Sir Marmaduke had been cross, and Lady Rowley had been weary, ontribution is published according 5. Colombia:and so not Includinga castle was Emigrant seen. “Pistoia,s in Their me lady, Societies this,” ofsaid Origin the courier...... 101 opening the door; “to stop half an hour.” “Oh, why was it not Urs Watter Florence?” Another hour and a half! So they all went to sleep again, 5.1and State were Interest very tired and wh Responsibilityen they reached the beautiful city. (705) towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 Once he reaches his destination, Sir Marmaduke finds occasion to complain5.2 Applied that Ethics “a breakfast ...... without eatable butter was not to 104be to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper considered5.3 Migration a breakfast Policy and in Ethia goodcs ...... hotel”. An exhausted Lady Rowley 106 spends her time “breaking her neck looking up at the inimitable 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 glories of local monuments” and staring at paintings she could not care5.5 less“Colombia about, nos actually une”...... hunting for the noble, wealthy Charles 109 Glascock,5.6 Alianza her País youngest ...... daughter’s old flame, a true connoisseur 112 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It art and Italian life, she hopes to force her daughter to marry. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 By this time the picture galleries, the churches, and the palaces in Bibliography...... 116 Florence had nearly all been visited. Poor Lady Rowley had dragged herself wearily from sight to sight, hoping always to meet Workingwith Mr. Together Glascock, for ignorantthe Well-being of the fact of Migrants that residents...... in a town do 119 Barrynot pass Halliday their mornings habitually in looking after pictures. (709)

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Charles Glascock, the future Lord Peterborough, represents the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1be Restrictivefair on my Policies readers. and ‘Six Structural weeks Demandin the Bernese for Immigrant Oberland, Labour by a .. 65 party of three’, would have but very small chance of success in the 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian literary world at present, and I should consider myself to be dishonestMigration: if I Labourattempted Migration to palm butoff notsuch Workers’ matter on Migration...... the public in the 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3pages From of Guesta novel. Workers It is true to that Unwelcome I have just Guests returned ...... from Switzerland, 82 and should find such a course of writing very convenient. But I 4.4dismiss Selective the temptation Policies an asd thestrong Brain as itDrain...... is. Retro age Satanas. No living 87 4.5man Equal or woman Opportunity any longer and Denied wants toOppor be toldtunities anything ...... of the Grimsell 90 or of the Gemmi. Ludgate Hill is now-a-days more interesting than

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... the Jungfrau. (43) 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5.The Colombia: passage Includingintroduces Emigrant the Swisss in tour Their of Societies the Alps of byOrigin the ...... heroine 101 AliceUrs VavasorWatter at a crucial time in her life. Trollope’s commentary originates5.1 State fromInterest the and notion Responsibility of coherence governing his conception of the arttowards of fiction, their Citizens which Living demanded Abroad...... that even in a commercial 102 enterprise – such as the triple-decker – descriptions and insertions should5.2 Applied fit in withEthics the ...... main plot. The audience he had in mind was 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper the5.3 well-educated Migration Polic middley and class,Ethics knowl ...... edgeable enough to be familiar 106 with the names of Europe’s best known sites, whether they had been there5.4 Migrationor not, a presuppositionPolicy in Colombia that ...... proved useful in dispensing with 108 supplying5.5 “Colombia general nos information. une”...... He applied to his Italian tales 109the same technique employed in his English novels. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It With the exception of “The Last Austrian Who Left Venice”, Trollope’s5.7 Challenges Italian ...... stories focus on the relationship between 114the individualBibliography...... and society in British communities residing in Italy, 116 analysed by a shrewd authorial voice. The aesthetic experience of Workingthe arts is Together rarely brought for the inWell-being to shape ofthe Migrants characters,...... while landscape 119 descriptionsBarry Halliday occasionally perform the romantic task of stressing the empathy between nature and man’s sensibility.

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What can also be seen in Trollope’s canon is the difference 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. known Kept in the Dark, Francesca Antifiorla, “whose Noble to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper ancestors,5.3 Migration well-known Policy and in Ethi Italiancs ...... history, include a Fiasco and 106 a Disgrazia”5.4 Migration (Super Policy 412). in Colombia Trollope, ...... however, did not exploit cheap 108 prejudices and strategic devices for their own sake. He was not interested5.5 “Colombia in Italians’ nos une”...... supposed lack of moral sense (they never take 109 on5.6 a majorAlianza role País – ...... they remain undefined presences, unsubstantial 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It and not at all credible), but he employed their Italian-ness to 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 disclose the hidden side of the English mind and heart once the homeBibliography...... ties were loosened. When the action is set in a British context, 116 Italy operates as “a perceptual foil of comparisons and contrasts” Working(Pfister 4), Together exposing for ththee Well-beingweaknesses of of Migrants so-called...... Italianate British 119 andBarry Anglicized Halliday Italians.

“The Last Austrian Who Left Venice”: Anthony Trollope’s Pictures from Italy 119 10 Table of Contents

The best examples of this can be found in the adventures and 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2a manInitiatives of no forbirth Governing and no property,Family and a Humanitarianmere captain in the Pope’s guard,Migration: one who Labour had come Migration up to Milanbut not either Workers’ simply Migration...... as an adventurer 73 or else as a spy, a man of harsh temper and oily manners, mean in ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3figure, From swarthy Guest Workers in face, to and Unwelcome so false Guestsin words ...... as to be hourly 82 detected, need not now be told. When the moment for doing so 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 came, she had probably no alternative. He, at any rate, had become 4.5her Equal husband, Opportunity and after and a Deniedprolonged Oppor honeymoontunities ...... among the lakes, 90 they had gone together to Rome, the papal captain having vainly d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... endeavoured to induce his wife to remain behind him. (66) 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5.Trollope Colombia: leaves Including us in noEmigrant doubt sas in toTheir the Societieslimited senseof Origin of decency...... 101 thatUrs shapes Watter life in the Stanhope family. Here, as elsewhere, the Italian5.1 State experience Interest andis the Responsibility turning poin t that brings to the surface what lies insidetowards rather their deviousCitizens LivingEnglish Abroad...... figures. When the family returns 102 to Barchester, where the Reverend Dr Stanhope has been summoned by5.2 the Applied new Bishop Ethics to ...... resume his neglected duties after twelve years 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper spent5.3 Migrationin idleness Polic on yLake and EthiComo,cs ...... while still drawing his income from 106 the Church, his musing on his daughter’s behaviour betrays his own 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 questionable morality and his full awareness of her failings. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 It was not because Madeline was a cripple that he shrank from 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It seeing her make one of the bishop’s guests; but because he knew 5.7that Challenges she would ...... practise her accustomed lures, and behave herself in 114 a way that could not fail of being distasteful to the propriety of Bibliography...... Englishwomen. These things had annoyed but not shocked him in 116 Italy. There they had shocked no one; but here in Barchester, here Workingamong Together his fellow for parsons, the Well-being he was ofashamed Migrants that...... they should be 119 Barryseen. HallidaySuch had been his feelings, but he repressed them. What if his brother clergymen were shocked! They could not take from him his

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preferment because the manners of his married daughter were too 3.4free. The (76) Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5 Conclusion...... 59 The theme of a young woman victim to a dishonourable seducer is alsoBibliography...... present in the family history of George Roden, in Marion Fay 60, who discovers that he is the son of a Venetian Duke, the reprobate 4.of Thean ancient, Ethics of noble Migration. race, the Di Crinolas. During a trip to Italy, his motherReflections Mary, on the Recent orphan Migration daughter Policies of a respectable, wealthy family, felland in “Non-policies”love with a handsome, in Italy and gallant Europe young...... aristocrat, the heir to 61 a Laura Zanfrini Dukedom, who turned out to be mercenary and deceitful. After s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, squandering4.1 Restrictive his Policieswife’s anddowry, Structural he abandoned Demand for her Immigrant and their Labour little son, .. 65 insinuating4.2 Initiatives that fortheir Governing marriage Family was not and valid Humanitarian as he was already married. NaïveMigration: and sentimental, Labour MigrationMary continued but not toWorkers’ love the Migration...... lost husband from 73 whom she heard nothing until the day he died. In the novel, Trollope ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. rather4.3 Fromsubtly Guest elaborates Workers on to Unwelcomean extremely Guests popular ...... theme, that of the 82 inexperienced4.4 Selective Policiespassionate and Englishthe Brain gi Drain...... rl unconsciously reacting to the 87 awakening of the senses – something Forster masterly explores in Where4.5 Equal Angels Opportunity Fear to Tread and Denied. Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... In this story the young Duke is not painted as an evil character, 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according but rather as an attractive, irresponsible rascal. His immorality is 5.counterbalanced Colombia: Including by the Emigrant dignity ofs in his Their noble Societies but somewhat of Origin impover-...... 101 ishedUrs father,Watter who refunds the money and helps the wife and her son to 5.1return State to Interest Britain. and TheResponsibility story is told with gentle irony. The Di Crinolatowards affair their acts Citizens as a pretextLiving Abroad...... for satirizing the fascination that 102 ancient Italian aristocracy exerted on the British. Lord Trafford and his5.2 family, Applied who Ethics had ...... ostracized George Roden for as long as they 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper thought5.3 Migration him a merePolic yclerk, and Ethi uponcs ...... the discovery of his noble descent, 106 are ready to accept him as a son-in-law, regardless of what sort of a man5.4 his Migration father hadPolicy been. in Colombia ...... 108 5.5The “Colombia inveterate nos snobbery une”...... of the English upper classes remains 109 a leitmotiv Trollope makes fun of on several occasions. In Phineas 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Redux Mrs Attenbury, an amateur in art and a dilettante in interna- tional5.7 Challengesconcerns, ...... posing as a woman of great culture, tries to marry 114 herBibliography...... younger sister, Adelaide Palliser, who is in love with an English 116 gentleman of slender means, to an Italian nobleman. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Now Mrs. Atterbury painted pictures, copied Madonnas, composed Barrysonatas, Halliday corresponded with learned men in Rome, Berlin, and Boston, had been the intimate friend of Cavour, had paid a visit to

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Garibaldi on his island with the view of explaining to him the real 3.4condition The Human of Italy, Rights’ – and Approach...... was supposed to understand Bismarck. 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5Was Conclusion...... it possible that a woman who so filled her own life should 59 accept hunting as a creditable employment for a young man, when it Bibliography...... was admitted to be his sole employment? And, moreover, she desired 60 that her sister Adelaide should marry a certain Count Brudi, who, 4. Theaccording Ethics toof Migration.her belief, had more advanced ideas about things in Reflectionsgeneral than on any Recent other livingMigration human Policies being. (Phineas Redux 186-87) and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 EvenLaura when Zanfrini introducing disreputable sorts of people, Trollope carefully balances his praise and disapproval between the English s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 and the Italians, avoiding clichés. With some rare exceptions, Italians4.2 Initiatives correspond for Governing to narrative Family func andtions Humanitarian rather than fully-fledged actors.Migration: As for theLabour environment, Migration but though not Workers’ Trollope Migration...... does not devote 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. much4.3 Fromspace Guest to luscious Workers descriptions,to Unwelcome thereGuests is ...... something sensuous 82 about the atmosphere surrounding the location of the story, whether Rome,4.4 Selective Florence Policies or the an Northernd the Brain lakes. Drain...... These serve as appropriate 87 places4.5 Equal for “socially Opportunity unbecoming” and Denied love Oppor affairstunities between ...... young English 90 couples to flourish: Adelaide Palliser and Gerald Maule in Phineas d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ReduxBibliography...... , for example, or Lady Mary Palliser and Frank Tregear in The 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Duke’s Children. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 In recreating an Italian milieu Trollope relies on naming cele- Urs Watter brated localities and monuments to rouse vivid images in the minds of 5.1his State readers. Interest Scatteredand Responsibility hints, strategically placed, recall the backdropstowards against their Citizens which hisLiving characters Abroad...... encounter their adventures: 102 the5.2 Campanile Applied Ethics in ...... Florence; the moonlit gloomy arches of 104the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Coliseum; the sweet sunsets on Lake Como; Turin, as “new and to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper parallelogrammatic5.3 Migration Polic yas and an Ethi Americancs ...... town”; the excellent Tuscan 106 wine5.4 Migrationproduced Policyby Baron in Colombia Ricasoli...... As for the locals, little is said 108 about them. With the exception of “The Last Austrian Who Left Venice”,5.5 “Colombia which nosnarrates une”...... the story of a Venetian family and their 109 Austrian5.6 Alianza friend País at ...... the time of the third war of independence, native 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Italians act as figures in an exotic altrove surrounding British and 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 American visitors. Once their destination has been reached, they takeBibliography...... refuge in the safe haven of the local Anglo-American colony, 116 a small inward-looking world where everyone knows each other. WorkingThey all Togetherstick together, for the paradingWell-being Victorian of Migrants middle-class...... morality 119 andBarry gossiping Halliday about the way their compatriots, especially the ladies, behave (or rather misbehave) once away from home. In a nutshell,

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one can sense an anticipation of the Pensione Bertolini in Forster’s 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 should say would be painters, poets, novelists and sculptors, aspirant 4.2hoping Initiatives to become for Governing one day recognised;Family and andHumanitarian among us Mrs Talboys tookMigration: her place Labour naturally Migration enough buton accnotount Workers’ of a pretty Migration...... taste she had 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3for From painting. Guest (56) Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 The4.4 would-be Selective Policiesartist was and thea commonBrain Drain...... figure among the foreigners 87 who4.5 settled Equal Opportunity in Italy. Trollope and Denied had Oppora chancetunities to come ...... across a few 90of them while staying with his mother in Florence, in the multifarious

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors crowdBibliography...... she used to entertain at Villino Trollope, for Frances had 97 a ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according reputation for not being too choosy in selecting her visitors. 5. Colombia:The charm Including Italy exercises Emigrant overs in the Their female Societies heart of is Origin at the...... core 101 of theUrs plot. Watter The story tells of sexually improper behaviour discreetly hinted5.1 State at, Interestmaking and fun Responsibility of a silly middle-aged woman. Travelling with atowards young theirdaughter Citizens while Living her Abroad...... husband remained in England, Mrs 102 Talboys is carried away with enthusiasm for the work of an 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 attractive Irish sculptor, Charles O’Brien, unaware of the sexual to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper provocation5.3 Migration her Polic conducty and implies.Ethics ...... During a picnic just outside Rome 106 near5.4 theMigration tomb Policyof Cecilia in Colombia Metella ...... on “a delicious Italian day”, 108the ideal time for romantic escape, she and her admirer wander away from5.5 the“Colombia group. nosSuddenly une”...... she returns deeply disturbed by the young 109 man’s5.6 Alianza daring Paísadvances...... The story closes with an amusing discussion 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It among the men of the group, including the Irish sculptor, at the expense5.7 Challenges of the silly ...... lady. 114 Bibliography...... The Cecilia Metella episode is one of the rare occasions when 116 Trollope indulges in a visual rendering of the external space: Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 BarryOf all Halliday the environs of Rome this is, on a fair day, the most enchanting; and here perhaps, among a world of tombs, thoughts and almost memories of the old, old days come upon one with the greatest

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force. The grandeur of Rome is best seen and understood from 3.4beneath The Human the walls Rights’ of the Approach...... Coliseum, and its beauty among the pillars 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5of Conclusion...... the Forum and the arches of the Sacred Way; but its history and 59 fall become more palpable to the mind and more clearly realised Bibliography...... out here among the tombs, where the eyes rest upon the mountains, 60 whose shades were cool to the old Romans as to us, than anywhere 4. Thewithin Ethics the ofwalls Migration. of the city. Here we look out at the same Tivoli Reflectionsand the same on Recent Praeneste Migration glittering Policies in the sunshine, embowered andamong “Non-policies” the far-off valleys, in Italy whichand Europe were dear...... to them; and the blue 61 Lauramountains Zanfrini have not crumbled away into ruins. Within Rome itself we can see nothing as they saw it. (68) s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Natural4.2 Initiatives and artistic for Governing objects, Familyhere, as and elsewhere, Humanitarian become prominent when Migration:what Forster Labour calls Migration in A Room but not with Workers’ a View Migration...... “the pernicious 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. charm of Italy” starts to work: the fascination of the place is suggestive4.3 From ofGuest a sensual Workers experience to Unwelcome of which Guests the ...... heroine is frightened. 82 The4.4 very Selective bland Policies and discrete and the sexual Brain allusionsDrain...... made Thackeray, who 87at the time was in charge of The Cornhill Magazine, refuse to publish 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 the story on moral grounds, fearful of the response of his priggish

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors readers.Bibliography...... Trollope would not have objected to being turned down for 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according editorial reasons, but strongly resented the accusation of indecency 5.levelled Colombia: at him: Including “I will Emigrant not allows in that Their I am Societies indecent”, of Origin he wrote...... 101 in NovemberUrs Watter of 1860, “and profess that squeamishness – in so far that it 5.1is squeamishness State Interest and and Responsibility not delicacy – should be disregarded by a writer”towards (Letters their Citizens 127-128). Living When Abroad...... shortly afterwards the story 102 appeared in The London Review, the audience’s reactions were far from5.2 Appliedencouraging. Ethics ...... An enraged letter of condemnation written 104 to to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Laurence5.3 Migration Oliphant, Polic ythe and editor Ethics of ...... the magazine, reads: “You must 106 make your election whether you will adapt your paper to the taste 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 of men of intelligence and high moral feeling or to that of a person of 5.5morbid “Colombia imagination nos une”...... and a low tone of morals” (140-41). Looking 109 at 5.6“Mrs Alianza General País ...... Talboys” today, a story written with incredible 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It levity and humour, which was not much appreciated at the time, it seems5.7 Challenges almost incredible ...... that even such a prudish milieu as 114the VictorianBibliography...... was, or pretended to be, could be shocked by the lady’s 116 misadventure in Rome. But probably it was the very levity and Workinghumour aboutTogether an forimaginary the Well-being female of Migrantstransgression...... that shocked 119 membersBarry Halliday of the old guard afraid of the notion that respectable women could pursue sex for its own sake. The proposal of a romantic

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trip to Naples, as the possible outcome of what Mrs Talboys had 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. man’s hands” (377). The loveliness of the Florentine setting enchants to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper the5.3 visitors. Migration Beauty Polic ymay and Ethinot csneed ...... be detailed, but the unexpected 106 and5.4 the Migration unknown Policy demand in Colombia a grim, ...... detailed, analytical description. 108 He presents Casalunga’s surroundings as deprived of all attraction: 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6Olives Alianza and País vines ...... have pretty names, and call up associations of 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It landscape and beauty. But here they were in no way beautiful. The 5.7ground Challenges beneath ...... them was turned up, and brown, and arid, so that 114 there was not a blade of grass to be seen. On some furrows the Bibliography...... maize or Indian corn was sprouting, and there were patches of 116 growth of other kinds, each patch closely marked by its own Workingstraight Together lines; and for there the Well-being were narrow of Migrantspaths, so ...... constructed as to 119 Barrytake asHalliday little room as possible. But all that had been done had been done for economy, and nothing for beauty. (733)

“The Last Austrian Who Left Venice”: Anthony Trollope’s Pictures from Italy 125 10 Table of Contents

And, later: 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5No Conclusion...... one could live alone in such a place, in such weather, without 59 being driven to madness. The soil was parched and dusty, as though Bibliography...... no drop of rain had fallen there for months. The lizards, glancing in 60 and out of the broken walls, added to the appearance of heat. The 4. Thevegetation Ethics ofitself Migration. was of a faded yellowish green, as though the glare Reflectionsof the sun hadon Recenttaken the Migration fresh colour Policies out of it. There was a noise of andgrasshoppers “Non-policies” and a inhum Italy of andflies Europe in the air,...... hardly audible, but all 61 Lauragiving Zanfrini evidence of the heat. Not a human voice was to be heard, nor the sound of a human foot, and there was no shelter; but the sun s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1blazed Restrictive down fullPolicies upon and everything. Structural (867) Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian The wildernessMigration: Labourof Louis Migration Trevelyan’s but not refuge Workers’ in what Migration...... was thought 73of as a fertile part of central Italy connects the dryness of the ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. landscape4.3 From toGuest his Workersown arid to Unwelcomeheart in a Guestssudden ...... romantic flight that 82 enriches4.4 Selective Trollope’s Policies mode and theof Brainrepresentation. Drain...... The bleakness extends 87 to envelop the nearby Siena, or so the town appears to the eyes of the4.5 young, Equal generous,Opportunity inbred and Denied Hugh Oppor Stanbury.tunities Stanbury ...... has travelled 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors allBibliography...... the way from Britain to help the Rowley family to arrange the 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according return home of their mad son-in-law. As a newcomer to the 5.pleasures Colombia: of tourism,Including he Emigrant does nots incare Their much Societies for having of Origin to spend...... 101 an idleUrs day Watter there.

5.1On State the interveningInterest and day,Responsibility the Monday, Stanbury had no occupation whatever,towards andtheir he Citizens thought Living that since Abroad...... he was born no day had ever 102 5.2been Applied so long. Ethics Siena ...... contains many monuments of interest, and 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. much that is valuable in art, – having had a school of painting of its to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3own, Migration and still Polic retainingy and in Ethi itscs public ...... gallery specimens of its school, 106 5.4of Migrationwhich as aPolicy city it in is Colombia justly proud...... There are palaces there to be 108 beaten for gloomy majesty by none in Italy. There is a cathedral 5.5which “Colombia was to noshave une”...... been the largest in the world, and than which 109 few are more worthy of prolonged inspection. The town is old, and 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It quaint, and picturesque, and dirty, and attractive, – as it becomes a 5.7town Challenges in Italy to ...... be. But in July all such charms are thrown away. In 114 July Italy is not a land of charms to an Englishman. Poor Stanbury Bibliography...... did wander into the cathedral, and finding it the coolest place in the 116 town, went to sleep on a stone step. He was awoke by the voice of Workingthe priests Together as they for began the Well-being to chant theof Migrantsvespers. The...... good-natured 119 BarryItalians Halliday had let him sleep, and would have let him sleep till the doors were closed for the night. (878)

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The stress Trollope places on the gloomy majesty of its palaces 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Lungarno. The height of her abode was attributed by Mrs Spalding 4.2to Initiativesher dread offor mosquitoes. Governing FamilyShe had and not Humanitarian yet learned that people in FlorenceMigration: require Labour no excuse Migration for beingbut not asked Workers’ to walk Migration...... up three flights 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3of Fromstairs. Guest The Workersrooms, when to Unwelcome they were Guests reached, ...... were very lofty, 82 floored with what seemed to be marble, and were of a nature almost 4.4to Selectivewarrant Mrs Policies Spalding and thein feelingBrain Drain...... that nature had made her more 87 akin to an Italian countess than to a matron of Nubbly Creek, State 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 of Illinois, where Mr Spalding had found her and made her his

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... own. (431) 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5.Elsewhere Colombia: the Including space Emigrantdevoted tos in the Their descriptions Societies of ofOrigin the ...... elegant 101 lodgingsUrs Watter in Italian palaces rented by upper-class British and Americans creates an estranged, rarefied atmosphere, where people coming5.1 State from Interest two and worlds Responsibility apart, still sharing an ancient stock and towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 language, act and move in a universe not their own at the intersection of 5.2three Applied cultures. Ethics It ...... sounds like a very Jamesian situation were it 104not to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper for5.3 the Migration relegation Polic yof and the Ethi fewcs...... Italian nobles who attend social 106 functions almost to a decorative role, like the statues in the hall and the5.4 paintings Migration hanging Policy inon Colombia the wall...... 108 5.5The “Colombia Anglo-American nos une”...... Tuscan passages in He Knew He Was Right 109, a novel Henry James reviewed very favourably, no doubt had some 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It bearing on his late appreciation of an author he had initially labelled as 5.7a dull Challenges bore, but ...... eventually came to consider “one of the writers who 114 have helped the heart of man to know itself”. Together with “Mrs GeneralBibliography...... Talboys”, He Knew He Was Right adumbrates in setting 116and dialogical strategies the Jamesian and Forsterian environment of their Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Italian novels. The common matrix was detected quite soon: as Barry Halliday Stephen Wall and George Thomson observed, the Italian scenes of cosmopolitan life portrayed “with a witty and urbane exuberance”

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anticipate “Henry James’s much more sophisticated exercises, and 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av even such later developments as Forster’s early novels” (Thomson 27-46;3.5 Conclusion...... Wall 354-56).1 59 Bibliography...... “The Last Austrian Who Left Venice”, published in Good 60 Words in January 1867, moves on a different level. It came out at 4.the The time Ethics when of theMigration. Risorgimento had become a fashionable topic in BritishReflections fiction. on After Recent the Migration unsuccessful Policies insurrection in 1848, several novelsand “Non-policies” had appeared in Italyin Britainand Europe where...... the Italian fight for 61 independenceLaura Zanfrini was the stage on which romantic heroes and heroines loved and died, among them Lorenzo Benoni (1853) and Dr. Antonio s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, (1855),4.1 Restrictive both by PoliciesGiovanni and Ruffini, Structural and Demand Sandra for Belloni Immigrant (1864) Labour and .. 65its sequel4.2 Initiatives Vittoria for(1867), Governing by FamilyGeorge and Meredith Humanitarian (Churchill 132-36). Their Migration:popularity Labour opened Migration the British but notmarket Workers’ even Migration...... to such a mediocre 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. novel4.3 Fromas Garibaldi’s Guest Workers Clelia to Unwelcome, which came Guests out ...... in English under the 82 title of The Rule of the Monk in 1870. Published at the same time as its4.4 first Selective Italian Policiesedition, an thed the work Brain received Drain...... quite undeserved praise 87in an4.5 article Equal in Opportunity The Times and by Denied a most Oppor sympathetictunities ...... reviewer (Griffiths 90 86). Of all of Trollope’s stories, only “The Last Austrian Who Left d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Venice”Bibliography...... belongs to this school of fiction; elsewhere references 97to ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according the political situation serve only to complete the picture, adding 5.a Colombia:finishing Includingtouch to Emigrantthe locals incolour. Their Societies Italian ofaffairs Origin being...... 101 a controversialUrs Watter item in the political news of the day, Trollope had no5.1 need State to Interestexpand and on Responsibilitythe subject, as both contemporary fiction and journalismtowards kept their Citizenstheir readers Living Abroad...... well informed. The occasional, 102 accurate5.2 Applied and Ethicsquite ...... correct Italian words and phrases sprinkled 104 in to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. the text betray a good mastery of the language and a sound insight to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper into5.3 national Migration customs. Policy and When Ethics de ...... fining “caution a marked trait 106 of the5.4 Italian Migration character”, Policy in theColombia narrato ...... r turns an ancient proverb “Chi 108 va piano, va sano e va lontano” into English “Who goes softly goes5.5 soundly”“Colombia (“Last nos une”...... Austrian” 58). His writings show a concern 109 and5.6 a Alianza respect País for ...... the new nation, uncommon among most of 112his sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It fellow authors, who were usually far more attracted by the culture 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 and the arts of the past or fascinated by the romantic side of the nineteenth-centuryBibliography...... revolutions. Trollope’s different response 116to Italy may be in part due to the time of its composition. A gap of over Workingten meaningful Together years for theseparate Well-being his ofItalian Migrants stories...... from Dickens’s 119 Barry Halliday

1 For additional discussion on James’s response to Trollope see Michie.

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Pictures from Italy, the first volumes of Ruskin’s Modern Painters, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Garibaldini whose epitome is to be found in Carlo. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3The Migration story is Polic set ybetween and Ethi csVenice ...... and Verona. Venice, far from 106 the5.4 battlefield, Migration Policypreserves in Colombia an apparent ...... calmness, while Verona, 108the headquarters of the Austrian troops, is turned into a huge military camp5.5 “Colombiawhere soldiers nos une”...... march and men suffer and die in the camp 109 hospital.5.6 Alianza It is País where ...... Hubert lies wounded. Venice is the place 112 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It private emotions, of Carlo’s family, of Hubert’s love for his sister 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Nina, and of the two young men’s quarrel over the forthcoming war.Bibliography...... The city and its canals are painted with a few bold strokes that 116 depict a sestriere off the beaten track, offering a safe haven to two Workingantagonistic Together friends. for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

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There is a certain hotel or coffee-house, or place of general public 3.4entertainment The Human inRights’ Venice, Approach...... kept by a German, and called the Hotel 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5Bauer, Conclusion...... probably from the name of the German who keeps it. It 59 stands near the Church of St Moses, behind the grand piazza, Bibliography...... between that and the great canal, in a narrow intricate throng of 60 little streets, and is approached by a close dark water-way which 4. Therobs Ethics it of any of Migration.attempt at a hotel grandeur. Nevertheless it is a large Reflectionsand commodious on Recent house, Migration at which Policies good dinners may be eaten at andprices “Non-policies” somewhat lower in Italy than and are Europe compatible...... with the grandeur of 61 Laurathe Grand Zanfrini Canal. It used to be much affected by Germans, and, had perhaps, acquired among Venetians a character of being attached to s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1Austrian Restrictive interests. Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2 InitiativesThere was for not Governing much in Family this, orand Carlo Humanitarian Pepé would not have frequentedMigration: the Labourhouse, even Migration in company but not of Workers’his friend Migration...... Von Vincke. (60) 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. However,4.3 From the Guest environment Workers to aroundUnwelcome them Guests was anything ...... but amicable. 82 In 4.4discussing Selective PoliciesItalian anpoliticald the Brain affairs Drain...... Trollope showed the same 87 expertise and shrewdness he had shown in his novels about British politics.4.5 Equal He Opportunity was fully awareand Denied that Opporthe nationaltunities sentiment, ...... then at 90its

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors height,Bibliography...... demanded emancipation from foreign rule even in those 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according areas where the government could not be thought of as particularly 5.reactionary Colombia: andIncluding where Emigrant the administratives in Their Societies and economic of Origin ...... system 101 worked.Urs Watter

5.1In Statethe spring Interest and and early Responsibility summer of th e year last past – the year 1866, – thetowards hatred their felt Citizensby the Venetians Living Abroad...... towards the Austrian soldiers who 102 5.2held Applied their city Ethics in ...... thraldom, had reached its culminating point. For 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are years this hatred had been very strong; how strong can hardly be perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3understood Migration by Polic thosey and who Ethi nevercs ...... recognised that fact that there had 106 been, so to say, no mingling of the conquered and the conquerors, 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 no process of assimilation. 5.5 “ColombiaVenice as nosa city une”...... was as purely Italian as though its barracks 109 were filled with no Hungarian long-legged soldiers, and its cafes 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It crowded with no white-coated Austrian officers. And the regiments 5.7which Challenges held the ...... town, lived as completely after their own fashion as 114 though they were quartered in Pest, or Prague, or Vienna, – with Bibliography...... the exception, that in Venice they were enabled, and indeed, from 116 circumstances were compelled – to exercise a palpable ascendancy Workingwhich Togetherbelonged forto them the Well-being nowhere else. of MigrantsThey were...... masters and, as 119 Barrymasters, Halliday they were as separate as the gaoler is separated from the prisoner. (56)

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When rumours of the forthcoming war break out, many young 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av volunteers slip stealthily out of Venice to join the Italian front, Carlo3.5 Conclusion...... among them. He was to return disheartened and disillusioned: 59 “ItBibliography...... at last became a fact, that any man from the province could go 60 and become a volunteer under Garibaldi if he pleased, and very 4.many The didEthics go. of History Migration. will say that they were successful, – but their successReflections certainly on Recent was not Migration glorious” Policies (68). andLike “Non-policies” many British in intellectuals, Italy and Europe Trollope...... sided with the Italians 61 againstLaura the Zanfrini Austrians; his admiration for Garibaldi and his followers, however, did not prevent him from realizing how the emotional s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, appeal4.1 Restrictive for national Policies unification and Structural had made Demand the Italians for Immigrant blind to Labour the actual .. 65 difficulties4.2 Initiatives they forwere Governing to encounter Family and and hence Humanitarian unprepared for disillusion and defeat.Migration: Garibaldi Labour was Migration a thorn inbut the not Italian Workers’ government’s Migration...... side. 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3That From he shouldGuest Workers be successful to Unwelcome was neither Guests intended ...... nor desired. He 82 4.4was, Selective in fact, Policies– then, asan hed the had Brain been Drain...... always, since the days in which 87 he gave Naples to Italy, – simply a stumbling-block in the way of 4.5the Equal king, Opportunitythe king’s ministers, and Denied and Oppor the tunitiesking’s generals ...... […]. What 90 should be done with Garibaldi and his army? So they sent him d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are away up into the mountains, where his game of play might at any ontribution is published according rate detain him for some weeks; and in the meantime everything 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 might get themselves arranged by the benevolent and omnipotent Urs Watter interference of the emperor. (68) 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility The awakeningtowards their from Citizens the heroic Living myth Abroad...... of the Venetian youth ready 102 to die for their country to the bitter reality of political intrigues is effectively5.2 Applied portrayed Ethics ...... in the final part of the story, not only 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper through5.3 Migration Carlo’s Polic emotionaly and Ethi outburstcs ...... against the Italians, once 106he discovered the political game behind the scenes, but also through 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 the narrator’s chilling comment on Victor Emmanuel’s speedy entry5.5 “Colombiainto and exit nos outune”...... of Venice, “with as little of real triumph 109 as ever5.6 attendedAlianza País a ...... king’s progress through a new province” (73). 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Siding with Garibaldi, Trollope was in keeping with the spirit of his5.7 time. Challenges Then at ...... the height of his popularity in Britain, Garibaldi’s 114 fameBibliography...... in Italy, however, had started to waver after the defeat 116of Mentana (Griffiths 86). The story gains strength from the sense of Workingjournalistic Together immediacy for the and Well-being verve with of which Migrants it was...... written and from 119 theBarry clear Halliday perspective of the future awaiting the new nation.

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Trollope’s keen interest in Italian politics continued. In a correspon- 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av dence from Rome in September 1875 to the Liverpool Mercury, he provided3.5 Conclusion...... a vivid portrayal of the situation the Italian Government 59 hadBibliography...... to face at home: financial difficulties in getting through Parliament 60 the pareggio, that is, the balance of receipt and expenditures; 4.widespread The Ethics brigandage of Migration. in the south; and the revolutionary “tendency towardsReflections that formon Recent of republicanis Migration Policiesm we call ‘red’ prevalent among someand glorious“Non-policies” veterans in ofItaly the and Risorgimento” Europe ...... (The Tireless Traveller 61 21).Laura His Zanfrini report rings true. In debating the conflicting sides that contributed to Italian unification, he returns once again to Garibaldi, s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, at 4.1the Restrictive time a member Policies of and parliament. Structural Demand Although for Immigrant“No braver Labour man, .. no 65 more4.2 Initiativespatriotic, formore Governing chivalrously Family devoted and Humanitarian to freedom, ever lived”, TrollopeMigration: had to Labouradmit Garibaldi Migration couldbut not be Workers’ a threat Migration...... to Italian politics. 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3The From national Guest feeling Workers respecting to Unwelcome him is Guestsso strong, ...... the idolatry with 82 4.4which Selective he is regardedPolicies anbyd thethe populaceBrain Drain...... is so perfect a worship, that it 87 is also impossible that they should not flatter him, and at any rate 4.5appear Equal to Opportunity agree with him.and DeniedA ministry Oppor couldtunities not ...... exist against which 90 Garibaldi should lift his hand with a determination to oppose it to d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are the death. A ministry could do almost anything to which Garibaldi ontribution is published according would give an undeviating and determined support. Then, some 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 may ask, why should not Garibaldi be minister for his country? No Urs Watter man could be found less able to fill such a situation, or less willing. 5.1He State is absolutely Interest and without Responsibility personal ambition, and I think I may say withtowards almost their the Citizens same certainty,Living Abroad...... without any comprehension of 102 political affairs. (19-20) 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper The5.3 liberal-conservative Migration Policy and EthiTrollope,cs ...... while admitting that Garibaldi 106 did more for the unification of the country than Cavour ever did, could5.4 Migrationnot but fear Policy what in Colombia he called ...... the old hero’s subversive views. 108 He5.5 had “Colombia no illusions nos une”...... about the evils that needed to be eradicated 109 before Italy could take her place among the modern European states. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Trollope’s matter-of-fact version of the Italian struggle for independence5.7 Challenges diverges ...... from the laudatory approach prevailing 114 in British literary texts of the period, which lasted a long time – as the Bibliography...... 116 publication of English Songs of Italian Freedom collected by G. M. WorkingTrevelyan Together in 1911 testifies.for the Well-being The general of tendencyMigrants of...... historians and 119the lateBarry romantics, Halliday such as Swinburne and Meredith, was to praise what Riall identifies as the “often-imagined glories of the Risorgimento” (2).

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Trollope wrote of the nation as an active force, no matter how new 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 1953. Barrett4.2 Initiatives Browing, Elizabeth.for Governing Casa FamilyGuidi Windows and Humanitarian. Ed. Julia Markus. New York: BrowningMigration: Institute, Labour 1977. Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Browning,4.3 From Robert. Guest Poetical Workers Works to Unwelcome 1833-1864. Oxford:Guests Oxford ...... UP, 1980. 82 Buzard, James. The Beaten Track: European Tourism, Literature, and the Ways to 4.4‘Culture’ Selective 1800-1918 Policies. Oxford: and the Clarendon Brain Drain...... P, 1993. 87 Churchill,4.5 Equal Kenneth. Opportunity Italy and and English Denied Literature Opportunities 1764-1930 ...... London: Macmillan, 90 1980.

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Dickens, Charles. American Notes. Pictures from Italy. Ed. G. K. Chesterton. London: ontribution is published according Dent, 1970. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Forster,Urs WatterE. M. A Room with a View. London: Penguin, 1990. ---. Where Angels Fear to Tread. London: Penguin, 2001. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Griffiths, C. E. J. “The Novels of Garibaldi”. Italian Studies 30 (1975) 86-98. towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 Heineman, Helen. Mrs. Trollope. The Triumphant Feminine in the Nineteenth 5.2Century Applied. Athens, Ethics Ohio: ...... Ohio UP, 1979. 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper James,5.3 MigrationHenry. “Anthony Polic Trollope”.y and Ethi Literarycs ...... Criticism. Essays on Literature. American 106 Writers. English Writer. Ed. Lion Edel. New York: The Library of America, 1984. 5.41330-1354. Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 ---.5.5 Venice “Colombia. In Collected nos Travelune”...... Writings. New York: The Library of America, 1993. 109 Kendrick, Walter M. The Novel-Machine: The Theory and Fiction of Anthony 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Trollope. Baltimore and London: John Hopkins UP, 1980. Michie,5.7 Challenges Elsie B. “The ...... Odd Couple: Anthony Trollope and Henry James”. The Henry 114 James Review 27:1 (2006): 10-23. Bibliography...... 116 Pfister, Manfred. The Fatal Gift of Beauty: The Italies of British Travellers. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1996. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Riall, Lucy. The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society and National Unification. BarryLondon Halliday and New York: Routledge, 1994.

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Ruskin, John. Modern Painters. The Complete Works of John Ruskin. Eds E. T. 3.4Cook The & Human Alexander Rights’ Weddenburn. Approach...... London: George Allen, 1903-12 . Vols. 3-4. 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Super,3.5 Conclusion...... R. H. The Chronicler of Barchester: A Life of Anthony Trollope. Ann Arbor, 59 MI: U of Michigan P, 1988. Bibliography...... 60 Thomson, George H. The Italian Romances in E. M. Forster. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. 4. The Ethics of Migration. Trevelyan, George Macaulay. English Songs of Italian Freedom. London: Longmans, Reflections1911. on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Trollope, Anthony. Lady Anna. London: Trollope Society, 1990. Laura Zanfrini ---. Barchester Towers. London: Penguin, 1994. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, ---.4.1 Can Restrictive You Forgive Policies Her? Oxford and Structural and New DemandYork: Oxford for Immigrant UP, 1991. Labour .. 65 ---.4.2 The Initiatives Duke’s Children for Governing. London: Penguin,Family and 1995. Humanitarian ---. KeptMigration: in the Dark Labour. Oxford Migration and New York:but not Oxford Workers’ UP, 1992. Migration...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. ---.4.3 He FromKnew GuestHe Was Workers Right. London: to Unwelcome Oxford UP, Guests 1963...... 82 ---.4.4 “The Selective Last Austrian Policies Who an dLeft the Venice”. Brain Drain...... Later Short Stories. Oxford and New 87 York: Oxford UP, 1995, 56-74. ---.4.5 The Equal Letters Opportunity of Anthony Trollopeand Denied. Ed. Oppor John Hall.tunities Palo ...... Alto, CA: Stanford UP, 90 1983. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ---. Marion Fay. London: Penguin, 1992. ontribution is published according 5.---. Colombia: “Mrs General Including Talboys”. Emigrant Editors ands in Writers:Their Societies The Complete of Origin Short...... Stories, 101 UrsVolume Watter II. Fort Worth: Texas Christian UP, 1979, 95-117. ---. Phineas Finn, the Irish Member. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1982. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility ---. Phineastowards Redux their. Oxford: Citizens Oxford Living UP, Abroad...... 1983. 102 ---. The Tireless Traveller. Twenty Letters to the Liverpool Mercury 1875. Ed. 5.2Bradford Applied Allen Ethics Booth...... Berkeley: Berkeley UP, 1978. 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Wall,5.3 Stephen. Migration Trollope Polic yand and Character Ethics ...... London: Faber and Faber, 1988. 106

5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 135-148 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Genova La Superba in Novels by Giovanni Ruffini and Henrietta Jenkin

Allan C. Christensen – John Cabot University, Italy s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, After the success of Ruffini’s first novel, the autobiographical Lorenzo Benoni in 1853, the publisher Thomas Constable asked for a

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. sequel about the patriotic hero in exile. But in his chastened disillusionment with Italian politics, Ruffini believed that the fervent patriot called Lorenzo Benoni no longer existed and so his story could not be continued. An implicit sequel was nevertheless published in 1861 in the novel Who Breaks – Pays by Henrietta Jenkin. This d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors novel concerns the exiled Italian patriot called Giuliani, evidently ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according based on Ruffini, who then lives in Paris. Whereas Ruffini’s novel ends with the hero’s hairbreadth escape from Genoa in 1833, Jenkin’s novel concludes with his return from Paris to Genoa in 1848 and with the Genoese tumults of 1849. Both novels convey the sights, sounds and manners of Genova La Superba. In Ruffini’s case, the beautiful and the squalid aspects to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are of the heartbreaking city, in which the protagonist grows to perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper maturity, also remind us of Dickensian cities. Besides the Genoa of Pictures from Italy, Ruffini seems to allude to the London that so fascinated him in Oliver Twist and David Copperfield. The city, with its labyrinthine streets and its sinister adult predators upon innocent children, is as menacing to the newly arrived Lorenzo as sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It London has been to young Oliver and David. More pertinent to my topic than local colour and urban topography, however, are political factors that define the Genoese identity. The proud independence of the ancient Republic of Genoa ended with Napoleon’s conquest in 1797. The city was merged with the Republic of Liguria and formally subjected to the French Empire in 1805. Ten years later, the Congress of Vienna decreed the annexa-

136 Allan C. Christensen 10 Table of Contents

tion of Liguria, including Genoa, to the Kingdom of Sardinia and 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. and university constitute an education in how to conceive, organize to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and5.3 prosecute Migration campaignsPolicy and Ethiof liberationcs ...... from both blatant and subtle 106 forms5.4 Migration of oppression. Policy Thein Colombia meeting ...... with his fellow university student 108 Fantasio, based upon Giuseppe Mazzini, is decisive in the formation of 5.5the “Colombia political nosrevolutionary. une”...... Fantasio relates their own political 109 conspiracy5.6 Alianza to Paísthe ...... larger European cultural conflict being manifested 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It in events such as the publication of Manzoni’s I promessi sposi and 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 the stormy Parisian reception of Hugo’s Hernani: Bibliography...... 116 At that time the war between the classic and romantic schools was Workingat its height;Together ink for flowed the Well-being in torrents. of UnableMigrants to ...... find vent on the 119 Barryforbidden Halliday ground of politics, passions ran counter in the lists of literature. The classics were the Conservatives in letters, the champions of authority, swearing by Aristotle and Horace, out of

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whose Church there was no salvation to be found. The imitation of 3.4the The ancients Human was Rights’ their Approach...... creed. The romantic school was that of the 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5Liberals Conclusion...... in literature, the enemies of authority. They would not hear 59 of Aristotle and his unities. According to them genius knew no Bibliography...... lawgiver but itself, imitation was mere impotence, nature was the 60 sole and eternal spring of the living and the beautiful (Ruffini, 4. TheBenoni Ethics 123). of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies In andthis “Non-policies”context Fantasio in exercisesItaly and Europehis genius...... to fuse anti-Piedmontese 61 chauvinism,Laura Zanfrini anti-clericalism, pan-Italian enthusiasm, and romanticism within the republican framework of their secret society, La s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Giovine Italia. Amongst Italian cities, Genoa is best suited, he believes,4.2 Initiatives to provide for Governing the organizing Family cen andtre Humanitarian of the revolt that is to break out simultaneouslyMigration: Labour in Migration many part buts not of Workers’ Italy. TheirMigration...... revolutionary 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. ambitions4.3 From partakeGuest Workers indeed toof Unwelcome madness, asGuests the ...... Benoni brother called 82 Cæsar (Jacopo Ruffini in reality) may understand: “‘Here are we, five4.4 young, Selective very Policies young an dmen, the Brain with Drain...... but limited means, and we are 87 called4.5 Equal upon Opportunity to do nothing and Denied less thanOppor totunities overthrow ...... an established 90 government. We have no resources to rely upon but those which d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are we shall be able to create for ourselves’” (Ruffini, Benoni 240). ontribution is published according Unsurprisingly, coordination of the immense scheme proves too 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 difficult, and the authorities discover the conspiracy before it can be Urs Watter put into action. While the others escape into exile in France, Cæsar is 5.1captured State Interest and commits and Responsibility suicide to avoid betraying, under torture, his companions.towards their LorenzoCitizens LivingBenoni Abroad...... concludes in 1833 in Marseilles 102 where5.2 Applied Fantasio Ethics informs ...... the protagonist of the appalling death of 104his to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. brother – and in reality of the dearest friend that Mazzini himself to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper would5.3 Migration ever have. Polic y and Ethics ...... 106 5.4Like Migration Henrietta Policy Jenkin’s in Colombia novel, ...... Lorenzo Benoni places the politi- 108 cal elements in the context of other factors, and to appreciate the 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 intertextuality of the two works, we must observe various biographi- 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It cal events reflected in the fiction. After their escape to Marseilles, Giovanni5.7 Challenges Ruffini ...... and his younger brother Agostino accompanied 114 Mazzini in wanderings through Switzerland, France and England. WhileBibliography...... Giovanni remained with Mazzini in London between 1837 116 and 1841 and then moved to Paris, Agostino Ruffini resided in WorkingEdinburgh. Together There forhe becamethe Well-being the lover of Migrants of Henrietta...... Jenkin, whose 119 husbandBarry Halliday Charles Jenkin was a naval officer posted to the West Indies. In 1848 when the constitutional reforms in Piedmont permitted the

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Ruffini brothers to return from exile, Henrietta and her husband, who 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av had since come home from the West Indies, accompanied Agostino to 3.5Genoa. Conclusion...... Now seriously ill, Agostino was nursed by both his 59 motherBibliography...... and Henrietta. The Jenkins remained in Genoa until 1851 60 where their son Fleeming studied, as the Ruffini brothers and 1 4.Mazzini The Ethics had ofdone, Migration. at the local University. During the first part of theirReflections stay in Genoa,on Recent the Migration extended Policies family circle also included both Giovanniand “Non-policies” and Cornelia in ItalyTurner, and withEurope whom...... he had been living 61in ParisLaura since Zanfrini 1846. Always oscillating in her loyalties between her husband and her s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, lover,4.1 Restrictive Henrietta Policies would andnow Structural exchange Demand one lover,for Immigrant Agostino, Labour for ..his 65 brother4.2 Initiatives Giovanni for himself.Governing In Family the 1850s and Humanitarian and 1860s she spent long periodsMigration: in Paris Labour with Giovanni, Migration butin hisnot Workers’now self-chosen Migration...... exile there, 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. and4.3 Cornelia. From Guest The Workers members to Unwelcome of a kind Guestsof ménage ...... à trois, the three 82 novelists wrote in these decades their often tensely interrelated works.4.4 Selective The seven Policies novels and ofthe Giovanni, Brain Drain...... in particular, were the result 87 of 4.5a Equalcollaboration Opportunity in andwhich Denied the Oppor two tunitiesEnglishwomen ...... helped by 90 correcting the linguistic aspect of his text.2 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... The fictional plotting of Lorenzo Benoni and Who Breaks – Pays 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according develops, in particular, the relationships among four typical 5.characters. Colombia: Besides Including the Emigrant hero ands inthe Their heroine, Societies referable of Origin to Giovanni...... 101 Urs Watter and Henrietta, there are the hero’s rival, in a role suggestive of Henrietta’s5.1 State Interest husband, and and Responsibility the more mature, maternal figure similar to Cornelia.towards The their pattern Citizens of the Living four Abroad...... typical characters – the mother, 102the heroine5.2 Applied and the Ethics two ...... rival lovers – occurs, in fact, in many novels 104 of to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. the period, as I have observed in a chapter entitled “Mothers, to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper daughters5.3 Migration and Policlovers”y and (Christensen Ethics ...... 2005: 156-200). In the cases 106 discussed5.4 Migration in the Policy chapter in Colombiaof my book, ...... however, the maternal figure 108 is the heroine’s mother whereas in the novels by Ruffini and Jenkin she is 5.5the “Colombia mother of nos one une”...... of the lovers. Giovanni indeed thought 109 of 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 1 The5.7 recentChallenges biographers ...... of Fleeming Jenkin give a garbled account of his Genoese 114 experiences, conflating Agostino and Giovanni Ruffini into a single individual called AugustineBibliography...... John Ruffini who supposedly went on to become rector of the university 116 (Cookson and Hempstead 19). 2 The seven novels of Giovanni Ruffini were published between 1853 and 1870, Workingthe eight novels Together of Henrietta for the Jenkin Well-being between of1858 Migrants and 1874,...... and the two novels 119 of CorneliaBarry TurnerHalliday in 1860 and 1862. Regarding the collaboration amongst the three writers and the complexities of their emotional relationships, see Christensen, European Version of Victorian Fiction, 32-37.

Genova La Superba in Novels by Giovanni Ruffini and Henrietta Jenkin 139 10 Table of Contents

Cornelia, the person to whom he was most devoted in life, as a 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 3 into4.3 the From more Guest stormy Workers existences to Unwelcome of Giovanni Guests and ...... Henrietta. 82 Functioning in part as political allegories, the two novels portray the4.4 heroine’s Selective encouragement Policies and the Brainof both Drain...... rivals for her affection, one 87of them4.5 Equala political Opportunity conservative and Denied and Opporthe othertunities a revolutionary ...... patriot. 90 A beautiful, but unreliable femme fatale, the heroine may typify d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors GenovaBibliography...... La Superba, who will not commit herself to the more 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according deserving and liberal elements of her citizenry. The frustration of 5.the Colombia: fictional Includinghero thus Emigrantresembless inthat Their of theSocieties partisans of Origin of Mazzini’s...... 101 GiovineUrs Watter Italia who find that Genoa, the city for which they have sacrificed5.1 State themselves,Interest and Responsibility has betrayed them. But the maternal figure seeks towardsto compensate their Citizens for Livingthe caprici Abroad...... ousness of the heroine and 102 to inculcate,5.2 Applied not Ethicsalways ...... effectually, a view of the contemporary political 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. storms in a larger perspective. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3The Migration pattern Polic of ythe and four Ethi cscharacters, ...... which derives from 106the Parisian5.4 Migration circumstances Policy in Colombiaof the 1850s ...... and 1860s when the novels 108 were being composed, has therefore been applied to the earlier narrated5.5 “Colombia periods. nos In une”...... the case of Who Breaks – Pays, the fictional 109 events5.6 Alianza are supposed País ...... to be occurring in the late 1840s, several years 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It before Giovanni and Henrietta had actually met and become lovers. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 In Lorenzo Benoni, the pattern is discernible in events that have occurredBibliography...... before 1833 and therefore even longer before Ruffini’s 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 3 Regarding Cornelia Turner as inspirational muse to both Shelley and Ruffini, see Christensen, “Cornelia Turner”, 145-54.

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initial acquaintance with Henrietta and Charles Jenkin and Cornelia 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. implicitly allied with the tyrannical priests at the religious college to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper of 5.3their Migration adolescence, Policy andwhere Ethi cshe ...... had perversely admired the Turks 106 despite5.4 Migration the generally Policy in Greek Colombia sympathies ...... of the schoolboys. As 108 a rebel motivated by romantic and republican enthusiasm, the younger5.5 “Colombia Lorenzo nos had une”...... defeated and humiliated Anastasius. But 109the latter,5.6 Alianza who has País since ...... joined the garde du corps of the despotic 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Piedmontese rulers, seeks a belated revenge. He goads the older 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Lorenzo into a duel and seriously wounds him. Bibliography...... The opera being performed that fatal evening is, not 116so incidentally, Bellini’s recently composed La sonnambula. Lorenzo Workingcalls it “a Together great favour for theite ofWell-being mine” (Ruffini, of Migrants Benoni...... 247) – as it will 119 be Barryfor the Halliday hero of Ruffini’s Lavinia. “Who can ever have enough of the Sonnambula?”, the narrator of Lavinia asks: “Everything about

Genova La Superba in Novels by Giovanni Ruffini and Henrietta Jenkin 141 10 Table of Contents

it – the story, music, and feelings – so simple, so true, so fresh” 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. encouragement”. The most blissful return to the maternal presence to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper occurs5.3 Migration after he Polic is ywounded and Ethics in ...... the duel resulting from Lilla’s 106 betrayal:5.4 Migration “The Policytime inof Colombia my conva ...... lescence [...] was perhaps 108the happiest in my life. I never enjoyed existence itself so much […]. What5.5 “Colombiaa particular nos charm une”...... there was in feeling once more like a child, 109 and5.6 being Alianza kept País in ...... order as such! How pleasant to have my mother 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It come and offer me her arm for a walk – a very short one to be sure” 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 (Ruffini, Benoni 9, 11, 255-56). Bibliography...... Soon after his recovery he must escape from Genoa. In a final 116 demonstration of “that divine tenderness with which God has gifted Workinga mother’s Together heart, tofor strengthen the Well-being and consoleof Migrants me”,...... his mother offers 119 him,Barry eucharistically, Halliday “a crust of bread and a glass of wine” (Ruffini, Benoni 272). The Marchioness Lilla, who has naturally repented,

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waits in a dark street to beg his forgiveness and to kiss him farewell 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 absolutely and utterly without either home or country; that perhaps 4.2I should Initiatives never for again Governing behold Family my mother’s and Humanitarian face […]. When I lost sightMigration: of the Lanterna, Labour Migration it was as but if Inot had Workers’ again been Migration...... torn from the 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. arms of those so dear to me, and a host of recollections crowded 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 round me of past happy days, days of youth, of joy, of hope, such 4.4as Selectivecould nevermore Policies returnand the for Brain the Drain...... exiled man. The die was cast; I 87 was proscribed, a wanderer on the wide world. (Ruffini, Benoni 4.5284-85) Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are In the sphere of reality, the lover “could nevermore return” to the ontribution is published according 5.arms Colombia: of Laura Including di Negro Emigrant Spinola sbecause in Their she Societies would of die Origin of consump-...... 101 4 tionUrs five Watter years later. Ruffini’s own wanderings would lead him, as I have mentioned, through France, Switzerland and England and then5.1 back State toInterest Paris. and There, Responsibility about thirteen years after the escape from Genoa,towards Henrietta their Jenkin’Citizenss Living novel Abroad...... would pick up again on “the exiled 102 man”,5.2 Applied calling Ethicshim Giulio ...... Giuliani and bringing herself into his story 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper some years before the actual fact. The perspective on the story 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 changes as it passes from the first-person narrative of Ruffini to the third-person5.4 Migration narrative Policy in of Colombia Jenkin, which ...... is semi-omniscient although 108 focused5.5 “Colombia mainly innos the une”...... heroine’s consciousness. Despite the changed 109 perspective, however, Jenkin’s narrator represents a continuity 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It between the two narratives. The heroine is portrayed in one episode as 5.7fitting Challenges herself ...... into a story already being written by the hero and 114 continuing it. Giuliani has been recounting his life in a diary, and in Bibliography...... 116

Working4 Until her Togetherdeath in 1838 for Laurathe Well-being corresponded of with Migrants Agostino...... and helped him with 119 occasionalBarry Halliday gifts of money. The museum of the Istituto Mazziniano of Genoa displays a small English edition of the Divina Commedia, bequeathed by her to Agostino and containing a written dedication to him.

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his eagerness in this episode to make the heroine understand him, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

5.2Lill Applied did more Ethics than ...... listen, she drank in each enchanting sound. 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3Giuliani, Migration to whomPolicy Ernaniand Ethi wascs ...... a four-fold told tale, now listened 106 with a passionate rapture and vehemence of emotion nearer to pain 5.4than Migration pleasure. Policy Those in Colombiawho have ...... not heard such music in the 108 5.5company “Colombia of one nos loved, une”...... or about to be loved, know not as yet all the 109 irresistible power of music. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Two or three times when the melody was most tender, or the harmony most entrancing – and what other than Italian music ever 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 so entirely sounds the depth of human feeling? – Lill turned to Bibliography...... Giuliani in search of sympathy; and to him it seemed as if he read 116 through those clear eyes into her soul […]. It was a happiness Workinghitherto Together unknown, for that the withWell-being which Giulianiof Migrants felt Lill’s...... arm resting 119 Barryon his, Halliday as they left the box. […]

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She did not speak again for some time after the carriage drove off; 3.4she The was Human singing Rights’ in a whisper, Approach...... Ernani involami .[…] 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5 Conclusion...... Those marvellously tender accents of love […] sent her to bed 59 enthusiastically devoted to Ernani, to a fantastic unknown Ernani, Bibliography...... not at all invested with the features of any one she had ever seen. 60 (Jenkin 33-34)5 4. The Ethics of Migration. A Reflectionslocal manifestation on Recent Migrationof the “irresistible Policies power” of European romanticismand “Non-policies” in its clash in Italy with and classicism,Europe ...... to apply the terms 61of Ruffini’sLaura Zanfrini Fantasio, the music initiates a tender relationship that culminates in an engagement. Like Lilla of the earlier novel, Lill s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 takes the lead in the courtship while the hero holds out against what he4.2 regards Initiatives as a perilousfor Governing temptation. Family But and inHumanitarian her devotion “to a fantastic unknownMigration: Ernani”, Labour she Migrationcomes to butrealiz not eWorkers’ after their Migration...... engagement that 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. she4.3 does From notGuest love Workers Giuliani to Unwelcome himself. GuestsThe ...... chauvinistic, English 82 prejudices of her family contribute to her dismay, and tormented by 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 guilt and incomprehensible to herself, she neglects Giuliani. He assures4.5 Equal her Opportunitythat “I will and remember Denied Oppor youtunities in my ...... prayers always, 90as Perla” (Jenkin 189) as she takes farewell and departs for England, d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are where she will eventually marry his rival, Sir Frederick Ponsonby. ontribution is published according 5. Colombia:While by Including no means Emigrant a nastys in Theirally ofSocieties tyrannical of Origin forces...... like 101 Ruffini’sUrs Watter Anastasius, Sir Frederick has participated in the British colonial endeavour, and his traditional political views preclude sympathy5.1 State withInterest the and Italian Responsibility patriotic cause. He arrives at Marseilles after atowards long period their Citizens of service Living in Abroad...... India, reminding us of Henrietta’s 102 husband5.2 Applied who Ethicshas served ...... as a naval officer in the West Indies. The 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper novelist probably alludes to her brother as well, for he too served 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 for many years in India and took her by surprise with his arrival in Genoa5.4 Migration in 1849. Policy The inunexpected Colombia ...... arrival may have troubled her, 108 to judge5.5 “Colombiafrom Ruffini’s nos une”...... treatment of a similar event in another novel. 109 In Doctor Antonio, namely, the heroine Lucy that Ruffini based 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It again on Henrietta is distressed when her coarse brother, returning 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 5 TheBibliography...... indication that the opera was for Giuliani “a four-fold told tale” is problematic. 116 The opera received its premiere in Venice, at the Teatro La Fenice, in March 1844. But exiled from Italy, Giuliani could not have heard any of the early Italian performances. It Workingseems unlikely Together that he forwould the have Well-being been able ofto hearMigrants the opera...... four times before 119 the ParisianBarry performance Halliday that occurs in the novel in about 1846. Henrietta Jenkin was presumably thinking of operatic performances that actually occurred after the period in which the novel has been set.

Genova La Superba in Novels by Giovanni Ruffini and Henrietta Jenkin 145 10 Table of Contents

from many years in India, suddenly shatters her peaceful Ligurian 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. suffering for her daughter Alice, who has also come to love to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Giuliani,5.3 Migration and shePolic ymust and Ethiprovidecs ...... effective solace: “How well 106 a mother5.4 Migration knows howPolicy best in Colombia to comfort ...... her child!” (Jenkin 109). When 108 Sir Frederick arrives, she does not avert another possible danger and5.5 eagerly “Colombia welcomes nos une”...... him back into the family circle. In 109the railway5.6 Alianza carriage País during ...... the journey to Paris from Marseilles, where 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It she has gone to meet him, “she watched him with exactly the same 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 adoration in her eyes, as had been there when she kept vigil by his cradleBibliography...... some six-and-twenty years ago”. She “arrives in Paris 116 a happy woman and a proud mother” (Jenkin 191, 192). The Workingemergence Together thereafter for theof Well-beingthe love triangle of Migrants involving...... Lill, Giuliani 119 andBarry her Hallidayson will cause her to share the anguish experienced by the others.

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The catastrophe is precipitated when Lill impulsively deserts her 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 old and new mole. The sea arched itself beyond to meet the 4.2firmament Initiatives in for a Governingfar horizon, Family and showedand Humanitarian on its broad breast of variedMigration: blue and Labour green Migrationmany a white but notsail. Workers’ Migration...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3 FromA vessel Guest coming Workers majestically to Unwelcome into port Guests under ...... a cloud of canvas, 82 and a steamer shooting outwards, crossed on the threshold of the 4.4marine Selective gateway. Policies On anthed left,the Brain far within Drain...... the immense basin, tapered 87 the masts of a throng of merchant ships, lying at anchor, under the 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 shelter of the town and quays. Behind and around the shipping up

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... an amphitheatre of hills, extend the many-coloured palaces of 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Genoa, well named the “Superba”. On the most eastern eminence is 5. Colombia:the dome of Including the noble Emigrant Carignanos church,in Their flanked Societies on ofeither Origin side...... by a 101 Urstower. Watter Beyond the city rise the peaks of the lofty Apennines, each 5.1crested State byInterest its fort; and fromResponsibility the highest point, the summits fall in a gracefultowards gradation, their Citizens like Living waves Abroad...... suddenly crystallized by some 102 5.2wizard Applied power. Ethics At ...... the extreme verge of the view to the left juts forth 104 the bold, picturesque headland of Porto Fino, blue in the softening to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3distance Migration as lapis-lazuli. Policy and Opposite Ethics ...... to the town rises against the western 106 sky the tall, slender column of the Lanterna, or lighthouse. (Jenkin 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 276)6 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 Lill may almost be supposed to recall, as we do, Lorenzo’s words: 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It “When I lost sight of the Lanterna, it was as if I had again been torn from5.7 Challengesthe arms of ...... those so dear to me […]. I was proscribed, 114 a wanderer on the wide world”. But the return to the Lanterna does Bibliography...... 116

Working6 As participants Together in the for conference the Well-being of June 2007of Migrants in Genoa,...... where this paper 119was originallyBarry Hallidaypresented, had occasion to observe, the Palazzo Peschiere, in which Dickens resided in 1844-45, enjoys essentially the same view as that described here, sweeping from the Carignano church to the Lanterna.

Genova La Superba in Novels by Giovanni Ruffini and Henrietta Jenkin 147 10 Table of Contents

not, in fact, reverse the exile, as subsequent events make clear. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. the site of violent death, has renewed the despair of Ruffini’s novel. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3The Migration end of Policthe fictionaly and Ethi Lillcs ...... may, as an atoning gesture, have 106 permitted5.4 Migration Henrietta Policy herself in Colombia to surviv ...... e. But the end also implicates 108 the fatally compromised city that does not survive as La Superba: “the5.5 “Colombiaatmosphere nos of une”...... this intemperate town” in Ruffini’s own 109 statement5.6 Alianza upon País ...... his departure the following year, “– without 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It morality and without intelligence – suffocates me […]. I shall rejoin 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Mrs Turner […] the day after tomorrow in Turin and proceed to ParisBibliography...... in her company” (qtd Tucci 121, my trans). In Paris during 116the ensuing decades the loves and tensions amongst Ruffini, Turner and Workingthe Jenkins Together would forthen the be Well-being enacted in of reality Migrants and...... in the fictions that 119 beginBarry and Halliday end in Genoa.

148 Allan C. Christensen 10 Table of Contents

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 2000. Cozzolino,4.2 Initiatives Itala Cremona. for Governing “La donna Family nella andvita Humanitariandi Giovanni Ruffini”. In Giovanni RuffiniMigration: e i suoi Labourtempi: Studi Migration e ricerche but. notA cura Workers’ del Comitato Migration...... per le onoranze 73 a

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Giovanni Ruffini. Genova: Comiato Regionale Ligure della Società Nazionale 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 per il Risorgimento, 1931. 333-418. [Jenkin,4.4 Selective Henrietta Policies Camilla]. an “Whod the BreaksBrain Drain...... – Pays” (Italian Proverb), by the author 87 of “Cousin Stella,” “Skirmishing,” etc. [2 vols., London, 1861]. New York: 4.5Leypoldt Equal &Opportunity Holt, 1867 [Reprinted and Denied in TheOppor Michigantunities Historical ...... Reprint Series]. 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors [Ruffini,Bibliography...... Giovanni ]. Lavinia, by the author of “Doctor Antonio” [3 vols., London, 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according 1860]. 2 vols. Leipzig: Tauchnitz, 1861. 5.---. Colombia: Lorenzo Benoni Including: Passages Emigrant in the Lifes of in an Their Italian Societies. Edited by of a friend.Origin Edinburgh:...... 101 UrsThomas Watter Constable and Co.; London: Hamilton, Adams, & Co., 1853. Tucci,5.1 StateVittoria Interest Ruffini. and Vita Responsibility di Giovanni Battista Ruffini, modenese. Modena: S.T.E.M. Mucchi, 1976. [Reference in my text is to a letter of 27 April 1850 from Giovanni Ruffinitowards to Gian their Battista Citizens Ruffini.] Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 3. Tracing Victorian Sources: Italian Culture and History ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 151-167 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Dickens and Alessandro Manzoni’s I Promessi Sposi

Alessandro Vescovi – Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Dickens’s experience in Italy has often been considered as the source for Pictures from Italy or for the Italian chapters of Little

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Dorrit, yet Forster stresses the fact that those were times when the writer was still maturing and he was still forming his own world picture. In his meeting with Italian culture at large, Dickens had the opportunity to experience political, religious and, I will argue, literary challenges, which he would draw upon in later times. We d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors know that he visited theatres and appreciated Italian melodrama. In ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Genoa he also found the time to read one of the most outstanding Italian novels of the nineteenth century, I promessi sposi [The Betrothed] by Alessandro Manzoni. The impact of this novel on Dickens has been overlooked by scholars, though it is likely to have played a role in Dickens’s personal and professional development. Manzoni – whose novel Dickens had heard of before he left for to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are Italy – must have proved interesting to Dickens both as a man and as perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper a writer. Indeed Manzoni’s novel deals with religious issues which apparently concerned Dickens in those very years. However, a most striking literary resemblance is to be felt much later, in A Tale of Two Cities (1857-1859), which recalls I promessi sposi both in design and in a few minor incidents of the plot. sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It In nineteenth-century Italy one can hardly speak of a novel tradition. Indeed the few novels that were actually published cannot be said to share a common poetics, nor a common theme, nor even a common readership. For this reason I promessi sposi is somewhat of a cathedral in the desert, built upon the ruins of neoclassic poetry. Although it is an historical novel and though its author was a reader of Walter Scott, I promessi sposi is more akin to Milton’s

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Paradise Lost than to any English novel. Manzoni’s masterpiece is 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av the result of a triple conversion and traces of the former beliefs can still3.5 be Conclusion...... discerned in the work’s texture. Manzoni was an agnostic 59 rationalistBibliography...... and became a Roman Catholic, was a classicist and turned 60 romantic, was a poet and developed into a novelist.1 The result is a 4.novel The deeply Ethics religious,of Migration. going so far as to maintain that history is ruled byReflections Providence; on politicallyRecent Migration committe Policiesd, pointing out the malpractice of andthe “Non-policies” Spanish rule in overItaly andseventeenth-century Europe ...... Lombardy (and 61 implicitlyLaura Zanfrini condemning the coeval Austrian rule); written in a very modern and even colloquial prose. Manzoni worked at this text with s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, great4.1 Restrictivealacrity and Policies devotion and Structuralso that the Demand novel forwas Immigrant written threeLabour times .. 65 over4.2 between Initiatives 1820 for Governing and 1840. Family2 and Humanitarian AndMigration: yet some Labour of Manzoni’sMigration but form not erWorkers’ affiliations Migration...... persist in his 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. work4.3 Fromwhich Guest are apt Workers to make to Unwelcome the Italian Guestsauthor ...... particularly appealing 82 to Dickens. From the religious point of view, Manzoni’s former rationalism4.4 Selective had Policies led him an dto the adhere Brain toDrain...... a form of Roman Catholicism 87 actually4.5 Equal tinged Opportunity with Jansenism,and Denied Opporbroughttunities to ...... Manzoni especially 90 through Pascal; Jansenism was exactly the sort of middle way d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors betweenBibliography...... proper Catholicism and Calvinism, especially with regard 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according to the means of salvation. For Jansenists faith alone could not save 5.a man’sColombia: soul, Including but at the Emigrant same times in theyTheir strongly Societies rejected of Origin the...... belief 101 Urs Watter in the “magical” power of liturgical rites. The most exemplary characters5.1 State Interestof Manzoni’s and Responsibility novel show both a deep faith and a strong inclinationtowards to theirhelp Citizens the poor Living and wr Abroad...... etched neighbours. This protestant 102 quality5.2 Applied was pointed Ethics ...... out in England as early as 1873, when an article 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. on the London Quarterly Review suggested that Manzoni’s novel to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper was5.3 “not Migration written Polic in they and interest Ethics of ...... Romanism”; in fact “notwithstanding 106 his5.4 vigorous Migration championship Policy in Colombia of the catholic ...... morality, there was far more 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109

5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 1 He professed himself a romantic and authored more than one pamphlet on ro- mantic5.7 Challengespoetry; yet it ...... must be noticed that north Italian romanticism was of a 114par- ticular brand, quite different from either German or English. In fact it was not in theBibliography...... least titanic or in any way morbid, but rather politically committed. 116 2 The first draft of the novel started in 1821 and was completed in 1823, under the title Fermo and Lucia. Manzoni was dissatisfied with this version – which he never Workingpublished –Together and set to for work the on Well-being another draft of eventuallyMigrants called...... I promessi sposi 119, publishedBarry Hallidayin 1827. During the following fifteen years Manzoni made a thorough linguistic revision of his novel, making his prose more Tuscan, which culminated in the final version published in monthly installments between 1840 and 1842.

Dickens and Alessandro Manzoni’s I Promessi Sposi 153 10 Table of Contents

of the Protestant Christian than of the Romanist in Manzoni” (London 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Quarterly Review, XLI 1874, cit. in Pallotta 484). 3.5The Conclusion...... conversion from classicism to romanticism brought Manzoni 59 to Bibliography...... deal with social issues, but without a romantic temperament, i.e. 60 keeping a sense of detachment, Horatian common sense and a subtle 4.irony. The SometimesEthics of Migration. Manzoni shows also a substantial distrust of words andReflections their circumlocutional on Recent Migration power Policiesto which Dickens would certainly subscribe.and “Non-policies”3 in Italy and Europe ...... 61 LauraAs for Zanfrini the conversion from verse to the novel form, the heritage of the former is particularly evident in the thorough process of s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, revision4.1 Restrictive that the Policies novel andhad Structuralundergone Demand throughout for Immigrant the years, Labour as well .. 65 as 4.2in itsInitiatives characteristic for Governing lyrical Family passages. and InitiallyHumanitarian Manzoni crafted his novelMigration: in imitation Labour of Tuscan Migration prose but (thenot Workers’ most suited, Migration...... in his opinion, 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. to 4.3express From GuestItalian Workers fictional to Unwelcomeart) which Guests produced ...... the first and the 82 second editions of the novel, but, being still dissatisfied with the bookish4.4 Selective quality Policies of the an result,d the Brain he decided Drain...... to spend a long period 87in Florence4.5 Equal in Opportunity order to andwrite Denied the Opporway tunitiespeople ...... actually speak; the 90 outcome is the ultimate edition of 1840. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... In the end Manzoni’s work became a classic masterpiece where 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according historical research, political commitments, religious faith, moral 5.tension, Colombia: linguistic Including innovation Emigrant scome in Their together Societies to ofform Origin a ...... unique 101 nationalUrs Watter novel. In this respect I think that this is more similar to Milton’s5.1 State poem Interest than and to Responsibility Scott’s novels. In the 1830s and 1840s no one whotowards was their interested Citizens in Living Italian Abroad...... culture could have overlooked 102the extraordinary5.2 Applied Ethicssignificance ...... of this novel, let alone a novelist like 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Dickens. Besides I promessi sposi soon became very popular all over to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Europe:5.3 Migration the first Polic editiony and Ethi– tocs be ...... revised in 1840 – was published 106 in 5.41827, Migration and the Policy next in yearColombia two ...... French translations appeared, 108 to be followed by others in 1830s and 1840s. Charles Swan’s The Betrothed5.5 “Colombia, the first nos une”...... English translation, was published in 1828 and 109 was5.6 followed Alianza Paísin 1834 ...... by Featherstonhaugh’s version and by another 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116 3 On this particular point Eco argues that, in this novel, the higher the style and the Workingsocial position Together of speakers, for the the Well-being more mendacious of Migrants are the words...... This implies 119that onlyBarry acts areHalliday true because they cannot lie. This attitude of Manzoni’s is particularly evident in the episode of Azzeccagarbugli, the lawyer, an episode referred to by Dickens as particularly brilliant in the only letter where he mentions the novel.

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anonymous one in 1844.4 Soon the novel became a favourite with 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 became so popular in Britain as elsewhere in Europe. The scarce success4.2 Initiatives it enjoyed for Governing can be Familyexplained and Humanitarianby the highly competitive EnglishMigration: book market Labour andMigration a sort but of not instinctive Workers’ Migration...... distrust of English 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. readers4.3 From when Guest a WorkersRoman toCatholic Unwelcome was Guests concerned...... In fact, a few 82 reviewers accused Manzoni of imitating Scott and of deliberately disseminating4.4 Selective RomanPolicies anCatholicd the Brain propa Drain...... ganda. Augustus Pallotta in his 87 study4.5 Equalof Manzoni’s Opportunity translations and Denied po Opporints tunitiesto two ...... further reasons why 90 Manzoni did not achieve greater popularity in Britain in those early d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors days:Bibliography...... one was the faulty quality of the English translations, which 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according failed to convey the enormous effort on Manzoni’s part to give life 5.to Colombia:his characters, Including developing Emigrant thes in wi Theirdest Societiesvariety of of proseOrigin registers...... 101 Urs Watter ever accomplished in Italy. The second reason depends mostly on the5.1 setting, State Interest Lombardy. and Responsibility This region fell short of gratifying the readers’towards stereotypical their Citizens idea Living of a pi Abroad...... cturesque, sundrenched Italy. Both 102 these5.2 Appliedreasons Ethicshowever ...... could not hold true with Dickens, who read 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. the novel in the original language (probably the revised version of to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 1840)5.3 Migration under the Polic guidancey and Ethi of ancs ...... Italian teacher, and who, in Pictures 106 from5.4 ItalyMigration, overtly Policy denounced in Colombia the ...... inconsistencies of the picturesque 108 stereotype of Italy.6 5.5In “Colombiaa letter to nos Samuel une”...... Rogers written in Genoa and dated 109 1 September5.6 Alianza 1844, País ...... Dickens describes his encounter with the novel 112 in sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It a rather enthusiastic fashion: 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

4 Published in London by James Burns in two volumes, with the same woodcut of Workingthe Italian edition. Together This for last the version Well-being was much of advertised Migrants on ...... the Fraser’s Magazine 119, the BarryEdinburgh Halliday Review and in other volumes that appeared at the time. 5 According to Burke the anecdote was oral and was first written down in 1875. 6 On this point see my own essay on Pictures from Italy.

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A little, patient, revolutionary officer, exiled in England during 3.4many The years; Human comes Rights’ to and Approach...... fro three times a week, to read and speak 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5Italian Conclusion...... with me. A poor little lame butterfly of a man, fluttering a 59 little bit at one time, and hopping a little bit at another, and getting Bibliography...... through life at some disadvantage, or other, always. If I question 60 him closely on some idiom which he is not in a condition to 4. Theexplain, Ethics he ofusually Migration. shakes his head dolefully, and begins to cry. But Reflectionsthis is not whaton Recent I meant Migration to say just Policies now, when I began to allude to andhim. “Non-policies” He has initiated in meItaly in and the EuropePromessi...... Sposi – the book which 61 LauraVioletta Zanfrini7 read, that night. And what a clever book it is! I have not proceeded far into the story, but I am quite charmed with it. The s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 interviews between the Bridegroom and the Priest, on the Morning 4.2of Initiativesthe disappointment for Governing – and Familybetween and the Humanitarian Bridegroom and the Bride, andMigration: her Mother Labour – and Migration the description but not of Workers’ poor Renzo’s Migration...... walk to the 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. house of the learned doctor; with the fowls – and the scene between 4.3them From – andGuest the Workers whole toidea Unwelcome of the character Guests ...... and story of Padre 82 4.4Christoforo Selective [sic]Policies are touched, and the BrainI think Drain...... by a most delicate and charming 87 hand. I have just left the good father in Don Rodrigo’s boisterous 4.5Eating Equal Hall; Opportunity and am in and no littleDenied anxiety, Oppor I tunitiesassure you...... (Letters 4: 189) 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are It is likely that Dickens finished the story, as the editor of the ontribution is published according Pilgrim Edition suggests, but unfortunately there is no mention of 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 this in any surviving document. The fact that Dickens does not Urs Watter mention the novel again has probably discouraged scholars from seeking5.1 State any Interest influence. and Responsibility Yet it should be considered that he does mentiontowards it, albeit their Citizensonce, which Living is Abroad...... more than many books he had 102 in his5.2 Gad’s Applied Hill Ethics library; ...... besides, a casual hint to I promessi sposi was 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. hardly eligible to make a common ground of discussion with many to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Englishmen5.3 Migration of hisPolic time.y and Ethics ...... 106 5.4There Migration is also Policy another in Colombiareason why ...... Dickens may have chosen to 108 be reticent on this reading of his, and it is strictly connected with the 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 deeply moral and religious character of its conception. At the time 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It when Dickens went to Italy, he had joined the Unitarian Church and must5.7 haveChallenges had an ...... inclination towards a sort of ecumenical approach 114 to religion. Dickens despised the Roman Catholic machinery as much as heBibliography...... disliked Puseyism. He found Roman Catholics rather superstitious 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 7 ViolettaBarry Hallidayis a character from a tale titled “Montorio” added to the 1839 edition of Samuel Rogers’s Italy. Had Violetta been reading something else we would hardly know that Dickens ever read I promessi sposi at all.

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than pious and associated their religion with disorder and Papist 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. especially within the Church of England. Moreover he often to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper attributed5.3 Migration to action Polic ya andhigher Ethi moralcs ...... significance than he attached 106 to prayer.5.4 Migration In a satirical Policy articlein Colombia against ...... the Puseyites titled “Report 108 of the Commissioners Appointed to Inquire into the Condition of the Persons5.5 “Colombia Variously nos Engagedune”...... in the University of Oxford” Dickens 109 makes5.6 Alianza clear what País ...... he did and did not mean by Christian: 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7That Challenges it is unquestionably ...... true that a boy was examined under the 114 Bibliography...... Children’s Employment Commission, at Brinsley, in Derbyshire, 116 who had been three years at school, and could not spell ‘Church’; whereas there is no doubt that the persons employed in the Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 University of Oxford can all spell Church with great readiness, and, Barry Halliday indeed, very seldom spell anything else. But, on the other hand, it must not be forgotten that, in the minds of the persons employed in

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the University of Oxford, such comprehensive words as justice, 3.4mercy, The Humancharity, Rights’ kindness, Approach...... brotherly love, forbearance, gentleness, 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5and Conclusion...... Good Works, awaken no ideas whatever: while the evidence 59 shows that the most preposterous notions are attached to the mere Bibliography...... terms Priest and Faith. (Slater 62) 60

4.Dickens’s The Ethics religious of Migration. affiliation could not therefore prevent him from sympathizingReflections onwith Recent the Migrationauthor of PoliciesI promessi sposi. Not only does Manzoni’sand “Non-policies” Jansenistic in attitude Italy and underm Europeine ...... the importance of liturgical 61 acts,Laura but Zanfrini he keeps referring to the Gospel and to those values that Dickens held dearest – love for one’s enemy, compassion, love for s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 one’s neighbour, generosity. I promessi sposi, with its strong reliance4.2 Initiatives on the for New Governing Testament, Family must and Humanitarian have shown to Dickens a more Migration:profound Labour and Migrationnon-stereotypical but not Workers’ way to Migration...... look at Roman 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Catholics.4.3 From BothGuest asWorkers a Christian to Unwelcome and as novelist,Guests ...... Dickens could have 82 sympathized with Lodovico-Cristoforos’s conversion (a similar one 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 occurs in Barnaby Rudge) or with Renzo’s scruples, when the young4.5 Equal peasant Opportunity picks up and a Deniedloaf from Oppor thetunities street ...... on the day of the 90 bread riot in Milan; and with his heartfelt joy when he eventually d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are could “give it back” to a beggar woman during the plague, some ontribution is published according 5.200 Colombia: pages later, Including in the Emigrantform of as insimilar Their pieceSocieties of breadof Origin he had...... just 101 boughtUrs Watter for himself. Dickens must also have approved of Fra Cristoforo’s enthusiasm, when he begged his seniors to allow him to 5.1go State and Interest serve andin Responsibilitythe Lazzaretto hospital during the plague, becausetowards “that their would Citizens be a fineLiving death Abroad...... for a Christian”. 102 5.2Dickens Applied was Ethics probably ...... still reading the novel – or had just 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper finished it – when he had a remarkable dream concerning religion, 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 scrupulously related by Forster: 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 “Let me tell you,” he wrote (30th September [1844]), “of a curious 5.5dream “Colombia I had, lastnos une”...... Monday night; and of the fragments of reality I 109 5.6can Alianza collect, País which ...... helped to make it up. […] I was visited by a 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Spirit. […] I knew it was poor Mary’s spirit. I was not at all afraid, 5.7but Challenges in a great ...... delight, so that I wept very much, and stretching out 114 Bibliography...... my arms to it called it ‘Dear.’ 116 […] ‘But answer me one other question!’ I said, in an agony of entreaty lest it should leave me. ‘What is the True religion?’ As it Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 paused a moment without replying, I said – Good God, in such an Barryagony Halliday of haste, lest it should go away! – ‘You think, as I do, that the Form of religion does not so greatly matter, if we try to do good?

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– or,’ I said, observing that it still hesitated, and was moved with the 3.4greatest The Human compassion Rights’ for Approach...... me, ‘perhaps the Roman Catholic is the best? 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5perhaps Conclusion...... it makes one think of God oftener, and believe in him more 59 steadily?’ ‘For you,’ said the Spirit, full of such heavenly tenderness Bibliography...... for me, that I felt as if my heart would break; ‘for you, it is the best!’ 60 Then I awoke.” (Forster 148) 4. The Ethics of Migration. TheReflections letter goes on onRecent explaining Migration what Policies suggestions may have induced theand dream: “Non-policies” the fact that in Italyhe heard and Europethe chimes...... in Genoa, the fact that 61 thereLaura was Zanfrini an altar in his bedroom and a discoloured fresco of a religious subject whose face he could not quite make out.8 s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 To us the dream itself is not so interesting as the fact that Dickens4.2 Initiatives decided for to Governing relate it to Family Forster and since, Humanitarian by doing so, he showed how seriouslyMigration: heLabour took Migration Mary’s abutdvice. not Workers’Commenting Migration...... on this letter, 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Forster4.3 From adds Guest that Workers the dream to Unwelcome may have Guestsbeen triggered ...... by Dickens’s 82 restlessness about religious issues. The biographer diplomatically comments:4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 It was perhaps natural that he should omit, from his own considera- d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... tions awakened by the dream, the very first that would have risen in 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according any mind to which his was intimately known – that it strengthens 5. Colombia:other evidences, Including of whichEmigrant theres inar Theire many Societies in his life,of Origin of his...... not 101 Urshaving Watter escaped those trying regions of reflection which most men of thought, and all men of genius have at some time to pass through. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility (150) towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 Forster5.2 Applied adds thatEthics Dickens ...... found a help to “such disturbances” in 104 a to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. book called Life and Correspondences of Thomas Arnold (1844), to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper that5.3 the Migration novelist Polic knewy and especially Ethics ...... through Forster’s own review. 1069 This5.4 wasMigration published Policy inin ColombiaOctober, ...... the same year – in fact after 108the 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 8 It5.7 seems Challenges reasonable ...... that this was a Madonna, as he states that Mary actually looked 114 like the Madonna. This identification of Mary (!) with a Madonna who comes to rescueBibliography...... him is indeed very Roman Catholic. However we know that Dickens abhorred 116 Mariolatry, even though, as we shall see, a feminine figure is often a necessary catalyst for a true conversion. Working9 According Together to Dennis for Walder, the Well-being in his review of published Migrants by ...... The Examiner in 1844, 119 ForsterBarry picks Halliday up all those passages that accuse the Church of England of being slave to the Old Testament, whereas it is in the New Testament the true words of salvation have to be sought.

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dream. Arnold, in Forster’s summary,10 contends that the principal 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av function of Christian doctrine is the moral and social life of the community,3.5 Conclusion...... a tenet very much in accordance with the idea of “broad 59 church”Bibliography...... proposed by the Unitarians. Dickens was particularly 60 responsive to the social and practical implications of Christian 4.religion. The Ethics For thisof Migration. reason I think that I promessi sposi, which is exactly a Reflectionssocial history on Recentof the Migration seventeen Policiesth century where the action of Providenceand “Non-policies” is particularly in Italy prominent,and Europe ...... must have contributed 61to Dickens’sLaura Zanfrini reflections on Christianity and to his understanding of Roman Catholicism. Manzoni had been able to put into novelistic s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, form4.1 theRestrictive precepts Policies and tenets and Structural of the Gospel. Demand And for Immigrant for the same Labour reason .. 65 Dickens4.2 Initiatives was reticent for Governing on the novel,Family asand its Humanitarian subject were exactly those tryingMigration: regions of Labour reflections Migration he did but not not escape.Workers’11 Migration...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3We From shall Guest now Workers concentrate to Unwelcome on what Guestseffect ...... Manzoni’s novel has 82 had on Dickens as novelist. The strongest resemblances with Manzoni are4.4 to Selectivebe felt in Policies Dickens’s and great the Brain historical Drain...... novel, Tale of Two Cities.87 It is 4.5quite Equal possible Opportunity that the and Englis Deniedh Oppornovelisttunities re-read ...... Manzoni’s novel 90 when he was working at the Tale. In fact in Dickens’s historical d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors novelBibliography...... we can find a couple of minor episodes which recall the plot 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according of the Promessi sposi and – what is even more relevant – the same 5.overall Colombia: design. Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter We know that A Tale of Two Cities is a thoroughly researched novel.5.1 State Its main, Interest and and acknowledged, Responsibility sources are certainly The French Revolutiontowards by their Carlyle Citizens for Livingthe historical Abroad...... background and The Frozen 102 Deep5.2 Appliedby Wilkie Ethics Collins ...... for the main incidents. Dickens was in fact 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. both producer and actor of Collins’s play at the time when he to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper conceived5.3 Migration the TalePolic. yNonetheless and Ethics ...... we know that Dickens felt unsure 106 about5.4 Migrationhis knowledge Policy ofin theColombia French ...... milieu and turned to Carlyle who 108 sent him “two cartloads of books” to help his research. Unfortunately we5.5 do “Colombia not know nosexactly une”...... what the carts contained, though it is highly 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 10 Walder is unsure whether Dickens had read the original book or only Forster’s résumé,5.7 Challenges but he seems ...... to opt for the latter. 114 11 Bibliography...... As for the dream being the reflection of Dickens’s actually cogitating upon 116 these themes, we can take his own word for it. In a letter to Thomas Stone (2 Feb- ruary 1851) Dickens says that dreams are an allegorical way to decipher the wak- Workinging state of Togetherthe mind. “[I]ffor thehave Well-being been perplexed of Migrantsduring the day,...... in bringing out 119 the incidentsBarry ofHalliday a story as I wish, I find that I dream at night” (Letters VI: 276). More likely than not, when Dickens wrote these words he had in mind, among others, his dream vision of Mary Hogarth.

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probable that most volumes were the sources of Carlyle’s own book 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper un certo segno, ridersi della forza pubblica e delle leggi. (195) 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4[That Migration side of Policythe convent in Colombia adjoined ...... a house in which lived a young 108 man who was a professional rogue, one of the many who were able, 5.5at that“Colombia period, withnos une”...... the help of their minions and the alliance of other 109 12 5.6rogues, Alianza to defy País justice ...... and the forces of the law up to a point.] 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Both5.7 ChallengesManzoni and ...... Dickens seem to have faced the same problem: 114 how to write a novel that shows the working of God in history.13 Bibliography...... 116

12 Translations of I promessi sposi into English have been adapted from the e-text Workinghttp://www.questia.com/library/book/the-betrothed-i-promessi-sposi-by-alessandro- Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 manzoni.jspBarry Halliday 13 Among the sources of the Tale, St. John’s Gospel stands out, as has recently been argued by K. M. Sroka.

Dickens and Alessandro Manzoni’s I Promessi Sposi 161 10 Table of Contents

Manzoni contends that history can be equated with progress because 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. family, but will be remembered as an example for the generations to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper to 5.3come. Migration Such Policsacrificesy and Ethifostercs ...... the progress of history.14 Although 106 Carton5.4 Migration can certainly Policy be in Colombiasaid to be ...... inspired by divine Grace when 108 he deliberately decides to die on the guillotine, his conversion begins unnoticed5.5 “Colombia thanks nos to une”...... the quiet and motionless influence of Lucie. 109 Lucie,5.6 Alianza almost País Madonna ...... like, irradiates love to the benefit of those 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It who happen to be around her, men and women alike; so far that the 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 sole sight of her standing in front of the prison is said to be a great reliefBibliography...... for her incarcerated husband. Carton’s conversion is not 116the

Working14 A Child’s Together History forof Englandthe Well-being (1851-1853) of Migrants is written ...... with same underlying 119 assumption.Barry Halliday We must know history because it teaches us not only to avoid past mistakes, but, even more importantly, to remember, honour and imitate great men of the past to whom we owe what progress there has been.

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only miracle wrought by Lucie; she is also the agent of her father’s 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av conversion from the Mosaic to the Christian Law. Dr Manette repents3.5 Conclusion...... of the curse he had called on the Evremonds and atones for 59 it inBibliography...... a long painful solitude. 60 From a functional point of view, Lucie Manette works exactly 4.like The Lucia Ethics Mondella of Migration. in the Promessi sposi. She never really acts, herReflections character on could Recent hardly Migration sustain Policies the novel, and yet she is the centreand “Non-policies”of attraction forin Italyall acting and Europe characters...... and an inspiration 61to conversion.Laura Zanfrini In the Promessi sposi Lucia is the instrument that brings about the conversion of the innominato, and often we are s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, told4.1 that Restrictive Renzo Policiesabstains and from Structural doing Demand evil only for onImmigrant her account. Labour This .. 65 is 4.2an instanceInitiatives taken for Governing from chapter Family 2: and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 Renzo era un giovine pacifico e alieno dal sangue, un giovine ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3schietto From eGuest nemico Workers d’ogni to insidia; Unwelcome ma, in Guests que’ momenti, ...... il suo cuore 82 non batteva che per l’omicidio, la sua mente non era occupata che a 4.4fantasticare Selective unPolicies tradimento. and the Avrebbe Brain Drain...... voluto correre alla casa di don 87 4.5Rodrigo, Equal Opportunityafferrarlo per and il collo, Denied e... Oppor […] Situnities figurava ...... […] di prendere 90 il suo schioppo, d’appiattarsi dietro una siepe, aspettando se mai, se d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... mai colui venisse a passar solo; e, internandosi, con feroce 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according compiacenza, in quell’immaginazione, si figurava di sentire una 5. Colombia:pedata, quella Including pedata, Emigrant d’alzar chets inamente Their Societiesla testa; ofriconosceva Origin...... lo 101 Ursscellerato, Watter spianava lo schioppo, prendeva la mira, sparava, lo vedeva cadere e dare i tratti, gli lanciava una maledizione, e correva sulla 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility strada del confine a mettersi in salvo. “E Lucia?” Appena questa towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 parola si fu gettata a traverso di quelle bieche fantasie, i migliori 5.2pensieri Applied a cui Ethics era avvezza ...... la mente di Renzo, v’entrarono in folla. (35) 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3[Renzo Migration was aPolic peaceabley and Ethi youngcs ...... man and averse to bloodshed – an 106 open youth who hated deceit of any kind; but at that moment his 5.4heart Migration only beat Policy to kill,in Colombia and his ...... mind turned only on thoughts of 108 5.5treachery. “Colombia He noswould une”...... have liked to rush to Don Rodrigo’s house, 109 seize him by the throat, and… […] Then he imagined himself [...] 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It taking his musket, crouching behind a bush, and waiting to see if ever, ever, that man passed by alone. And, dwelling on this idea 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 with ferocious pleasure, he imagined himself hearing a footstep – Bibliography...... that footstep – and stealthily raising his head; he recognized the 116 villain, levelled his musket, took aim, fired, saw him fall in his Workingdeath-agony, Together flung for him the aWell-being curse, and ofrushed Migrants off towards...... the frontier 119 Barryand safety. Halliday And Lucia? – As soon as this word was thrown across these grim fantasies, the better thoughts with which Renzo’s mind was familiar came crowding after it.]

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Likewise Carton assigns to Lucie the same redeeming power (chapter 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. second is a fine example of romantic irony which takes place in 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 analogous circumstances at the expenses of Manzoni’s Vicario di Provvisione4.4 Selective and Policies Dickens’s and the Monsieur Brain Drain...... Gabelle; and last a passing 87 reference4.5 Equal to Opportunity one of Manzoni’s and Denied most Oppor strikingtunities characters, ...... the nun 90of Monza. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... The main plot of I promessi sposi is the story of a vicious 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Landlord (Don Rodrigo) who covets Lucia, a young peasant, and 5.tries Colombia: in vain Including to abduct Emigrant her ones innight. Their HisSocieties scheme of Origin fails, ...... but 101he preventsUrs Watter Renzo from marrying her, thus setting the story in motion. The5.1 girlState flees Interest to andMonza, Responsibility and from there Don Rodrigo has her abductedtowards through their Citizens the help Living of Abroad...... a senior friend of his, called 102 l’innominato [the unnamed one], who sees to her kidnapping and 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are has her imprisoned in his castle. Don Rodrigo’s plan is frustrated by perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper the5.3 fact Migration that, while Polic yl’innominato and Ethics ...... holds the girl in his castle, he 106 is almost5.4 Migration suddenly Policy converted in Colombia to the ...... gospel and becomes a champion 108 of faith. Obviously his first deed is to restore the poor girl to her mother.5.5 “Colombia Dr Manette’s nos une”...... letter from the prison, brought to light in 109the third5.6 Alianzabook of País the...... novel, in the chapter entitled “The Substance 112 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the Shadow”, tells the same basic story of a country landlord who seizes5.7 Challenges a peasant ...... girl, with the important difference that 114the abductionBibliography...... of the virtuous girl has a much worse epilogue. 116 In the Promessi sposi Renzo, in flight from Rodrigo, arrives in WorkingMilan on Together the very for day the of Well-being the bread ofriot Migrants of San...... Martino. Manzoni 119 describesBarry Halliday at length how the mob ransacks the bakeries and prepares to lynch a state functionary, the Vicario di Provvisione. The

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frightened functionary bars all doors and windows and runs up to 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

Bibliography...... Il meschino girava di stanza in stanza, pallido, senza fiato, battendo 60 palma a palma, raccomandandosi a Dio, e a’ suoi servitori, che 4. Thetenessero Ethics fermo, of Migration. che trovassero la maniera di farlo scappare. Ma Reflectionscome, e di dove? on Recent Salì in Migration soffitta; da Policies un pertugio, guardò ansiosamente andnella “Non-policies” strada, e la vide in Italy piena and zeppa Europe di furibondi;...... sentì le voci che 61 Laurachiedevan Zanfrini la sua morte; e più smarrito che mai, si ritirò, e andò a cercare il più sicuro e riposto nascondiglio. Lì rannicchiato, stava s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 attento, attento, se mai il funesto rumore s’affievolisse, se il tumulto 4.2s’acquietasse Initiatives forun Governingpoco; ma sentendoFamily and in veceHumanitarian il muggito alzarsi più feroceMigration: e più rumoroso,Labour Migration e raddoppiare but not iWorkers’ picchi, preso Migration...... da un nuovo 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. soprassalto al cuore, si turava gli orecchi in fretta. Poi, come fuori 4.3di sé,From stringendo Guest Workers i denti, toe raggriUnwelcomenzando Guests il viso, ...... stendeva le braccia, 82 4.4e puntava Selective i pugni,Policies come and sethe volesse Brain Drain...... tener ferma la porta... Del resto, 87 quel che facesse precisamente non si può sapere, giacché era solo; e 4.5la storiaEqual èOpportunity costretta a indovinare. and Denied Fortuna Opportunities che c’è ...... avvezza. (236-37) 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are [The wretched man was running about from room to room, pale ontribution is published according and breathless, wringing his hands, appealing to God and to his 5. Colombia:servants to Including stand by Emigranthim and finds in Theirhim some Societies way ofof Originescape...... But 101 Urshow, Watter and where? He climbed up into the lofts, peered anxiously 5.1down State into Interest the streetand Responsibility through a slit, and saw it crammed full of furioustowards people; their heCitizens heard Livingthe voices Abroad...... clamouring for his death, and, 102 more beside himself than ever, drew back and went to search for 5.2the Applied safest and Ethics remotest ...... hiding-place he could find. Crouching down 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3in Migrationit, he listened Polic andy and listened Ethics ...... to hear if the ghastly sounds were 106 getting weaker or the tumult was abating a little; but instead he 5.4heard Migration the bellowing Policy ingetting Colombia louder ...... and fiercer and the bangs on the 108 door redoubling, so that his heart turned another somersault, and he 5.5hurriedly “Colombia plugged nos une”...... up his ears. Then, completely losing control of 109 5.6himself Alianza he Paísclenched ...... his teeth and twisted up his face, braced his 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It arms and fists, as if he hoped they would hold the doors firm, 5.7then… Challenges But what ...... else he did we cannot tell, as he was alone; and 114 Bibliography...... history can only guess. Luckily, it is quite used to doing so.] 116 In A Tale of Two Cities, Monsieur Gabelle, postmaster and tax Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 collectorBarry Halliday of a remote country village is similarly besieged during a riot:

Dickens and Alessandro Manzoni’s I Promessi Sposi 165 10 Table of Contents

Not only that; but the village, light-headed with famine, fire, and 3.4bell-ringing, The Human and Rights’ bethinking Approach...... itself that Monsieur Gabelle had to do 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5with Conclusion...... the collection of rent and taxes – though it was but a small 59 instalment of taxes, and no rent at all, that Gabelle had got in those Bibliography...... latter days – became impatient for an interview with him, and, 60 surrounding his house, summoned him to come forth for personal 4. Theconference. Ethics of Whereupon, Migration. Monsieur Gabelle did heavily bar his door, Reflectionsand retire to on hold Recent counsel Migration with himself. Policies The result of that conference andwas, “Non-policies” that Gabelle again in Italy withdrew and Europe himself ...... to his housetop behind his 61 Laurastack Zanfriniof chimneys; this time resolved, if his door were broken in (he was a small Southern man of retaliative temperament), to pitch s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1himself Restrictive head Policiesforemost and over Structural the parapet, Demand and for crush Immigrant a man Labour or two .. 65 4.2below. Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration:Probably, LabourMonsieur Migration Gabelle butpassed not Workers’a long night Migration...... up there, with 73 the distant chateau for fire and candle, and the beating at his door ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3[…]. From (242) Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 Manzoni makes the most of romantic irony by casting a doubt on his4.5 own Equal reliability; Opportunity Dickens and Denied does Oppornot adopttunities the ...... same solution, but 90 still uses ironic detachment in order to avoid taking side in these d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are early phases of the Revolution. ontribution is published according 5. Colombia:The last resemblance Including Emigrant consists sof in a Their passing Societies detail ofin Originthe description...... 101 of UrsMonseigneur Watter “in Town” (108), which recalls Manzoni’s story of Gertrude known as the nun of Monza, related in chapter 9. Manzoni lingers5.1 State for Interesta long whileand Responsibility to tell the romantic story of Gertrude, a girl who wastowards sent their to a Citizens nunnery Living much Abroad...... against her will because marrying 102 her5.2 would Applied have Ethics been ...... too expensive for her family. When we meet 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper her in the novel she has already been in the convent for some time, 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 where she agrees to take Lucia under her protection. In chapter XIII of 5.4A Tale Migration of Two Policy Cities in weColombia have a ...... similar situation: 108

5.5Monseigneur, “Colombia nosafter une”...... generations of great luxury and expense, was 109 5.6growing Alianza poor. País ...... Hence Monseigneur had taken his sister from a 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It convent, while there was yet time to ward off the impending veil, 5.7the Challenges cheapest garment ...... she could wear, and had bestowed her as a 114 Bibliography...... prize upon a very rich Farmer-General, poor in family. (109) 116 Indeed the whole description of Monseigneur reminds, though with- Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 outBarry striking Halliday similarities, of similar noblemen in I promessi sposi, such as il Principe (Gertrude’s father), and il Conte Zio (Don Rodrigo’s

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uncle), whereas Don Rodrigo himself and his cousin Attilio, have a 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Burke, Peter. “L’histoire dans un genre neuf: ‘I promessi sposi’ come una storia 4.2sociale”. Initiatives Il Romanzo for Governing. Ed. Franco FamilyMoretti. andVol II.Humanitarian Torino: Einaudi, 2003. 263-277. Coletti,Migration: Vittorio. “Distanza Labour daiMigration “Promessi but Sposi” not Workers’. Il Romanzo Migration...... Ed. Franco Moretti. 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3Vol. From V. Torino: Guest Einaudi,Workers 2003. to Unwelcome 153-72. Guests ...... 82 Dickens, Charles. The Letters of Charles Dickens. The Pilgrim Edition. Vol. 4-6. 4.4Ed. Selective Kathleen Tillotson.Policies anOxford:d the BrainOxford Drain...... UP, 1977-1988. 87 ---.4.5 A Tale Equal of TwoOpportunity Cities. London: and Denied Penguin, Oppor 2003.tunities ...... 90 Eco, Umberto. “Il linguaggio mendace in Manzoni”. Tra menzogna e ironia. Milano: d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 Bompiani, 1998. 25-52. ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5.Forster, Colombia: John. The Including Life of Charles Emigrant Dickenss in .Their Philadelphia: Societies J. B.of OriginLippincott...... & 101Co, 1874. Urs Watter Hollington, Michael. “The Losing Game: Exile and Threshold in a Tale of Two 5.1Cities”. State CahiersInterest Victoriens and Responsibility et Edouardiens: Revue du Centre d’Etudes et de Recherchestowards theirVictoriennes Citizens etLiving Edouardiennes Abroad...... de l’Université Paul Valéry 102 Montpellier 51 (2000): 189-205. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 Manzoni, Alessandro. I promessi sposi. A cura di Angelo Marchese. Milano: to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3Mondadori, Migration 1985. Polic y and Ethics ...... 106 Pallotta, Augustus. “British and American Translations of I promessi sposi”. Italica 5.450:4 Migration (Winter 1973) Policy 483-523. in Colombia ...... 108 Sanders,5.5 “Colombia Andrew. “‘Cartloads nos une”...... of Books’: Some Sources for a Tale of Two Cities”. 109 Dickens and Other Victorians: Essays in Honor of Philip Collins. Ed. Joanne 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Shattock. New York: St. Martin’s, 1988. 37-51. ---.5.7 Charles Challenges Dickens...... Authors in Context. Ed. Patricia Ingham. Oxford: Oxford 114UP, 2003. Bibliography...... 116 Slater, Michael. Dickens’s Journalism. “The Amusement of the People and other papers”. Reports, Essays and Reviews 1834-1851. Vol. 2. London: The Dent WorkingUniform Together Edition, 1996. for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Sroka,Barry K. HallidayM. “A Tale of Two Gospels: Dickens and John”. Dickens Studies Annual 27 (1998): 145-70.

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Vescovi, Alessandro. “Themes and Styles in Pictures from Italy”. English Travellers 3.4& TravellingThe Human. Ed. Rights’ Luisa Conti Approach...... Camaiora. Milano: ISU dell’Università Cattolica 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av del Sacro Cuore, 2002. 95-106. Carlo Dickens, http://users.unimi.it/dickens. 3.5 Conclusion...... 59 Walder, Dennis. Dickens and Religion. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1987. Bibliography...... 60

4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 169-180 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av The Italian Influence in the Plays of Charles Dickens

Rita Severi – Università degli Studi di Verona, Italy s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, In 1849, Flora Tristan visited England for the fourth time and kept a journal in which she noted that there were many immigrants in

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. London – French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Polish, more or less in that order – all busy in various trades: craftsmen, workers, wholesale and retail merchants, teachers, “theatrical performers, doctors, members of the diplomatic corps, and lastly a floating population of travellers who stay in the country no more than a d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors month or two” (29). While some Italians who immigrated to England ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according gained recognition because they belonged to these professions or to the artistic world, others were political exiles following Giuseppe Mazzini, who had found a safe refuge among his many sympathizers after crossing the Channel in 1836. It is clear that this influx of Italians to England played a part in Dickens’s development as a writer, as did their literary traditions, especially Commedia dell’Arte. to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are His early plays, written well before he established himself as one of perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper England’s foremost novelists and before he spent a year in Genoa, reflect in compelling ways how Dickens’s acquaintance with Italians and Italian literary traditions contributed to his development as an artist of fiction. As he wrote in his letters, Dickens experienced the Italian revival sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It of the early nineteenth century even as a child. He remembered that he was brought up “to behold the splendour of Christmas Pantomimes” with Harlequin characters and the humour of Joseph Grimaldi, the famous clown at whom he had “clapped his hands with great precocity” and whose memoires he edited in 1838 (Letters I: 382). Later, as a young adult, Dickens corrected the proofs of Two Journeys through Italy and Switzerland written by

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William Thomson, Catherine Hogarth’s maternal uncle. This book, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av along with the many travel accounts Dickens read – Samuel Rogers’3.5 Conclusion...... poem Italy, Tobias Smollett’s epistolary Travels through 59 FranceBibliography...... and Italy, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu’s writings – was, 60 unconsciously perhaps, to lead him to retell the Italian tour in a less 1 4.conventional The Ethics ofway. Migration. As literary fashion required, Italian and Italianate models,Reflections settings, on Recent and flavours Migration were Policies constantly proposed, according to andGothic, “Non-policies” Romantic and in Italy Victorian and Europe tastes...... Dickens and his intellectual 61 friends,Laura fromZanfrini Edward Bulwer-Lytton to William Henry Ainsworth, were well aware that Italy was very much part of the English literary s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, scene.4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2The Initiatives young forDickens, Governing not Familysurprisingly, and Humanitarian became acquainted with London’sMigration: Italian Labour population. Migration When but notliving Workers’ at 18 Migration...... Bentick Street, 73he ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. had4.3 an From Italian Guest neighbour, Workers tothe Unwelcome music teacher Guests Philip ...... Verini (Letters82 I: 437), and he was later to become acquainted with the singer and actress4.4 Selective Madame Policies Sala, whoand the would Brain appear Drain...... in his comedies, in the parts 87 of 4.5Julia Equal Dobbs Opportunity in The Strange and Denied Gentleman Opportunities and Mrs ...... Peter Limbury 90in Is She His Wife or, Something Singular! (Letters I: 302). Dickens was d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors to Bibliography...... be introduced to Mazzini, Panizzi, Gallenga and Poerio in the 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according crucial years when Italian nationalism was supported by English men 5.of Colombia:letters (Rudman Including 25-175). Emigrant He sread in Their William Societies Roscoe of Origin as well...... as 101the greatUrs authorsWatter of the Romantic period who had lived in Italy, Lord Byron5.1 State and InterestLeigh andHunt. Responsibility And, from what can be gathered from his library,towards he was their an Citizens avid reader Living of Abroad...... travel books – as George Henry 102 Lewes5.2 Applied commented, Ethics ...... rather disparagingly, after a visit to the writer’s 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. house in June 1838, “nothing but three-volume novels and books of to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper travel”5.3 Migration (Letters PolicI: 302,y and note Ethi 1).cs2 ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 1 One example of how Dickens later broke from convention, unlike the travellers to 5.5Italy “Colombia whose works nos he une”...... treasured in his library (Montaigne, Lawrence Sterne, 109 Madame de Staël, Lord Byron, L. Simond, etc.), is that he was more concerned 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It with what was going on around him than with the antiquities or the cultural sights. He5.7 did, Challenges though, voice ...... widespread religious prejudices against both Catholics 114and Jews, as many commentators have pointed out. See Severi 21, for his mistaking MantuanBibliography...... peasants, in their black tabarri, for Jews in Pictures from Italy. See 116also Hollington 144-45. 2 It should be noted that Stonehouse’s edition of the library catalogue reproduces a Workingpicture far differentTogether from for that the of Well-being Lewes. As Tillotson of Migrants comments...... on the Inventory 119 of ContentsBarry ofHalliday 1 Devonshire Terrace, May 1854, “the list is of considerable interest as showing the minimum size and range of CD’s collection, well over 2000 volumes at the age of 32 – minimum because we have no evidence of how many books he

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It was in 1833 at Bentick Street where Dickens became familiar 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 3 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av with the plot conventions of Italian operettas. That spring, he staged3.5 Conclusion...... Clari, or the Maid of Milan (Letters I: 18), an operetta with 59 a librettoBibliography...... by the American John Howard Payne and music by Sir 60 Henry Rowley Bishop, who had studied music in London with 4.Francesco The Ethics Bianchi, of Migration. an Italian musician of some repute who immigratedReflections to on England Recent Migrationin 1793 (Duncan). Policies Clari was first performed in and1823 “Non-policies” at the Theatre in Royal, Italy and Covent Europe Garden...... Its plot deals with the 61 naïve,Laura country Zanfrini girl, Clari, who is induced by Duke Vivaldi to elope with him to his castle, promising marriage. Although fond of her, s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, he4.1 delays Restrictive the wedding. Policies andClari, Structural terribly Demand homesick, for Immigrant sings the Labour operetta’s .. 65 claim4.2 Initiativesto musical for fame, Governing “Home Family Sweet and Home”, Humanitarian and, instead of being comforted,Migration: learns Labour that DukeMigration Vivaldi but not will Workers’ not marry Migration...... her after all. She 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. returns4.3 From to Guestthe home Workers of herto Unwelcome father, Rolamo, Guests ...... a farmer (played by 82 Dickens), where the repentant duke finds her. He finally decides to offer4.4 herSelective his hand Policies and anhalfd the of Brainhis possessions. Drain...... 87 4.5Dickens’s Equal Opportunity first play and put Denied all of Oppor his theatricaltunities ...... experiences to the 90 test: his early readings of the Tales of the Genii, his knowledge d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors of Bibliography...... Mrs Inchbald’s farces, the fabled composition of a Venetian 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according comedietta, The Stratagems of Rozanza (which is considered lost), 5.his Colombia: star-struck, Including adolescent Emigrant “splurging”s in Their on theSocieties theatre of inOrigin the galleries...... 101 of UrsCovent Watter Garden, Drury Lane and the Haymarket, and his attraction5.1 State toInterest the andpopular Responsibility entertainments and to James Robinson Planché’stowards staged their extravaganzas.Citizens Living 4Abroad...... The Strange Gentleman: A Comic 102 Burletta5.2 Applied, in twoEthics acts, ...... opened at the St. James’s Theatre on 10429 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. September 1836. There is not one Italian character in the play and to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper apparently5.3 Migration no trace Polic yof and Italian Ethics influe ...... nce, yet the plot resembles that 106 of 5.4a canovaccio Migration Policy made in upColombia of the ...... lazzi or “comic routines”, as Mel 108 Gordon approximately translates the term from Commedia dell’Arte 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It took with him to Italy” (Letters IV: 704-26). See also the list of volumes purchased by 5.7Dickens Challenges at the sale ...... of Thomas Hill’s books in March 1841 (Letters II: 229 114and note).Bibliography...... For his American books, see Letters III: 250 and note. 116 3 It was also in the same year that Dickens had pleased himself by writing a burlesque extravaganza, the Shakespearean parody, O’ Thello. Working4 Mrs Inchbald’s Together works for are the mentioned Well-being in the of Catalogue Migrants of...... the Library of Charles 119 DickensBarry from Halliday Gadshill (92). For Dickens’s early theatre-going experiences, see “Two Views of a Cheap Theatre” in The Uncommercial Traveller and E. and E. Johnson’s Dickens Theatrical Reader (9).

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(from Latin actio, “action”, which adequately translates the Greek 3.4 The Human Rights’5 Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 character, John Johnson, on the way to Gretna Green7 to meet his fiancée,4.2 Initiatives is detained for Governing at the Familyinn because and Humanitarian of a lack of funds. In incognitoMigration: because Labour he hasMigration quarrelled but not with Workers’ John Migration...... Johnson is Charles 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Tomkins,4.3 From who Guest stops Workers at the to Unwelcomeinn to meet Guests his fiancée, ...... Fanny Wilson, 82 who is accompanied by her sister Mary, who happens to be John Johnson’s4.4 Selective girl. Policies Julia Dobbs, and the a Brain mature, Drain...... wealthy woman, is also at the 87 inn4.5 waiting Equal Opportunity for Lord andPeter, Denied the Opporyoungtunities man ...... who is supposed 90to marry her. Mayor Owen Overton, from a small town on the road to d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors GretnaBibliography...... Green, also calls at the inn, where there are three waiters, 97 a ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according chambermaid, and Mrs Noakes, the landlady. Tom Sparks, the one- 5.eyed Colombia: “boots”, Including makes his Emigrant rounds ands in Theirserves Societies everybody. of Origin ...... 101 Urs Watter All of the lodgers are on some secret errand and sworn to secrecy. The5.1 three State womenInterest andare Responsibilityafraid of ruining their reputations. The three men trytowards to avoid their meetingCitizens Livingeach ot Abroad...... her. The Strange Gentleman wants 102 to 5.2avoid Applied the Ethicsduel and ...... therefore writes an anonymous letter to 104the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Polic y and Ethi cs ...... 106 5 For further studies of Commedia dell’Arte, see Nicoll’s Masks, Mimes and Miracles5.4 Migration Studies inPolicy the Popular in Colombia Theatre, ...... Nicoll’s World of Arlequin: A Critical 108 Study of the Commedia dell’Arte and Taviani and Schino’s Il segreto della Commedia5.5 “Colombia dell’Arte nos. La une”...... memoria delle compagnie italiane del XVI, XVII, XVIII 109 secolo. It is interesting to note that, in the European context of the period, some of 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the literary and political choices of the French novelist George Sand compare to those of Dickens; she also favoured the theatre and dramatized her novels. Her son, Maurice,5.7 Challenges accompanied ...... by Frédéric Chopin on the piano, recited the first Commedia 114 dell’ArteBibliography...... pastiches at the theatre of Nohant (see Linowitz Wentz 8; Taviani-Schino 116 68-69). In England, La Commedia dell’Arte enjoyed one of its most celebrated seasons in the eighteenth century, cf. V. Papetti’s study, Arlecchino a Londra. La WorkingPantomima Togetheringlese 1706-1728 for the. Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 6 OnBarry the burletta Halliday see Rowell 66-74. 7 Like Reno or Las Vegas today, the town was well-known for its uncomplicated marriage procedures, see Stendhal’s comments in Rome, Naples, Florence (206).

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mayor asking him to arrest one of the contenders who is staying at 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. (especially feigned), and jokes at the expense of people’s age, to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper social5.3 Migration standing, Polic or financialy and Ethi stabilitycs ...... (or lack thereof).8 At the end, 106 the5.4 Strange Migration Gentleman’s Policy in Colombia identity ...... is revealed when Mrs Noakes 108 receives a letter for a certain Walker Trott from Horatio Tinkles, who5.5 explains“Colombia that nos the une”...... duel was a ruse to send him away so that 109 he could5.6 Alianzamarry EmilyPaís ...... Brown. In the comic anagnorisis which ensues, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Walker realizes that he has lost nothing and is about to gain 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 something, because Julia Dobbs, abandoned by Lord Peter, is ready to Bibliography...... be consoled by him. 116 It should be remembered that Dickens appreciated and was well- Workingacquainted Together with opera, for the which Well-being he coul ofd discussMigrants with...... his future father- 119 Barry Halliday

8 See Capozza, Tutti i lazzi della Commedia dell’Arte.

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in-law and co-worker at the Chronicle, George Hogarth, who himself 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av wrote Memoirs of operas on the continent, a work listed in the catalog3.5 Conclusion...... of the Gadshill library (Catalog 58). Dickens was keenly 59 awareBibliography...... of opera’s wide appeal in London: he tried in vain, for 60 example, to obtain tickets at Drury Lane for The Siege of Rochelle, 4.where The Ethicsthe Irish of Migration.singer and composer Michael W. Balfe debuted in 9 EnglandReflections (Letters on Recent I: 98 Migrationand note 4).Policies As a stage manager Dickens alsoand recognized “Non-policies” how in the Italy lavishn and Europeess of ...... operatic production led 61to expense.Laura Zanfrini By 1836, he had been at work on a comic opera with the composer John Pyke Hullah for over a year, and his concern over s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, expense4.1 Restrictive was part Policies of andhis Structuralrationale Demand for discarding for Immigrant the Labouroriginally .. 65 proposed4.2 Initiatives Venetian for Governing setting. At Family the end and ofHumanitarian December 1835, Dickens declaredMigration: that he Labour was not Migration pleased but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3with From any Guest of the Workers sketches to I haveUnwelcome made for Guests an opera ...... to which the title 82 4.4of Selective‘The Gondolier’ Policies anwouldd the Brainbe applicable; Drain...... and remembering the 87 popularity and beauty of many of the old English Operas I am 4.5strongly Equal inOpportunity favour of aand simple Denied rural Oppor story.tunities I am the ...... more induced to 90 favour this notion when I consider with how little expense such a d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are piece might be produced, and how very effective its situations ontribution is published according might be made; while the Gondolier on the other hand would 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 require a great many supernumeraries, and some rather costly Urs Watter scenery. Add to these considerations, the increased ease and effect 5.1with State which Interest we andcould Responsibility both work on an English Drama where the characterstowards wouldtheir Citizens act and Living talk like Abroad...... people we see and hear of every 102 day [….] (Letters I: 113) 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Such5.3 commentsMigration Polic reinforcey and Ethithe csidea ...... that Dickens, busy as he was with 106 The Pickwick Papers and many other engagements, always aimed at success5.4 Migration (Cerutti Policy 45-62). in ColombiaOpera was ...... a popular genre among the upper 108 middle5.5 “Colombia classes; openosretta, une”...... among perhaps the lower, who were highly 109 entertained by a spectacular show that was a Gesamtkunstwerk on a 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It reduced scale. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116 9 A child prodigy, Balfe was introduced to bel canto and operatic composition by Luigi Cherubini and Gioacchino Rossini in Paris; he then studied in Rome and WorkingMilan. In Italy, Together Balfe sang for theat La Well-being Scala in 1834 of inMigrants Rossini’s ...... Otello with the famous 119 mezzo-soprano,Barry Halliday Maria Malibran, who would also sing in his other opera, The Maid of Artois, performed at Drury Lane on 27 May 1836. Dickens wrote of both operas in his letters and seems to have followed the career of Balfe closely.

The Italian Influence in the Plays of Charles Dickens 175 10 Table of Contents

Dickens’s apprenticeship, be it as theatrical producer or playwright, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. noblemen snub the two beaus. Old farmer Benson, however, does to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper not5.3 approve Migration of Polic the ySquire’s and Ethi csatte ...... ntion to his daughter, who is 106not really5.4 Migration in love, Policybut merely in Colombia flattered...... Rose, however, truly believes 108 that Flam is head over heels in love with her. The Squire, perceiving5.5 “Colombia Old nosBenson’s une”...... opposition, threatens to send him away 109 from5.6 Alianzahis land, País but ...... shortly afterwards repents, especially when 112he sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It recognizes his tenant’s dignity. In the meantime, Flam, to obtain the 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Squire’s approval, decides to kidnap Lucy. The play ends happily withoutBibliography...... bringing any change to the little community. 116 The Village Coquettes participates in the Commedia dell’Arte Workingtradition. TogetherIt contrasts for the the twoWell-being worlds of Migrantsnobles and...... rustics. The plot, 119 similarBarry toHalliday those of the Commedia, revolves around the seduction of a farmer’s daughter by an aristocratic landowner. The noblemen

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bring disruption into the idyllic landscape and into the existing 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av relationships. The village couples, belonging to the rural setting, also3.5 shareConclusion...... the poetical clichés and the emotions of betrayal, 59 jealousyBibliography...... and unrequited love, triggered when the noblemen steal the 60 scene, of the more refined sub-genre of pastoral comedy, well- 4.represented The Ethics by of Migration.such plays as Tasso’s Aminta and Guarini’s Pastor FidoReflections or Shakespeare’s on Recent sheepMigration shearing Policies episode in The Winter’s Tale (Glavinand “Non-policies” 193-95), which in Italypredate and the Europe Commedia...... 61 LauraThe lazziZanfrini amorosi , tabulated in all their variety, are frequent in the Commedia tradition and usually correspond to the different, s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, contradictory4.1 Restrictive representations Policies and Structural of love Demand between for Immigrantpartners of Labour different .. 65 social4.2 Initiativesstatus (Capozza for Governing 91-123). Family10 Opera, and Humanitarianincluding Dickens’s operetta, borrowedMigration: from Labourall the Migration previous but dramatic not Workers’ traditions. Migration...... The Village 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Coquettes4.3 From wasGuest written Workers as to an Unwelcome opera buffa Guests with ...... seventeen arias, 82of which some like “The Child and the Old Man”, which Braham sang in 4.4his Selectiveconcerts Policies in England and the and Brain the Drain...... States, were certainly successful 87 and4.5 received Equal Opportunity excellent and reviews Denied in Oppor the tunitiespress (Dexter ...... 165-68; Hill 90 191-92). Dickens, however, in time, was “repentant” and wished d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors thatBibliography...... it would “sink into its native obscurity” (Adair Fitzgerald 58). 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Is She His Wife? Or, Something Singular!, a one-act comic 5.burletta, Colombia: opened Including at the EmigrantSt. James’ss in on Their 3 March Societies 1837, of Origin but Dickens’s...... 101 nameUrs didWatter not appear on the playbill. It originally bore the title Cross Purposes5.1 State Interestand was and Responsibilitycomposed before The Strange Gentleman (Letterstowards I: 226) their. The Citizens play Living had a Abroad...... very short run – perhaps because 102 the5.2 plot Applied lacked Ethics originality...... The action is set in the country where 104the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. young married couple, Mr and Mrs Lovetown, are rather bored; Mrs to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Lovetown5.3 Migration also Policfeelsy neglected. and Ethics ...... Their neighbour, Felix Tapkins, is 106 a happy-go-lucky5.4 Migration Policy fellow, in butColombia rather ...... dull. Another couple lives nearby, 108 the Limburys. While Mrs Lovetown creates ambiguous situations to 5.5make “Colombia her husband nos une”...... believe she is in love with Tapkins, 109Mr 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 10 5.7The Challenges topos of the ...... persecuted virgin or of the sedotta abbandonata, for example, 114 is often introduced as a tragic pivotal episode, as happens, for instance, in Verdi’s RigolettoBibliography...... (1851, from Hugo’s drama, Le roi s’amuse, 1832), where Gilda, the gorgeous 116 daughter of the Gonzaga court jester, Rigoletto, is seduced and kidnapped by the Duke. Dickens himself proposed a similar situation, in a humorous vein, in Nicholas WorkingNickleby when Together Kate Nickleby for the becomesWell-being the unw of Migrantsilling and recalcitrant...... object of 119 Sir MulberryBarry HallidayHawk’s leering attentions (235-36). Actually, the sweet, docile Lucy of The Village Coquettes anticipates other young women in Dickens, like Agnes in David Copperfield and Rachel in Hard Times.

The Italian Influence in the Plays of Charles Dickens 177 10 Table of Contents

Lovetown retaliates by feigning an emotional involvement with the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. considered, on the whole, the audience to have been too indulgent to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper (Dexter5.3 Migration 254). Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4The Migration Lamplighter Policy, Dickens’sin Colombia last ...... play, is a one-act farce that was 108 withdrawn from the stage in 1838 and re-written as a short story in 1841.5.5 “ColombiaIn the first nos scene une”...... the astronomer, Mr Stargazer, invites 109the lamplighter,5.6 Alianza TomPaís...... Grig, into his house and reveals to him that he 112 is sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the man sent by the stars to marry his niece Fanny. This initial 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 situation of a wizard-like astronomer who can read the future recalls similarBibliography...... situations from various canovacci of the Commedia dell’Arte. 116 For instance, in Flaminio Scala’s Flavio il finto negromante, the Workingprotagonist Together Flavio foris thea wizardWell-being who, of becauseMigrants of...... his supernatural 119 power,Barry helpsHalliday Pantalone in his tryst with Franceschina and in many other situations. In the anonymous canovaccio, Il finto astrologo,

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Zanni, disguised as an astrologer, foresees the future. In many lazzi 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Pulcinella appears as an astrologer (Capozza 156-61). 3.5In Conclusion...... the farce, Stargazer seems to have misinterpreted the message. 59 TheBibliography...... stars had predicted that a wealthy suitor would appear, but Tom 60 Grig is just a simple lamplighter. Besides, Galileo, Stargazer’s son, 4.is Thein love Ethics with of Migration.Fanny, and in the house there are two other girls, Emma,Reflections Galileo’s on Recent sister, Migration betrothed Policies to the old, ugly, Moony, and Betsy,and “Non-policies”a governess, inwho Italy falls and Europein love...... with Tom at first sight. 61 StargazerLaura Zanfrini and his friend, the astrologer Mooney, are both in search of the philosopher’s stone that will make them very wealthy. They s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, retire4.1 Restrictiveto their laboratory Policies and with Structural Tom toDemand whom for they Immigrant reveal Labourthat, since .. 65 he4.2 is Initiativesdestined tofor die Governing soon, he Family must and marry Humanitarian Fanny. The girls, led by Betsy,Migration: declare Labourtheir love Migration in jest: but Fanny not Workers’ to Moony Migration...... and Emma 73to ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Tom.4.3 FromThey Guest are Workersinstantly to refused Unwelcome, but Gueststhen Betsy ...... announces that 82 only Galileo can marry Fanny because the stars have given her proof.4.4 Selective Betsy isPolicies then anfreed the to Brainmarry Drain...... Tom, but Stargazer surprises 87 everybody4.5 Equal byOpportunity saying that and he Denied was mistakenOpportunities and ...... that Tom would live 90 a very long life. Tom escapes from the window and goes back to his d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors lifeBibliography...... as a lamplighter. In this madhouse situation, the simple Tom, 97 a ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according common worker, is far wiser than the middle-class characters that 5.crowd Colombia: around Including him with Emigrant impossibles in prospects. Their Societies of Origin...... 101 UrsThe Watter contrived plots and artificial and exaggerated situations of Dickens’s5.1 State playsInterest usually and Responsibility leave the reader unsatisfied. It must be remembered,towards though, their that Citizensthe art of Living popular Abroad...... drama, its actual representation 102 on 11 the5.2 stage, Applied is always Ethics ...... an emphatic reproduction of real life situations. 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. When Hullah said that “the Englishman is a reticent, undemonstrative to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper creature,5.3 Migration not predisposed Policy and Ethievencs ...... to vocal expressions and decidedly 106 indisposed5.4 Migration to pantomimic” Policy in Colombia (Andr ...... ews 187), he was not thinking 108 of Charles Dickens. The young Dickens, already an experienced actor and5.5 a “Colombia very “demonstrative” nos une”...... author, was learning to mirror 109life through5.6 Alianza minor País theatrical ...... genres, mostly of Italian origin: burletta, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It farce, operetta and comedietta. He would continue with these 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 exercises all his life, especially in his novels, where dramatic situationsBibliography...... abound, and in his early scriptwriting, where he shows 116 a

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 11 For a semiotic reading of drama that implies a difference between the text and the performance, see Ubersfeld.

The Italian Influence in the Plays of Charles Dickens 179 10 Table of Contents

keen awareness of the actor’s craft and a working knowledge of the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

4.Adair The Fitzgerald, Ethics of S. Migration. J. Dickens and the Drama. London: Chapman & Hall, 1910. Andrews,Reflections Malcolm. on RecentCharles MigrationDickens and Policies His Performing Selves. Oxford: Oxford andUP, “Non-policies”2006. in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Capozza,Laura Nicoletta.Zanfrini Tutti i lazzi della Commedia dell’Arte. Roma: Audino, 2006.

s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of Cerutti, Toni. “Authorship and Editorship in Dickens’s Art and Craft”. Dickens:

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 The Craft of Fiction and the Challenges of Reading. Proceedings of the Milan 4.2Symposium Initiatives Gargnano-September for Governing Family 1998. Edsand Rossana Humanitarian Bonadei, Clotilde de Stasio, CarloMigration: Pagetti and Labour Alessandro Migration Vescovi. but Milano: not Workers’ Unicopli, 2000. Migration...... 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Dexter,4.3 From Walter. Guest “A WorkersStage Aside. to Unwelcome Dickens’s EarlyGuests Dramatic ...... Productions”. The 82 Dickensian 33 (March 1937): 81-85. Dickens,4.4 Selective Charles. Policies“Two Views and ofthe a BrainCheap Drain...... Theatre”. The Uncommercial Traveller 87. 4.5Ed. Equal Peter Ackroyd.Opportunity London: and Mandarin,Denied Oppor 1991.tunities 28-38...... 90 ---. Complete Plays and Selected Poems of Charles Dickens. London: Vision, 1970.

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ---. Nicholas Nickleby. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987. ontribution is published according 5.---. Colombia: Pictures from Including Italy. Ed. KateEmigrant Flint. Harms in Theirondsworth: Societies Penguin, of Origin 1998...... 101 ---. UrsThe WatterLetters of Charles Dickens. Eds Madeline House and Graham Storey, et al. Pilgrim Edition. 12 vols. Oxford: Clarendon P; Oxford and New York: Oxford 5.1UP, State 1965-2002. Interest and Responsibility Duncan,towards Barbara. their “Home Citizens Sweet Living Home”. Abroad...... University of Rochester Library Bulletin 102 5.2IV.2 Applied (Winter Ethics 1949): ...... 21-25. 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Glavin, John. “Dickens and Theatre”. The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3Ed. Migration John O. Jordan. Polic Cambridge:y and Ethi Cambridgecs ...... UP, 2001. 193-95. 106 Gordon,5.4 Migration Mel. Lazzi Policy. The Comicin Colombia Routines ...... of the Commedia dell’Arte. New York: 108 Performing Arts Journal Publication, 1983. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 Hill, T. W. “Dickens and His ‘Ugly Duckling’”. The Dickensian 1960: 191-192. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Hogarth, George. Memoirs of the Opera in Italy, France, Germany, and England. 2 vols. London: 1851. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Hollington, Michael. Dickens and the Grotesque. London and Sydney: Barnes & Bibliography...... Noble, 1984. 116 Johnson, Edgar and Eleanor Johnson, eds. The Dickens Theatrical Reader. London: WorkingGollancz, Together 1964. for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 LinowitzBarry Wentz,Halliday Debra. Les Profils du Théâtre de Nohant de George Sand. Paris: Nizet, 1978.

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Nicoll, Allardyce. Masks, Mimes and Miracles. Studies in the Popular Theatre. 3.4New The York: Human Cooper Rights’ Square Approach...... Publishers, 1963. 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av ---.3.5 The Conclusion...... World of Harlequin. A Critical Study of the Commedia dell’Arte. Cambridge: 59 Cambridge UP, 1963. Bibliography...... 60 Papetti, Viola. Arlecchino a Londra. La Pantomima inglese 1706-1728. Studi e testi. Napoli: Quaderni degli Annali dell’Istituto Universitario Orientale, 1977. 4. The Ethics of Migration. Rowell, George. The Victorian Theatre 1792-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1978. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Rudman,and “Non-policies” Harry W. Italian Nationalismin Italy and and Europe English Letters...... : Figures of the Risorgimento 61 and Victorian Men of Letters. London: George Allen and Unwin, 1940. Laura Zanfrini Severi, Rita. The Royal Wedding of Mary of Modena. Words and Pictures from s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1England Restrictive (1674-1688) Policies. Modena: and Structural Fiorino, Demand1993. for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Stendhal.4.2 Initiatives Rome, Naples for Governing, Florence Family(1826). Prefaceand Humanitarian by P. Brunel. Paris: Gallimard, 1987. Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 Stonehouse, John Harrison, ed. “The Catalogue of the Library of Charles Dickens ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3from From Gadshill”. Guest WorkersReprinted tofrom Unwelcome Sotheran’s Guests Price Current ...... of Literature. Nos. 82 CLXXIV and CLXXV. London: Piccadilly Fountain P, 1935. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 Taviani, Ferdinando and Mirella Schino. Il segreto della Commedia dell’Arte. La 4.5memoria Equal delleOpportunity compagnie and italiane Denied del Oppor XVI, XVII,tunities XVIII ...... secolo. 4th ed. Firenze: 90 La Casa Usher, 2007.

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Tristan, Flora. The Journal of Flora Tristan. Trans. J. Hawkes. London: Virago, ontribution is published according 1982. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Ubersfeld,Urs Watter Anne. Lire le théâtre. Paris: Sociales, 1996. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 181-192 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Dante’s Vita Nova and the Victorians: The Hidden Image behind Rossetti’s Giotto Painting the Portrait of Dante

Fabio A. Camilletti – University of Birmingham, UK and Kulturlabor/Institute for Cultural Inquiry, Berlin, Germany s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work,

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. In the wide corpus of Rossetti’s work inspired somehow by Dante, the watercolour entitled Giotto Painting the Portrait of Dante (1852), of which a preparatory drawing also exists, is certainly not one of the most important. Still, it serves as a good point of

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors departure for analysing Dante’s reception in nineteenth-century ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according England and the implications of the singular fortune of the Vita Nova in the Victorian age. The theme of the painting was the result of a notorious, so to speak, episode that occurred in 1840, when an Anglo-Florentine equipe discovered, on the wall of the chapel of Saint Mary Magdalene at the Bargello in Florence, a portrait of Dante allegedly painted by Giotto.1 The trouvaille was a classic of nineteenth- to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper century archaeology, promoted by two dilettantes, the American Henry Wilde and the Englishman Seymour Kirkup (who in his later life claimed to be in spiritual contact with Dante, as he confessed to an astonished Nathaniel Hawthorne).2 The search started with the

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 1 Barocchi and Bertelà provide a detailed account of the discovery (3-8). 2 See the singular letter sent by Kirkup to William M. Rossetti: Dante, with two other of our spirits, continues to live at Caprera, where he is Garibaldi’s guardian, and he seldom comes to see us, though he is very kind to my little girl and to us all. I told you of the death of a little rabbit which he brought her as a present from the island. He promised her something else and we had forgotten it. The other day as we were at dinner she said: ‘There is somebody crying in this room.’ I am deaf and heard nothing. The nun said: ‘C’È [sic] una voce qui.’ (There is a voice here) I

182 Fabio A. Camilletti 10 Table of Contents

rediscovery of a text – Vasari’s Lives of Italian painters, re-edited by 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 [Among others Giotto portrayed, as it can still be seen nowadays in 4.2the Initiatives Chapel of for the Governing Palace of theFamily Pode andstà atHumanitarian Florence, Dante Alighieri, a contemporaryMigration: Labour and a Migrationvery great butfriend not to Workers’ him, and Migration...... no less famous as 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. poet than was in the same times Giotto as painter […]. In the same 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 chapel are the portraits, always by the hand of the same Giotto, of Ser 4.4Brunetto Selective Latini, Policies master and ofthe Dante, Brain Drain...... and of Messer Corso Donati, a 87 great citizen of those times.] 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors OtherBibliography...... sources confirmed Vasari, including Filippo Villani’s De origine 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according civitatis Florentiae et de eiusdem famosis civibus, Lorenzo Ghiberti’s 5.Commentarii Colombia: ,Including and Giannozzo Emigrant Manetti’ss in Their Vita Societies Dantis ofpoetae Origin florentini...... 101. However,Urs Watter ambiguity surrounds the the portrait – some speak of a canvas5.1 State and Interestsome of and a frescoResponsibility – making it probable that the original by Giottotowards was a their canvas Citizens (now Living lost) Abroad...... and that the fresco was a copy 102 completed later. To complicate matters further, there is evidence that5.2 the Applied Bargello Ethics burned ...... completely in 1332, that is, eleven years 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper after5.3 Dante’sMigration death, Policy whichand Ethi servedcs ...... as Luigi Passerini and Gaetano 106 Milanesi’s main argument to reject, in 1865, the authenticity of the portrait.5.4 Migration Nonetheless, Policy in the Colombia portrait ...... must have existed, in spite 108 of chronology5.5 “Colombia and nosthe une”...... history of the building. 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7supposed Challenges it was ...... some noise in the street. ‘No, it is here.’ I gave Bibi a pen 114 and she was made to write: ‘Open the door of the camerino,’ which she Bibliography...... did, and came running and screaming to us: ‘Oh, c’è una bestia!’ (Oh, there 116 is an animal!) followed by a big lamb, almost a sheep, jumping and bleating. Dante, assisted by another, had brought it from Santa Rosora [San Rossore?], Workingnear Pisa, Together where it hadfor beenthe Well-being lost in a wood: of the Migrants peasants ...... would have eaten it. 119 BarryAnd here Halliday it has been even since, and follows Bibi like a dog. I had been in the camerino five minutes before and was never out of sight of the door. The window was fastened, but they had opened it. (Kuhns 205-206)

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4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5. FigureColombia:. Dante Including Gabriel EmigrantRossetti. Giottos in Their Painting Societies the Portrait of Origin of Dante...... 101. Urs Watter Watercolour. 1852. 37 x 47. Private Collection. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility As Stevetowards Ellis their points Citizens out, Living since Abroad...... the beginning the portrait has been 102 inextricably linked, in general, with the Vita Nova. The Romantic 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 generation had shown little interest in Dante’s book of youth; only to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Shelley5.3 Migration had some Polic knowledgey and Ethics of ...... it, testified by the Epipsychidion 106 (1820-21),5.4 Migration where Policy he used in Colombia the Vita ...... Nova in a neo-platonic key to 108tell of his love to the Italian Teresa Viviani (Ellis 7-15). Still, in the 1830s,5.5 “Colombia the libello nos had une”...... caught the attention of some literary figures: 109 Arthur5.6 Alianza Hallam País had ...... attempted a translation, now lost except 112for sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It some poems (Ellis 103), Charles Lyell, a friend to the Italian exile Gabriel5.7 Challenges Rossetti, ...... had done a partial translation of it, and Ralph 114 WaldoBibliography...... Emerson completed one, although it was never published. 1163

Working3 Lyell started Together working for on the his Well-being translation in of 1826 Migrants and first...... published it in 1835 119 (TheBarry Canzoniere Halliday of Dante Alighieri, including the Poems of the Vita Nova and Convito) and then in 1842 (The Poems of the Vita Nova and Convito of Dante Alighieri). It is possible that he also translated the prose sections of the Vita Nova,

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The rediscovery of the young Dante’s image is therefore a phenome- 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 65). The Bargello portrait shows a young man, and it is precisely this4.2 freshness Initiatives of for youth Governing that is Familyfound inand the Humanitarian Vita Nova. The connection is wellMigration: established Labour from Migration the start: but notin Workers’the portrait, Migration...... declares Mary 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Shelley,4.3 From “We Guest see Workers[...] the tolover Unwelcome of Beatrice: Guests the ...... countenance breathes 82 the spirit of the Vita Nuova” (Fraser 140). We find analogous considerations4.4 Selective Policiesin several and theworks Brain celebratingDrain...... the discovery – the 87 sonnet4.5 Equal by TheodosiaOpportunity Garrowand Denied as Opporwell tunitiesas Giuseppe ...... Giusti’s 1841 90 sonnet, “Nell’occasione che fu scoperto a Firenze il vero ritratto di d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors DanteBibliography...... fatto da Giotto” [“In the occasion when it was discovered 97in ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Florence the veritable portrait of Dante made by Giotto”]. The date 5.of Colombia:the portrait Including has been Emigrant subject sto in debate, Their Societies with each of Originproposed...... year 101 Urs Watter connecting symbolically to Dante’s life. According to Kirkup, the portrait5.1 State was Interest painted and when Responsibility Dante was twenty-five, in 1290, the year of Beatrice’stowards theirdeath: Citizens Living Abroad...... 102

5.2Nel Applied bel ritratto Ethics a fresco ...... di Dante dipinto da Giotto nel muro della 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3cappella Migration del Policpotestày and di EthiFirenze,cs ...... tesoro recentemente recuperato, 106 vediamo le medesime fattezze precisamente come quelle del busto 5.4del Migration Torrigiani, Policy ma con in Colombia più delicata ...... e più ilare espressione dell’età 108 5.5d’anni “Colombia circa venticinque. nos une”...... (Lyell xxv) 109

5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It but the manuscript is now lost. Emerson began working on the Vita Nova in the late5.7 1830s, Challenges and the ...... translation may have been completed around 1842. See 114 J. Chesley Mathews’s essay in Emerson 1960, v-xiii. 4 TheBibliography...... Early Life of Dante Alighieri, published in 1842 by Le Monnier, with parallel 116 Italian text. Garrow’s daughter, Theodosia (later wife to Anthony Trollope’s brother), composed a sonnet on the Bargello portrait: “On the Discovery of Dante’s Portrait on Workingthe Wall of Togetherthe Ancient forChapel the ofWell-being the Bargello of at MigrantsFlorence, July...... 23, 1840”. 119 5 RossettiBarry Halliday began to translate the medieval Italian poets around 1845, using his father’s library as well as the resources of the British Museum. The translation of the Vita Nova was first published in 1861 in The Early Italian Poets.

Dante’s Vita Nova and the Victorians: The Hidden Image… 185 10 Table of Contents

[In the beautiful fresco representing Dante, painted by Giotto on the 3.4wall The of Humanthe podestà Rights’ chapel Approach...... in Florence, a treasure recently recovered, 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5we Conclusion...... see precisely the same features as in the Torrigiani bust, but with a 59 more delicate and hilarious expression and of an age of approximately Bibliography...... twenty-five.] 60

4.In Thespite Ethics of all ofchronol Migration.ogical evidence, John Ruskin proposed the year 1300,Reflections making on the Recent realization Migration of the Policies portrait match the date of the “vision”and “Non-policies” Dante related in in Italy the andDivine Europe Comedy...... (Ellis 118). Conjectures 61 alsoLaura surround Zanfrini the book Dante holds in his hand. Among the proposed attributions are the Vita Nova itself, a suggestion proposed by Kirkup s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 (Ellis 104), and works by Virgil or Stace, suggestions proposed by the4.2 Anglo-French Initiatives for poet Governing Renée Family Vivien. and Humanitarian ThisMigration: image ofLabour the young Migration Dante, but notmore Workers’ or less Migration...... implicitly opposed 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. to 4.3that From of the Guest old Workers and disenchanted to Unwelcome exile, Guests is widely ...... spread through 82 the whole nineteenth century, from Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s Dante 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 at Verona (1852) to Leighton’s painting Dante in Exile (1864), showing4.5 Equal the Opportunity old Dante and Deniedmocked Oppor by tunitiescourtesans ...... and jesters 90at Cangrande’s court. Dante in Exile is widely derived from Dante at d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Verona, based on its role in the anecdotes included in Dante’s ontribution is published according 5.biography Colombia: published Including by Emigrant Cesare Balbos in Their in 1839. Societies Rossetti of Origin writes...... in 101the introductionUrs Watter to the Part II of The Early Italian Poets: 5.1The State reader Interest will notand needResponsibility to be reminded of Giotto’s portrait of the youthfultowards Dante, their Citizenspainted inLiving the Bargello Abroad...... at Florence, then the chapel 102 of the Podesta. This is the author of the Vita Nuova. That other 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 portrait shown us in the posthumous mask, – a face dead in exile to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3after Migration the death Polic of yhope and –Ethi shouldcs ...... front the first page of the Sacred 106 Poem to which heaven and earth had set their hands, but which 5.4might Migration never bringPolicy him in Colombia back to Florence, ...... though it had made him 108 5.5haggard “Colombia for many nos une”...... years. (148-49) 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It The reference is to the cast of what was supposed to be Dante’s death-mask,5.7 Challenges discovered ...... in Florence at the end of the 1830s 114 – Charles Lyell had given Gabriel Rossetti a copy as a present. In effect,Bibliography...... the comparison between the Bargello portrait and the death- 116 mask is commonplace throughout the nineteenth century, implying Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

186 Fabio A. Camilletti 10 Table of Contents

an opposition between the young and hopeful poet and the old exile 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 6 58

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper her honour! He’s not the dazed and tormented Dante of the Divine 5.3Comedy Migration, the Policferociousy and partisan, Ethics ...... the implacable enemy, it’s not the 106 5.4hateful Migration Dante, Policy the spiteful, in Colombia the troubled, ...... but also so cruelly tormented 108 – in one word, he’s not the man grown older before the time by 5.5sorrow “Colombia and misfortune, nos une”...... the exile made bitter by disappointments and 109 5.6reversals Alianza […]. País ...... He’s not even the skilled, mature poet, who has 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It achieved the highest development of his genius […]. He’s the 5.7young Challenges man who ...... loves Beatrice, and who dreams his first dreams of 114 poetry and glory, who studies Virgil and Statius, and who sits with Bibliography...... 116 a book under his arm.] Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

6 On Leighton’s painting, see also Ellis 55-56.

Dante’s Vita Nova and the Victorians: The Hidden Image… 187 10 Table of Contents

The Bargello portrait became popular also because it testifies to a 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av relationship between Dante and Giotto, matching the nineteenth- century3.5 Conclusion...... taste for symmetries. According to some traditions, Dante 59 andBibliography...... Giotto – the poet and the painter – were thought to be born the 60 same year, 1265; also well known was the close friendship of the 4.“other” The Ethics Italian of poet,Migration. Petrarch, to the painter Simone Martini, who 7 paintedReflections a now on Recentlost portrait Migration of Laura.Policies The Bargello portrait is thereforeand “Non-policies” proof that Dantein Italy and and GiottoEurope knew...... each other and, even 61 more,Laura that Zanfrini they were friends. It symbolized the beginning of both Italian art and poetry. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1For Restrictive Dante Gabriel Policies Rossetti,and Structural divided Demand by forhis Immigrant Doppelbegabung Labour ..65 – double4.2 Initiatives vocation for (Cometa Governing 13) Family – of poet and Humanitarianand painter, this association was ofMigration: course of Labour extreme Migration interest. but When not Workers’ he inaugurated Migration...... the English 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. vogue4.3 From for theGuest genre Workers of the to “imaginaryUnwelcome Guestsportrait” ...... with the short story 82 Hand and Soul (1849), his main influence was Browning’s Sordello. The4.4 story Selective of thePolicies “herald-star” and the Brain So rdello,Drain...... a forgotten forerunner 87of Dante,4.5 Equal had Opportunityrivalled the andstory Denied of Chiaro Oppor tunitiesdell’Erma, ...... “remembered” 90– like all the “early Italian painters” – “as the shadow [...] of the d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors comingBibliography...... of such a one [Cimabue]”.8 Both had made a chef d’œuvre 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according inconnu, be it the whole dramatic monologue spoken by Sordello an 5.instant Colombia: before Including dying or Emigrant the smalls inpicture Their whereSocieties Chiaro of Origin had ...... painted 101 Urs Watter his own soul.9 Rossetti’s painting is therefore complicated and ambiguous:5.1 State Interest while andhis Responsibilityartistic declar ation of intentions derives from a literarytowards work, their the Citizens portrait Living of a Abroad...... poet also serves as an inspiration 102 for5.2 delineating Applied Ethics the character ...... of a fictional painter. Simultaneously, 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. the figures of Dante and Giotto – the poet and the painter – are to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper somehow5.3 Migration mixed, Polic ambiguous,y and Ethics overlapping ...... each other. In The Early 106 Italian5.4 Migration Poets, Policythe anthology in Colombia of ...... medieval Italian poetry Rossetti 108 published in 1861, there is included a canzone, “Of the Doctrine of Voluntary5.5 “Colombia Poverty”, nos une”...... allegedly composed by Giotto, while the first 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 7 See the sonnets DXXVII (Per mirar Policleto a prova fiso) and DXXVIII (Quando5.7 Challenges giunse a Simon ...... l’alto concetto) of Petrarch’s Canzoniere, where the 114poet asksBibliography...... the painter to make a portrait of his mistress. 116 8 On Hand and Soul and the genre of the “imaginary portrait”, see Bizzotto 43-64. On Hand and Soul and its Dantean sources, as well as its relationship with WorkingBrowning’s Together Sordello, seefor Camilletti the Well-being “Golden ofVeil” Migrants and Camilletti...... Beatrice 35-49. 119 9 TheBarry reference Halliday to Balzac is by no means by chance. Published for the first time in 1831, Le chef d’œuvre inconnu is the veritable beginning of the genre of the “imaginary portrait”, later inaugurated in England precisely by Rossetti’s Hand and Soul.

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Dantean subject Rossetti chooses for a drawing is the episode of the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Vita Nova, where Dante shows himself as painting angels on the First3.5 AnniversaryConclusion...... of the Death of Beatrice.10 59 Bibliography...... When Rossetti drew Giotto Painting the Portrait of Dante 60, therefore, he was illustrating the deep connection between poetry 4.and The painting, Ethics ofexemplified Migration. by the friendship of the poet-painter with theReflections painter-poet: on Recent a connection Migration widely Policies allowed by Dante, who had comparedand “Non-policies” his own fame in Italy with and that Europe of Giotto...... in the famous passage 61 fromLaura Canto Zanfrini XI of Purgatory, stated explicitly by Rossetti as the main source for the watercolour in the 1853 letter to Thomas s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Wollner4.1 Restrictive (Letters Policies I: 119-23). and Structural Rossetti Demand included for Immigrant the passage Labour in ..the 65 introduction4.2 Initiatives to forthe Governing second part Family of The and HumanitarianEarly Italian Poets, quoting from Cayley’sMigration: translation: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3Lo, From Cimabue Guest thought Workers alone to Unwelcome to tread Guests ...... 82 4.4The Selective lists of painting;Policies annowd the doth Brain Giotto Drain...... gain 87 The praise, and darkness on his glory shed. 4.5Thus Equal hath Opportunity one Guido fromand Denied another Oppor ta’en tunities ...... 90 The praise of speech, and haply one hath pass’d d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Through birth, who from their nest will chase the twain ontribution is published according Purg. XI, 94-99 (131) 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 ButUrs what Watter does Rossetti’s work show exactly? The characters are the5.1 same State asInterest they andappear Responsibility in the passage: Cimabue, Giotto, Guido Cavalcanti,towards and their Dante. Citizens Guinizzelli, Living Abroad...... whom Rossetti reports as dead 102 in 1276 cannot appear in the picture (Early Italian Poets xxv). His 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Polic y and Ethi cs ...... 106 10 The wrong attribution of the canzone is not surprising, given the extreme poorness5.4 Migration of the sources Policy Rossetti in Colombia used in ...... translating the early Italian poets (listed 108 in Rossetti 1861, xii). See my analysis of the peculiarities of Rossetti’s translations compared5.5 “Colombia to his sources nos une”...... (Camilletti Beatrice). In the introduction to the second 109 part of the anthology, where the authors of “Dante’s circle” are included together 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It with the Vita Nova, Rossetti states that “Giotto falls by right into Dante’s circle, as one5.7 great Challenges man comes ...... naturally to know another” (The Early Italian Poets 219). 114 Rossetti did not accept the traditional birth date of Giotto in 1265, but sets it in 1276,Bibliography...... a year that does not correspond with the watercolour, where we see Giotto 116 painting Beatrice. At the time of her death, in 1290, Giotto would have been just fourteen, as also Ellis points out, an example of “a common nineteenth-century Workingmethod of Togetherhandling thefor eventsthe Well-being of Dante’s of life” Migrants (117). “There...... is a tradition”, 119 RossettiBarry adds, Halliday “that Dante also studied drawing with Giotto’s master Cimabue; and that he practised it in some degree is evident from the passage in the Vita Nuova, where he speaks of his drawing an angel” (The Early Italian Poets 220).

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presence, however, is suggested by the book that Cavalcanti holds, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. angel-like woman) that passes by. Rossetti himself, in the sonnet to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper “On5.3 theMigration Vita Nuova Policy”, and written Ethics in ...... the same year, 1852, though 106not published5.4 Migration until Policy 1870, in assertsColombia the ...... identity of the woman and 108the work, assimilating the contemplation of the miracle woman to the real5.5 understanding “Colombia nos of une”...... Dante’s poetry (Collected Writings 220). 109 5.6The Alianza watercolour País ...... would therefore represent the supremacy 112of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It love over art, as well as of poetry over painting: better, of a sort of a 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 poetic aptitude of the artist, either poet or painter or both, as shown in Bibliography...... other works by Rossetti, from the Sordello-like Chiaro dell’Erma 116 to the Dante painter of angels of the 1849 drawing. This idea of a Workingpoetic aptitude Together of forthe the artist Well-being is wide lyof Migrantsindebted ...... to the myth of 119the RomanticBarry Halliday poets whom Rossetti had deeply read in his youth: William Blake, surely (from whom Rossetti takes another strong

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inspiration for his own Doppelbegabung), but also Byron, Keats, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Lewis’s The Allegory of Love to Denis de Rougemont’s L’amour et to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper l’Occident.5.3 Migration Still, Polic iny andRossetti’s Ethics ...... work there is the idea that 106the common5.4 Migration element Policy between in Colombia the Romantics ...... and the stilnovo poets 108 is their youth: “a book that only youth could have produced” is how Rossetti5.5 “Colombia defines nosthe une”...... Vita Nova in The Early Italian Poets: “[...] 109the Vita5.6 Nuova Alianza is País a book ...... which only youth could have produced, and 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It which must chiefly remain sacred to the young, to each of whom 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 the figure of Beatrice, less lifelike than lovelike, will seem the friend of Bibliography...... his own heart” (124). In this passage Rossetti approaches two 116 sources. The first is a passage from Dante’s Convivio (I.i.16-17), Workingwhere Dante Together defined for the the Vita Well-being Nova as of a Migrantswork “fervid...... and passionate” 119 [“fervidaBarry Halliday e passionata”], as it is appropriate for a book written “at the threshold of my youth” [“a l’entrata de la mia gioventute”]: “for it is

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proper to speak and act differently at different ages, because certain 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica IV-Sorbonne, Département de Littérature Comparée, 2002. ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Barocchi,5.3 Migration Paola and Polic Giovannay and EthiGaetacs Bertelà...... Dal ritratto di Dante alla Mostra 106 del 5.4Medio Migration Evo 1840-1865 Policy .in Florence: Colombia Museo ...... Nazionale del Bargello, 1985. 108 Bizzotto, Elisa. La mano e l’anima: Il ritratto immaginario fin de siècle. Milan: 5.5Monduzzi, “Colombia Cisalpino nos une”...... Istituto Editoriale Universitario, 2001. 109 Camilletti,5.6 Alianza Fabio. País “The ...... Golden Veil. Purezza e malinconia in un racconto di Dante 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Gabriel Rossetti”. Rivista di Studi Vittoriani. VIII:15 (2003): 77-93. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 ---. Beatrice nell’Inferno di Londra. Saggio su Dante Gabriel Rossetti. Trento: La Bibliography...... Finestra, 2005. 116 Cometa, Michele. Parole che dipingono. Letteratura e cultura visuale tra Settecento Workinge Novecento. Together Roma: for Meltemi, the Well-being 2004. of Migrants ...... 119 Ellis,Barry Steve. Halliday Dante and English Poetry. Shelley to T. S. Eliot. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1983.

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Emerson, Ralph Waldo. Dante’s Vita Nuova. Translated by Ralph Waldo Emerson. 3.4Ed. The J. Chesley Human Mathews. Rights’ Chapel Approach...... Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1960. 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Goethe,3.5 Conclusion...... Wolfgang von. Werther. Paris: Huguin, 1802. 59 Fraser, Hilary. The Victorians and Renaissance Italy. Oxford: Blackwell, 1992. Bibliography...... 60 Kuhns, Oscar. Dante and the English Poets from Chaucer to Tennyson. New York: 4. TheHolt, Ethics 1904. of Migration. Lyell,Reflections Charles. Dello on Recent spirito Migrationcattolico di DantePolicies Alighieri . Trans. Gaetano Polidori. andLondon: “Non-policies” Molini, 1844. in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Passerini,Laura ZanfriniLuigi and Gaetano Milanesi. Del ritratto di Dante Alighieri che si vuole dipinto da Giotto nella cappella del Potestà di Firenze. Memoria presentata s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1al RestrictiveMinistro della Policies Pubblica and Structuralistruzione Demandin risposta for alleImmigrant opposizioni Labour fatte .. 65al Rapporto intorno al più autentico ritratto di Dante. Firenze: coi tipi di M. 4.2Cellini Initiatives e C. alla for Galileiana, Governing 1865. Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 Rossetti, Dante Gabriel. The Early Italian Poets From Ciullo D’Alcamo to Dante ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3Alighieri From (1100-1200-1300).Guest Workers to London: Unwelcome Smith, Guests Elder & ...... Co., 1861. 82 ---. Letters. Eds Oswald Doughty and Robert Wahl. 4 vols. Oxford: Clarendon P, 4.41965-1975. Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 ---.4.5 The Equal Paintings Opportunity and Drawings and Deniedof Dante Oppor Gabrieltunities Rossetti, ...... 1828-1882. Catalogue 90 raisonné. Ed. Virginia Surtees. 2 vols. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1971.

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ---. Collected Writings. Ed. Jan Marsh. London: J. M. Dent., 1999. ontribution is published according 5.Vasari, Colombia: Giorgio. Including Le opere di Emigrant Giorgio Vasaris in Their pittore Societies e architetto of aretino.Origin ...... A cura 101 di UrsG. Montani Watter e G. Masselli. Firenze: Passigli, 1832-38. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 193-207 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Victorian Uses of the Italian Past: The Case of Camilla Rucellai in George Eliot’s Romola

Luisa Villa – Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, According to Maria Tosello, who fifty years ago published a painstakingly researched book on the “Italian sources” of Romola,

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. in George Eliot’s historical novel there are twenty-five fictitious characters (which include of course the protagonists: Romola, Tito, Bardo, Tessa, Baldassarre...) and about one hundred and sixty truly historical ones, that is to say: fictional personae who have a counterpart in that vast assortment of history books, chronicles, d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors diaries, letters, and archive material which George Eliot consulted ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according in order to write what can be rated as her most ambitious novel (Tosello 29). Camilla Rucellai, the hysterical prophetess who, in chapter 52, intrudes briefly but strikingly into the life of the eponymous heroine, is but one among the many characters of Romola based on historical records. I have chosen her a bit rashly (I certainly did not expect I would to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are have so much trouble finding out so little about her), but not perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper randomly: historical erudition, literary ambition, and prophetical vision are obviously highly relevant to this novel, and as a negative female counterpart of Savonarola with a marginal role in the story, George Eliot’s grey-haired Camilla, with her crab-like grasp on Romola’s arm, and her “mad” or “wicked” visions, seemed to furnish sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It a promising, suitably circumscribed and practically unexplored subject for investigation. To my knowledge, none of the scholars who have studied the sources of Romola have bothered to investigate Camilla Rucellai specifically,1 while the only critic who has granted

1 Maria Tosello does not even mention Camilla Rucellai in her book; neither does Andrew Thompson’s George Eliot and Italy, while Bonaparte’s lengthy study of

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her some attention seems to have been Margaret Homans (189- 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. it appeared to be on a delicate balance of “accurate and minute to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper knowledge”5.3 Migration and Polic “creativey and Ethi vigour”,cs ...... it was definitely not the type 106 of fiction5.4 Migration for dilettante Policy “lady in Colombia novelists” ...... to experiment upon. Only very 108 few exceptionally gifted and deeply perceptive individuals were capable5.5 “Colombia of familiarizing nos une”...... with the “relics” of the past, and “by force 109 of 5.6[...] Alianza sympathetic País ...... divination” of “reconstruct[ing]” its “fragments 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It into a whole”, bringing it “nearer to us” (320-321). To wield the 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 pen as an historical novelist was then, for George Eliot, to set for herselfBibliography...... a rather arduous task, where risk of failure by way of over- 116 reaching herself was great and manifold: guilt-ridden as it is, the Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday the novel touches on her only in passing, without giving any information about the historical character or its sources.

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ambitious over-reacher’s self-image is likely to be inflated and 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av mystified by idealization (such as, indeed, the novelist freely applied3.5 Conclusion...... to the discursive construction of her protagonist Romola) 59 andBibliography...... the erudition deployed to prop it up might eventually prove 60 pedantic and sterile. Instead of supporting the noble aspiration to 4.fame The and Ethics immortal of Migration. glory, it might – rather pathetically – hamper creation.Reflections The on more Recent “accurate Migration and Policies minute” the knowledge, the weakerand “Non-policies” and more inhibited in Italy theand “creativeEurope ...... vigour” may become or, 61 alternatively,Laura Zanfrini the more the powers of “sympathetic divination” will have to be taxed in order to extract meaning and Lukácsian “totality” s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, out4.1 of Restrictive a senseless Policies multiplicity and Structural of information Demand forand Immigrant opaque detail. Labour2 ..It 65is blindness4.2 Initiatives on one for side, Governing as in the Family scholar and Bardo Humanitarian (a Florentine precursor of Casaubon,Migration: in Labour many Migration ways), andbut notprophetical Workers’ Migration...... vision with all 73its ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. ambiguities,4.3 From Guest on theWorkers other, to as Unwelcome in Savonarola, Guests and ...... of course Camilla 82 Rucellai. 4.4Indeed, Selective Eliot’s Policies attempt and the to Brainlegitim Drain...... ate literary “vision” by collect- 87 ing4.5 historical Equal Opportunity information, and Deniedand pr essingOpportunities it to serve ...... her overarching 90 purpose,3 was fraught with anxiety; and there are a variety of d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors symptomsBibliography...... indicating the strain George Eliot was under while 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according performing it. Some emerge from letters and biographies and relate 5.to Colombia:the problems Including of composition Emigrant sshe in Theirencountered Societies in of writing Origin ...... Romola 101 Urs Watter and the manifold connected troubles;4 others are inscribed in the text5.1 of State the Interestnovel, whereand Responsibility the exorbitant deployment of erudition and historicaltowards detail their –Citizens which Living in an Abroad...... historical novel is supposed 102to 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 2 to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper According5.3 Migration to György Polic Lukács,y and Ethi in historicalcs ...... fiction written after the exhaustion 106 of the progressive, more militant phase of the bourgeoisie, the past is reduced to “a collection5.4 Migration of exotic Policy anecdotes”, in Colombia “history b ...... ecomes a large, imposing scene for purely 108 private, intimate, subjective happenings”, and the striving towards “archaeological precision”5.5 “Colombia vainly tries nos to une”...... compensate for the novelist’s weakened grasp on the sense 109 of history (182-199). Lukács does not mention Romola, but he would surely agree 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It that it was a heroic, though doomed, attempt to go against the grain of such developments – a novel to which only a mighty mystification may confer the appearance5.7 Challenges of “totality”...... 114 3 SheBibliography...... was fully aware of the effort made in that direction, as well as of her degree 116 of success. As she wrote to Hutton, “there is scarcely a phrase, an incident, an allusion, that did not gather its value to me from its supposed subservience to my Workingartistic objects” Together (Letters for IV: the 97). Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 4 SheBarry took Halliday ages – by her standards – to write her novel, haggled more than usual with publishers over the terms of its sale and publication, and at its completion felt exhausted and suddenly aged because of the effort (Haight 343-373).

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increase its realistic grip on reality – coexists with a number of 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 sparingly in The Mill on the Floss – here, as in the earlier novel, we find4.2 countlessInitiatives for“floods” Governing and Family “currents”, and Humanitarian but they are interspersed with evenMigration: more Labourcountless Migration “clutchi butng”, not “layingWorkers’ hold Migration...... of”, “wringing” 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. and4.3 “strangling”, From Guest Workers a sort toof Unwelcome leitmotiv Guestswhich ...... includes “Camilla’s 82 tightening grasp” on poor Romola’s arm (Romola 525) – an extroflection,4.4 Selective perhaps,Policies an ofd thethe Brain narrator’s Drain...... own neurotic grasp on the 87 facts4.5 Equalof the Opportunity historical andpast. Denied All these Oppor aspectstunities ...... of Romola – out 90of which the artistic unity of the text is laboriously woven – show how d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors theBibliography...... meticulous search for historical accuracy must have generated 97 a ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according certain anxiety of superfluity, with the need to emphasize every 5.single Colombia: detail’s Including subservience Emigrant to thes in whole. Their SocietiesHence, a ofstrengthening Origin...... 101 of Urs Watter the self-referential aspect of the novel is at the expense of its “realism”,5.1 State Interestthat is, and a weakeningResponsibility of its reference to the world and history.towards In Romola their Citizens it is not Living art thatAbroad...... imitates life, but it is life that, 102 through5.2 Applied the most Ethics unlikely ...... sequences of events, is forcibly led 104 to to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. imitate art – a far cry from the “creep[ing] servilely after nature to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and5.3 fact” Migration which Polic the ynarrator and Ethi ofcs ...... Adam Bede had passionately recom- 106 mended5.4 Migration as a recipe Policy for in mode Colombiarn, post-romantic ...... art (221). 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5 Dino’s vision delivered on his death-bed to Romola – though undoubtedly a 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It “sickly fancy” of an ascetically inclined religious enthusiast – turns out to be true, and5.7 Tito’s Challenges scared look, ...... which Piero di Cosimo prophetically captures in painting 114 early in the story, finds its proper object (Baldassarre) under Piero’s very eyes in chapterBibliography...... 22. 116 6 For instance, early in the novel, when we still do not know the details of Tito’s past, Bardo comments on the value of Tito’s gems and intaglios, that “Five hundred Workingducats” are Together“more than fora man’s the Well-beingransom” (117). of It Migrants is, as the narrator...... remarks, “a mere 119 phraseBarry of commonHalliday parlance” but – though Bardo is far from suspecting – “a man’s ransom” is exactly what they should serve for, if Tito were less of ungrateful young man.

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The feeling that the writing of this novel involved treading new 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. reformer, who was not content with “vague exhortations”, but to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper strove5.3 Migration to adapt Polic minutey and andEthi csrecalcitrant ...... reality to vision, turning 106 “beliefs5.4 Migration into energies Policy in that Colombia would ...... work in all the details of life” 108 (Romola 664). Camilla Rucellai, who had come to George Eliot as little5.5 more“Colombia than nosa female une”...... name popping up rather casually in 109the chronicles5.6 Alianza of Paísthe ...... overwhelmingly male world of Florentine politics, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It functions – on the other hand – as a negative double, a nightmare 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 figure of female authority onto which all that was morally or psychologicallyBibliography...... troublesome in prophetical vision was displaced. 116 As far as I have been able to ascertain, even today what is Workingknown about Together this for late the fifteenth-centuryWell-being of Migrants Florentine...... lady is 119not Barry Halliday

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much.7 Camilla was born on 16 October 1465, in a rich Florentine 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 7 Most5.3 Migration of it is summed Polic upy andin a Ethione pagecs ...... entry of the Italian Dictionary of National 106 Biography, compiled in 1964 by Carlo Vasoli, a distinguished scholar of Renaissance5.4 Migration philosophy. Policy inI have Colombia checked ...... most of his sources: Acta Sanctorum 108 Boll., 29 October, XIII (202-207); Villari (CCXCVII, CCLXVIII, CCCXXXVII), del5.5 Lungo “Colombia (224 ff.), nos Schnitzer une”...... (I: 205, 418, 445; II: 391) and Ridolfi (I: 150). 109 I have also been able to check and add some further sources: del Migliore (I: 205- 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 207), Razzi (629), Richa (Tome 8, part IV, 278-284). Passerini (131-132), Paatz (I: 434-435),5.7 Challenges Creytens ...... (127-130). 114 8 According to Vasoli (630), Camilla-Lucia was prioress of the convent, but Razzi (629)Bibliography...... – together with Richa (282), who relies on Razzi, and Passerini (131), 116who relies on both – is at pains to stress that, due to her extreme humility, she never wanted to be officially made “prioress”. Working9 On Plautilla Together Nelli see for Fortune, the Well-being but also Germaine of Migrants Greer...... According to the latter, 119 SuorBarry Plautilla Halliday was “instructed in the art of painting at the instance of her mother superior, Camilla de Rucellai” (186) – which seems most unlikely since Nelli was born in 1523 and Camilla died in 1520.

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allotted a day in the Catholic calendar: it is 29 October – probably 3.4 The Human Rights’10 Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av the day of her death. 3.5Recent Conclusion...... historians of the Dominican order sensitive to its gender 59 politicsBibliography...... provide us with a meaningful context to such scarce 60 information. All through the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries such 4.lay The women Ethics asof Migration.Camilla who chose to lead a disciplined life of devotionReflections and onpenitence Recent Migrationoccupied aPolicies shifting middle ground between theand religious “Non-policies” and secular in Italy states and Europe of life...... As nuns living without 61 clausura,Laura Zanfrini they were free to participate in the life of the community and enjoyed a degree of independence both from family constraints s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, and4.1 from Restrictive ecclesiastical Policies authorityand Structural (Leh Demandmijoki-Gardner for Immigrant 1-36). Labour Romola’s .. 65 own4.2 adoption Initiatives of for the Governing serge mantle Family of aand “pinzochera” Humanitarian in both her failed and herMigration: successful Labour escape Migration from butFlorence not Workers’ seems Migration...... to reflect this state 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. of 4.3affairs; From likewise, Guest Workers her charitable to Unwelcome activity Guests carried ...... out on the ground 82 floor of her house at the time of the famine reflects the same teasing mixture4.4 Selective of conformity Policies an andd the rebellion, Brain Drain...... since it is construed both as 87 a way4.5 toEqual obey Opportunity Savonarola’s and Denied injuncti Opporons tunitiesand as ...... a challenge to her 90 husband. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... Still in the line of contextual historical information, we may add 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according that such women as Camilla were only loosely connected to the 5.Dominican Colombia: order Including and participated Emigrants in in a Their “vibrant Societies mystical of Origin culture”...... rarely 101 sharedUrs Watterby their male counterparts (Lehmijoki-Gardner 2). A bout of such5.1 Statereligious Interest fervour, and Responsibility almost an epidemic of female devotion, occurredtowards at thetheir end Citizens of the Living fifteenth Abroad...... century, when many women 102 “nubile,5.2 Applied married, Ethics and ...... widowed [...] were induced by Savonarola’s 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. sermons to abandon the world and enter the religious life” (Polizzotto to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 491).5.3 MigrationIt was at Policthis timey and that Ethi cscommunal ...... life became popular among 106 them:5.4 Migration communities Policy were in Colombia formed ...... around charismatic leaders, who 108 were not content with a “subordinate and anonymous life of prayer and5.5 devotion” “Colombia (491).nos une”...... They – like Camilla – gathered followers, 109 founded5.6 Alianza convents, País ...... and regarded themselves as religious teachers 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It and “spiritual pioneers” (491). Their ambitions as to independent 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 agency often brought them into collision with the desire of DominicanBibliography...... friars to keep them under strict male supervision, 116but

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 10 Vasoli’sBarry Halliday authoritative biographical entry dates Camilla’s death as 20 October. But his most authoritative source (Acta Sanctorum) as well as Razzi (629), Richa (282), and Passerini (131) give 29 October as the date of her death.

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well into the sixteenth century, “when political pressure had all but 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av destroyed the last vestiges of Savonarolan reform in male convents like3.5 S. Conclusion...... Marco [...] – these female communities [...] had become the 59 realBibliography...... foci of the Savonarolan cult. They ensured that Savonarola’s 60 teaching was preserved and his cult transmitted to future generations” 4.(523). The EthicsThis historical of Migration. detail, of course, chimes well with Romola’s “Epilogue”,Reflections with on Recent its small Migration female Policies community headed by Romola herself,and “Non-policies” passing on to in the Italy younger and Europe generation...... (Ninna and Lillo) the 61 cultLaura of Fra Zanfrini Girolamo and preserving the best of his moral bequest. Eliot was obviously informed about the pious lifestyles of s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, penitent4.1 Restrictive lay women, Policies but and seemsStructural to Demandhave associated for Immigrant Camilla Labour only .. 65 vaguely4.2 Initiatives to this for climate, Governing nor Family does andshe Humanitarian seem to be aware of her subsequentMigration: career Labour as head Migration of St. butCatherine not Workers’ – though Migration...... she might have 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. found4.3 From this Guestpiece Workersof information to Unwelcome in at Guestsleast one ...... of her recognized 82 sources.11 Eliot made extensive research in the topography of early Renaissance4.4 Selective Florence Policies anandd the strove Brain Drain...... to adhere to it most accurately 87 while4.5 Equalwriting Opportunity Romola :and for Denied instance, Oppor shetunities was ...... aware that Via del 90 Cocomero, where the historical Camilla briefly resided after her d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors separationBibliography...... from her husband, was the site of a pious community 97of ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according female followers of Savonarola, but seems to locate the fictional 5.Camilla’s Colombia: abode Including neither Emigrant there, snor in Theirin a Societieslittle house of Origin between...... Via 101 LargaUrs Watterand Via di San Gallo, which Camilla and her followers later bought5.1 State from Interest Francesco and Responsibility Rosselli, the location – very close to San Marcotowards – where their the Citizens Monastery Living would Abroad...... be built after year 1500.12 102We may5.2 guess Applied George Ethics Eliot ...... had no clue even as to Camilla’s age, since 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Polic y and Ethi cs ...... 106 11 Del Migliore’s Firenze Città Nobilissima Illustrata – which Tosello lists among the5.4 sources Migration of Romola Policy –in mentionsColombia “Cammilla” ...... Bartolini-Davanzi as Ridolfo 108 Rucellai’s wife, the pious founder of the monastery of Santa Caterina da Siena, in the5.5 section “Colombia devoted nosto this une”...... convent (205-207). 109 12 Via del Cocomero (nowadays via Ricasoli) is mentioned twice in the novel, in 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It chapter 11 and chapter 63 – the latter in conjunction with the pious female community:5.7 Challenges “Honest ...... Fra Domenico, then, who was preaching Lenten sermons to 114 the women in via del Cocomero [...]” (Romola 598). Camilla Rucellai’s abode in Romola is notBibliography...... clearly located, but it seems to be situated not far from the Church of Badia 116 Fiorentina (opposite the Bargello), where Romola repairs immediately after the upsetting meeting with the prophetess and contemplates Filippino Lippi’s “serene WorkingVirgin appearing Together to St. for Bernard” the Well-being (525). As of Guido Migrants Biagi ...... first pointed out (in 119 a footnoteBarry to Halliday his edition of Romola), George Eliot was not aware that in the 1490s Lippi’s picture was in fact held in the Monastery of Campora, out of town; only in 1529, at the time of the siege of Florence, was it moved for protection to the Badia.

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she represented her as a grey-haired woman. In year 1497 – when 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Repulsion and fascination are, as we know, closely related, and to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Camilla’s5.3 Migration gift forPolic prophecyy and Ethi cswas ...... – we may safely assume – what 106 attracted5.4 Migration George Policy Eliot in inColombia the firs ...... t place. Gianfrancesco Pico della 108 Mirandola, a devout Piagnone historian and one of the earliest biographers5.5 “Colombia of Savonarola,nos une”...... mentions her visions among the many 109 “visus5.6 Alianza admirabiles” País ...... [marvellous visions] which during Savonarola’s 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It lifetime had testified to his sanctity and his mission: 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... She stated that she had seen his image many times, and that there 116 had been many signs that he would be a leader in the reformation of Workingthe church, Together and forfor twothe Well-beingwhole years of every Migrants time he...... was preaching, 119 she had perceived some sign coming down from heaven, which Barry Halliday pointed out his great sanctity. And also she said that she had often heard from the angels what he was to preach on the following day,

202 Luisa Villa 10 Table of Contents

and that he had never neglected to say the things she had heard 3.4beforehand, The Human nor Rights’ she was Approach...... aware he had ever uttered different things. 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5She Conclusion...... also said that she had seen a chair on which lay a crown with a 59 palm-leaf in it. And that it was revealed to her by the Heavens that Bibliography...... both the chair and the crown, which signified martyrdom, were 60 being made ready for Hieronimus” (Vita Hieronimi Savonarolae 4. The178; Ethics Vita diof Migration.Hieronimo Savonarola 74 [my translation from the ReflectionsItalian version]). on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Gianfrancesco,Laura Zanfrini who, belonging to the Savonarolan entourage apparently set great store by Camilla’s spiritual authority, had s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 already referred to her – in his Life of Pico, 1496 – while discussing Savonarola’s4.2 Initiatives sermon for Governing on Pico’s Family untimel andy Humanitarian death. Here her name is not mentioned,Migration: but Labourshe is referredMigration to but as notthe Workers’ authorita Migration...... tive “nun”, “multis 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. praeclara4.3 From vaticinii” Guest Workers [well-known to Unwelcome for her Guests prophetical ...... visions], who 82 had foreseen Pico’s wearing the Dominican robe “liliorum tempore” [at4.4 the Selective time of Policieslilies]. Thisand the prophecy Brain Drain...... was, according to her admirers, 87 duly4.5 followedEqual Opportunity by facts, and since Denied Pico Oppor was tunitiesordained ...... by Savonarola on 90 his death-bed, not in springtime, as many had surmised, but on 17 d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors NovemberBibliography...... when, King Charles VIII having just arrived in Florence, 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according the city was full of flags bearing the golden lily of France.13 It is 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 unlikely that George Eliot had read this book (though she may have Urs Watter been familiar with Meiners’s version of Pico’s life which heavily relies5.1 Stateon Gianfrancesco’sInterest and Responsibility account), 14 since she tells a slightly differenttowards version their of Citizens this episode. Living Abroad...... Probably on the basis of a different 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 13 5.3“Besides Migration a nun, Polic famousy and for Ethiher manycs ...... prophecies, who, while he was alive, 106had foretold him many things which would occur to him and which later did occur exactly5.4 Migration as foreseen, Policy among in other Colombia things had ...... revealed – two years before his death 108 – that at the time of lilies, as a consequence of Savonarola’s exhortations, [...] he would5.5 “Colombiatake orders asnos a Preachingune”...... Friar. [...] Many of those who had heard of 109this prophecy were surprised by the words ‘of lilies’ and believed that they meant 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It springtime, when lilies bloom. But it turned out that the lily in question was the King5.7 of Challenges France, whose ...... emblem is the lily, who entered Florence with a large 114 retinue [...] on the day before Pico took holy vows [...]” (Ioannis Pici Mirandulae... 84-85)Bibliography...... [my translation]. 116 14 Meiners’s work is included in a list of books which George Eliot read, or intended to read, for Romola. See Notebook for Romola (p. 2 backside). Meiners Workingspeaks of Together“a cloister for nun the in Well-being Florence, whoof Migrants was famous...... for her heavenly 119 prophecies,Barry Halliday constantly confirmed by fact” who had foreseen two year before Pico’s death that “in the time of lilies he would enter the Dominican Order at the behest of Brother Hieronymus Savonarola” (67) [my translation].

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source (which as yet I have failed to identify), George Eliot mentions 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 me they are close enough under your nostrils.’ I say, ‘Euge, 4.2Camilla!’ Initiatives If the for FrateGoverning can prove Family that and any Humanitarian one of his visions has been as Migration:well fulfilled, Labour I’ll declare Migration myself but anot piagnone Workers’ to-morrow.” Migration...... (227) 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Pater had read The Life of John Picus in Thomas More’s abridged version,4.4 Selective which Policies does not an dinclude the Brain the Drain...... passage about Camilla and was 87 probably4.5 Equal relying Opportunity on Eliot’s and Denied authority Oppor when,tunities in his ...... essay on Pico, 90he relates the same version of the story endowing it with wholly

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors differentBibliography...... connotations.15 While musing on the precociousness and 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according “overbrightness” of genius, “which in the popular imagination al- 5.ways Colombia: betokens Including an early Emigrant death”, hes in recalls Their SocietiesCamilla Rucellai,of Origin ...... as “one 101 of Ursthose Watter prophetic women whom the preaching of Savonarola had raised5.1 State up in Interest Florence” and Responsibility who had declared, “seeing [Pico] for the first time, towardsthat he wouldtheir Citizens depart Living in the Abroad...... time of lilies – prematurely, that 102 is, like the field-flowers which are withered by the scorching sun 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 almost as soon as they are sprung up” (Pater 33-34). Thus, what in to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Piagnone5.3 Migration mythology Policy was,and Ethi basically,cs ...... the prophecy of Pico’s delay 106 in following5.4 Migration his religious Policy in Colombiavocation ...... in Pater becomes the anticipation 108 of an untimely death, such as may be brought about by the “chilling touch5.5 “Colombiaof the abstract nos une”...... and disembodied beauty Platonists profess to long 109 for”5.6 (Pater Alianza 33), País or ...... perhaps – more concretely – by the rigid moral 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It climate created by such zealous religious reformers as Savonarola. 5.7But Challenges let us return ...... to George Eliot. Given the number of books and 114 evenBibliography...... archive material that she consulted in order to write her novel, 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 15 BarryAccording Halliday to Donald Hill’s “explanatory notes” to his authoritative edition of the Renaissance, Pater’s source for this detail might well have been Eliot’s novel, which he had read with interest in 1863 (Pater 330).

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it is hard to be definite as regards her sources for single details and 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av minor characters. However, her main source for Camilla, as for many other3.5 Conclusion...... aspects of the novel, seems to have been Villari’s monumental 59 LifeBibliography...... of Girolamo Savonarola, published in 1861: Villari doesn’t 60 mention Camilla at all, but her name occurs three times in the 4.documents The Ethics related of Migration. to Savonarola’s trial, included in the second tomeReflections – documents on Recent which, Migration as we Policiesgather from chapter 71, George Eliotand studied“Non-policies” very carefully. in Italy and There Europe Camilla...... appears, with Vaggia 61 BisdominiLaura Zanfrini and Bartollomea Gianfigliazzi, as one of the women from whom Savonarola supposedly declared he “ebbe delle cose” s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, [got4.1 things] Restrictive which Policies he laterand Structural “predicava Demand sotto for nome Immigrant di revelazione” Labour .. 65 [preached4.2 Initiatives as revelation] for Governing (Villari Family CCXCVII-VIII). and Humanitarian Savonarola also declaredMigration: – or allegedly Labour Migration declared but– that not Workers’after a while Migration...... he had stopped 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. relying4.3 From on Guesttheir Workersvisions tosince Unwelcome he did Guestsnot want ...... these women “si 82 potessero avvantare di avergliene detto”, that is, he did not want them4.4 Selectiveto be able Policies to vaunt and theythe Brain were Drain...... the sources of his prophecies. 8716 Savonarola’s4.5 Equal Opportunity words seem and toDenied suggest, Oppor ontunities his part, ...... a sort of “anxiety 90 of influence” generated by such formidable female practitioners in d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors theBibliography...... art of “vision”. But it was a fairly established practice at the 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according time, for Dominican preachers, to rely on the “revelations” of 5.women Colombia: such Includingas Camilla; Emigrant and whats in Theirwas probably Societies ofthorny Origin about...... 101the issueUrs wasWatter not so much the fact of referring to female spiritual authority,5.1 State butInterest the andstrong Responsibility political connotations of resorting to such specifictowards female their Citizenshelpers, Living well-known Abroad...... for their fiercely anti- 102 Medicean5.2 Applied sympathies. Ethics ...... This emerges very clearly in the particular 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. episode recalled in Romola, which is also mentioned in the same to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper documents:5.3 Migration when Polic Bernardoy and Ethi delcs ...... Nero – the authoritative member 106 of the5.4 Medicean Migration party Policy who in Colombia in the novel ...... is godfather to Romola – was 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 16 “When he was asked what relationships he had had with women, and what he had 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It had from them as revelation; he said: at the beginning, when he had started stating these5.7 things, Challenges he had spoken ...... with women and from them he had some things which 114 he later preached as if they had been revealed to his mind; but lately he had not spoken to Bibliography...... them, because he did not want them to be able to vaunt they had told him. 116The women from whom he had received such things are Madonna Vaggia Bisdomini, Madonna Camilla Rucellai, and Madonna Bartollomea Gianfigliazzi, who said she Workinghad her own Together devotion andfor herthe own Well-being spiritual aids; of Migrants but I did not...... trust the latter much, 119 becauseBarry she Halliday seemed mad to me” (Villari II.ii: CCXCVII-VIII). I am giving here my own translation since neither of the English versions of Villari’s book (Leonard Horner’s and Linda Villari’s) includes the documents I am quoting here.

Victorian Uses of the Italian Past: The Case of Camilla Rucellai… 205 10 Table of Contents

elected Gonfaloniere of Florence, and the Popular party were much 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper more keenly than she felt what was false. (527) 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 17 “[Of what occurred on Holy Friday] I did not know and do not know anything, apart5.5 from “Colombia what I have nos heardune”...... from Filippo Arigucci: that there were some Signori 109 who wanted to throw Bernardo del Nero, who was then Gonfaloniere di Giustizia, 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It out of the window of the Palazzo; and at that time the same Filippo had sent to inquire of Madonna Camilla de Rucellai what they had to do; and she had answered that5.7 she Challenges had had it as ...... a revelation that they should throw him from the windows 114and thatBibliography...... she had told Fra Malatesta of San Marco, asking if this throwing out of 116 the window was divine inspiration, and Fra Malatesta asked me, if it could be divine inspiration, and if doing it was allowed; and I answered as it is right to answer in Workingsuch cases ofTogether illegitimate for things the Well-being[irregularita] andof Migrants I did not tell...... him it was to be done. 119 [...]Barry I would Halliday have liked it if he had been sent away, but I did not support the idea of his death”. (Villari Tome II.ii,CCLXVIII) [my translation]. But see also Villari Tome II.ii, CCCXXXVII.

206 Luisa Villa 10 Table of Contents

Camilla’s hysterical visionarism exposes the dubious foundations of 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Poetical Imagination. New York: New York UP, 1979. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Carpenter, Mary Wilson. George Eliot and the Landscape of Time: Narrative Form andMigration: Protestant LabourApocalyptic Migration History .but Chapel not Workers’Hill and London: Migration...... The U of North 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3Carolina From P,Guest 1986. Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Creytens, Raimondo. “Il direttorio di Roberto Ubaldini da Gagliano O.P. per le 4.4terziarie Selective collegiate Policies di Santa and theCaterina Brain da Drain...... Siena in Firenze”. Archivum Fratrum 87 Praedicatorum, XXXIX, 1969: 127-172. 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 del Lungo, Isidoro. Women of Florence. Trans. Mary C. Steedman. London: Chatto

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... & Windus, 1907. 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according del Migliore, Ferdinando Leopoldo. Firenze Città Nobilissima Illustrata. Prima, 5. Colombia:seconda e terza Including parte del Emigrant Libro I. Firenze:s in Their Stella, Societies 1784. of Origin...... 101 Eliot,Urs George. Watter Adam Bede. 1859. London: Penguin Classics, 1985. ---.5.1 Notebook State Interest for Romola and. ResponsibilityBritish Library Manuscript Collection ADD MS 40768 BM.towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 ---. Romola. 1863. London: Penguin, 1980. 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. ---. Romola. Edited with an Introduction and Notes by Guido Biagi. London: Fisher to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3Unwin, Migration 1907. Policy and Ethics ...... 106 ---.5.4 “Silly Migration Novels byPolicy Lady in Novelists”. Colombia 1856...... Essays of George Eliot. Ed. Thomas 108 Pinney. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1963. ---.5.5 The “Colombia George Eliot nos Letters. une”...... 9 vols. Ed. Gordon Haight. New Haven: Yale 109UP, 5.61954-1978. Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Fortune, Jane. “Orate pro pictora – Prayer for the painter: Sister Nelli gets her due”. 5.7www.theflorentine.it/issu Challenges ...... e/00422006.pdf. 28 May 2007. 114 Greer,Bibliography...... Germaine. The Obstacle Race: The Fortunes of Women Painters and Their 116 Work. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1979. WorkingHaight, Gordon. Together George for Eliot: the A Well-being Biography. 1968. of Migrants Harmondsworth:...... Penguin, 1986. 119 Homans,Barry Margaret. Halliday Bearing the Word: Language and Female Experience in Nineteenth- Century Women’s Writing. Chicago and London: The U of Chicago P, 1986.

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Lehmijoki-Gardner, Maiju. Dominican Penitent Women. New York: Paulist P, 3.42005. The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Lukács,3.5 Conclusion...... György. The Historical Novel. Trans. Hannah and Stanley Mitchell. London: 59 Merlin P, 1962. Bibliography...... 60 Meiners, Christoph. “Ueber das Leben und die Schrifen des Grafen Johannes Picus von Mirandula”. Lebensbeschreibungen berühmter Männer des Zeiten der 4. TheWiederherstellung Ethics of Migration. der Wissenschaften . Bd. II. Zürich, 1796. More,Reflections Thomas. Giovannion Recent Pico Migration della Mirandola: Policies Hi s Life by his Nephew Giovanni andFrancesco “Non-policies” Pico, trans inlated Italy from and the EuropeLatin. London:...... David Nutt, 1890. 61 Paatz,Laura Walter Zanfrini and Elizabeth. Die Kirchen von Florenz. Ein Kunstgeschichtliches Handbuch (6 Bände). Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann, 1940. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Passerini, Luigi. Genealogia e storia della famiglia Rucellai. Firenze: Cellini, 1861. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Pater, Walter.Migration: The Renaissance:Labour Migration Studies but in Artnot andWorkers’ Poetry. Migration...... 1893. Ed. Donald Hill. 73 Berkeley: U of California P, 1980. ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Pico4.3 della From Mirandola, Guest Workers Gianfrancesco. to Unwelcome Vita Hieronymi Guests ...... Savonarolae. 1530. Ed. 82 Elisabetta Schisto. Florence: Olschki, 1999. 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 ---. Vita di Hieronimo Savonarola (volgarizzamento anonimo). Ed. Raffaella 4.5Castagnola. Equal Opportunity Firenze: Sismel/Edizioni and Denied Oppordel Galluzzo,tunities 1998...... 90 ---. Ioannis Pici Mirandulae viri omni disciplinarum genere consumatissimi vita. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are 1496. Modena: Aedes Muratoriano, 1963. ontribution is published according 5.Polizzotto, Colombia: Lorenzo. Including “When EmigrantSaints Fall Ous int: WomenTheir Societies and the Savonarolan of Origin Reform...... 101 in UrsEarly Watter Sixteenth-Century Florence”. Renaissance Quarterly 46 (1993): 486-523. Razzi, Serafino. Vite dei Santi e Beati del Sacro Ordine dei Frati Predicatori, così 5.1Huomini State Interestcome Donne and. ResponsibilityPalermo: De Franceschi, 1605. Richa, towardsGiuseppe. their Notizie Citizens Istoriche Living delle Abroad...... Chiese Fiorentine. Divise nei suoi quartieri 102. 5.2Tomo Applied 8, parte Ethics IV. Firenze: ...... Viviani, 1759. 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Ridolfi, Roberto. Vita di Girolamo Savonarola. 2 vols. Roma: Belardetti, 1952. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 Schnitzer, Giuseppe. Savonarola. Italian Translation. Milano: Treves, 1931. Thompson,5.4 Migration Andrew. Policy George in ColombiaEliot and Italy ...... Basingstoke and London: MacMillan, 108 5.51998. “Colombia nos une”...... 109 Tosello, Maria. Le fonti italiane della “Romola” di George Eliot. Torino: Giappichelli, 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 1956. Vasoli,5.7 Challenges Carlo. “Bartolini ...... Rucellai, Camilla”. Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 114. Vol. 6. Roma: Istituto dell’Enciclopedia Italiana, 1964. 629-639. Bibliography...... 116 Villa, Luisa. Riscrivendo il conflitto. Indagine sull’incidenza del genere nella narrativa di George Eliot. Alessandria: Dell’Orso, 1994. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Villari, Pasquale. La storia di Girolamo Savonarola e de’ suoi tempi. Firenze: Le BarryMonnier, Halliday 1861 (Elibron Classics Replica Edition, 2004).

Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4. The English in Italy: Studies in Victorian Biography ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 211-224 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Ruskin and Architecture: The Impact of His Early Travels in Italy (1830s-1840s)

Odile Boucher-Rivalain – Université de Cergy-Pontoise, France s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, John Ruskin’s long life (1819-1900) was devoted to travelling, observing, drawing and writing. His own objective in travelling, which combined a traditional approach in the Grand Tour tradition

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. with a highly innovative one, gave rise to a new conception of the art of travelling – one infinitely more demanding and rewarding than that which had been and continued to be the reality for a majority of Victorian travellers.1 Ruskin’s early journeys on the Continent were undertaken first as a child with his parents, later as d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are a young man with his faithful friend and Alpine guide Joseph ontribution is published according Couttet, and later still as a newlywed in the company of his young wife Effie.2 All these experiences in his formative years led to the writing of his major work on architecture, The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849). This paper sets out to explore how Ruskin’s travels in Italy in the 1830s and 1840s influenced the conception and writing of his architectural treatise. to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 1. Ruskin’s travelling experiences in Italy

Ruskin’s childhood was enriched by his many travelling experiences. Initially he would travel around Great Britain, accompanying his

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It father, a wine merchant, on business or trips to Scotland to visit relatives on his mother’s side, then he began to roam the Continent,

1 See for example Christine Johnstone’s review of Frances Trollope’s Visit to Italy. Tait’s Edinburgh Magazine. 2 In his diary on 24 September 1856 Ruskin entered the list of his journeys on the Continent for the period 1840-1856. See Diaries, II: 522-523. Only during the years 1843, 1847, 1853 and 1855, which were devoted entirely to writing, did his travels not take him outside Great Britain.

212 Odile Boucher-Rivalain 10 Table of Contents

encouraged by his parents, who considered travelling to be a 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... [...]. But I had no sooner cast eyes on the Rogers vignettes than I 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are took them for my only masters, and set myself to imitate them as ontribution is published according 5. Colombia:far as I possibly Including could Emigrant by fine pens in shading. Their Societies of Origin...... 101 [...] There is no doubt however that early in the spring of 1833 Urs Watter Prout published his Sketches in Flanders and Germany. [...] We got 5.1the State book Interest home andto Herne Responsibility Hill befo re the time of our usual annual tour;towards and as their my Citizensmother watchedLiving Abroad...... my father’s pleasure and mine in 102 looking at the wonderful places, she said, why shouldn’t we go and 5.2see Applied some of Ethics them ...... in reality? My father hesitated a little, then with 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3glittering Migration eyes Polic saidy – and why Ethi not?cs (vol...... I, ch. 4, § 88, 69-70). 106 If 5.4Rogers, Migration Prout Policy and Turner in Colombia paved ...... the way for Ruskin’s writings 108 on art5.5 and, “Colombia most notably, nos une”...... for his Modern Painters (1843-1860), 109the question remains open as to what extent his Italian tours in the 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 1840s influenced the writing of The Seven Lamps of Architecture (1849).5.7 Challenges Ruskin entered ...... many remarks and observations in his diary 114 during his various Italian tours, providing us with precious informationBibliography...... on what he saw and how he reacted to new works of 116 art that he discovered and to those he saw again on subsequent tours. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 The first visit to Italy during which notes were made was the one Barry Halliday undertaken in 1840 for medical reasons – health problems having caused him to interrupt his studies at Christ Church College, Oxford

Ruskin and Architecture: The Impact of His Early Travels… 213 10 Table of Contents

and return home. According to Jeanne Clegg, “In April 1840 Ruskin 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1Sketching Restrictive again Policies on the and quay; Structural a char Demandacteristic for bit Immigrant of arcade Labourrunning .. 65 along the whole city, dark as pitch and filthy. [...] 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian The churches all in the same style; a great deal of barbarous alabaster, butMigration: still imposing; Labour infinite Migration wealth but and not great Workers’ power Migration...... of mind, though a 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3little From diseased Guest in Workers its operation. to Unwelcome The Cathedral Guests however ...... is thoroughly 82 ugly outside; the porch endurable – mosaic, in pretty patterns of 4.4black Selective and white Policies marble and the– but Brain the Drain...... upper part quite plain, merely 87 4.5ribbed Equal like Opportunity a zebra – detestable.and Denied Still Oppor nottunities so bad ...... as Orleans; merely 90 ugly, but not vulgar.

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... Nov. 3 Chiavari. Left Genoa early. 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according [...] the villages cold in effect, the roofs plain grey pink. [...] Here 5. Colombia:arcades all Includingalong the street, Emigrant with sodd in Theirshort Norman-looking Societies of Origin columns,...... 101 Ursbut Watterno decoration nor balconies above, only a little glaring and decayed fresco. (Diaries I: 101-2) 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility As thetowards family their proceeded Citizens on Living their Abroad...... journey, it seems that the discovery 102 of 5.2so manyApplied architectural Ethics ...... treasures helped Ruskin gradually overcome 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper his low spirits and sense of physical weakness. We find him busily drawing5.3 Migration sketches Polic ofy theand churchEthics ...... of Santa Maria della Spina in Pisa, 106 in 5.4a much Migration more Policy positive in Colombia mood than ...... he was in Genoa, and yet 108 he seems to be subject to rapid variations of mood as his positive 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 remarks are immediately counterbalanced by much less laudatory 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It ones, undoubtedly the sign of a certain form of frustration, but also of 5.7much Challenges more than ...... mere frustration. It is clear that Ruskin was 114 in the process of discovering his interest in architecture and broadeningBibliography...... his passion for Italian art: 116

WorkingNov. 10 Together Pisa. Sketching for the Well-being in the morning. of Migrants [...] Few...... lookers on, and 119 Barrythose Hallidaymuch more considerate than either in England or France. [...] Then to the Cathedral for a quiet look inside. […] The Cathedral

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quite overwhelming in its display of marble, and all effect lost by bad 3.4employment The Human of Rights’materials. Approach...... [...] Monuments and altars innumerable in 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5the Conclusion...... transepts, of exquisite design in white marble, as far as the 59 flower-work went. [...] Bibliography...... Nov. 12 Yesterday sketching hard in Pisa, and examining town; 60 found nothing whatever in the least interesting, except the cathedral. 4. The(Diaries Ethics I: 108)of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Anand unparalleled “Non-policies” curiosity in Italy combined and Europe with...... an acute sense of architec- 61 turalLaura aesthetics Zanfrini were Ruskin’s qualities allowing his eye to perceive the slightest detail and his mind to reflect on the effect produced: s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2Nov. Initiatives 25 Sienna. for ThisGoverning town is Family worth andfifty Humanitarian Florences: larger and more massyMigration: buildings Labour in general Migration with but numbers not Workers’ of the Migration...... triple Venetian 73 window. [...] Outside of the Cathedral confused – all sorts of levels; ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3baptistery From Guest or something Workers toat Unwelcomeeast end, all GuestsGothic; ...... then flight of stairs, 82 4.4under Selective delicate Policies arches, an openingd the Brain on a Drain...... piece of rich ruin, with a lovely 87 central window, rosettes all over in marble. The west front supported 4.5on Equalcolumns Opportunity of twisted and flower Denied work, Oppor and tunitiespierced ...... with doors of most 90 exquisite tracery – all marble, quite inimitable, the interior corrupt; d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are like Genoa and Pisa ribbed with horizontal lines of black, and roof a ontribution is published according great deal gilded, but far superior in proportion of architecture and 5. Colombia:richness of Includingeffect to either Emigrant Genoas orin Pisa. Their (Diaries Societies I: 113-4) of Origin ...... 101 Urs Watter His5.1 eye State was Interest particularly and Responsibility attracted by the decorative diversity of northerntowards Italian their Gothic Citizens architecture. Living Abroad...... By contrast, the Renaissance 102 architecture he encountered in Rome appeared quite monotonous to him5.2 for Applied its lack Ethics of decorative ...... elements: 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 4 December Rome. Went to St Peter’s to get a sketch and couldn’t, 5.4and Migration was disgusted Policy inwith Colombia the archit ...... ecture. It is very coarse in 108 conception, I think. The churches here, which I rushed through a 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 few of on Tuesday and Wednesday, are all the same thing over and 5.6over Alianza again; País always ...... handsome, always encrusted with invaluable 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It marbles, always possessing treasures of art and intellect, but all the 5.7same Challenges monotonous ...... columns and arches from beginning to end, 114 Bibliography...... chapels and altars of the same pattern and proportions, differing 116 only in the design of the altar mosaic, the width of the ceiling. Working6 December. Together St Peter’sfor the Well-beingalways looks of like Migrants a mere...... toy. The more I 119 Barrysee the Halliday less I think of it. (Diaries I: 119-121)

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From Rome on to Venice, which the family had first visited as part 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 has become pain. [...] the outlines of St Mark’s thrill me as if they 4.2had Initiatives been traced for byGoverning A’s hand. Family (Diaries and I: Humanitarian 183)3 Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 This youthful enthusiasm for Venice was to leave a lasting mark on ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Ruskin’s4.3 From mind. Guest After Workers the topublication Unwelcome of Guests the first ...... volume of Modern 82 Painters4.4 Selective in 1843, Policies Ruskin and feltthe Brainhe needed Drain...... to study Italian art in depth 87 before undertaking the later volumes. He therefore planned another Italian4.5 Equal journey, Opportunity referring and to Denied his decision Opportunities to go ...... this time without his 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors parentsBibliography...... as “heartless” but prompted by the urgent necessities 97of ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according work, i.e. the study of Italian painting. The diary was, on this 5.occasion, Colombia: replaced Including by Emigrantdaily letterss in Theirto his Societies parents of (seeOrigin Ruskin...... 101 in ItalyUrs) andWatter by a notebook containing “descriptions and criticisms of the artworks which the young author of the first volume of Modern 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Painters (1843) had expressly come to study” (Tucker xi). What towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 Tucker refers to as “the unexpected multiplication of Ruskin’s objects5.2 Applied of study” Ethics (Tucker ...... xii) during his 1845 Italian tour is precisely 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper his5.3 growing Migration fascination Policy and Ethifor csarchit ...... ecture, a point also noted 106by Shapiro in the introduction to his edition of Ruskin’s letters: 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 [...] though his chief object in Pisa was the Campo Santo frescoes, 5.5his “Colombia interest in nos architecture une”...... an architectural ornament was even 109 greater than it had been in Lucca. He measured the churches, made 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It notes on them, drew them, and gathered fragments of the Baptistery 5.7to sendChallenges home...... And he extended his studies to domestic architecture, 114 making several drawings of the Palazzo Agostini. (xiv) Bibliography...... 116 3 The reference to “A’s hand” is to Adèle Domecq, Ruskin’s youthful love. In WorkingPraeterita, TogetherRuskin corrected for the thisWell-being statement of and Migrants relativized...... the importance 119 of Venice:Barry “I Halliday find a sentence in diary on 6th May, which seems inconsistent with what I have said of the centres of my life work. [...] But then, I knew neither Rouen nor Pisa, though I had seen both” (vol. II, ch. 3, § 57, 268-9).

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2. 3.4Reading The Human architecture Rights’ Approach...... as a text 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av The3.5 fact Conclusion...... that Ruskin’s Italian tour of 1845 had marked a turning 59 pointBibliography...... in his life and career was made explicit in the chapter which 60 he devoted to it in Praeterita entitled “The Campo Santo” (vol. II, ch. 4.6), The which Ethics deals of Migration.with his experiences in Pisa. This is also in evidence in Reflectionshis Preface onto RecentThe Seven Migration Lamps Policies of Architecture , where he stresses theand large “Non-policies” number of inexamples Italy and drawnEurope from...... the Romanesque and 61 Gothic.Laura WhileZanfrini rejecting the idea that what he had written constituted a treatise on European architecture, he stated that what he had in s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 fact produced was a series of reflections drawn from his personal experience4.2 Initiatives of French for Governing and Italian Family architecture. and Humanitarian These reflections were gatheredMigration: under sevenLabour headings Migration which but not he Workers’ called “lamps”. Migration...... By using 73 a ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Biblical4.3 From reference, Guest Workers Ruskin to Unwelcome emphasizes Guests the ...... quasi-sacred mission 82 which he now feels he has been entrusted with as an art-cum-social critic,4.4 Selective thus resolving Policies an an dissue the Brain whic Drain...... h had been the subject of debate 87 in 4.5his Equalfamily Opportunity circle for manyand Denied years. Oppor As notedtunities by ...... Tucker, 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... Ruskin’s impassioned defence of a life dedicated to spreading ‘the 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according love and knowledge of art among all classes’ was a fresh answer to 5. Colombia:a question Includinghe had debated Emigrant for stwo in Their years Societies or more, of his Origin choice...... of 101 Ursprofession. Watter [...] They [his parents] had instilled in him from an early age that he owed it as a duty to God to cultivate his powers 5.1and State peculiar Interest talents and Responsibility“in Service and for the benefit of your fellow Creatures”,towards their a lesson Citizens he had Living thoroughly Abroad...... assimilated. (xxx) 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are As Proust said of Ruskin, “he cultivated the religion of Beauty”: perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper “Le5.3 don Migration spécial Polic poury andRuskin, Ethics c’était ...... le sentiment de la beauté, dans 106 la 5.4nature Migration comme Policy dans in l’art” Colombia (110; ...... but see also Gamble). This he 108felt to be his mission in life. The tools he used to celebrate beauty both in 5.5nature “Colombia and in nos art une”...... were his pencil and his pen, sketching and 109 writing5.6 Alianza – first País sketching ...... in order to capture fleeting beauty, then 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It reflecting and writing about his aesthetic experiences. In Ruskin’s own5.7 words,Challenges Poetry ...... and Architecture are two expressions of 114the sameBibliography...... reality with the same finality – creating beauty and recording 116 natural beauty and thus constituting the memory of nations, their Workingcultural heritageTogether whichfor the couldWell-being be handed of Migrants on from...... generation 119 to generation:Barry Halliday

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[...] there are but two strong conquerors of the forgetfulness of men, 3.4Poetry The Humanand Architecture; Rights’ Approach...... and the latter in some sort includes the 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5former, Conclusion...... and is mightier in its reality; it is well to have, not only 59 what men have thought and felt, but what their hands have handled, Bibliography...... and their strength wrought, and their eyes beheld, all the days of 60 their life. (ch. 6, “The Lamp of Memory”, § 2, 169-170) 4. The Ethics of Migration. TheReflections idea that on poetry Recent and Migration architecture Policies share the same function of encapsulatingand “Non-policies” the memory in Italy of and men Europe and of...... nations is in fact reminis- 61 centLaura of Ruskin’s Zanfrini own definition of architecture as a text to be written by the architect and artist (sculptor) and read by any individual for s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 whom the piece of architecture and work of art has been created. Pursuing4.2 Initiatives the metaphor for Governing of architectureFamily and Humanitarian as text in “The Lamp of Memory”,Migration: he goes Labour so Migrationfar as to butplace not architectureWorkers’ Migration...... above poetry 73in ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. being4.3 Frommore Guest truthful Workers and expressive to Unwelcome than Guests words: ...... 82 4.4How Selective cold is Policies all history, and howthe Brain lifele Drain...... ss all imagery, compared to that 87 4.5which Equal the Opportunity living nation and writes, Denied and Oppor the tunitiesuncorrupted ...... marble bears! 90 How many pages of doubtful record might we not often spare, for a

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... few stones left one upon another! (ch. 6, § 2, 169) 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5.Ruskin Colombia: is sceptical Including about Emigrant the possibilitys in Their Societiesof establishing of Origin universal...... 101 rulesUrs governing Watter the language of architecture: unlike natural (verbal) languages with their own unchangeable grammars, the modes of 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility expression in architecture are so numerous that they cannot be towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 reduced to a universal and permanent system. In order to read an architectural5.2 Applied text,Ethics Ruskin ...... suggests, one should be able to place 104 it to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper within5.3 Migration the context Polic yof and the Ethi spiritcs ...... of the period in which it was 106 produced, a principle which he applied in writing The Stones of Venice,5.4 Migration where readingPolicy in the Colombia Venetian ...... architecture with the knowledge 108 of 5.5the “Colombia city’s history nos une”...... is a necessary condition to understanding 109 it. Defining the second of what he calls the “Virtues of Architecture”, 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It he uses precisely the metaphor of architecture as text: “[...] we require5.7 Challenges of any building ...... [...] that it speak well, and say the things 114 it was intended to say in the best words”: Bibliography...... 116 Now as regards the second of these virtues, it is evident that we can Workingestablish Together no general for laws.the Well-being First, because of Migrants it is not a ...... virtue required in 119 Barryall buildings; Halliday there are some which are only for cover or defence, and from which we ask no conversation. Secondly, because there

218 Odile Boucher-Rivalain 10 Table of Contents

are countless methods of expression, some conventional, some natural: 3.4each The conventional Human Rights’ mode Approach...... has its own alphabet, which evidently can be 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5no Conclusion...... subject of general laws. Every natural mode is instinctively 59 employed and instinctively understood, wherever there is true Bibliography...... feeling; and this instinct is above the law. [...] 60 I shall use no influence with him whatever, except to counteract 4. Theprevious Ethics prejudices, of Migration. and leave him, as far as may be, free. (The ReflectionsStones of Venice on Recent, vol. MigrationI, ch. 2, 30) Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 AsLaura an art Zanfrini critic, Ruskin sees his role then as guiding readers along the path to acquiring the knowledge necessary to the understanding s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 of the historical and cultural context of the work of art.4 His aim is to 4.2guide Initiatives readers for and Governing leave them Family free and to Humanitarianform their own judgements. He seesMigration: his role Labour as a guide, Migration not butas anot teacher, Workers’ since Migration...... familiarity with 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. historical4.3 From data Guest forming Workers the to Unwelcomebackground Guests against ...... which architecture 82 was to be apprehended and interpreted is not envisaged by Ruskin merely4.4 Selective as an intellectualPolicies and theand Brain rational Drain...... exercise. According to him, 87 reading4.5 Equal an Opportunity architectural and Deniedtext requiresOpportunities above ...... all a form 90of emotional empathy between the reader and the artist who created d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors it, Bibliography...... despite the distance in time separating the two acts, that is, 97an ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according understanding of the artist’s intentions via the work of art passed 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 on to succeeding generations. This kind of sympathy, this desire to Urs Watter enter into communication with men of past ages, cannot be taught: hence5.1 State the Interestfreedom and which Responsibility Ruskin promises to grant his readers, allowingtowards them their to pursue Citizens a Livingpersonal Abroad...... reading of the architectural text 102 in the5.2 form Applied of an Ethics individual ...... response. This admission of the necessity 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. for an emotional and personal act of communication, besides his to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper evocation5.3 Migration of the Polic morey and technical Ethics ...... aspects of architecture, echoes 106his own5.4 definitionMigration Policyof architecture in Colombia in ...... the opening lines of The Seven 108 Lamps: architecture/art being distinct from building/technique, reflecting5.5 “Colombia the division nos une”...... of the human being, body and spirit/soul. 109 5.6Since, Alianza according País ...... to Ruskin, architecture could be defined as 112 a sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It poetic text made of stones just as epic is poetry made of words, it 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 stood for him as the uppermost form of artistic activity since it mobilizesBibliography...... the participation of every human faculty: man’s senses 116 as

Working4 There is noTogether doubt that for Ruskin the Well-being was an avid ofreader Migrants of local...... history books when 119 he wasBarry travelling. Halliday By way of illustration of this point, a letter he wrote to his father from Lucca on 6 May 1845 mentions a volume of Sismondi’s Histoire des Républiques Italiennes du Moyen Age (Ruskin in Italy 53).

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well as his intellect, his sympathy as well as his reason. His oft-quoted 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av definitions and assertions indicate clearly the importance he attached to visual3.5 Conclusion...... elements (colour, decoration, sculpture): “Ornamentation is the 59 principalBibliography...... part of architecture”, or “The fact is, there are only two fine 60 arts possible to the human race, sculpture and painting. What we call 4.architecture The Ethics is of only Migration. the association of these in noble masses, or the placingReflections them onin fitRecent places”. Migration His att Policiesachment to the essentially visual, ratherand “Non-policies”than the structural, in Italy the and sen Europesual rather...... than the intellectual 61 qualityLaura of Zanfrini architecture permeates the text of The Seven Lamps and may be traced back to his experiencing so strongly the presence of s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, colour4.1 Restrictive in the stones Policies used and in Structural Italian buildingsDemand for (alabaster Immigrant and Labour marble .. 65 mostly)4.2 Initiatives and the for manyGoverning decorative Family andelements Humanitarian on the walls of the palazzi.Migration: His overwhelming Labour Migration concern but not with Workers’ the aestheticMigration...... quality 73of ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. architecture4.3 From Guest and Workerswith the to effect Unwelcome it produced Guests on ...... any individual who 82 was sufficiently prepared to apprehend it points out the close link existing4.4 Selective for him Policies between and theaesthetics Brain Drain...... and ethics, the visual qualities 87 of 4.5architecture Equal Opportunity and the andemotions Denied they Oppor arouse.tunities These ...... emotions being 90 of a double nature – aesthetic and ethical, beauty engendering the d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors loveBibliography...... of order (one essential manifestation of which being social 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according order and social justice) – Ruskin was naturally led to mix aesthetic 5.and Colombia: moral as Including well as Emigrantsocial consids in Theirerations Societies in his of Originreflections...... 101on architecture.Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 3. Social considerations and architectural reforms 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Being5.3 Migration convinced Polic asy he and was Ethi thatcs ...... a change in work practices would 106 improve the quality of nineteenth-century English architecture, Ruskin5.4 Migration believed Policy that thein Colombia adoption ...... of a specific architectural style 108 in Victorian5.5 “Colombia England nos was une”...... the necessary condition. It was the shocking 109 contrast between the Gothic architecture that he had been able to 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It admire on his various continental travels and the depressing reality of contemporary5.7 Challenges English ...... architecture that gave rise to the impassioned 114 plea for urgent change in The Seven Lamps: Bibliography...... 116 I say architecture and all art; for I believe architecture must be the Workingbeginning Together of arts, for and the that Well-being the others of must Migrants follow...... in their time and 119 Barryorder; Halliday [...] our architecture will languish and that in the very dust, until the first principle of common sense be manfully obeyed, and

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an universal system of form and workmanship be everywhere 3.4adopted The Human and enforced. Rights’ ItApproach...... may be said that this is impossible. It may 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5be Conclusion...... so – I fear it is so: I have nothing to do with the possibility or 59 impossibility of it; I simply know and assert the necessity of it. If it Bibliography...... be impossible, English art is impossible [...]; but there is a chance 60 for us in these, and there is none else; and that chance rests on the 4. Thebare Ethics possibility of Migration. of obtaining the consent, both of architects and of Reflectionsthe public, onto chooseRecent aMigration style, and Policiesto use it universally. (ch. 7, “The andLamp “Non-policies” of Obedience”, in §Italy 6, 194) and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini Ruskin’s suggestion of choosing a style to be universally adopted in s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Victorian4.1 Restrictive England Policies should and not,Structural I belie Demandve, be forinterpreted Immigrant as Labour a sign .. 65of his4.2 taking Initiatives side for in Governing the on-going Family “ba andttle Humanitarian of the styles”. It is easy enoughMigration: to see Labourin his Migrationchoice of but the not Gothic, Workers’ of Migration...... which he was 73so

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. passionately fond, a means of going back to the roots of the 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Christian tradition in which Europe was embedded.5 Many scholars have4.4 Selectivetherefore Policies justified an dRuskin’s the Brain Drain...... choice of Gothic by placing 87it against4.5 Equal the Opportunitybackground and of Denied the anti-Catholic Opportunities ...... feelings in England 90 following the 1829 Catholic Emancipation Act. Ruskin’s religious d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors educationBibliography...... received from an Evangelical mother made him a strong 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according opponent of the Anglo-Catholic Oxford Movement, which he 5.qualified Colombia: as “theIncluding darkest Emigrant plagues thatin Their ever Societies held commission of Origin...... to hurt 101 theUrs earth” Watter (ch.1, “The Lamp of Sacrifice”, note 1, 203). Since Gothic5.1 State was Interest associated and Responsibility with Christian supremacy, and not merely with thetowards supremacy their Citizens of the Living Catholic Abroad...... Church in medieval Europe, 102 he saw5.2 it Applied as his missionEthics ...... to make his choice of Gothic acceptable to 104the 6 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are

perty. anti-Catholic majority in England (Fontaney 437-484). But in fact, to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Ruskin’s5.3 Migration deeper Polic reasonsy and Ethifor cshis ...... choice of Gothic do not lie in any 106 sort5.4 of Migration religious Policy allegiance in Colombia but rather ...... in his thinking again in terms 108 of the most effective communication between the artist and the individual5.5 “Colombia who willnos une”...... try to apprehend his architectural creation. The 109 question5.6 Alianza that Paísseemed ...... to haunt Ruskin’s mind was how to find 112an sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It architectural style that would create aesthetic pleasure and make at 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 the same time communication truly effective. To my mind, Ruskin’s Bibliography...... 116

5 It was A. W. Pugin, a staunch member of the Roman Catholic Church who, in The WorkingTrue Principles Together of Pointed for theor Christian Well-being Architecture of Migrants (1841),...... had first expressed 119 his strongBarry admiration Halliday of the Gothic style as the expression of the Christian faith 6 In Ruskin and Venice Jeanne Clegg speaks of “the difficulty of reconciling an ideal of Venetian Christianity with the hostility to Catholicism” (88).

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preoccupations go beyond mere national and historical references; 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2That Initiatives alone which for Governing it is in our Family power and to Humanitarianobtain, and which it is our dutyMigration: to desire, Labour is an Migration unanimous but stylenot Workers’ of some Migration...... kind, and such 73 comprehension and practice of it as would enable us to adapt its ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3features From toGuest the peculiarWorkers characterto Unwelcome of every Guests several ...... building, large or 82 small, domestic, civil or ecclesiastical. I have said that it was 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 immaterial what style was to be adopted, so far as regards the room 4.5for Equal originality Opportunity which andits Denieddevelopment Oppor tunitieswould admit: ...... it is not so, 90 however, when we take into consideration the far more important d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... questions of the facility of adaptation to general purposes, of the 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according sympathy with which this or that style would be popularly 5. Colombia:regarded. [...]Including The choice Emigrant woulds inlie Their I think Societies between of four Origin styles:...... – 101 Urs1.The Watter Pisan Romanesque; 2. The early Gothic of the Western 5.1Italian State Republics, Interest and advanced Responsibility so far and as fast as our art would enable us to the Gothic of Giotto; 3. The Venetian Gothic in its towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 purest development; 4. The English earliest decorated. The most 5.2natural, Applied perhaps Ethics the ...... safest choice, would be of the last, well fenced 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper from chance of again stiffening into the perpendicular; and perhaps 5.3enriched Migration by some Polic minglingy and Ethi ofcs decorative ...... elements from the exquisite 106 5.4Gothic Migration of France, Policy of in which, Colombia in such ...... cases, it would be needful to 108 accept some well known examples, as the North door of Rouen and 5.5the “Colombia church of St nos Urbain une”...... at Troyes, for final and limiting authorities on 109 5.6the Alianza side of decoration.País ...... (ch. 7, “The Lamp of Obedience”, § 7, 196-7) 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It His5.7 reasons Challenges for ...... recommending Gothic are radically different from 114 thoseBibliography...... advocated by other architectural critics of the same period 116 such as Pugin and Viollet-le-Duc (Pevsner). For Ruskin, Gothic art Workingexpressed Together the qualities for the that Well-being had been ofallowed Migrants to flourish...... in medieval 119 times,Barry among Halliday which, the love of nature and imagination which had

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produced such unrivalled architectural beauty (Stones of Venice, vol. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av II, ch. 4). 3.5Thus, Conclusion...... for Ruskin, architecture was a field in which profound 59 changesBibliography...... should be introduced, both in the conception and the 60 practice of the art, which in turn would form the basis and driving 4.force The behindEthics ofradical Migration. social changes through the recognition of the valueReflections of manual on work.Recent This Migration would Policiesprovide much-needed employment opportunitiesand “Non-policies” as well asin theItaly right and kindEurope of employment...... and should not 61 be Laurawasted Zanfrini on the construction of far-fetched new glass and iron buildings (Ruskin referred to the Crystal Palace erected in Hyde s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Park4.1 forRestrictive the 1851 Policies Great and Exhibition Structural Demandas a mere for Immigrant“cucumber Labour frame”). .. 65 Thus4.2 Initiativesthe minds for of Governing manual workers Family andwould Humanitarian be elevated, and all men wouldMigration: be allowed Labour to experience Migration thebut notnobility Workers’ of useful Migration...... manual work: 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3There From is Guesta vast Workersquantity toof Unwelcome idle energy Guestsamong ...... European nations at 82 4.4this Selective time, which Policies ought and tothe go Brain into Drain...... handicrafts. [...] I have myself 87 seen enough of the daily life of the young educated men of France 4.5and Equal Italy, Opportunity to account and for, Denied as it Oppor deserves,tunities the ...... deepest national 90 suffering and degradation. [...] d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are We have just spent, for instance, a hundred and fifty millions, ontribution is published according with which we have paid men for digging ground from one place 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 and depositing it in another. We have formed a large class of men, Urs Watter the railway naves, especially reckless, unmanageable, and dangerous. 5.1[...] State Suppose Interest that and we Responsibility had employed the same sums in building beautifultowards houses their Citizensand churches. Living We Abroad...... should have maintained the same 102 number of men, not in driving wheelbarrows, but in a distinctly 5.2technical, Applied ifEthics not intellectual ...... employment, and whose were more 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3intelligent Migration among Polic ythem and Ethiwouldcs ...... have been especially happy that 106 employment, as having room for the development of their fancy, and 5.4being Migration directed Policy by it into Colombiathat observation ...... of beauty which, associated 108 with the pursuit of natural science, at present forms the enjoyment of 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 many of the more intelligent manufacturing operatives. (The Seven 5.6Lamps Alianza, “The País Lamp ...... of Obedience, ch. 7, § 8, 199-200) 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Another5.7 Challenges contemporary ...... ill which Ruskin rails against was the solution 114 sometimesBibliography...... advocated to remedy the idleness of unemployed men 116 whereby they were employed to do restoration work. He had grieved Workingover the Togetherdecayed statefor the of Well-being the Venetian of Migrants palazzi ...... for want of proper 119 care,Barry but Halliday he deplored even more the restoration work that was carried out, in which he saw an act of reprehensible betrayal of the

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original, a violation of the original creation. The past which had 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2Neither Initiatives by the for public, Governing nor Familyby those and who Humanitarian have the care of public monuments,Migration: is Labour the true Migration meaning butof the not word Workers’ restoration Migration...... understood. 73 It means the most total destruction which a building can suffer: a ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3destruction From Guest out Workersof which tono Unwelcome remnants can Guests be gathered; ...... a destruction 82 accompanied with false description of the thing destroyed. Do not let 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 us deceive ourselves in this important matter; it is impossible, as 4.5impossible Equal Opportunity to raise the and dead, Denied to restore Oppor anythingtunities ...... that has ever been 90 great or beautiful in architecture. That which I have above insisted d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... upon as the life of the whole, that spirit which is given only by the 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according hand and eye of the workman, never can be recalled [...]. 5. Colombia:Do not Includinglet us talk Emigrant then of restoration.s in Their SocietiesThe thing of is Origin a Lie ...... from 101 Ursbeginning Watter to end. [...] more has been gleaned out of desolated 5.1Nineveh State Interest than ever and will Responsibility be out of re-built Milan. (The Seven Lamps, ch. 6, § 18-19, 184-5) towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 Ruskin’s5.2 Applied campaign Ethics ...... against restoration can be traced back to 104his to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper youthful travels in Italy. It was in that country and at that time that 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 his aesthetic acuity was at its height and there too that he experienced the5.4 unbridgeable Migration Policy gap betweenin Colombia himsel ...... f and his fellow-men. A genuine 108 symbiosis5.5 “Colombia had begun nos une”...... to exist between Ruskin and art, and a widening 109 gap had come to separate him from his contemporaries. The thirty- 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It year-old man had lived his happiest hours in ecstatic admiration of Italian5.7 Challenges Gothic architecture...... With his Lamps, he enlightened 114the minds of the Victorians and guided them in their discovery of the architecturalBibliography...... treasures of Florence, Sienna and Pisa. The stones 116 of Venice were to be his next step. If The Stones of Venice was not Workingmeant to Togetherrival Murray’s for the Well-beingGuide, at ofleast Migrants it would...... serve to guide 119 Barry Halliday travellers who sought to understand the history of Venice and its

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monuments – as Ruskin’s full title indicated.7 It continued and 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

4.References The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Clegg,and Jeanne.“Non-policies” Ruskin and in Venice. Italy London:and Europe Junction...... Books, 1981. 61 Fontaney,Laura ZanfriniPierre. Ruskin esthéticien. Les années de formation, 1819-1849. Lille: Atelier de reproduction des thèses, 1971. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Gamble, Cynthia. Proust as Interpreter of Ruskin: The Seven Lamps of Translation. 4.2Birmingham, Initiatives AL: for SummaGoverning Publications, Family 2002.and Humanitarian Johnstone,Migration: Christine. Labour Review Migration of Frances but Trollope’s not Workers’ Visit to Migration...... Italy. Tait’s Edinburgh 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3Magazine From Guest, XIII o.s., Workers IX n.s. to (Nov. Unwelcome 1842): 725-736. Guests ...... 82 Pemble, John. The Mediterranean Passion: Victorian and Edwardians in the 4.4South. Selective Oxford: Policies Clarendon an dP, the 1987 Brain. Drain...... 87 Pevsner,4.5 Equal Nikolaus. Opportunity Ruskin and and Viollet-le-Duc: Denied Oppor Etunitiesnglishness ...... and Frenchness in the 90 Appreciation of Gothic Architecture. London: Thames and Hudson, 1969. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Proust,Bibliography...... Marcel. Pastiches et Mélanges. Paris: Gallimard, 1971. 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5.Ruskin, Colombia: John. TheIncluding Diaries Emigrantof John Ruskins in Their. Eds SocietiesJoan Evans of and Origin John...... Howard 101 Whitehouse. 3 vols. Oxford: The Clarendon P, 1956-1958. Urs Watter ---. Ruskin in Italy: Letters to His Parents. 1845. Ed. Harold I. Shapiro. Oxford, 1972. ---.5.1 Praeterita. State Interest The Auto andbiography Responsibility of John Ruskin. 1885-1889. Ed. Kenneth Clark. Oxfordtowards and Newtheir York:Citizens Oxford Living UP, Abroad...... 1978. 102 ---.5.2 The Applied Seven Lamps Ethics of ...... Architecture. 1849. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. 1989. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper ---.5.3 The Migration Stones of Venice Policy. 1851-1853.and Ethics Ed...... J. G. Links. New York: Da Capo, 1960. 106 ---.5.4 Résumé Migration of Italian Policy Art inand Colombia Architecture ...... 1845. Ed. Paul Tucker. Pisa: Scuola 108 Normale Superiore, 2004. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 ---. Letters from the Continent 1858. Ed. J. Hayman. Toronto and London: Toronto 5.6UP, Alianza 1982. País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Shapiro,5.7 Challenges Harold I. Introduction...... Ruskin in Italy: Letters to His Parents. 1845. 114 By John Ruskin. Ed. Harold I. Shapiro. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1972. Tucker,Bibliography...... Paul. Introduction. Résumé of Italian Art and Architecture. By John Ruskin. 116 Ed. Paul Tucker. Pisa: Scuola Normale Superiore, 2004. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 7 JohnBarry Pemble Halliday states that Ruskin’s opinions were “treasured as guides and oracles by a huge travelling public. He provided a litany of responses for two generations of British visitors to Italy” (207).

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 225-235 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Elizabeth Barrett Browning in Italy

Marianne Camus – Université de Bourgogne, France

s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of “I love Italy – I love my Florence. I love that ‘hole of a place,’ […] stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, – with all its dust, its cobwebs, its spiders even, I love it, and with somewhat of the kind of blind, stupid, respectable, obstinate love which people feel when they talk of ‘beloved native lands.’ I feel ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. this for Italy, by mistake for England”, wrote Elizabeth Barrett Browning to Miss Haworth in 1858 (Letters II: 285). This love affair between the poet and Italy, unlike many, lasted to the end of Barrett Browning’s life and, like most, was not quite all roses. It is

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors the rather exceptional story of a famous English poet spending the ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according last fifteen years of her life in Italy, even more exceptional insofar as she wrote some of her most successful poetry – Casa Guidi Windows (1851) and above all Aurora Leigh (1857) – there. Her feelings for the country followed a double curve, one going from affection and enthusiasm to lassitude or exasperation and back again; the other, deeper down, going from admiration to love to what one could almost call identification. The influence of Italy on to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Barrett Browning’s poetry is obvious, but her letters also serve as a major source of information about her personal response, a double and fluctuating relationship to the country. Italy as a good place to winter, given Barrett Browning’s frail health, had been on the cards for a long time, the last missed

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It opportunity occurring in 1845 when her father refused to let her go, despite her doctors’ advice and her brothers’ readiness to accompany her. She alluded to this situation in one of her first letters from Pisa: “For years I had looked forward with a sort of indifferent expectation towards Italy, knowing and feeling that I should escape there the annual relapse, yet, with that laisser aller manner which had become a habit to me, unable to form a definite wish about it”

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(Letters I: 290). It is common knowledge that she needed the love 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... growing stronger and stronger, and where it is to stop I can’t tell 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according really; I can do as much, or more, now than at any point since I 5. Colombia:arrived at woman’s Including estate. Emigrant (Letterss in I: Their 412-3) Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter Her health, though, was genuinely poor, and she would not go on improving,5.1 State Interest but to andthe endResponsibility she did go on – with the standard summer complainttowards about their the Citizens heat Living– about Abroad...... her pleasure in the mild climate: 102 “mountain5.2 Applied air Ethics without ...... its keenness, sheathed in Italian sunshine” 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. (Letters I: 413). And on, “The sun is powerful – we are rejoicing in to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper our5.3 Italian Migration climate” Policy and(Letters Ethics II: ...... 105). One cannot fail to notice, 106 however,5.4 Migration that there Policy is in occasionally Colombia ...... a hint of regret in the letters 108for some aspects not of the English climate, but of the English landscape.5.5 “Colombia One examplenos une”...... is a comparison which she made, one feels, 109 to 5.6herself Alianza as Paísmuch ...... as to her correspondent, “The air is as fresh 112 as sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It English air, without English dampness and transition; yes, and we 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 have English lanes with bowery tops of trees, and brambles and blackberries”Bibliography...... (Letters I: 456). In the same way, the easy-going way 116 of life remained a pleasure; she talked of their “primitive” life with Working“no trouble, Together no cook, for the no Well-beingkitchen” ( Lettersof Migrants I: 303)...... The cheapness 119 of Barryeverything Halliday appeared – as to all proper tourists – wonderful. Nevertheless, there is a suggestion that a tinge of nostalgia had

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crept into her soul between the letter to her sister-in-law, written 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. English dress code for women hints at another satisfaction more to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper difficult5.3 Migration to express Polic ydirectly and Ethi csfor ...... a Victorian woman, but perfectly 106 comprehensible5.4 Migration Policy in this in Colombialetter – th ...... at soon after mentions Robert’s 108 full approval of such a state of undress. This feeling of freedom and happiness5.5 “Colombia was regularlynos une”...... expressed, as well as was a gratitude 109 to Italy5.6 forAlianza permitting País ...... such feelings to blossom. From Pisa, she wrote, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It “So now ask me again if I enjoy my liberty as you expect. My head 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 goes round sometimes, that is all. I never was happy before in my life”Bibliography...... (Letters I: 302). And later from the Palazzo Guidi, “happier 116 and happier have I been, month after month” (Letters I: 380). The Workinggratitude Togetherto Italy for thepermitting Well-being such of Migrantsfeelings to...... blossom is clear 119 too:Barry “Oh, Halliday we Italians grow out of the English bark […]. Such a happy year I have had this last!” (Letters II: 197). As she wrote to

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Ruskin from Rome in 1859, “I never feel at home anywhere else 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... Florence […] if you knew what it is to give it all up and be put into 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according the mill of a dingy London lodging and ground very small indeed, 5. Colombia:you wouldn’t Including be angry Emigrant with us fors beingin Their sorry Societies to go north of Origin– you would...... 101 Ursnot Watterthink it unnatural. As for me, I have all sorts of pain in England – everything is against me, except a few things. (Letters II: 199) 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Forbiddentowards her their father’s Citizens house Living andAbroad...... unable to forget him, deeply 102 attached5.2 Applied to her Ethics sisters ...... and deprived of their company too, it is 104no to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. wonder that when she created Aurora, she firmly defined her as to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper dual5.3 inMigration nationality Polic andy and culture Ethics and ...... thus empowered her to turn 106her back5.4 onMigration the harshness Policy in of Colombia England...... 108 It is easy, if not very original, to affirm from these first points that5.5 Barrett “Colombia Browning’s nos une”...... attitude to Italy was influenced by her own 109 experience,5.6 Alianza as País a grown-up ...... Victorian woman who could not face 112her sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It father’s disapproval, as an invalid who found enough strength and 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 energy at the age of forty to release herself from the corset of English conventions.Bibliography...... Her progress was in a way archetypal. But if she can 116 be said to epitomize Victorian contradictions, it is not simply in her Workingbeing a woman, Together but for also the in Well-being her being aof woman Migrants highly,...... if largely, self- 119 educatedBarry Halliday in the classics and an acknowledged poetic voice of her time. These intellectual strengths counteracted her physical and emo-

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tional vulnerability; they also gave her the confidence and the power 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. 331). Very English too is the romantic appreciation of a majestic to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper landscape.5.3 Migration About Polic hery and trip Ethi to csVallombrosa ...... she exclaimed, “and 106the scenery5.4 Migration – oh, how Policy magnificent! in Colombia ...... How we enjoyed that great silent, 108 ink-black pine wood! And do you remember the sea of mountains on5.5 the “Colombia left?” (Letters nos une”...... I: 337). 109 5.6An Alianza interesting País ...... point here is that in Barrett Browning’s eyes even 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Italian cities partook of that romantic quality. Her descriptions 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 repeatedly romanticize Italian towns. For example, amongst others, AnconaBibliography...... is “a striking sea city, holding up against the brown rocks 116 and elbowing out the purple tides, beautiful to look on” (Letters I: Working381). In responseTogether forto Florencethe Well-being in the of evening, Migrants she...... writes, “Such 119 a view!Barry Florence Halliday dissolving in the purple of the hills; and the stars looking on” (Letters II: 125). It is also an interesting instance of the

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exchange taking place between visitor and visited place. This 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av romanticizing shows the way in which, arriving in a strange place, visitors3.5 Conclusion...... first measure it by their native aesthetic rules and then by 59 theBibliography...... way in which that place works on them, changing some 60 elements and adding others to their initial philosophy of beauty. 4.The The end Ethics of this of Migration. process is depicted in Aurora Leigh, at the same timeReflections an urban, on contemporary Recent Migration and veryPolicies English narrative poem and a poemand steeped“Non-policies” in the atmosphere in Italy and ofEurope golden...... age Italy. 61 LauraThe referenceZanfrini to a golden age is necessary, if one is to believe Barrett Browning’s response to the state of the arts and in particular s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, of 4.1literature Restrictive in Policiesnineteenth-century and Structural DemandItaly. Enthusiasm for Immigrant gave Labour place, .. 65 then,4.2 Initiativesto frustration, for Governing as she Familywrote ofand her Humanitarian disappointment with the universityMigration: library Labour in Pisa: Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3The From catalogue Guest of Workers the library to Unwelcome[…] offers a Guestsmost melancholy ...... insight into 82 4.4the Selective actual literature Policies of anItaly.d the Translations, Brain Drain...... translations, translations from 87 third and fourth rate French and English writers, chiefly French. The 4.5roots Equal of thought, Opportunity here inand Italy, Denied seem Oppor dead tunitiesin the ground...... It is well that 90 they have great memories – nothing else lives. (Letters I: 309) d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according This aspect remained for her “the worst of Italy” (Letters I: 469), 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 even if later she became able to speak about it with humorous Urs Watter resignation: “We are going through some of Sachetti’s novelets now:5.1 Statecharacteristic Interest and work Responsibility for Florence, if somewhat dull elsewhere. Boccacciostowards can’t their Citizensbe expected Living to Abroad...... spring up with the vines in rows, 102 even5.2 inApplied this climate” Ethics ...... (Letters I: 355). 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. This feeling of deprivation as far as the written word is concerned to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper explains5.3 Migration the importance Policy and of Ethi thecs Angl ...... o-Americans in her Italian life 106 – indeed,5.4 Migration the vast Policy majority in Colombia of the acquaintances ...... and friends referred 108 to were English or American. She certainly never made friends with Italians:5.5 “Colombia she only nos mentions une”...... Professor Ferrucci in Pisa, “M. Villari, 109 an5.6 accomplished Alianza País ...... Sicilian” (Letters II: 125) and, occasionally, 112the sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Italian spouse of some American or Briton – Mrs Wiseman’s son- 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 in-law or the husband of Margaret Fuller. But her letters report the factBibliography...... that Florence was “full of great people” (Letters II: 145), i.e., 116 Tennyson, Dickens and Thackeray, and later also mention the Workingpresence Togetherof the Trollopes, for the Well-being Mr Lewes of and Migrants Miss Evans,...... although 119she doesBarry not Halliday say anything about meeting any of them. These references perhaps betray a hidden hankering for the company of her literary

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peers. But this is not the only reason why her social life was so 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av typical of the British expatriate wherever s/he lived. Another is to be3.5 found Conclusion...... in a rare but telling remark: “As to Italian society, one 59 mayBibliography...... as well take to longing for the evening star for it seems quite 60as inaccessible” (Letters I: 377). Her letters sometimes read as if she 4.were The doingEthics ofher Migration. best in a doubly unsatisfactory situation. The awarenessReflections of onthe Recent difficulty Migration of being Policies accepted into the real life of a countryand “Non-policies” when one isin Italya foreigner and Europe was...... slightly tinged with the 61 bitternessLaura Zanfrini of not being welcomed as the Italian one wishes to be. But the declaration of independence from English speaking society s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, which4.1 Restrictive came just Policies before and also Structural reveals Demand the frustration for Immigrant at being Labour cut ..off 65 from4.2 Initiativesthe intellectual for Governing and literary Family circles and Humanitarian to which she belonged by right andMigration: talent. Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3But From if Italian Guest societyWorkers did to Unwelcome not easily foregoGuests ...... its rules to accommo- 82 date foreign lovers of the country, it could be said that, in a parallel way,4.4 BarrettSelective Browning Policies an didd the not Brain shed Drain...... her middle-class Englishwoman- 87 abroad4.5 Equal attitude Opportunity very readily. and Denied She looked Opportunities at the Italians ...... as she looked 90 at landscapes, from a distance, as in Casa Guidi Windows, as the d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors lettersBibliography...... verify: 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5. Colombia:what helps Including to charm hereEmigrant is the sinnocent in Their gaiety Societies of the of Originpeople,...... who 101 Ursfor Watterever, at feast day and holiday celebrations, come and go along the streets, the women in elegant dresses and with glittering fans, 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility shining away every thought of northern cares and taxes, such as towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 make people grave in England […] and the rich fraternise with the 5.2poor Applied as we Ethics are unaccustomed ...... to see them, listening to the same 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. music and walking in the same gardens and looking at the same to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3Raphaels Migration even! Polic (Lettersy and I:Ethi 343)cs ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 This is one of many such passages where Barrett Browning comes close5.5 “Colombiato the other nos Victorians une”...... in Italy, to Dickens in particular, who 109 found5.6 Alianza in Italian País life ...... the grace and joy that seemed to have fled from 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It industrialized and urbanized England. The way in which the classes mix,5.7 theChallenges ability ...... to enjoy the moment and the capacity to move in 114 a crowdBibliography...... without feeling threatened are activities which both writers 116 describe and admire. One should note, however, that Barrett WorkingBrowning Together remained for atthe herWell-being window, of Migrantswhile Dickens...... walked 119the streets.Barry ThereHalliday is no mention, least of all description, of the everyday life of ordinary Italians in her letters (or her poems). She did not

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seem to see the poverty and the dirt which impressed Dickens just 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. really stand the tests of time and of politics. Italy was going through to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper the5.3 long Migration and difficult Policy and struggle Ethics...... for independence and unification. 106 After5.4 Migrationthe disappointment Policy in Colombia of 1848, ...... she could not help exclaiming, 108 “Ah, poor Italy! I am mortified as an Italian ought to be. They have only5.5 the“Colombia rhetoric nos of une”...... patriots and soldiers, I fear!” (Letters I: 383). 109 She5.6 repeated Alianza País this ...... sentiment several times in the second half 112of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 1848, most strongly in a letter to Mrs Martin: “It has rained once or 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 twice, which is always enough here to moderate the most revolutionaryBibliography...... when they wear their best surtout […]. What they 116 comprehend best in the ‘Italian League’ is probably a league to Workingwear silk Togethervelvet and for each the Well-beinga feather in of his Migrants hat, to ...... carry flags and 119cry vivasBarry, and Halliday keep a grand fiesta day in the piazzas” (Letters I: 388-9).

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This is of course the other side of the childishness that was at first 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. general, vanquished by their own qualities. Certainly, if their lack of to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper commitment5.3 Migration to Polic actiony and occasionally Ethics ...... irritated Barrett Browning, 106she went5.4 Migrationon thinking Policy “the in Colombiapeople […] ...... gentle, courteous, refined 108and tender-hearted” (Letters I: 424). The feminine connotations of the epithets5.5 “Colombia should notnos une”...... be misinterpreted. Barrett Browning was a firm 109 believer5.6 Alianza in the País power ...... of feminine virtues, as again Aurora Leigh 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It proves, with its final conversion of the virile English social reformer 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 to the feminine poetic principle upheld by Aurora. Bibliography...... Certainly, this is where the curve of identification with Italy 116 appears most clearly. Of course it can be seen as a transfer, a visible Workingway of affirming Together that for theinner Well-being conflicts ofwere Migrants resolved,...... that wounds 119 of a deepBarry andHalliday very private nature were healed, by siding completely with Italy. If she needed the English language and the English

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publishing system to go on as a writer, she seemed rather quickly to 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. And so the reader of Barrett Browning’s letters is left, like the to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper reader5.3 Migration of Aurora Polic Leighy and, with Ethi csthe ...... feeling of a real love for Italy, 106but also5.4 of Migration an impossible Policy in quest, Colombia which, ...... more than a wish to be united 108 with the beloved, probably reveals the wish to be reunited with the mother.5.5 “Colombia For to nosthe une”...... absolute loss of the English mother of 109the poetess,5.6 Alianza Aurora País Leigh ...... the poem responds with an Italian mother 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It who survives after her death in mother Italy, creating a generational 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 line between women and country. Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

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d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 237-246 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Catherine Dickens in Italy: Marriage, Mesmerism and Madame de la Rue

Lilian Nayder – Bates College, USA s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Travelling from Siena to La Scala in late January 1845, Catherine Dickens sat beside her husband on the box of their carriage. They

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. had been living in Genoa since July and were studying their Italian vocabulary during the ride. After a few minutes of silence, Catherine dropped her muff and her husband looked her way. What he saw surprised him. Catherine had lost consciousness but had neither fainted nor fallen asleep. “Her eyelids quivering in a convulsive d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors manner” and “her senses numbed”, she had unexpectedly entered ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according “the Mesmeric trance”, he reported. Roused “with some difficulty” by Dickens, who asked her what was wrong, a trembling and discomposed Catherine explained that she “had been magnetized” (Letters 4: 253-54). She was unaware that her husband, sitting silent beside her, had been attempting to mesmerize, long distance, someone else – Madame de la Rue, whom he had been treating to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are “magnetically” for a host of debilitating symptoms at her home in perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Genoa during the past month. Unwittingly, Catherine had fallen into a trance her husband intended for another woman, in another place.1 Recounting the incident later that day to Emile de la Rue, Dickens suggested that the power it revealed was extraordinary. sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Were he to publish an account of what had occurred during the ride,

1 Fred Kaplan briefly discusses this episode in Dickens and Mesmerism (83-84), a detailed study of Dickens’s fascination with the phenomenon, the uses to which he puts it in his fiction and its place in Victorian culture. Michael Slater notes Dickens’s interest in mesmerism and Catherine’s unhappiness with his magnetic treatment of Madame de la Rue in Dickens and Women (122-24). Both critics point to Dickens’s preoccupation with the sexual basis of the mesmerist’s power.

238 Lilian Nayder 10 Table of Contents

his readers would find it “stupendous[ly] difficult” to believe, he 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av told Emile (Letters 4: 253-54). But to those familiar with the marital3.5 Conclusion...... dynamics of the Dickenses, the image of Catherine in 59a tranceBibliography...... induced by her husband is strangely familiar. Whether 60he exerted his power directly or at a remove, Catherine’s entrancement 4.at Thehis handsEthics givesof Migration. literal form to his influence over her during their courtshipReflections and on marriage. Recent Migration In fact, the Policies mesmerized state might be seen as anda fitting “Non-policies” emblem for in ItalyCatherine’s and Europe experience...... of coverture during 61 thatLaura period, Zanfrini as Robert Browning suggested, it could be for Victorian wives generally – when the mesmerist Browning imagines in his s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, poem4.1 Restrictive“Mesmerism” Policies (1855) and Structural seeks to Demand “have forand Immigrant hold” his Labour beloved .. 65 subject4.2 Initiatives with his for “steady Governing stare”, Family combining and Humanitarian the language of animal magnetismMigration: with Labour that of Migration the Anglican but not marriage Workers’ service. Migration...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3In FromCatherine’s Guest Workers day, the to Unwelcomelegal doctrine Guests of ...... coverture signified82 a woman’s dependence on and subordination to her husband as well as 4.4his Selective obligation Policies to protect and the Brainor “cover” Drain...... her. More specifically, 87it stipulated4.5 Equal that Opportunity a woman’s and Deniedlegal selfhood Opportunities was ...... subsumed by that 90of her husband upon marriage, when they became “one person” – that d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors personBibliography...... being the husband. Mesmerism, too, was understood by 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Victorians to involve a union or merger of two people, most often a 5.male Colombia: operator Including and his femaleEmigrant subjs inect, Their whose Societies “extreme of Origin intimacy...... and 101 ‘oneness’”Urs Watter required a suspension of will and agency on the subject’s part5.1 (Winter State Interest 239). and2 Under Responsibility coverture, the legal identity of a married womantowards was suspendedtheir Citizens indefinitely Living Abroad...... , and she lost the autonomy 102she had5.2 exercised Applied Ethics when ...... single, no longer able to own property or sign 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. binding contracts. In mesmerism, the entranced subject became to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper “depersonalized”,5.3 Migration Polic “withy and noEthi intentics ...... ons of [her] own” (Winter 83). 106 Entering5.4 Migration what wasPolicy considered in Colombia a “community ...... of sensation” (Winter 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 2 While some women acted as mesmeric operators in Victorian London, with 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It addresses in Harley Street and Bloomsbury Square, they were a small minority, and5.7 Dickens’s Challenges conception ...... of mesmerism as well as Catherine’s experience of 114 it involved a gender dynamic in which magnetic powers were exercised solely by menBibliography...... whose subjects were most often women. As Alison Winter notes in discussing 116 Victorian mesmerism, “the few women mesmerists did not give public demonstrations, perhaps because the role of mesmerist (as opposed to that of Workingsubject) was Together too overt for a display the Well-being of power” of(138). Migrants Dickens...... always refused to 119 be mesmerized,Barry Halliday telling Chauncy Hare Townshend in 1841, for example, that he “dare not”; since he was hard at work on Barnaby Rudge, “even a day’s head ache would be a serious thing” (Letters 2: 342).

Catherine Dickens in Italy: Marriage, Mesmerism and Madame de la Rue 239 10 Table of Contents

77), she ceased to experience her own sensory perceptions, instead 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. that was independent from Dickens even as her intimacy with him to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper made5.3 Migrationit possible. Polic Acquiredy and Ethi cs“naturally” ...... rather than by proxy 106or contract,5.4 Migration motherhood Policy in Colombiacould never ...... be revoked, whatever 108her husband and the laws of custody might suggest to the contrary. Nonetheless,5.5 “Colombia its nosdemands une”...... and satisfactions could be superseded 109by a call5.6 Alianza to duty País on ...... Catherine as Dickens’s wife and by her need 112 to sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It give precedence to the selfless self that defined her position under 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 coverture. Bibliography...... In 1841, Catherine was pressured and cajoled into accompanying 116 her husband to North America and leaving their four young children Workingbehind, although Together doingfor the soWell-being made her of Migrants“cr[y] dismally”...... (Letters 119 2: 380-81).Barry Halliday With the help of William Macready, who brought his own “magnetic” powers to bear on her, she was persuaded to give pri-

240 Lilian Nayder 10 Table of Contents

macy to her identity as “Mrs. Charles Dickens” and perform her 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2I had Initiatives been holding for Governing forth upon Family the andsubject Humanitarian rather luminously, and assertingMigration: that LabourI thought Migration I could exercise but not Workers’the influence, Migration...... but had never 73 tried. In six minutes, I magnetized her into hysterics, and then into ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3the From magnetic Guest sleep. Workers I tried to Unwelcome again next Guestsnight, and ...... she fell into the 82 slumber in little more than two minutes [...] I can wake her with 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 perfect ease; but I confess (not being prepared for anything so 4.5sudden Equal and Opportunity complete), and I wasDenied on theOppor firsttunities occasion ...... rather alarmed. 90 (Letters 3: 180)

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Dickens begins by poking fun at his own bravado as he “hold[s] 5.forth” Colombia: and “assert[s]” Including Emigranthimself. sBut in TheirCatherine’s Societies behaviour of Origin ...... quickly 101 justifiesUrs Watter his claim to magnetic power, a claim he reinforces by implicitly5.1 State Interestmeasuring and Responsibilityhimself against his friend John Elliotson, perhapstowards the foremosttheir Citizens proponent Living Abroad...... of mesmerism in their day. Like 102 Elliotson, whom he watched mesmerize patients at University 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 College Hospital, Dickens stages his magnetic “trial”, exercising to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper the5.3 influence Migration in Polic fronty andof male Ethics sp ...... ectators. But unlike the doctor, who 106 sometimes5.4 Migration failed Policy in inattempts Colombia to ...... wake the female subjects 108he displayed, Dickens wakes Catherine with the same “perfect ease” with5.5 which “Colombia he magnetizes nos une”...... her. 109 5.6Elliotson Alianza mesmerizedPaís ...... his best-known subjects, the O’Key sisters, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It to cure their epilepsy, and his demonstrations ostensibly served the ends5.7 ofChallenges medical ...... science. By contrast, Dickens’s demonstrations 114 in PittsburghBibliography...... showcased his power alone, as an end in itself rather 116 than a form of therapy. As a result of their treatment, Elliotson’s Workingpatients seemedTogether to for gain the unusualWell-being abilities. of Migrants Mesmerism...... appeared 119 to makeBarry them Halliday clairvoyant, enabling them to foretell the deaths of

Catherine Dickens in Italy: Marriage, Mesmerism and Madame de la Rue 241 10 Table of Contents

fellow patients.3 But Catherine was neither cured nor empowered 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av when she was magnetized. Losing self-control, she became hysterical and3.5 then Conclusion...... unconscious, Dickens claimed. Her “hysterics” corresponded 59 to Bibliography...... the phase of excited “delirium” that typically preceded the trance 60of the magnetized state, although Dickens’s term also conveys a sense of 4.his The subject’s Ethics emotional of Migration. weakness and volatility as a woman. ReflectionsAs the timing on Recentof Dickens’s Migration communication Policies reveals, what Catherine andand her “Non-policies” husband were in demonstrating Italy and Europe in Pittsburgh...... was, in effect, her 61 selflessLaura submissionZanfrini to him under coverture. Dickens provided his account to Forster in his anniversary letter – the anniversary of s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Forster’s4.1 Restrictive birth asPolicies well andas the Structural marriage Demand of the for DickensesImmigrant Labour– wishing .. 65 Forster4.2 Initiatives “many, for many Governing happy Family returns and of Humanitarian the day”. His portrait of Catherine’sMigration: magnetized Labour Migration submission but notfollows Workers’ a comic Migration...... description 73of ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. marital4.3 From sparring Guest Workersand insubordina to Unwelcometion onGuests her ...... part – when he and 82 Catherine argued over whether or not Forster and Maclise would celebrate4.4 Selective the Policiesday without and the them: Brain Drain...... “I say yes, but Kate says no”, 87 Dickens4.5 Equal recounted Opportunity (Letters and Denied 3: 178). Oppor Astunities he knew, ...... Catherine’s very 90 presence on the tour was a mark of her compliance with his wishes. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ButBibliography...... any nay-saying from her at all was impossible when he “tr[ied] 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according [his] hand upon her”, placing her under “the influence”, an apt 5.symbol Colombia: of their Including marital Emigrant dynamics in Theirfor their Societies anniversary, of Origin Dickens...... 101 Urs Watter suggests, and one he hopes will be enduring.4 5.1Yet State Dickens Interest soon and learnedResponsibility what Dr Elliotson already understood: that eventowards a powerful their Citizens magnetic Living operator Abroad...... depended on the cooperation 102 of 5.2his Applied subjects, Ethics who ...... might appear submissive and senseless 104but to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. who exercised their own agency in becoming so and who could to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper resist5.3 Migrationcontrol in Polic numerousy and Ethi ways.cs ...... As Winter notes, the magnetized 106 subject,5.4 Migration presumed Policy to inbe Colombia “rendere ...... d powerless” by the operator, 108did not always prove as passive and mechanical as expected and “sometimes5.5 “Colombia seemed nos une”...... to seize control” (23). Not only might 109she acquire5.6 Alianza unusual País powers ...... during an experiment; she might exercise 112 a sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It transgressive social license while magnetized and challenge the 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116 3 Elliotson argued that, in fact, mesmerism simply heightened their sensory perceptions, allowing them to detect unhealthy bodily emissions that others could not Working(Winter 78). Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 4 TellingBarry HallidayMacready of his “extraordinary success in magnetizing Kate”, Dickens “hope[s] [he] will be a witness of that, many, many, many happy times” (Letters 3: 175).

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authority of her mesmerist. So Elliotson discovered in 1838, when 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Elizabeth O’Key mocked him in front of a crowded audience in the hospital3.5 Conclusion...... theatre, proved embarrassingly wilful and was soon 59 exposedBibliography...... as a fraud, discrediting him in the eyes of many of his 60 colleagues.5 4. TheWhile Ethics Catherine of Migration. did not turn on her mesmerist as Elizabeth O’KeyReflections turned on on Recent Elliotson, Migration she coul Policiesd resist as well as submit to his powers,and “Non-policies” rousing herself in Italy when and Europeshe thought...... they were misused. 61 BetweenLaura Zanfrini their residence in Italy and their residence in Switzerland and France a year later, Catherine did just that, thwarting Dickens’s s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, desires4.1 Restrictive and putting Policies an andend Structural to their Demandintimacy for with Immigrant the de Labour la Rues. .. 65 Revealing4.2 Initiatives the forcomplexities Governing Familyof her and position, Humanitarian Catherine broke her maritalMigration: trance in Labour order Migration to insist butthat not she Workers’ rather thanMigration...... Madame de 73la ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Rue4.3 beFrom the Guest primary Workers subject to Unwelcome of her husband’s Guests ...... magnetic powers. 82 Faced with the prospect of a return to Italy and a renewed attempt on4.4 Dickens’s Selective partPolicies to cureand the his Brain female Drain...... “patient”, Catherine insisted 87 that4.5 he Equal tell Opportunitythe de la Rues and Denied of her Oppor objectionstunities and ...... distance himself 90 from them. He was to consider and explain her “state of mind” d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ratherBibliography...... than alter or control it (Letters 7: 224). Dissolving the 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according “community of sensation” that characterized the magnetized state 5.and Colombia: its “oneness”, Including Catherine Emigrant refuseds in Their to replace Societies her of perceptions Origin...... and 101 desiresUrs Watter with his. 5.1Dickens State Interest considered and Responsibility Madame de la Rue a victim of “shattered nerves”towards (Letters their 4: Citizens 254) andLiving of Abroad...... what he termed “tic in the brain” 102 (Letters5.2 Applied 12: 443), Ethics and ...... she first submitted to his magnetic influence 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. on 23 December 1844, in what became an extended series of to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper magnetic5.3 Migration sessions Polic thaty and weakened Ethics ...... his influence over his own wife 106 as 6 it 5.4strengthened Migration Policyhis hold in Colombia on another’s...... By 27 December, he had 108 treated her a second time, and for the next three weeks, their sessions5.5 “Colombia took place nos une”...... daily. Leaving Catherine for the de la Rues’ 109 in the5.6 late Alianza morning, País ...... he would put Augusta into a trance and then 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It encourage her to confront her fears. He believed she might go mad if 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 she failed to defeat the “bad phantom” that haunted her dreams, an intimidatingBibliography...... and demonic male figure whom he hoped to expose as 116 a

Working5 For a detailed Together discussion for the of Well-being Elliotson’s experimentsof Migrants with...... Elizabeth and Jane 119 O’Key,Barry see Halliday Winter 79-104. 6 Fred Kaplan devotes a chapter to Dickens’s treatment of Madame de la Rue in Dickens and Mesmerism (74-105).

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“powerless shadow” through mesmerism (Letters 4: 264). Before he 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. intimacies of husband and wife; Catherine conceived her sixth to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper child,5.3 MigrationAlfred, in Polic latey January and Ethi csor ...... early February, while the Dickenses 106 were5.4 onMigration their travels Policy inand Colombia her husband ...... was attempting to magnetize 108 Madame de la Rue from the road. But Catherine’s continued intimacy5.5 “Colombia with her nos husbandune”...... did not reconcile her to his magnetic 109 “oneness”5.6 Alianza with País Augusta...... 7 She was distressed – so much so that, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It nine years later, when he revisited Italy with Wilkie Collins and 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116 7 Emile de la Rue clearly shared some of Catherine’s unease. Once the de la Rues arrived in Rome, Emile called Dickens to his wife’s side in the middle of the night, Workinghoping to curtail Together her sufferings. for the Well-being Yet he feared of that Migrants Dickens ...... doubted his attachment 119 to Augusta;Barry Halliday feeling powerless, he deeply regretted that it was left to another man to mesmerize his wife and “grieved at not being able to exert the influence” over her (Letters 4: 263, 323).

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Augustus Egg, Dickens could still refer to the behaviour that “made 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. her in all kinds of ways”. “Therefore”, Dickens told Augusta, “I think to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper I should5.3 Migration take a Policmiddley and course, Ethics for ...... the present, and, coming as near 106 you5.4 as Migration I could, pitchPolicy my in Colombiatent some ...... where on the Lake of Geneva – 108say at Lausanne, when I should run over to Genoa immediately” (Letters 4: 5.5534). “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6In AlianzaVolume País 4 of ...... Dickens’s Letters, the Pilgrim editors note that 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the phrase “for the present” was added as an after thought by 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Dickens – inserted to his sentence “over [a] caret” (Letters 4: 534 n. 4).Bibliography...... The added phrase suggests Dickens’s lingering hope that, with 116 time, Catherine would relent and submit, allowing him to “pitch [his] Workingtent” in Genoa Together after for all. the But Well-being by May ofCatherine’s Migrants ...... own conception 119 of theirBarry trip Halliday was paramount, at least in regard to its southern boundary, a line that she herself drew. “We are on the move again”, she wrote

Catherine Dickens in Italy: Marriage, Mesmerism and Madame de la Rue 245 10 Table of Contents

Margaret Holskamp, a mutual acquaintance of the de la Rues. “Mr. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. preoccupied her and her husband. Increasingly identified with and to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper as 5.3her Migration body, Catherine Policy and entered Ethics a ...... phase of her life best characterized 106 by5.4 the Migration term “overbearings”, Policy in Colombia used ...... by a sympathetic Francis Jeffrey 108 to describe her plight. That is, however, another story. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It References 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Browning, Robert. “Mesmerism”. The Complete Poetic and Dramatic Works of Bibliography...... Robert Browning. Boston: Houghton Miffin, 1895. 255-56. 116 Dickens, Catherine. Letter to Miss Holskamp. 28 May 1846. Fales Library, New WorkingYork University. Together ALS. for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

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Dickens, Charles. The Letters of Charles Dickens. Eds Madeline House and Graham 3.4Storey, The etHuman al. Pilgrim Rights’ Edition. Approach...... 12 vols. Oxford: Clarendon P; Oxford and New 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av York: Oxford UP, 1965-2002. 3.5 Conclusion...... 59 Kaplan, Fred. Dickens and Mesmerism. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1975. Bibliography...... 60 Slater, Michael. Dickens and Women. London: J. M. Dent, 1983. 4.Winter, The EthicsAlison. ofMesmerized: Migration. Powers of the Mind in Victorian Britain. Chicago: Chicago UP, 1998. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 247-261 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Edward Lear in Italy: Mediterranean Landscapes as Inspiration for a Rhizomic System of Nonsense

Angelica Palumbo – Università degli Studi di Genova, Italy s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work,

In his Philosophy of Nonsense, Lecercle tries to account for nonsense ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. in Bakhtinian terms by talking of the exotopy of nonsense. He focuses on the dialectics of inclusion/exclusion, which founds values and at the same time guarantees the unity of a style and the coherence of meaning. It is the interwoven cloth of the canon, which not only

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors implies subversion and inversion, but also engages in conversion ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according and transversion, re-emerging out of an appearance of incoherence and chaos. “This dialectical is essential”, Lecercle notes by quoting Bakhtin, “to the genre of autobiography – this is my life, and yet I must be outside it, at a distance from it, in order to narrate it as a story. The contradictory position of exotopy […] has one considerable advantage – it gives the subject a surplus of vision” (220-221). This appreciation, “a surplus of vision”, is the distinctive mark of to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Lear’s correspondences from Italy, where flights of fancy stand out perfused in a detached, humorous idiolect. “The creative impulse springs from the collective”, writes Neumann in Art and the Creative Unconscious (98). He continues, “although creative men usually live unknown to one another, without influence

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It on one another, a common force seems to drive all those men who ever compensate for a cultural canon at a given time or shape a new one” (99). The canon of nonsense literature that encompasses Edward Lear’s and Lewis Carroll’s exotopies – impossible objects that, to some extent, match Dickens’s puns or irrational characters – may be intuited as a compensation for the loss of a collective myth in the one-sided, super-rational world of Victorian zeitgeist. Limericks

248 Angelica Palumbo 10 Table of Contents

and nursery rhymes represent an attempt to reshape and resume, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. that appear to prevail in the delirium of mental patients or in to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper glossolalia,5.3 Migration characterize Policy and toEthi somecs ...... extent the aesthetic choice of 106the lunatic5.4 Migration Lear. Even Policy Lear’s in Colombia travelling ...... correspondence from Italy – 108the 1846 Illustrated Excursions in Italy – betrays his idiosyncratic language5.5 “Colombia proceeding, nos une”...... and his exotic escapism reads as an excursion 109 within5.6 Alianza an imaginary País ...... metalanguage. He introduces a facetious 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It correspondent, who stands out through the proliferation of 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 obsessional phonemes (lanternois), the playful imitation of a foreignBibliography...... language (baragouin), and the coinage of “regularly” 116 invented words (charabia) (Lecercle 31). Unlike the delirious Workingmental patient, Together the for writer the Well-being of nonsense of Migrantskeeps under...... control – even 119 thoughBarry almostHalliday obsessively – the manipulation of a code, wavering between hyper-coding (an extravagant respect of the code) and hypo-

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coding (its subversion). The aesthetic pleasure is most often reached 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av by means of witticism within the range of hapax legomenon, a word or 3.5phrase Conclusion...... which occurs only once in the written record of an author’s 59 work.Bibliography...... 60 It could be argued that Lear’s whole nonsense-creation is shaped 4.like The a Ethicsrhizome, of Migration.an expression first used by Deleuze and Parnet in DialoguesReflections to designateon Recent the Migration anarchic Policies logic of representation arbitrarily arrangedand “Non-policies” through some in Italyunpredictable and Europe branching...... out from the plant, 61 whichLaura results Zanfrini in heterogeneous disposition (33). Through the aesthetics of the “arbitrary arrangement”, the image of the rhizome s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, also4.1 occurs Restrictive in Deleuze Policies andand Structural Guattari’s Demand essay, for A ImmigrantThousand Labour Plateaus .. 65. In 4.2the Initiatives research for undertakenGoverning Family with andGuattari, Humanitarian Deleuze invokes a botanical,Migration: rhizomic Labour model Migration of thought, but not whichWorkers’ appears Migration...... in opposition 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. to 4.3arborescent From Guest thought. Workers Theto Unwelcome image, borrowed Guests ...... from the botanical 82 order, possibly after Jung’s evocative metaphor, may be suggested by4.4 any Selective “literary Policies machine” and the organizedBrain Drain...... in lines of articulation 87or 1 segmentarity4.5 Equal Opportunity and assemblage. and Denied The Oppor non-signifyingtunities ...... system of Lear’s 90 nonsense, alluding to ludicrous incongruity, untrammelled as it is d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors byBibliography...... hierarchical ties, seems to be deeply connected with the first 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according three principles of the rhizome-system, outlined in the prologue to 5.A Colombia:Thousand IncludingPlateaus. Emigrant The diagrams in Their relates Societies to connectivityof Origin...... , 101the capacityUrs Watter to aggregate by making connections; heterogeneity, the linking5.1 State of Interestunlike andelements; Responsibility and thirdly, multiplicity, the multiple singularitiestowards synthesizedtheir Citizens into Living a “whole” Abroad...... by relations of exteriority. 102 5.2 Due Applied to its Ethics multiple, ...... non-hierarchical nature, the rhizome-system 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. works by means of trans-species connections, while an arborescent to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper conception5.3 Migration of Policknowledgey and Ethi workscs ...... with vertical and hierarchical 106 connections,5.4 Migration according Policy in toColombia dualist ...... categories and binary choices. The 108 recombinant and aggregative poetics of nonsense reads as a techno- 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 1 In the prologue to his Memories, Dreams, Reflections, Jung conceives life like a plant5.7 that Challenges lives on its ...... rhizome. He points to the rhizome as what remains as a fixed 114 and self-sustaining structure after the ethereal has gone: “Its true life is invisible, hiddenBibliography...... in the rhizome. The part that appears above the ground lasts only a single 116 summer. Then it withers away – an ephemeral apparition. When we think of the Workingunending growthTogether and for decay the Well-beingof life and ofcivilizations, Migrants we...... cannot escape 119the impressionBarry Halliday of absolute nullity. Yet I have never lost the sense of something that lives and endures beneath the eternal flux. What we see is blossom, which passes. The rhizome remains” (3-4).

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poetic construction which, assumed as a rhizomatic system, in- 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper intertext by means of the explicit allusion to Tennyson’s In Memoriam A. 5.3H. H.Migration: Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 Calm is the morn without a sound 5.5 Calm“Colombia as to suit nos a une”...... calmer grief, 109 5.6 AndAlianza only País through ...... the faded leaf 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It The chestnut pattering to the ground: (XI.1-4) 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 The relationship interwoven in the process of transversion is, as Bibliography...... 116 Lecercle suggested, conceived like “a denial which turns to be a Freudian negation, as the sense denied on the surface of the text Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 comes back in the multiplication of intertextual traces” (188). The Barry Halliday denial of sense, which reads as a parody of pathos, in other words, betrays the opposite feeling. Any denial of loving affection is

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therefore meant as a key to gain access to the semic system of Lear’s 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 time it was a power that moved him towards a rich artistic 4.2production. Initiatives Duringfor Governing phases Family of intense and Humanitarian activity he seemed to overcomeMigration: his Labour solitude. Migration For example, but not Workers’ his lonegrief. Migration...... Not being 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. accepted in ways of loving affection, he sought to find approval in 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 art. (97) 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 The indefinite setting within Lear’s rhizome-system – stemming out of 4.5connectivity, Equal Opportunity heterogeneity, and Denied and Oppor multiplicitytunities ...... – could not but 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors implyBibliography...... the liberation of thought from those images which imprison 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according it, having been judged so far as incompatible with freedom from 5.need Colombia: and as intrusive,Including Emigrantalmost obssessive in Their or Societies even schizoid. of Origin Once...... 101the newUrs wave Watter of trans-species connection was recombined, through continuous5.1 State Interestnegotiation and Responsibilitywith its context, it was nurtured in the southern light towardsof Mediterranean their Citizens sites, Living from Abroad...... Sicilian coasts to the Ligurian 102 Riviera. The nonsense-system was bound to function, and even flourish,5.2 Applied despite Ethics local ...... “breakdowns”, thanks to deterritorializing and 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper reterritorializing5.3 Migration Polic processes.y and Ethi Meantcs ...... as ruptures within the rhizome, 106 these processes seemed to fuel Lear’s inner life and work, as though the5.4 multiple Migration entryways Policy in Colombia were inextricably ...... joined in a thoroughly 108 anarchic5.5 “Colombia and horizontal nos une”...... procedure. 109 Both the drawings for the limericks and the nonsense verse, 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It decryptable as models of “rhizomatic multiplicities”, seem to work as 5.7bulbs Challenges or tubers ...... susceptible to constant modification, apt114 to compensateBibliography...... the barren ground of the increasingly rational Victorian 116 zeitgeist. Lear’s assemblages expand the connections, making the Workingwhole nonsense Together performance for the Well-being proliferate, of Migrants as though...... through a map, 119 until,Barry after Halliday the maximum dimension, the multiplicity undergoes a change in nature, a metamorphosis. At the end of the transformation

252 Angelica Palumbo 10 Table of Contents

process, Lear’s fantastic creations appear to bear either human- 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. betrayed a terror of entering space and time completely, of being to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper the5.3 specific Migration human Polic ybeing and Ethithatcs one ...... is bound to become, a feature 106 of 2 the5.4 puer Migration aeternus Policy archetype. in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109

5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 2 Together with Lewis Carroll, Lear remains one of the best examples of the archetype5.7 Challenges analysed ...... by the Jungian psychologist Marie-Louise von Franz in Puer 114 Aeternus. From Ovid, the Latin phrase refers to the child-god of the Eleusinian mysteries,Bibliography...... later identified with Dionysus and Eros. He is the divine youth, born 116 in secrecy during the night of mother-cult mysteries, whose function is to redeem; a god of life, death and resurrection, he embodies divine youth. Translated as Working“eternal youth”, Together puer aeternusfor the Well-beingis also used ofto designaMigrantste a ...... male whose behaviour 119 betraysBarry too Halliday great a dependence on a maternal figure. See Noakes’s biographical study, Edward Lear: Life of a Wanderer, for further discussion of the extent to which this achetype informs our understanding of Lear’s life and works.

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This particular feature helps explain to what extent the map of 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Lear’s travelling as an ineluctable choice, as if he had been to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper compelled5.3 Migration either Polic toy move and Ethi orcs to ...... wander from Abruzzi to Calabria 106 and5.4 Sicily Migration on adventurePolicy in Colombia holidays...... Even after settling in Sanremo, 108 Italy, at the age of fifty-eight, he made an arduous trip to India and continued5.5 “Colombia his travelsnos une”...... around Europe. In the urge to expand 109 consciousness5.6 Alianza País through ...... many experimented entryways, to struggle 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It for wholeness (the goal of what Jung calls the individuation 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 process) or, rather, in the hope to evade psychic pain and growth, LearBibliography...... travelled to many of the same places Byron – another puer 116 aeternus – had been, such as Albania and Greece. Indeed, Byron, Workingwho died Together when Lear for thewas Well-being eleven, hadof Migrants been a ...... childhood hero 119 of Lear’s.Barry YearsHalliday later Lear wrote in his diary about how he would “sit

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[…] in the cold looking at the stars […] stupefied & crying when he 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Chichester Fortescue, he confessed he was at times very low to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper spirited5.3 Migration and depressed: Policy and “There Ethics ...... are times when I turn into bile and 106 blackness,5.4 Migration body Policy and soul in Colombia & in those ...... phases of my life I hate myself 108 & through myself I hate everybody, even those I like best” (Letters of 5.5Edward “Colombia Lear nos to une”...... Chichester Fortescue 122). What he was 109 searching5.6 Alianza for País – though ...... he was not aware – and could find in Italy 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It was, after all, a sort of light therapy: the vivid sunshine of the 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Mediterranean landscape was the location that would finally brighten hisBibliography...... sad sights on life and lessen his depressive symptoms. When 116the euphoria of his elated mood lighted up, then flashes of witticism let Workingout a sharp Together knowledge for theof theWell-being Lebenswelt of Migrants, as may be...... inferred from 119his wittyBarry jokes Halliday and riddles, based on the conjunction-homophonic relationship of two heterogeneous fields, bordering the ethics of

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institutional power. It was definitely the landscape bleached by the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av sun and the view of the sea mirroring the clear blue sky that stimulated3.5 Conclusion...... him to work as the topographical painter he aspired to 59be andBibliography...... that affected his chromaticism. Exactly like rhizomes, or bulbs 60 propagating and flourishing in the light of sunshine, his paintings 4.gained The Ethics another of Migration.hue by his contact with the Posillipo School, under GiacintoReflections Gigante; on Recent due Migrationto the outstanding Policies technique of colouring learntand from“Non-policies” the acknowledged in Italy and master, Europe Lear...... was able to sell most 61of hisLaura works Zanfrini to his English subscribers. His nearly unending wandering is symbolic of his quest for s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, spiritual4.1 Restrictive fulfilment, Policies which and Structuralhe would Demand never reach. for Immigrant3 Unable Labour to find .. 65 a place4.2 Initiativesin the world, for Governing the world Family of professional and Humanitarian landscape painters, it couldMigration: be argued, Labour the freakMigration – with but notwhom Workers’ he identified Migration...... himself 73– ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. joined4.3 From other Guest drop-outs, Workers toliving Unwelcome on the Guests fringe ...... of society. Lear’s 82 nonsense only partly masked his distress, or rather it was, like a scar,4.4 itsSelective distinguishing Policies an mark.d the BrainThe people Drain...... he met after his final move 87 to 4.5Liguria, Equal byOpportunity the end ofand the Denied 1860s, Oppor seemedtunities to ...... help him tolerate the 90 feeling of being an alien in a foreign land and helped him to some d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors extentBibliography...... out of the isolation. His last lively geographical limericks, 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according interpolated and completed by humorous landscape sketches, were 5.written Colombia: in Sanremo, Including whereEmigrant hes inha Theird settled Societies after of aOrigin life of...... long 101 journeysUrs Watter and stays in rented rooms. In Liguria, the mildness of the climate,5.1 State the Interest familiar and atmosphereResponsibility of the environment, the closeness to Mediterraneantowards their scenesCitizens were Living all Abroad...... welcome to him as a late blessing. 102 The5.2 sight Applied of endless Ethics ...... sandy beaches, of hillsides scattered with olive 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. trees, of a mountain chain fading into the distance, in the vaporous to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper blue-violet5.3 Migration light Polic of they and sea, Ethi enabcs ...... led him to understand that Sanremo 106 was5.4 finally Migration his Policyhome. in The Colombia bright ...... light of his studio in Villa Emily, 108 which became his permanent residence, fostered his interpretation of 5.5the “Colombia natural environment nos une”...... in a transfiguring style which was very 109 much5.6 Alianzaindebted País to ...... the rarefied atmospheres of watercolours by 112his sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It elected master, W. J. M. Turner. An outline of his schizoid-rhizomatic 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116 3 As Noakes has put it, his search was not for passionate, physical love, but for someone who would accept and appreciate him as a person in the way that his Workingparents had Together not wanted for him the as Well-beinga child. Through of Migrants his sensibility...... and charm he 119was soughtBarry after Halliday as a friend, and he loved to be with children because they liked him and showed it. But what he was looking for, and never found, was real spiritual involvement with another person (Wanderer 134).

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genius is his own humorous plan for Villa Emily. He sketched the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av villa as a human face, using features of caricatures in which the eyes, nose,3.5 Conclusion...... and mouth represented the various rooms of the home. He had 59 alwaysBibliography...... loved being with children, epitomizing the behaviour of the 60 puer aeternus, and his “Volumes of Stuff”, as he himself defined 4.his The Nonsense Ethics of Books Migration., were originally written to delight children. LikeReflections a child, onall Recent of a sudden, Migration he Policieswould turn from the most joyful exuberanceand “Non-policies” to the deepest in Italy gloom, and Europe but he ...... was perfectly aware of the 61 impendingLaura Zanfrini hour of melancholy or morbidity. The pendulum of his “ludicrously whirligig life which one suffers from first and laughs s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, afterwards”4.1 Restrictive (Noakes, Policies andSelected Structural Letters Demand xiii), for Immigrantas he wrote Labour to ..his 65 mentor,4.2 Initiatives the Pre-Raphaelite for Governing William Family and Holman Humanitarian Hunt in July of 1870, was toMigration: some extentLabour Migrationtriggered butby not the Workers’ Italian Migration...... genius loci. The 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. outcome4.3 From was Guest a displaced Workers to emotional Unwelcome stream, Guests an ...... introverted way 82of reinterpreting natural environments through dramatic and sublime or grotesque4.4 Selective descriptions Policies anofd vaporous the Brain viewsDrain...... vanishing into the distance, 87 in 4.5a motionless,Equal Opportunity crystalline and Denied atmo sphere,Opportunities exactly ...... like his nonsense 90 lyrics, always on the boundary of symbolic desolation or triumphant d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors incongruity.Bibliography...... Lear wrote his journals soon after sightseeing or at the 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according end of an excursion, sketching detailed and witty impressions that 5.were Colombia: to take Includingthe form Emigrantof familiars in, entertainingTheir Societies lett ofers Origin addressed...... 101 to relativesUrs Watter and friends, or even biographers.4 5.1It Stateis with Interest Dickens’s and Responsibility Pictures from Italy that Lear’s travelling correspondencetowards their shares Citizens the Living most intereAbroad...... sting features, mainly taste 102for humorous5.2 Applied incidents Ethics ...... recorded within the experience of pioneering 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. journeys. Their cosmopolitan interests and attitudes can be easily to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper recognized5.3 Migration through Polic readingy and Ethi theircs ...... literary travelling itineraries, mainly 106 characterized5.4 Migration by Policy the aestheticsin Colombia of ...... the picturesque, though pervaded 108 by personal idiosyncrasies. Recorded through familiar letters, similar to 5.5Lear’s “Colombia correspondences nos une”...... from Italy, the expressive means 109of Dickens’s5.6 Alianza sketches País ...... within the travelogue, witness a revolving 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It tension between picaresque fiction and reality. His Pictures from 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Italy seems to be the accomplishment of a travelling Pickwick.5 Bibliography...... 116

Working4 Like John Together Forster to forDickens, the Well-being Thomas George of MigrantsBaring was...... both Lear’s biographer 119 andBarry friend. Halliday 5 See Schoenbauer Thurin 66-78. For a more general appreciation of Dickensian characterization, see Davies 65-74.

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On the other hand, the evocative scenery of Lear’s Illustrated 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. variety, smallness, irregularity, roughness of texture, and fostering the to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper power5.3 Migration of imagination Policy –and both Ethi Dickenscs ...... and Lear sought to revolt against 106 the5.4 tyranny Migration of symmetry.Policy in Colombia They consid ...... ered Italian scenes, rather than 108 legs of the canonical Grand Tour, as formidable chances to foster their own5.5 creativity,“Colombia sincenos une”...... they were keen on picturesque, never-before- 109 explored5.6 Alianza Italian País sceneri ...... es, as a possible source of inspiration. Lear’s 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Journals of a Landscape Painter, compiled from notes taken during 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 his wanderings in southern Calabria and in Campania, scrupulously reportBibliography...... not only the more curious aspects or encounters with 116 unpredictable people of a completely different civilization, but also the Workingmost fascinating Together views for the of Well-beingnatural backgrounds of Migrants which...... he would later 119 Barry Halliday

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elaborate through oil-painting in his own atelier, when he was able to 3.4 The Human Rights’6 Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av own one, in Sanremo. 3.5Both Conclusion...... Dickens and Lear visited Italy in search of human rather 59 thanBibliography...... cultural experiences, since both men were curious and careful 60 observers of manners remote from the Victorian civilization stemming 4.out The of Ethicsthe core of Migration.of the British Empire. Rivalling the anthropologist’s powerReflections of observation, on Recent they Migration found getting Policies acquainted with the common peopleand “Non-policies”of Italy extremely in Italy stimulating and Europe and...... delighted themselves 61in observingLaura Zanfrini the rules (or the absence of them) that regulated, or to some extent complicated, social life in Italy. Through their legacy s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, of 4.1humorous Restrictive writing Policies and and visual Structural arts, Demand they betray for Immigrant a hue ofLabour colonial .. 65 taste4.2 Initiativesfor the “alterity” for Governing – that Family is to and say, Humanitarian the experience of being otherwise.Migration: For outness Labour isMigration (even me butant not as Workers’ a proceeding Migration...... from nonsense 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. experience4.3 From Guestof inversion), Workers to as Unwelcome Coleridge Guests suggested, ...... nothing but the 82 feeling of otherness (alterity) rendered intuitive, or alterity visually represented.4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 4.5Many Equal of Opportunitythe stories which and Denied Lear wouldOpportunities record ...... in his journal through 90 Italy offer topical anecdotes that bear witness to the contradictory d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors politicalBibliography...... scenario in Europe during the Italian Risorgimento. In his 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according biographical study, Lear’s Italy, Montgomery relates an episode 5.about Colombia: mistaken Including identity, Emigrant betweens in LearTheir and Societies Lord ofPalmerston, Origin...... 101the ForeignUrs Watter Secretary at the time. Palmerston, while not at all popular in 5.1the State Kingdom Interest ofand Naples Responsibility and certainly no friend to the ruling Bourbons,towards had their gained Citizens great Living influence Abroad...... over young patriots through 102 his5.2 projections Applied Ethics that ...... Italy could be liberated only by a revolutionary 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. movement to establish a republican government. On one occasion, to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Lear5.3 Migrationwas sketching Policy andone Ethi ofcs his ...... opalescent watercolours near 106 a picturesque,5.4 Migration savage Policy spotin Colombia in Calabria, ...... a place which would have 108 appealed to Radcliffe’s gothic imagination. A police officer ap- proached5.5 “Colombia and ordered nos une”...... the artist to show his passport. On seeing 109the signature5.6 Alianza of Palmerston País ...... on the document, the officer thought that 112 he sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 6 It is possible that Lear’s settling on the Italian Riviera was partly determined by theBibliography...... need to take root and to live and work in an atelier where he would be able 116 to paint his oil pictures. See Anninger, passim. Lear himself had special cabinets made by a local artisan to store his watercolours in the newly-built Villa Emily in WorkingSanremo in Together the early 1870s.for the “First Well-being and fore most,of Migrants the strong...... physical presence 119 of the Barrytwo cabinets Halliday speak of a new-found sedentary-life […]. The cabinets contain Lear’s freshest work, the sketches and watercolours that he made en plein air as the basis for his finished watercolours or oils upon his return” (49-50).

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had seized the enemy of Ferdinand II (Bomba). He arrested Lear and 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. the “sick man”, the archetypical and solitary freak portrayed as to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper “the5.3 old Migration man”. Lear’sPolicy andlimericks Ethics ...... join together several themes evoking 106 the5.4 destabilizing Migration Policy code in Colombiaof the fre ...... ak, such as self-consciousness, 108 embarrassment, uncontrolled bodily parts, and combine them together5.5 “Colombia according nos une”...... to the aesthetic choice of hyperbolically 109 ridiculous5.6 Alianza patterns, País ...... so as to reveal nonsense in its inner structure- 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It code. The canon results in a rhizome which ceaselessly establishes 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 new semantic connections, and which, throughout its secondary stems,Bibliography...... brings about the compensatory function of humour and 116 irony. Both of them perform an active role as a blending of Workingsoothing Togetherresources, for meant the Well-being as diverse of powerfulMigrants ...... means to exorcise 119 despondencyBarry Halliday and isolation.

260 Angelica Palumbo 10 Table of Contents

By depicting the vivid light and hues of Italian environments 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65

References4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Anninger,4.3 From Anne. Guest “Lear’s Workers Sanremo to Cabinets”.Unwelcome Edward Guests Lear ...... Holloway 1812 – Sanremo 82 1888. Siena: Lalli Editore, 1997. Davies,4.4 Selective James. “The Policies Troubled and Travellerthe Brain in Drain...... Pictures from Italy”. The Textual Life 87 4.5of Dickens’sEqual Opportunity Characters .and London: Denied MacMillan, Opportunities 1989...... 90 Deleuze, Gilles and Claire Parnet. Dialogues. Paris: Flammarion, 1977.

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Deleuze, Gilles and Felix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus. Trans. Brian Massumi. ontribution is published according Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1987. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Franz, Marie-Louise von. Puer Aeternus. Boston: Sigo, 1981. Urs Watter Jung, Carl Gustav. Memories, Dreams, Reflections. Ed. Aniela Jaffe. New York: 5.1Vintage State Books,Interest 1989. and Responsibility Lear, Edward.towards Edward their Citizens Lear in LivingSouthern Abroad...... Italy: Journals of a Landscape Painter 102 in 5.2Southern Applied Calabria Ethics and ...... the Kingdom of Naples. Introduction by Peter Quennell. 104 London: William Kimber, 1964. to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper ---.5.3 Illustrated Migration Excursions Policy andin Italy Ethi. London:cs ...... Thomas McLean, 1846. 106 ---.5.4 Teapots Migration and Quails Policy and in OtherColombia New Nonsenses ...... by Lear. Edited and Introduced 108 by Angus Davidson and Philip Hofer Edward. London: John Murray, 1954. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 ---. The Complete Nonsense of Edward Lear. Ed. Holbrook Jackson. New York: 5.6Dover, Alianza 1951. País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It ---. Letters of Edward Lear to Chichester Fortescue, Lord Carlingford, and Frances 5.7Countess Challenges Waldgrave...... Ed. Constance Stratchey. London: Fisher Unwin, 1909. 114 ---.Bibliography...... Selected Letters. Ed. Vivien Noakes. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1988. 116 Lecercle, Jean Jacques. Philosophy of Nonsense. London: Routledge, 1994. WorkingMontgomery, Together Michael. for Lear’s the ItalyWell-being. Oxford: ofCadogan Migrants Guide,...... 2005. 119 Barry Halliday Neumann, Erich. Art and the Creative Unconscious: Four Essays. Trans. Ralph Manheim. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1959.

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Noakes, Vivien. Edward Lear: Life of a Wanderer. Boston: Houghton, 1969. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 ---. Edward Lear: 1812-1888. New York: Harry N. Adams, 1986. and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Puccini,3.5 Conclusion...... Douglas. “Edward Lear: Creative Effort between Sickness and Sanity” 59 Edward Lear Holloway 1812 – Sanremo 1888. Sanremo: Lalli Editore, 1997. Bibliography...... 60 91-98. 4.Schoenbauer The Ethics Thurin, of Migration. Susan. “Pic kwick and Podsnap Abroad”. Dickensian 83 (412), 1987. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies Tennyson,and “Non-policies” Alfred. In Memoriam in Italy. Boston: and Europe Ticknor...... and Fields, 1856. 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 5. Italy and Italians in English Literature: From Stereotype to Identity ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 265-277 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Italian Transformations: Gender and National Identity in Madame de Staël’s Corinne, or Italy and Selected Works of Charles Dickens

Shannon Russell – John Cabot University, Italy s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work,

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Set in Britain and Italy between 1794 and 1803 and written after Trafalgar and Austerlitz in 1805, Madame de Staël’s novel Corinne: or Italy is justly acknowledged as a seminal text in Romanticism. It debates the value of emotion over intellect, nature over the manmade (Luzzi 67), while critiquing contemporary political issues relevant to d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Staël’s own exile from Napoleonic France which are both explicit ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according and necessarily coded in the text. Dickens was only five years old when Staël died, but her novel was a hit throughout the nineteenth century, in part, because of its engagement with the construction of links between gender and nation which preoccupied many Victorian writers. The tragic love affair of the novel is played out as a drama to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. between nations as much as individuals. “The difference of national to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper character is the force that sets all in motion”, writes Francis Jeffrey in the Edinburgh Review of 1807: “And it is Great Britain and Italy, the extremes of civilised Europe, that are personified and contrasted in the hero and heroine of this tale” (183). The words “extremes” and “civilised” are interesting here with their implications of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It worrying alliances, “suspect” cultural links and divisions. We have a sense of the tension between opposites – both a magnetic attraction and repulsion between these nations and these individuals. In other words, in the love affair between Corinne and Nelvil, Staël explores what the British and the Italians have to fear and to desire from each other. Staël apparently argues for the homogenizing effects of civilization, that force she says “tends to make men look alike and

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almost really be alike” (13), while hoping for an appreciation of the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av delight in cultural variation. However, she also dramatizes the failure3.5 Conclusion...... of these individuals to overcome “natural” incompatibilities 59 understoodBibliography...... as differences in “national character”. Those “natural” 60 differences are articulated in terms of gender expectations. 4. TheOne Ethics of the of Migration.most influential early constructors of Italy and Italians,Reflections Staël on writes Recent into Migration her hero Policiesine – made explicit in the novel’s titleand – “Non-policies”an aspirational in model Italy and for EuropeItaly. As...... Corinne is triumphantly 61 crownedLaura Zanfrini poet laureate at the Capitol, Prince Castel-Forte claims she is “the image of our beautiful Italy; she is what we would be but for s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, the4.1 ignorance, Restrictive the Policies envy, and the Structural discord, Demandand the forindolence Immigrant to Labourwhich ..our 65 fate4.2 hasInitiatives condemned for Governing us” (27). Family Fi andgured Humanitarian as a Sybil and natural descendentMigration: from Labour Petrarch, Migration Corinne but continuesnot Workers’ a glorious Migration...... and ancient 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. tradition4.3 From while Guest foretelling Workers to theUnwelcome possibility Guests of ...... a fresh and beautiful 82 future. However, this positive narrative of personal and national amelioration4.4 Selective takes Policies a turn and when the Brain she Drain...... meets the Englishman (or Anglo- 87 Scot)4.5 EqualLord OpportunityNelvil. He and embodies Denied Oppora clustertunities of ...... often contradictory 90 ideas: romantic, tortured, indecisive “man of feeling”, rational man d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors of Bibliography...... enlightenment, chivalric knight, active military hero. As 97an ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Englishman he is both satirized and valorized by Staël, for she 5.critiques Colombia: his Includinggender politics Emigrant ands patrin Theiriarchal Societies attitudes of Origin while ...... placing 101 hopeUrs Watterin his British military prowess as capable of resisting Napoleon.5.1 State InterestHowever, and CorinneResponsibility is representative of Italy, that “Juliet of nations”,towards andtheir theCitizens Romeo Living and Abroad...... Juliet analogies embedded in 102her 1 romance5.2 Applied with Ethics Nelvil ...... predict its doom. Corinne’s love affair and 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. demise seem an enactment of stereotypical nineteenth-century to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper assumptions5.3 Migration about Polic yItaly’s and Ethi particularlycs ...... “feminine” fate and 106the “masculine”5.4 Migration chivalric Policy in heroes Colombia who ...... have failed to rescue her – either 108 from occupying tyrants or the nation’s own perceived weaknesses and5.5 shortcomings. “Colombia nos une”...... Whether politically or emotionally motivated, 109 narratives5.6 Alianza of tragicPaís ...... love or betrayal are commonly used to articulate 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the foreigner’s experiences in Italy. Such plots recur in the Italian 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 novels of writers as diverse as Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry James andBibliography...... E. M. Forster. The Marble Faun, The Portrait of a Lady, Daisy 116 Miller and Where Angels Fear to Tread all engage in various ways Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 1 TheBarry characterization Halliday of Italy as the “Juliet of nations” is an enduring trope. See Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s extended use of it in her 1851 poem on the failure of the first stage of the Risorgimento, Casa Guidi Windows (400).

Italian Transformations: Gender and National Identity in… 267 10 Table of Contents

with this theme of the foreign male’s frustrated chivalry in relation to 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av troubled love affairs, to delineate the complicated psychological contours3.5 Conclusion...... of the cultural encounters Americans and British have 59in andBibliography...... with Italy. 60 This negotiation of affinity between and distance from Italy is 4.expressed The Ethics not of just Migration. in novel plots of the nineteenth century, but also in Reflectionsthe ideological on Recent narratives Migration implic Policiesit in Victorian racial and cultural hierarchies.and “Non-policies” In Primitive in Italy Culture and Europe, Victorian...... anthropologist, E. 61B. TylorLaura places Zanfrini Italy second below the top-ranked England in his ordering of the “civilized” nations of the world (qtd. in Stocking s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 162).4.1 RestrictiveThe British Policies want and Italy Structural close Demandfor reasons for Immigrant of shared Labour cultural .. 65 heritage4.2 Initiatives and affinity, for Governing but complete Family equality and Humanitarian with a power negotiating its rightMigration: to imperial Labour domination Migration butis, notseemingly, Workers’ undesirable.Migration...... In this 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. respect4.3 From these Guest cultural Workers hierarchies to Unwelcome replicate Guests the ...... anxiety inherent 82in Victorian gender hierarchies which place women in contradictory positions4.4 Selective of both Policies superiority and the Brainand inferiority Drain...... to men, particularly 87in terms4.5 Equalof marriage. Opportunity Empire and Denied invests Oppor thistunities cultural ...... dynamic with yet 90 another source of angst; fascination is fused with fear in the British d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors perceptionsBibliography...... of Italy, for Victorians, including Dickens himself, 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according repeatedly read in the fallen Roman civilization, worrying predictions 5.of Colombia:their own imperialIncluding downfall. Emigrant2 s in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 UrsBut Watter Victorians were intrigued by the novel Corinne because of a parallel5.1 State obsession Interest and with Responsibility the relationship between gender roles and nationaltowards aspirations. their Citizens3 With Living its Abroad...... problematizing of the concept102 of woman5.2 Applied as genius, Ethics it ...... is not surprising that Victorian women writers, 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. in particular, found something to attract them in the novel. The to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper essential5.3 Migration conflict Polic fory the and creative Ethics ...... woman who is encouraged by love 106 to 5.4disavow Migration the Policy fame in she Colombia desires ...... and to embrace a domestic 108 or religious role instead is explored by a number of writers, and accounts5.5 “Colombia for the nosnovel’s une”...... “double-edged” reception by many (Kaplan 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 2 See,5.7 forChallenges instance, ...... Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s “Plea for the Ragged Schools 114 of LondonBibliography...... Written in Rome”: “Shall we boast of empire, where/Time with ruin 116sits commissioned?/[...] Lordly English, think it o’er, Caesar’s doing is all undone!” (457). Working3 Perhaps no Together writer articulates for the Well-beingthis linked anxiety of Migrants between ...... the potential for impe- 119 rialBarry downfall Halliday and the position of women than does Florence Nightingale in her accounts of her travels in the East and in her novel essay Cassandra. See her Letters from Egypt: A Journey on the Nile 1849-1850.

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1). Elizabeth Barrett Browning reworks Corinne in the feminist story 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 5 hearth/Lovely4.3 From Guest but Workers to one toon Unwelcome earth!” (686). Guests Here, ...... as with Dorothea 82 Brooke’s “hidden life” in Middlemarch or Esther Summerson’s jingling4.4 Selective household Policies keys and thein BrainBleak Drain...... House, is the argument for 87 satisfaction4.5 Equal Opportunityin a power and which Denied emanates Opportunities from small ...... acts in a small 90 sphere, acts which are assumed to radiate improvement to others and d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors theBibliography...... nation.6 By the end of the same century, views of the novel and 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according its relation to women’s lives changed again. Writing in the 1880’s, 5.the Colombia: feminist Bella Including Duffy Emigrant dismisseds in Corinne Their Societies as a “very of Origin long-winded”...... 101 Urs Watter and “glorified guide-book with some of the qualities of a good novel”5.1 State (qtd Interest in Ingram and Responsibility 180-81) because she was part of a later movementtowards which their Citizenssought Livingto valorize, Abroad...... not apologize for feminine 102

creativity5.2 Applied (Francis Ethics 9)...... As Francis argues: 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3The Migration political Policmodely andrepresented Ethics ...... by Madame de Staël and Corinne 106 – of “influence” exercised through the salon, of feminine emotion 5.4and Migration virtue as Policy transformational in Colombia forces, ...... of the willingness to stake 108 5.5subjective “Colombia dignity nos une”...... upon the suffering created by a rejected 109 heterosexual commitment – lost its charms. (9) 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116 4 See Taylor’s “To Mad. de Staël” (289-91) and Hemans’s “Corinne at the Capitol” (681-682) and “Women and Fame”: (868). Working5 Hemans incorporatesTogether for these the lines Well-being from her ofown Migrants poem in a...... further contemplation 119 of women’sBarry Halliday roles in her later poem “Women and Fame”. 6 See also James Buzard’s discussion of this converted power in Disorienting Fiction: The Autoenthnographic Work of Nineteenth-Century British Novels.

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I would argue that the charm of feminine “influence” and its 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. In this respect, Dickens seeks to replicate the Italian journey of to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper another5.3 Migration highly Polic influentialy and Ethi eighteenth-centurycs ...... writer on Italy 106 – Goethe.5.4 Migration At 3 a.m. Policy on in3 ColombiaSeptember ...... 1786 – “the birthday of my new 108 life” (383) – Goethe slips out of Carlsbad. He flees an unfulfilling love5.5 life“Colombia and career nos une”...... as a civil servant which has stalled his writing 109 life5.6 following Alianza País his ...... initial success with Werther, to achieve 112 a sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It miraculous transformation in Italy – the country where he is 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 literally “reborn” as a creative writer (383). His Italian Journey experienceBibliography...... seems to haunt later nineteenth-century writers who 116 seek from Italy similar transformations. Indeed, Hawthorne’s WorkingMarble Faun Together – another for the novel Well-being set in Italy of Migrants and used...... like Corinne as 119 a guidebookBarry Halliday for tourists – was originally called Transformation and debates the forces of creativity and destruction available to the artist

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in Italy, while also placing that debate in terms of the differing 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according It seemed as if one had reached the end of all things – as if there 5. Colombia:were not more Including progress, Emigrant motion,s inadvancement, Their Societies or improvement of Origin...... of 101 Ursany Watter kind beyond, but here the whole scheme had stopped centuries ago, never to move on any more, but just lying down in the sun to 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility bask there, ’till the Day of Judgment. (Letters 4: 169)7 towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 A 5.2world Applied without Ethics the ...... “whole scheme” of progress is a terrifying one 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper for Dickens and is a subject which haunts his fiction and fuels his aspirational5.3 Migration models Polic yof and womanhood. Ethics ...... 106 5.4Both Migration Nelvil Policyand Dickens in Colombia blame ...... the Catholic Church for lack 108 of national progress in Italy. Predictably for the English, they characterize 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 it as corrupt, tyrannical, outmoded, ridiculous, and emotionally phony. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Dickens replicates these common stereotypes in his published account5.7 Challenges of his travels, ...... despite his subconscious ambivalence about 114 the Church as is evident in a dream he has while in Italy. In that, his deadBibliography...... sister-in-law Mary appears to recommend Catholicism to him 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 7 TheBarry linguistic Halliday parallels between this passage and the “moving on” of Jo the crossing sweeper in Bleak House demonstrate a comparable concern about national decline and stagnation in that novel.

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in what he thinks may be an “actual Vision” (Letters 4: 197). But 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according For nature and the social order to be revealed in all their beauty, 5. Colombia:man must Includingbe the protector Emigrant ands thein Theirwoman Societies the protected. of Origin But...... the 101 Ursprotector Watter must adore the weakness he defends and respect the impotent divinity who, like the Roman household gods, brings 5.1happiness State Interest to his andhome. Responsibility One is inclined to think that in this country womentowards are their the sultan Citizens and Living men the Abroad...... harem. (97) 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. He finds Corinne most attractive when most submissive, as is evident to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper when5.3 Migrationhe watches Polic hery danceand Ethi thecs Ta ...... rantalla: “when the woman kneels, 106 while5.4 Migrationthe man dancesPolicy inaround Colombia her ...... not as a master but as a conqueror. 108 How charming and dignified Corinne was at that moment! How queenly5.5 “Colombia she was nos as une”...... she knelt!” (91). But when the dance reverses 109 and5.6 it Alianza is Corinne’s País ...... turn to adopt the dominant stance, Nelvil 112 is sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It instantly turned off. As Staël writes: “However distinguished a man 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 may be he never appreciates the superiority of a woman without mixedBibliography...... feelings” (122). Corinne recognizes his antipathy to 116her power and fears that by falling for him she will become the “slave” Workingto his “master” Together for(148). the Well-beingShe prays of forMigrants the creative...... charm 119of ScheherazadeBarry Halliday to save herself, to transform him, and to save her nation (80, 280).

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However, Corinne is not “naturally” suited to Nelvil – even 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. emotional knowingness after their marriage: her recognition that he to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper is 5.3bored Migration with Policher yand and still Ethi csloves ...... the more stimulating Corinne. 106 However,5.4 Migration Corinne Policy retires in Colombia to Italy ...... where she abandons both 108her career as poet laureate and her people. The famed improviser fails in 5.5her “Colombia role as Scheherazade nos une”...... and dies.8 The implication is that 109her nation,5.6 Alianza so closely País ...... tied to her identity, dies with her. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116 8 There is an interesting overlap with another fictional “Sibyl” figure, the actress Sybil Vane, in Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray. Like Corinne, Sibyl Vane Workingloses her genius Together for performance for the Well-being once she ha sof experienced Migrants real...... love for Dorian. 119She becomesBarry an Halliday artistic flop and is driven to suicide by her lover’s rejection. Wilde is, of course, playing with the concept of art as a force for transformation in this novel which is a theme explored in a different register in Corinne.

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Dickens shares many of Nelvil’s anxieties about women, and 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av his views about them, too, are brought into focus through the disorienting3.5 Conclusion...... experiences he has in Italy. In a double-handed insult, 59 Dickens,Bibliography...... in Pictures from Italy, mocks those Italian women who 60 wear blue because they believe it to be the Madonna’s favourite 4.colour The Ethicsby his of Migration.ironic observati on that these devotees “are very commonlyReflections seen on Recent walking Migration the streets” Policies (Pictures 50). He makes a subtleand “Non-policies”connection between in Italy andthese Europe women...... and streetwalkers 61or prostitutes,Laura Zanfrini conveying his sense of the unseemliness of such public displays and freedoms in women. And in the cancelled passage s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, which4.1 Restrictive originally Policies appeared and Structuralin the Daily Demand News for, DickensImmigrant goes Labour further .. 65 in 4.2aligning Initiatives these for blueGoverning women Family with and his Humanitarian vilification of the feminist bluestocking:Migration: “Upon Labour the Migration whole, butI think not Workers’I like them Migration...... nearly as well 73as ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. some4.3 From‘Blue Guest ladies’ Workers in England” to Unwelcome (5). Liking Guests these ...... “Blue ladies” not 82 at all, Dickens will rail against them in his Household Words articles4.4 Selective whose Policiesunflattering and the titles Brain “Sucking Drain...... Pigs” and “Whole Hogs” 87 9 reveal4.5 Equal his disgust. Opportunity He andwill Denied also hold Oppor themtunities accountable ...... for national 90 domestic decline in his characterization of Mrs Pardiggle and Mrs d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors JellybyBibliography...... in Bleak House. Furthermore, these ladies are the antithesis 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according of the un-Corinne-like retiring domestic woman in whom he will 5.place Colombia: his faith Including for national Emigrant progresss in Theirand improvement. Societies of Origin That ...... kind 101 of womanUrs Watter is expressed symbolically in the literally self-effacing (i.e. temporarily5.1 State Interest pox scarred) and Responsibility Esther Summerson. She is that image of the attractivetowards theirsubmissive Citizens queenlinessLiving Abroad...... Nelvil admires so much. Like 102 Scheherazade5.2 Applied Ethics or the ...... Biblical Queen Esther upon whom she 104 is to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. modeled, she is the type of woman who can demurely influence and to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper civilize5.3 Migration men, while Polic yoffering and Ethi salvationcs ...... or stability to her people and 106 nation.5.4 Migration This gender Policy type in Colombiaforms the ...... emotional core of Dickens’s hope 108 for England. When Victorian writers invoke allegorical comparisons of 5.5domestic “Colombia Englishwomen nos une”...... to Queen Esther or Scheherazade, they 109 betray5.6 Alianza an anxiety País ...... about and an investment in women’s influence 112 to sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It civilize, restore, and regenerate men and to secure national and 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 imperial power. Too fame-loving, too commanding, too experienced, CorinneBibliography...... fails to combine the right balance of submissiveness and rule 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 9 HeBarry will alsoHalliday attempt to defuse the power of feminism in his mocking characterization of strong, but domestic women like Susan Nipper or Mrs Bagnet as bluestock- ings.

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to be either an effective “natural” woman or national heroine. Like 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. deserted Dombey home: the “ruin [...] the rats fly from” (Dombey to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 871).5.3 MigrationHe writes: Polic “throughy and Ethi thecs halls ...... and plate and triumph – bare and 106 empty5.4 Migration now [...] Policy its pride in Colombia and might ...... extinct” (Pictures 80). On 108the Roman campagna, too, “a mighty race of men have left their footprints5.5 “Colombia in the nos earth une”...... from which they have vanished” (Pictures 109 149).5.6 AlianzaWhen describing País ...... the “ruined world” of Dombey’s House “on 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It which the sun would never rise again” (Pictures 149-50), Dickens 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 draws directly on his previous millennial views of Italy as a falsely proudBibliography...... and defunct imperial nation. This anxiety about empire 116 compels him, again, to place his faith in the “softening influence” Working(Dombey Together3) of women: for the “the Well-being graceful, of beautiful Migrants and...... harmless” (856) 119 Florence,Barry Halliday the daughter out of whom “another Dombey and Son will ascend – no rise [...] triumphant” (924). When properly invested in,

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this “base coin”, dismissed by Dombey as a “bad Boy”, turns to 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. particularly in terms of his exploration of the role of women in his to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper society.5.3 Migration For Dickens, Policy and the Ethi domesticcs ...... woman was a kind of security 106 blanket5.4 Migration against Policyeroding in stabilitiesColombia ...... and encroaching “progress” which 108 could leave one feeling both positive and negative about the future – both5.5 attracted “Colombia and nos repulsed, une”...... as Nelvil and Dickens felt for Italy. 109 5.6However, Alianza Paísin Corinne ...... , the indecisive Nelvil is drawn to both 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Corinne and Lucy, the undomesticated woman of genius and the 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 domestic angel in the house. That novel never fully resolves these oppositeBibliography...... attractions. Even when Corinne dies and Nelvil becomes 116 “a model of the purist and most orderly domestic life” (404), the Workingnarrator leaves Together us withfor the unanswere Well-beingd questions of Migrants about...... Nelvil’s choices 119 andBarry his adherenceHalliday to nationalistic gender ideals:

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But did he forgive himself for his past behaviour? Was he consoled 3.4by Thesociety’s Human approval? Rights’ Approach...... Was he content with the common lot after 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5what Conclusion...... he had lost? I do not know, and, on that matter, I want neither 59 to blame nor to absolve him. (404) Bibliography...... 60 Staël can place no clear confidence, as Dickens strives to do in his 4.novels The Ethicsof the of mid-century, Migration. in the benefit to be derived from those likeReflections Esther, Agnes on Recent or Florence Migration who Policies live the “common lot” radiating improvementand “Non-policies” to those in around Italy and them. Europe And,...... in this respect, too, I want 61 neitherLaura to Zanfrini blame nor to absolve him. Of course, however much Dickens’s gender politics may align him s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 with the fictional character of Nelvil, he must also find affinity, if not with4.2 Corinne, Initiatives then for Governingcertainly with Family Scheherezade and Humanitarian – the story-teller eager Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 to create to survive. That Dickens will link Scheherezade’s creative ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. force4.3 forFrom national Guest Workersdeliverance to Unwelcome to often worryingly Guests ...... mundane and limited 82 roles4.4 Selectiveof domesticity Policies anford thewoman Brain Drain...... reveals his own attraction and 87 repulsion to “Corinne” characters and “Lucy” characters. These types of 4.5women Equal willOpportunity evolve inand his Denied fiction Oppor intotunities complicated ...... figures limited 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors onlyBibliography...... by his fantasies about them in terms of what he could see them 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according achieving for self and nation. Dickens’s trip to Italy, like Goethe’s 5.own, Colombia: provided Including him with Emigrant the necessas in Theirry creative Societies transformation of Origin...... – 101 in Forster’sUrs Watter words, the “higher power” (309) – that enabled him to personally survive in the course of contemplating and writing about his5.1 nation’s State Interest survival. and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are References perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett. Aurora Leigh and Other Poems. Ed. John Robert 5.4Glorney Migration Bolton Policy and Julia in ColombiaBolton Holloway...... London: Penguin, 1995. 108 Buzard,5.5 “Colombia James. Disorienting nos une”...... Fiction: The Autoenthnographic Work of Nineteenth- 109 Century British Novels. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton UP, 2005. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Davidoff, Leonore and Catherine Hall. Family Fortunes: Men and Women of the 5.7English Challenges Middle ...... Class, 1780-1850. London: Hutchinson, 1987. 114 Dickens, Charles. Dombey and Son. Ed. Alan Horsman and Intro. Dennis Walder. Bibliography...... Oxford: Oxford World’s Classics, 2001. 116 ---. Pictures from Italy. Daily News. 26 Feb. 1846: 5. Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 ---. BarryPictures Halliday from Italy . Ed. Kate Flint. London: Penguin, 1998. ---. The Letters of Charles Dickens. Vol. 4. Ed. Kathleen Tillotson. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1977.

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[Dickens, Charles]. “Sucking Pigs”. Household Words. 4 (1851): 145-47. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 ---. “Whole Hogs”. Household Words. 3 (1851): 505-07. and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Forster,3.5 Conclusion...... John. The Life of Charles Dickens. Ed. J. W. T. Ley. London: Cecil Palmer, 59 1928. Bibliography...... 60 Francis, Emma. “Letitia Landon: Public Fantasy and the Private Sphere”. Essays 4. Theand EthicsStudies 51of Migration.(1998): 93-115. ---.Reflections “‘I like solitude on Recent before Migration a mirror…’: Policies Corinne , Marie Bashkirsteff and the andDecline “Non-policies” of the Woman in Italy of andGenius”. Europe CW3...... Journal 2 (2004): 16 pars. 61 http://www2.shu.ac.uk/corvey/cw3journal/. 3 June 2008. Laura Zanfrini Goethe, Johann Wolfgang. Italian Journey. Eds W. H. Auden and Elizabeth Mayer. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1London: Restrictive Penguin, Policies 1970. and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Hemans,4.2 Initiatives Felicia. “Corinnefor Governing at the FamilyCapitol”. and The Humanitarian Broadview Anthology of British LiteratureMigration: Volume Labour 4: MigrationThe Age of but Romanticism not Workers’. Eds Migration...... Joseph Black et 73al. Toronto: Broadview, 2006. 681-82. ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Hemans,4.3 From Felicia. Guest “Women Workers and Fame”to Unwelcome The Broadview Guests Anthology ...... of British Literature 82 Volume 4: The Age of Romanticism. Eds Joseph Black et al. Toronto: Broadview, 4.42006. Selective 686. Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 Ingram,4.5 Equal John H.Opportunity Eminent Women and Denied. London: Oppor W. H.tunities Allan, 1893...... 90 Jeffrey, Francis. Rev. of Corinne, or Italy, by Madame de Staël. Edinburgh Review d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are XI (Oct. 1807): 183. ontribution is published according 5.Kaplan, Colombia: Cora. “Introduction Including Emigrant to Madames inde TheirStaël andSocieties Corinne of in Origin England”...... CW3 101 UrsJournal Watter 2 (2004): 4 pars. http://www2.shu.ac.uk/corvey/CW3journal/. 3 June 2008. Luzzi,5.1 StateJoseph. Interest “Italy withoutand Responsibility Italians: Literary Origins of a Romantic Myth”. MLN 117.towards 1 (2002): their 48-83. Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 Manning,5.2 Applied Susan. Ethics Introduction...... The Marble Faun. By Nathaniel Hawthorne. Oxford: 104 Oxford UP, 2002. ix-xxxix. to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Nightingale,5.3 Migration Florence. Polic Cassandray and Ethi. csEd...... Mary Poovey. New York: New York 106UP, 5.41993. Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 ---. Letters from Egypt: A Journey on the Nile 1849-1850. Ed. Anthony Satton. 5.5London: “Colombia Barrie nosand Jenkins,une”...... 1987. 109 Staël,5.6 GermaineAlianza País de...... Corinne, or Italy. Ed. Sylvia Raphael. Oxford: Oxford 112UP, sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 1998. Stocking,5.7 Challenges G. W. Victorian ...... Anthropology. New York: Free Press, 1987. 114 Taylor,Bibliography...... Jane. The Writings of Jane Taylor, in Five Volumes by Jane Taylor. 116Ed. Isaac Taylor Jr. Vol. 1. Boston: Perkins and Marvin, 1832. WorkingTylor, Edward Together B. Primitive for the Culture Well-being. 1871. Boston: of Migrants Estes and...... Lauriat, 1874. 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 279-290 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av

A Little (of) Italy in Early Dickens: End in the Beginning?

Mario Martino – Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Italy s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work,

In early Dickens, especially Sketches by Boz and Oliver Twist, images of Italy abound. References to the country are present in ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. writings from the earliest stages of his career, even before he was able to tour to Southern Europe. Slight as these references may seem in comparison to, say, those in Pictures from Italy and Little Dorrit, they are nonetheless significant in their own right. Indeed, Italy is perceived both as a cultural and a sociological entity alive in d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Dickens’s own milieu and as a country out there, on a European ontribution is published according chessboard, demanding an English response to its striving for political and national unity. The short span of time in which the composition of Sketches and Oliver Twist fall – from 1834 to 1839 – gives such an object of analysis, Italy, a distinct sort of unity, all the more detectable since the writer, in his mid-twenties, was supposedly an uneducated, self-made man. These representations of to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and references to Italy testify to Dickens’s cultural awareness, to his almost prodigious self-education, and to the variety of his artistic interests. Moreover, it is in these early images that his 1844 tour of Italy and stay in Genoa are firmly rooted. The other forces that led

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Dickens to leave London seem almost ancillary: his wish to forget financial difficulties, the almost unbearable levels of his work pressure and the need for “a gallant holiday”, the much cheaper cost of living – he even “gravely” thought of extending his stay in Italy to up to three years (Johnson 269, 291). All this reminds us that Dickens did not cross the Channel in the spirit of a tourist, an attitude he clearly disparaged; rather, he travelled to face issues of personal and general value (Waters passim.). This self-discovery

280 Mario Martino 10 Table of Contents

suggests an “end in the beginning”, to repeat Virgil Grillo’s formula 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. new, intense wave of support for Italy upon his discovery that he to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper was5.3 the Migration victim Policof Britishy and Ethiespionacs ...... ge, denouncing the surveillance 106 of his5.4 correspondence. Migration Policy In in consequenColombia ...... ce of which “[p]opular sympathy 108 was such that pictures of this arch-conspirator were sold in London by5.5 the “Colombia thousand” nos (Mack une”...... Smith 43). Nonetheless, if Dickens was 109 sceptical5.6 Alianza of PaísItaly’s ...... politics, he opposed and reacted to them, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It subordinating all to a deeply engrained sympathy. Ultimately Italy 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 was part of the European space he needed for his novels. Bibliography...... The references to Italy in Dickens’s Sketches, then, counterpoise 116 what critics have seen, from the beginning, as the peculiarly WorkingDickensian Together territory: for London. the Well-being In fact, of although Migrants foreign...... toponyms 119are rare,Barry many Halliday of the names, the simplest elements of characterization, are Italian, and many more could at least sound so because they are

A Little (of) Italy in Early Dickens: End in the Beginning? 281 10 Table of Contents

Roman and Latin (immediately suggesting the hard task of defining 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av such a complex geographical and historical entity as Italy). Such names3.5 Conclusion...... express exoticism or refinement, in accordance with the 59 ennobling,Bibliography...... aristocratic practice of Augustan England. This fashion, 60 however, spread to the middle class and would-be middle class, and 4.Dickens The Ethics comically of Migration. contrasts Christian names with lower-register EnglishReflections surnames. on Recent So in Migration “Sentiment”, Policies one reads of Maria, Lavinia, andand Amelia, “Non-policies” the Misses in Italy Crumpton; and Europe in “Horatio...... Sparkins”, besides 61 theLaura protagonist Zanfrini of the title, one finds also Teresa Malderton and Augustus Fitz-Edward; in “Mrs Porter”, Miss Lucina; in “Mr. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Minns4.1 Restrictive and His cousin”,Policies and Augustus Structural Minns Demand and for Octavius Immigrant Budden, Labour ..and 65 so 4.2on. Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian In Migration:“Sentiment”, Labour with Migration names but sugge not Workers’sting distinction, Migration...... education 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. and4.3 gentility, From Guest an Workersexperience to Unwelcome of France Guests and Italy, ...... not surprisingly, 82 is mentioned as something essential to a thorough education, comically4.4 Selective open Policies to bourgeois and the Brainpretensi Drain...... ons. In this perspective, many 87 references4.5 Equal to Opportunity Italy are connected and Denied with Oppor thetunities arts: music, ...... for one. In “The 90 Boarding House”, Mr Wisbottle, in a dressing-gown, is whistling “Di d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors piacer”,Bibliography...... an aria implicitly interiorized as part of English culture 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according precisely because Boz need not bother to give any other details. In 5.“Vauxhall Colombia: Gardens Including by Day” Emigrant Rossini’ss in Their Tancredi Societies is mentioned. of Origin1 ...... In “The 101 MistakenUrs Watter Milliner”, Miss Amelia Martin has a voice so sweet to Mr Jennings’5.1 State ear, Interest that and he Responsibilityasks his wife if she, “with a little cultivation, would[n’t]towards be theirvery Citizenslike Signora Living Marra Abroad...... Boni” (Sketches 253). 102 5.2As Applied far as Ethicstheatre ...... is concerned, some of the characters of 104the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Commedia dell’arte figure in passing. It is hardly possible to overstate to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper their5.3 importance,Migration Polic sincey and mythic Ethics ster ...... eotypes of the Commedia permeate 106 the5.4 whole Migration of Dickens’s Policy in Colombiacanon (Eigner ...... passim; for Dickens’s early 108 theatre: Severi, passim). In “Mrs Porter”, Roderigo, in spite of all his commendable5.5 “Colombia practicing nos une”...... in falling about, does fall finally just “as 109 a Harlequin5.6 Alianza would País ...... jump through a panel in a Christmas pantomime” 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It (Sketches 429). In “The Dancing Academy”, where a Sicilian shawl- 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 dance swirls in an opening, grand-ball night, “one of the ladies” is saidBibliography...... to be “in training for a Columbine” (Sketches 258). In the same 116 line, perhaps, there are references to pantomime and Punch and Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday 1 The composer visited Britain in 1824, when he met many intellectuals and a “Rossini Festival” was organized.

282 Mario Martino 10 Table of Contents

Judy, the puppet show introduced to England in the second half 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. was originally Muntle; but it had been converted, by an easy transition, to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper into5.3 Mantalini, Migration thePolic Ladyy and rightly Ethics considering ...... that an English appellation 106 would5.4 Migration be of serious Policy injury in Colombia to the ...... business” (126). Furthermore, 108the principle on which the surname is constructed shows linguistic awareness5.5 “Colombia and wordplay, nos une”...... as both Muntle and Mantalini derive from 109 the5.6 same Alianza phonic País ...... root which recalls the Italian mantello. And, 112 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It course, artists in the Crummles’ theatre company have to sound 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Italian, like Miss Snevellicci, Miss Gazingi, Miss Bravassa (334), accordingBibliography...... to a comic strategy which is historically accurate: 116an English clown, one Nelson, was keen on terming himself as Signor WorkingNelsonio Together(Winder 179).for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 BarryThere Halliday are other oblique references to things Italian that touch upon aspects which have little to do with the arts. In “A Visit to Newgate”

A Little (of) Italy in Early Dickens: End in the Beginning? 283 10 Table of Contents

and in “The Black Veil”, for instance, the narrator mentions “Bishop 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Generally speaking, not only does this sketch exemplify Dickens’s to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper love5.3 forMigration the theatre Policy in and all Ethi itscs forms, ...... but it reminds us that such 106 a love5.4 had Migration strong Policy links, in from Colombia his very ...... infancy, with Italy, as is fondly 108 shown in the introductory chapter to Memoirs of Joseph Grimaldi, which5.5 “Colombia Dickens editednos une”...... in 1838 in homage to the first modern clown, 109 the5.6 son Alianza of an País Italian ...... actor. The interest of “Mrs Porter over 112the sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Way”, however, derives from the plays the Gattletons are staging 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 domestically: in a single night, they are attempting to perform two demandingBibliography...... pieces: the tragedy Othello and an operetta Masaniello 116. Othello functions here as an introduction to an Italian theme, the Workingvery Englishness Together offor the the ShakespearWell-being eanof Migrants tragedy ...... being complicated 119 by Barryits associations Halliday with Venice. The play also serves as a first step in a progression of artistic ambitions and corresponding setbacks,

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culminating in the staging of no less than the revolution led by 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Masaniello and the eruption of Vesuvius. 3.5A Conclusion...... Shakespearean burlesque may have been familiar to 59an EnglishBibliography...... public, but Masaniello draws on less popular and more 60 recent events in British and European culture. The play required 4.staging The Ethics the eruption of Migration. of Vesuvius, though not the one that buried Pompeii,Reflections which on Recenthad already Migration been Policiesan operatic sensation in the early nineteenthand “Non-policies” century. Performances in Italy and Europe of L’ultimo...... giorno di Pompei, 61an operaLaura by Zanfrini Giovanni Pacini (which was the inspiration for Bulwer- Lytton’s The Last Days of Pompeii), had taken place in two of s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Italy’s4.1 Restrictive most famous Policies theatres: and Structural the TeatroDemand San for ImmigrantCarlo in LabourNaples .. 65in 18254.2 Initiativesand the Teatro for Governing La Scala Family in Milan and Humanitarian in 1827 (Cavaliero 148).2 However,Migration: “Mrs Labour Porter Migration over the but Way” not Workers’ most likely Migration...... drew from 73a ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. source4.3 From closer Guest than Workers Pacini’s to Unwelcome opera: James Guests Kenney’s ...... Masaniello 82, which opened at the Theatre Royal, on 3 March 1829.3 Masaniello, also4.4 popularSelective onPolicies the earlyand the nineteenth-century Brain Drain...... English stage, was 87 based,4.5 Equal in its Opportunity turn, on Daniel and Denied Auber’s Oppor Grand-opératunities ...... in five acts, La 90 Muette de Portici (libretto by Eugène Scribe and Germain d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Delavigne),Bibliography...... which opened in Paris on 29 February 1828. 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according Kenney’s Masaniello shared with La Muette the connection 5.between Colombia: the Includingeruption Emigrantof Vesuviuss in Theirand the Societies popular of Originrevolt...... led 101by MasanielloUrs Watter that took place in Naples in the seventeenth century. In “Mrs5.1 StatePorter” Interest the volcanicand Responsibility eruption seems to sanction the failure of that revolt.towards Nonetheless, their Citizens Livingthe er uptionAbroad...... – as related images clearly 102 show5.2 Appliedin later EthicsDickens ...... (Wilson 17) – is the first symbolic appearance 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. of a hidden, persistent fire of social rebellion, one whose target could to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper be5.3 viewed Migration in relationPolicy and to Ethithecs brutal, ...... uncaring governments of 106the Italian5.4 Migration states. Similarly, Policy in whenColombia the ...... seat of the English Parliament took 108 fire, Dickens interpreted the event symbolically, tracing its final cause5.5 “Colombiato the government’s nos une”...... deliberate indifference toward people. 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 2 Dickens5.7 Challenges visited both ...... during his stay in Italy, though confessed that his expecta- 114 tions of artistic excellence were rather disappointed. His Pictures, of course, also retracesBibliography...... his memorable ascent and descent of Mount Vesuvius. 116 3 Kenney undertook a production of the patriotic “The Sicilian Vespers” in 1840. As a successful dramatist in the twenties and thirties and close friend to Macready, Workinghe was probably Together well forknown the Well-beingby a theatre-a ofddict Migrants like Dickens,...... who might have 119 seenBarry Kenney’s Halliday “The Spirit of the Bell” at the English Opera House in 1835 (Letters I: 65n.). They were at dinner together at Rogers’, a common friend, on 31 January 1841 (Letters II: 242n.).

A Little (of) Italy in Early Dickens: End in the Beginning? 285 10 Table of Contents

The figure of Masaniello was not only a metaphor for the Italian 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. to the presence of Italian people in England in the early nineteenth to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper century.5.3 Migration As Robert Policy Winderand Ethi cshas ...... recently argued, the first can 106be found5.4 Migration in Fagin, Policy even inthough Colombia he is ...... known as “the Jew” and can 108 be traced historically to Ikey Solomon, the chief of an organized gang of 5.5juvenile “Colombia thieves. nos une”...... Winder points out how the physical features 109 of Jews5.6 andAlianza Italians País ...... overlap in the common perception: “the cartoonist 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It George Cruickshank also portrayed Italian street entertainers as 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Semitic, Fagin-like rogues: stooped, beak-nosed, bearded and with dark,Bibliography...... hooded eyes” (182). Vagrancy and poverty were shared 116 features as well. Granting that, the striking palimpsest emerging in WorkingFagin is thatTogether of an forItalian the Well-beingPadrone, as of notorious Migrants ...... as Ikey: he was 119the masterBarry not Halliday so much of juvenile thieves, but of players of accordions and barrel organs, whose sheer number in the streets of London,

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along with their usually discordant music and insistent begging, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. to a Protestant mind but the Catholic Church and, thus, Rome and to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Italy?5.3 Migration In the literature Policy and of Ethi thecs day ...... there is no lack of poems and 106 novels5.4 Migration stressing Policy connections in Colombia between ...... Catholicism, Italy and 108 sinister immorality (Brand 220). The name may even allude to Matthew5.5 “Colombia Lewis’s nos une”...... 1796 eponymous protagonist of The Monk 109, whose5.6 Alianza debauchery País ...... is revealed in Monks’s devastated features and 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It convulsive fits, betraying syphilis. The villain’s name and role, 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 while expanding on the Newgate side of the novel, give it a marked gothicBibliography...... flavour. And, as Franco Moretti reminds us, the Gothic, from 116 Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto through Mrs Radcliffe’s The WorkingItalian, is Together especially for connected the Well-being with ofthe Migrants peninsula...... before migrating 119 to Barrythe new Halliday characteristic settings of Germany and Scotland (18).

A Little (of) Italy in Early Dickens: End in the Beginning? 287 10 Table of Contents

But what matters more are the explicit references to Rome 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Oliver’s stepmother, accompanied by Monks. So, Italy and Rome to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper are5.3 the Migration southernmost Policy stagesand Ethi ofcs a ...... morally sterile Grand Tour, overtly 106 alien5.4 Migrationto art and Policy positive in Colombia associations...... Romantically assumed to 108 be places of physical and spiritual healing (one of Oliver’s mother’s rich5.5 relatives “Colombia goes nos une”...... there to convalesce), Italy turns out to be 109the opposite.5.6 Alianza Edwin’s País ...... relative, on his deathbed, takes an unproductive 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It shortcut in trying to make amends for his moral guilt: the large sum 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 of money he bestows on Oliver’s father only becomes the origin of furtherBibliography...... corruption. 116 Dickens renders all this background in protracted “tellings”; there Workingare no “showings” Together forat all. the NoWell-being attempt ofis madeMigrants to give...... concrete details 119 to Barrythe spacesHalliday mentioned. Only pre-formed cultural associations contribute to their construction, so that their structural importance

288 Mario Martino 10 Table of Contents

cannot exceed this precise measure, according to the poetics of truth 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Italy: there too France is featured as a prologue, and the further to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper south5.3 Migrationthe narrative Polic descendsy and Ethi csthrough ...... its territory, the more Italy 106 is anticipated.5.4 Migration It alsoPolicy foreshadows, in Colombia ...... in a truer sense, Little Dorrit. 108 In this novel, London may still be the core of the narrative world, but its5.5 centrality “Colombia is questionednos une”...... in light of the advantage of a thoroughly 109 integrated,5.6 Alianza vertical País ...... European space. The initial chapters are set 112 in sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It France, specifically in Marseilles and its environs, a space that is 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 itself of porous national boundaries. The city is at one end of the Riviera,Bibliography...... with Genoa on the other side, according to the transnational 116 map that Cavalletto holds in his mind and sketches with his Workingforefinger Together on the floor for the of Well-beingthe prison (4).of Migrants Later, in...... a deliberate, much 119 clearer,Barry structuralHalliday correspondence than the one seen in Oliver Twist,

A Little (of) Italy in Early Dickens: End in the Beginning? 289 10 Table of Contents

the second of the two parts of Little Dorrit – extending through many 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 References 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Brand,Migration: Charles Peter. Labour Italy Migrationand the English but not Romantics: Workers’ The Migration...... Italianate Fashion 73in

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Early Nineteenth-century England. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1957. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Cavaliero, Roderick. Italia Romantica: English Romantics and Italian Freedom. 4.4London: Selective Tauris, Policies 2005. and the Brain Drain...... 87 Dickens,4.5 Equal Charles Opportunity. The Letters and of CharlesDenied Dickens Oppor.tunities Eds Madeline ...... House and Graham 90 Storey, et al. Pilgrim Edition. 12 vols. Oxford: Clarendon P; Oxford and New

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... York: Oxford UP, 1965-2002. 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according ---. Little Dorrit. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1974. 5.---. Colombia: Nicholas Nickleby Including. London: Emigrant Dent, 1977.s in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter ---. Oliver Twist. New York: Norton, 1993. ---.5.1 Sketches State byInterest Boz. Oxford: and Responsibility Oxford UP, 1987. towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 Eigner, Edward M. The Dickens Pantomime. Berkeley: California UP, 1989. Grillo,5.2 AppliedVirgil. Charles Ethics Dickens’ ...... ‘Sketches by Boz’: End in the Beginning. Boulder: 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Colorado UP, 1974. 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 Hollington, Michael. Dickens and the Grotesque. London: Croom Helm, 1984. Johnson,5.4 Migration Edgar. Charles Policy Dickens: in Colombia His Tragedy ...... and Triumph. 1952. Harmondsworth: 108 5.5Penguin, “Colombia 1979. nos une”...... 109 Mack Smith, Denis. Mazzini. New Haven: Yale UP, 1994. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Moretti, Franco. Atlante del romanzo europeo. Torino: Einaudi, 1997. Parker,5.7 Challenges David. “Dickens ...... and the Italian Diaspora”. Presentation at the Dickens, 114 Bibliography...... Victorian Culture, Italy Conference. University of Genova. 13-17 June 2007. 116 Pemble, John. The Mediterranean Passion: Victorians and Edwardians in the South. WorkingOxford: Together Oxford UP, for 1988. the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Severi,Barry Rita. Halliday “Italians in Dickens’ Theatricals”. Presentation at the Dickens, Victorian Culture, Italy Conference. University of Genova. 13-17 June 2007.

290 Mario Martino 10 Table of Contents

Waters, Christina. “The Quest for Home: Phenomenology of Travel Abroad”. 3.4Presentation The Human at the Rights’ Dickens, Approach...... Victorian Culture, Italy Conference. University 58of and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Genova. 13-17 June 2007. 3.5 Conclusion...... 59 Wilson, Edmund. The Wound and the Bow. 1941. London: Methuen, 1961. Bibliography...... 60 Winder, Robert. Bloody Foreigners: The Story of Immigration to Britain. 2004. London: Abacus, 2005. 4. The Ethics of Migration. Worth, George. Dickensian Melodrama. Lawrence: Kansas UP, 1978. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 291-300 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av

Middlemarch: The Novel, the Manuscript, and Italy

Joel J. Brattin – Worcester Polytechnic Institute, USA s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work,

The action in George Eliot’s masterpiece Middlemarch, serialized in 1871-72, takes place primarily in Middlemarch – that is, in ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. England. But Italy figures significantly in the novel, primarily but not exclusively in those four consecutive chapters in Book Two that are set in Rome. Eliot uses Italy as both setting and symbol, highlighting several of the most important themes in the novel. Eliot also alludes to various figures in Italian history and uses the Italian d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are language to highlight theme and indicate character in significant ontribution is published according ways. The first significant reference to Italy in the novel is the “Italian Proverb” Eliot provides as the epigraph for chapter 7: “Piacer e popone/Vuol la sua stagione” [Pleasure and melons/Want the same weather] (1.7.62). Eliot’s holograph manuscript of the novel, now in the British Library, shows the author correcting her to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper misspelling of the first word (deleting a superfluous “e” at the end) and demonstrates the care Eliot took to ensure the accuracy of her Italian. Eliot’s association of Italy with pleasure and warm weather invites the reader to consider Italy’s counterpoint: chilly England and melancholy Lowick, home to the emotionally frigid

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It scholar Edward Casaubon. Eliot offers two brief but significant references to Italy in chapter 9. First is the allusion to her uncle Arthur Brooke’s collection of “Renaissance-Correggiosities” (1.9.72). Eliot’s portmanteau-word combines the sixteenth-century Italian painter Correggio’s name with “curiosities” – or perhaps even “monstrosities”. In any case, these are works of art that at this point in time Dorothea cannot bring “into any sort of relevance with her life”. Though Dorothea has not yet

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had any education that would help her appreciate Italian art, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. “Not long after that dinner-party, she had become Mrs Casaubon to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and5.3 was Migration on her Polic wayy and to Ethi Rome”cs ...... (2.10.92). The structure of 106the sentence5.4 Migration presents Policy the in Colombiamarriage ...... as something that happens 108to Dorothea, like a smothering – something to be rushed through and not5.5 dwelt “Colombia upon. nosIn this une”...... context, the reference to Italy sounds almost 109 foreboding.5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Chapter 19, the first of the four chapters actually set in Rome, 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 begins with an Italian epigraph Eliot borrows from the seventh cantoBibliography...... of Dante’s Purgatorio: “L’altra vedete ch’ha fatto alla guancia 116 /Della sua palma, sospirando, letto” [See the other who, sighing, has Workingmade a bed Together for her for cheek the Well-beingwith the palm of Migrants of her hand]...... (2.19.183). It 119 is significantBarry Halliday that Eliot intentionally misquotes Dante’s text: she gives “L’altra” in place of Dante’s “L’altro”, indicating that it is a woman,

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not a man, who is suffering (and sighing). Dante’s reference in the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Purgatorio is to a man, Henry I of Navarre, known as “the Fat”, but Eliot3.5 clearlyConclusion...... wants her readers to apply the passage to Dorothea. 59In Eliot’sBibliography...... manuscript, she underlines the word “L’altra” indicating her 60 awareness that she has altered the original text. Finally, she deletes 4.the The underscoring, Ethics of Migration. presumably deciding the emphasis was unnecessar- ilyReflections fussy. In thison Recent chapter, Migration Will Ladislaw’s Policies friend Adolph Naumann correctlyand “Non-policies” identifies inthe Italy recently and Europe-married...... Dorothea and Edward 61 CasaubonLaura Zanfrini not as a complementary pair, but as an “antithesis” (2.19.184).1 s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1Chapter Restrictive 20 gives Policies us andour Structural first real Demandlook at forDorothea’s Immigrant married Labour ..life 65 – 4.2the InitiativesCasaubons for Governingin Rome. Family The twando Humanitarianopening paragraphs reveal DorotheaMigration: sobbing Labour in theMigration Via Sistin but nota, Workers’as the resultMigration...... of an earlier 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. disagreement,4.3 From Guest and Workers Edward to Unwelcomecarrying on Guests with his ...... moribund research 82 at the Vatican library (2.20.187). The narrator tells us that “To those4.4 Selectivewho have Policies looked an dat the Rome Brain withDrain...... the quickening power of 87 a knowledge4.5 Equal Opportunitywhich breathes and Denied a growing Oppor soultunities into ...... all historic shapes, 90 and traces out the suppressed transitions which unite all contrasts, d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors RomeBibliography...... may still be the spiritual centre and interpreter of the world” 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according (2.20.188). But we learned from chapter 9 that Dorothea has had no 5.education Colombia: to Includingprepare her Emigrant to take sdelight in Their or Societies nourishment of Origin from...... Italian 101 artUrs – for Watter Mrs Casaubon, the fragments of sculpture she sees are only the5.1 sad, State lifeless Interest relics and Responsibility of a bygone civilization. At her husband’s direction,towards Dorothea their Citizens views Livingmany Abroad...... works of classical and Renaissance 102 art5.2 – andApplied sobs, Ethics as she ...... thinks about her unhappy marriage. 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Polic y and Ethi cs ...... 106 1 Andrew5.4 Migration Thompson Policy underscores in Colombia Eliot’s ...... debts to Dante; he finds significant hints 108 of Dante in Eliot’s imagery, as when Mr Casaubon is “lost among small closets and5.5 winding “Colombia stairs”, nos and une”...... he feels Dorothea transforms her impressions of Rome 109 into “a Dantesque masquerade” (124), while Will Ladislaw functions as a kind of 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Virgil to Dorothea’s Dante, guiding her through the infernal “dead city” of modern Rome (125). Thompson finds a complex “web of Dante connections” (133) in the novel,5.7 Challengesincluding Dorothea’s ...... “Dantean suffering” and Eliot’s use of light and 114sun imageryBibliography...... (132-33), an exploration of the “Dantean convention of the ‘screen lady’” 116 (136), and a parallel between Will Ladislaw’s exile from Middlemarch and Dante’s from Florence (137). He also finds that Dorothea and Will’s kiss in chapter 83 is Working“unmistakably Together evocative for of the Dante’s Well-being famous ofscene Migrants between...... Paolo and Francesca” 119 in Barrythe fifth Halliday canto of the Inferno (138), and argues that ultimately Dorothea functions as a “despiritualized, secular Beatrice” with “redemptive power” for Ladislaw (142-43).

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In this chapter, Casaubon suggests his wife should see the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. left margin of the page. The adjustment is subtle, but significant: to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Eliot5.3 Migrationdeemphasizes Policy anyand Ethitendercs ...... feeling Casaubon may have 106for his5.4 wife Migration by omitting Policy in the Colombia phrase ...... “dear Dorothea”, and has him 108 offering an “emendation” of the text, rather than doing what is “appropriate”.5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6Dorothea Alianza Paísgoes ...... on to ask her husband if he is satisfied with 112his sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It honeymoon in Italy: “‘I hope you are thoroughly satisfied with our 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 stay – I mean, with the result so far as your studies are concerned,’ saidBibliography...... Dorothea, trying to keep her mind fixed on what most affected 116 her husband.” His response to Rome is predictable: he announces Workinghis satisfaction Together with for thethe Well-beinghoneymoon of Migrantsby admitting...... that “various 119 subjectsBarry Hallidayfor annotation have presented themselves which [...] I could not pretermit” (2.20.193).

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In the third “Roman” chapter, chapter 21, Will Ladislaw visits 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. earth” (5.4.79). to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3While Migration Edward Polic yand and EthiDorotheacs ...... Casaubon provide our main 106 perspectives5.4 Migration on Policy Victorian in Colombia feelings ...... about and attitudes toward 108 Italy, Eliot also gives us the vital, lively views of Will Ladislaw and5.5 his “Colombia artist friend, nos une”...... Adolph Naumann. These characters enable 109 Eliot5.6 Alianzato position País ...... both Dorothea’s and Edward’s views about 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It crucial matters of art, religion, and history in a more meaningful 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 context. In chapter 22, we see how Rome has affected Will Ladislaw’sBibliography...... view of history. Speaking to the Casaubons, Will 116 offers “a half-enthusiastic half-playful picture of the enjoyment he Workinggot out of Together the very for miscellaneousness the Well-being of Migrants of Rome,...... which made 119the mindBarry flexible Halliday with constant comparison, and saved you from seeing the world’s ages as a set of box-like partitions without vital

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connection”. He goes on to confess that “Rome had given him quite 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. life and make it no better for the world”, pains her, spoiling her to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper enjoyment5.3 Migration when Polic shey andis forced Ethics ...... to think that “most people are shut 106 out5.4 from Migration it” (2.22.214). Policy in ColombiaWill replies ...... that “The best piety is to enjoy 108 – when you can. You are doing the most then to save the earth’s character5.5 “Colombia as an agreeable nos une”...... planet. And enjoyment radiates” (2.22.214). 109 Dorothea5.6 Alianza says, País “I ...... have often felt since I have been in Rome that most 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It of our lives would look much uglier and more bungling than the 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 pictures, if they could be put on the wall” (2.22.215). Dorothea’s colloquyBibliography...... with Will is very important; at the end of the conversation, 116 she tells Will earnestly “I am so glad we met in Rome”, and she Workingopenly acknowledges Together for thethat Well-being she likes Will of Migrants “very much”...... (2.22.218). 119 BarryThe scenesHalliday actually set in Italy are confined to the four consecutive chapters in Book Two, “Old and Young”, just considered. But

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elsewhere in the novel Rosamond Vincy, Arthur Brooke, and the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

historianand “Non-policies” Flavius Josephus in Italy (1.12.108). and Europe ...... 61 LauraRosamond Zanfrini Vincy knows little about culture of any sort; all she really knows how to do is to entertain men. She is an accomplished s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, student4.1 Restrictive of Middlemarch Policies and culture, Structural however; Demand she for is Immigrant “the flower Labour of Mrs .. 65 Lemon’s4.2 Initiatives school, for the Governing chief school Family in and the Humanitarian county, where the teaching includedMigration: all that Labour was demanded Migration butin thenot accomplishedWorkers’ Migration...... female – even 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. to 4.3extras, From such Guest as Workers the getting to Unwelcome in and out Guestsof a carriage” ...... (1.11.94). She 82 is a well-trained singer, who can offer her listeners popular tunes in English4.4 Selective or songs Policies in Italian and the from Brain Mozart’s Drain...... operas, including “‘Voi, 87 che4.5 sapete,’ Equal Opportunity or ‘Batti, andbatti’ Denied – sh eOppor onlytunities wanted ...... to know what her 90 audience liked” (2.16.158). d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... Arthur Brooke feels that culture is a simple matter of learning 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according the appropriate Latin tags; he quotes Virgil (1.6.54) and Horace 5.(4.34.321) Colombia: correctly, Including but Emigrant later errsoneously in Their Societiesascribes ofa Origincommon...... Latin 101 tagUrs to Watter Horace (4.38.376). He clearly associates art with Italy, speaking5.1 State confidently Interest and of Responsibility “brio” and “ morbidezza” (1.9.77-78), though his understandingtowards their Citizens of art Livingseems Abroad...... superficial; later in the novel 102he condescendingly5.2 Applied Ethics says ...... to Dorothea that “Fine art, poetry, that kind 104 of to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are

perty. thing, elevates a nation – emollit mores – you understand a little to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Latin5.3 Migrationnow” (4.39.380). Policy and His Ethi allusioncs ...... to Ovid is apt, but it also shows 106 how5.4 lightlyMigration Brooke Policy intakes Colombia matters ...... of culture. Indeed, the fuzzy- 108 minded Brooke takes most things, even serious ones, lightly; his own5.5 knowledge“Colombia nos of une”...... culture and art seems to come down to 109his ability5.6 Alianza to toss País out ...... “a little Latin” at appropriate times. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It The auctioneer Borthrop Trumbull also trades in a superficial 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 knowledge of Italian culture: he boasts of owning a picture by Titian (3.32.306)Bibliography...... and offers for sale a picture he claims is by “Guydo, 116the greatest painter in the world” – that is, Guido Reni (6.60.594). But WorkingTrumbull’s Together understanding for the Well-being of even ofhis Migrants own culture...... is manifestly 119 superficial.Barry Halliday Though he claims to be “a great bookman”, his interest in books is limited to the prestige they can buy him in Middlemarch.

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He boasts to Mary Garth of owning “no less than two hundred 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av volumes in calf” (3.32.305-06), suggesting his familiarity with the covers3.5 Conclusion...... of his books is greater than his knowledge of their contents. 59 Bibliography...... The narrator alludes to Ovid’s story of Actaeon and Diana from 60 Metamorphoses (3:138-252) in describing Will Ladislaw’s relations 2 4.with The both Ethics Mrs of LydgateMigration. and Mrs Casaubon. The allusion – to “the wholeReflections history on of Recent the situation Migration in Policieswhich Diana had descended too unexpectedlyand “Non-policies” on her in worshipper”Italy and Europe (5.43.427)...... – is perhaps less 61 interestingLaura Zanfrini in itself than the statement on the same page that Will feels his position in Middlemarch threatens to divide him from s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Dorothea4.1 Restrictive with “those Policies barriers and Structural of habitual Demand sentiment for Immigrant which Labour are more .. 65 fatal4.2 Initiativesto the persistence for Governing of Familymutual and interest Humanitarian than all the distance betweenMigration: Rome andLabour Britain” Migration (5.43. but427). not Workers’ The narrator Migration...... also alludes 73to ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Ariosto’s4.3 From OrlandoGuest Workers Furioso to Unwelcome: Mrs Bulstrode Guests ...... suggests that Tertius 82 Lydgate has advantages, when it comes to romance, over local Middlemarch4.4 Selective “Orlandos”Policies and the(3.31.292). Brain Drain...... Ironically, this allusion pays 87 off4.5 later Equal in Opportunity the novel, and when Denied Mr Oppors Cadwalladertunities ...... applies a similar 90 allusion to Will. She says that “Mr. Orlando Ladislaw is making a d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors sadBibliography...... dark-blue scandal by warbling continually with [...] Mr. Lydgate’s 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according wife” (6.62.615).3 5. Colombia:Eliot uses Includingsonnet 17 Emigrant from chapters in Their 21 of SocietiesDante’s Laof Origin Vita Nuova...... 101 as Urs Watter an epigraph to chapter 54 (6.54.523). We are clearly intended to apply5.1 Stateit to InterestWill and and Dorothea. Responsibility4 In this sonnet, Dante’s “lady carries love withintowards her their eyes”, Citizens and Living men “turn Abroad...... to gaze at her”; “He whom 102she greeteth5.2 Applied feels Ethicshis heart ...... to rise”, and “pride becomes a worshipper” 104 5 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. (Dante Gabriel Rossetti’s 1846 translation). In the chapter itself, to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Will,5.3 planningMigration toPolic leavey and Middlemarch, Ethics ...... turns from his path by going 106 to Lowick5.4 Migration to gaze Policyat (and in speak Colombia with) ...... the widowed Mrs Casaubon, who 108 looks at him with a “direct glance, full of delighted confidence” 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109

5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 2 Bert G. Hornback offers helpful annotations here and throughout his Norton Critical5.7 Challenges Edition of Middlemarch ...... 114 3 Thompson sees the allusion to Orlando as an instance of Middlemarchers applying “foreignBibliography...... stereotypes” to Will Ladislaw (127-28). Thompson also discusses 116Mrs Cadwallader’s identification of Will with “an Italian with white mice”, associating her remark with Will’s “presumed dilettantism” and “need of charity” (128-30). Working4 Thompson Together sees Will for and the Dorothea Well-being as analogues of Migrants to Dante...... and Beatrice, 119and suggestsBarry that Halliday Will’s experience possibly replays Dante’s in La Vita Nuova (135). 5 Rossetti’s translation was published in 1861, and Eliot owned a copy (Thompson 140).

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(6.54.530); the chapter ends with a reference to “Will’s pride”, now 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus in Susan Garth’s kitchen. Susan to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Garth,5.3 Migration formerly Polic a teacher,y and Ethi nowcs ...... teaches her children. In chapter 10624, Ben5.4 and Migration Letty learnPolicy about in Colombia Cincinnatus...... Young Ben Garth identifies 108 Cincinnatus as a farmer and says he “was a wise man, like my father,5.5 “Colombia and that nosmade une”...... the people want his advice” (3.24.241). The 109 lesson5.6 Alianza is almost País ...... immediately interrupted by the arrival of Fred 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Vincy, who is unable to pay his debts and must take the savings of 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Caleb Garth’s family; talk of Cincinnatus ceases immediately. Later in Bibliography...... the novel, the family fortunes turn for the better, when Caleb 116 Garth is offered the management of both Sir James Chettam’s Workingproperty atTogether Freshitt for and the Mr Well-being Brooke’s of property Migrants at...... Tipton. Mrs Garth 119 tellsBarry her Hallidaychildren of the honor to their father: “He is asked to take a post again by those who dismissed him long ago. That shows that

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he did his work well, so that they feel the want of him”. Ben shouts, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ---.Bibliography...... Middlemarch. Ed. Bert G. Hornback. New York: Norton, 1977, 2000. 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according ---. Middlemarch. British Library Manuscript Collection Add. MS 34034-7. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Thompson,Urs Watter Andrew. George Eliot and Italy: Literary, Cultural, and Political Influences from Dante to the Risorgimento. London: Macmillan, 1998. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 301-313 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av The Visit to Genoa in George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda

Alain Jumeau – Université de Paris-Sorbonne, France s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Daniel Deronda (1876) is George Eliot’s last novel. It is also her most ambitious and most sophisticated work. Although at the time

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. it was well received, because it was a great novel produced by the greatest living English novelist, Victorian readers were made uncomfortable by its double structure, which they found puzzling, for there are clearly two different story lines. One deals with the personal history of the hero, Daniel Deronda, and his relationship d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors with the Jews, and the other, with a charming young English lady ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according he meets, Gwendolen Harleth, who is led to marry Grandcourt, an English aristocrat, whom she does not love but who gives her money and rank. It is a disastrous marriage, which ends tragically. With the exception of Jewish readers, who praised the Jewish part because it painted a sympathetic picture of their community, of their traditions and beliefs, most readers preferred the English part, to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are considering that the character of Gwendolen was George Eliot’s perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper best creation. The novelist was disappointed by their response because it failed to see the coherence of her novel. As she told her friend Barbara Bodichon in a letter dated 2 October 1876: “I meant everything in the book to be related to everything else there” (Letters VI: 290). Only the most perceptive readers were ready to sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It see that, after Middlemarch (1871-72), she had woven another rich and complex web of analogies and contrasts. Indeed, there are some points in the novel where, as we shall see, the two plots clearly converge within crucial episodes, which are set in Italy, in Genoa. I propose, first, to study the importance of Deronda’s visit to Genoa, where he learns about his origins. Then, we shall see how Gwendolen’s life is tragically affected by her journey

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there. In a third and final part, we shall examine the significance of 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

4.Daniel The Ethics Deronda of Migration. has been brought up as an English gentleman in Sir HugoReflections Mallinger’s on Recent family, Migration and he callsPolicies him “uncle”. For many years heand has “Non-policies” suspected that in he Italy might and beEurope Sir Hugo’s...... illegitimate son, but 61 he Laurahas never Zanfrini known the truth about his parentage, and he cannot

s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of imagine who his mother could be. The third volume of the novel

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 ends with a partial revelation, when Sir Hugo gives him a letter 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian written by his mother, telling him that she wants to see him. This Migration: Labour Migration but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 letter is reproduced at the beginning of the next chapter, which is ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. also4.3 the From beginning Guest Workers of the to fourth Unwelcome and last Guests volume...... Placing the letter 82 at 4.4this Selective crucial spotPolicies gives an dit the a real Brain solemnity: Drain...... 87 4.5 Equal OpportunityTO MY and SON, Denied DANIEL Oppor DERONDAtunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... My good friend and yours, Sir Hugo Mallinger, will have told you 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according that I wish to see you. My health is shaken, and I desire there 5. Colombia:should be Includingno time lost Emigrant before sI indeliver Their to Societies you what of OriginI have ...... long 101 Urswithheld. Watter Let nothing hinder you from being at the Albergo dell’Italia in Genoa by the fourteenth of this month. Wait for me 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility there. I am uncertain when I shall be able to make the journey from Spezia,towards where their ICitizens shall be Living staying. Abroad...... That will depend on several 102 5.2things. Applied Wait Ethics for me ...... – the Princess Halm-Eberstein. Bring with you 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. the diamond ring that Sir Hugo gave you. I shall like to see it again. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3– Your Migration unknown Polic mother,y and Ethi cs ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in LEONORA Colombia HALM-EBERSTEIN ...... (VII, 50: 529) 108

We5.5 have “Colombia here a nosromantic une”...... device: the sudden appearance of a long- 109 forgotten5.6 Alianza character, País ...... a very ill old woman who will reveal something 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It of great importance, in what is almost a death-bed confession, to a 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 close relative who will apparently be recognized by the fact that he is Bibliography...... wearing a beloved jewel. 116 Daniel never imagined that his mother could be a princess, Workingprobably Togetherliving in for Mitteleuropa the Well-being, judging of Migrants by her...... name. But after 119 waitingBarry Hallidayseveral days in Genoa for this mysterious mother, who finally arrives, he learns more. Before being married to a prince, his

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mother was a famous opera singer, known as the Alcharisi. This 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2“I Initiativesdid not wish for youGoverning to be born. Family I parted and Humanitarian with you willingly. When yourMigration: father died, Labour I resolved Migration that Ibut would not Workers’ have no more Migration...... ties, but such 73 as I could free myself from. I was the Alcharisi you have heard of: ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3the From name Guest had magicWorkers wherever to Unwelcome it was carried. Guests Men ...... courted me. Sir 82 Hugo Mallinger was one who wished to marry me. He was madly 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 in love with me. One day I asked him, ‘Is there a man capable of 4.5doing Equal something Opportunity for loveand Deniedof me, andOppor expectingtunities ...... nothing in return?’ 90 He said, ‘What is it you want done?’ I said, ‘Take my boy and d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... bring him up as an Englishman, and let him never know anything 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according about his parents.’ You were little more than two years old, and 5. Colombia:were sitting Including on his foot. Emigrant He declareds in Their that Societieshe would of pay Origin money...... to 101 Urshave Watter such a boy. I had not meditated much on the plan beforehand, 5.1but State as soon Interest as Iand had Responsibility spoken about it, it took possession of me as something I could not rest without doing. At first he thought I was towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 not serious, but I convinced him, and he was never surprised at 5.2anything. Applied He Ethics agreed ...... that it would be for your good, and the finest 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper thing for you. A great singer and actress is a queen, but she gives 5.3no Migrationroyalty to Policher son.”y and (VII, Ethi 51:cs ...... 543-44) 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 Daniel thus learns about his Jewish origins. Contrary to what she expected,5.5 “Colombia he tells nos hisune”...... mother that he is glad to be a Jew, for, 109 recently,5.6 Alianza he hasPaís been ...... sentimentally involved with Mirah, a young 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Jewess, whom he has rescued from suicide, and he feels a real affinity5.7 Challenges with her ...... brother Mordecai, a visionary Jew, who dreams 114 of returningBibliography...... to the Holy Land. When discovering his true identity, 116 Daniel also learns about the family’s links with Genoa, the town Workingwhere the Together meeting for takes the Well-beingplace: this of is Migrants where his...... mother grew 119up andBarry where Halliday she was married. It was the home of his grandfather, for the Princess says: “‘his family had lived here generations ago. But

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my father had been in various countries’” (VII, 51: 542). So Genoa 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 their breasts – fathers and sons agaze at each other’s haggardness, 4.2like Initiatives groups from for Governing a hundred Family Hunger-towers and Humanitarian turned out beneath the mid-dayMigration: sun. (VII,Labour 50: Migration 532) but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. After4.3 Fromthis Guestunexpected Workers and to Unwelcomeessential revelation Guests ...... about his origins, 82 Daniel4.4 Selective realizes Policies that his an dChristian the Brain Drain...... education cannot be done away 87 with, but he discovers his true vocation: “to identify myself, as far 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 as possible, with my hereditary people, and if I can see any work to

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors beBibliography...... done for them that I can give my soul and hand to, I shall choose 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according to do it” (VII, 53: 566). 5. Colombia:That the revelationIncluding Emigrant of Daniel’ss in TheirZionist Societies vocation of Origin(restoring...... 101the identityUrs Watter of the Jewish nation in the Holy Land) should take place in Genoa5.1 State cannot Interest be anda sheer Responsibility coincidence, for, as Andrew Thompson has argued,towards their“Eliot Citizens translates Living aAbroad...... Jewish yearning for a national 102 identity into the language and terms of the Italian Risorgimento” (171),5.2 Applied which Ethicswas in ...... the making in the present of the novel (1865- 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 66)5.3 and Migration was fully Polic achievedy and Ethi csby ...... the time the novel was published 106 (1876). The Victorian readers could see the achievement of Italian 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 unity as a promising background for Deronda’s Zionist mission, after5.5 this“Colombia revelation nos une”...... in Genoa. 109 5.6Eliot’s Alianza emphasis País ...... on his links with the worshippers in the Genoa 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It synagogue, where both his grandfather and father had worshipped serves5.7 Challenges a similar ...... purpose. In this way the Jewish element is fused 114 withBibliography...... the Italian element, for which the English public had a great 116 sympathy in the 1860s and the 1870s, because the struggle for WorkingItalian liberation Together and for independence the Well-being was of Migrants a popular...... cause in England: 119 Barry Halliday But simply, instead of packing and ringing for his bill, he sat doing nothing at all, while his mind went to the synagogue and saw faces

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there probably little different from those of his grandfather’s time, 3.4and The heard Human the Spanish-Hebrew Rights’ Approach...... liturgy which had lasted through the 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5seasons Conclusion...... of wandering generations like a plant with wandering seed, 59 that gives the far-off lands a kinship to the exile’s home – […] the Bibliography...... memories wakened among the sparse taliths and keen dark faces of 60 worshippers whose way of taking awful prayers and invocations with 4. Thethe Ethicseasy familiarity of Migration. which might be called Hebrew dyed Italian, Reflectionsmade him reflecton Recent that Migrationhis grandfather, Policies according to the Princess’s andhints “Non-policies” of his character, in must Italy have and beenEurope almost...... as exceptional a Jew as 61 LauraMordecai. Zanfrini (VII, 55: 586) s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, When4.1 Restrictive George PoliciesEliot suggests and Structural that Demandin the forGenoa Immigrant synagogue, Labour ..the 65 Hebrew4.2 Initiatives liturgy foris “dyedGoverning Italian”, Family she and clearly Humanitarian endeavours to Italianize the imageMigration: of the Labour Jews, Migration because but she not hopes Workers’ “to Migration...... circumvent British 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. prejudices concerning Jews and to make them respectable as the 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Italians had become” (Thompson 171). 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 2. 4.5Gwendolen’s Equal Opportunity tragic and experience Denied Oppor intunities Genoa ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are By a strange coincidence (of the kind which is familiar to readers of ontribution is published according 5.Victorian Colombia: fiction), Including Daniel Emigrant happenss in Theirto meet Societies Gwendolen of Origin in ...... Genoa, 101 whenUrs Wattershe arrives at the Albergo dell’Italia with her husband Grandcourt. She has now been married to him for some time, long enough5.1 State to Interestexperience and Responsibilityhis domestic tyranny. The Grandcourts have their owntowards reasons their Citizens for being Living in Genoa Abroad...... then. They were yachting 102 in the5.2 Mediterranean, Applied Ethics first ...... about the Balearic Islands, then off Sardinia 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper and Corsica, when a squall damaged their yacht and their skipper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 decided to spend about a week at Genoa, to set things right (VII, 54: 578).5.4 MigrationTo while Policy away in Colombiathe time ...... as the repairs are progressing, 108 Grandcourt5.5 “Colombia decides nos une”...... to hire a small boat and to go sailing in the Bay 109 of Genoa, taking his wife with him, because he is jealous of Daniel 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Deronda and does not like to see her with him. 5.7At Challenges this stage, ...... a terrible accident occurs: Grandcourt drowns, and 114 Gwendolen is rescued by fishermen. The particular circumstances of Bibliography...... the accident are not described in direct narration, and Daniel 116 finds it hard to learn how things actually happened: Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 BarryMeanwhile Halliday he employed himself in getting a formal, legally-recognized statement from the fishermen who had rescued Gwendolen. Few

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details came to light. The boat in which Grandcourt had gone out had 3.4been The found Human drifting Rights’ with Approach...... its sail loose, and had been towed in. The 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5fishermen Conclusion...... thought it likely that he had been knocked overboard by the 59 flapping of the sail while putting about, and that he had not known how Bibliography...... to swim; but, though they were near, their attention had been first 60 arrested by a cry which seemed like that of a man in distress, and while 4. Thethey Ethics were hastening of Migration. with their oars, they heard a shriek from the lady, Reflectionsand saw her on jump Recent in. (VII, Migration 56: 590) Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 EverythingLaura Zanfrini is later explained to him by Gwendolen, who cannot help expressing her deep-seated sense of guilt about the whole s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 matter, for she saw Grandcourt drowning and she could not help him.4.2 SheInitiatives might for have Governing saved Familyhim by and throwing Humanitarian a rope, but she was paralysedMigration: and Labourdid nothing Migration for but him. not Workers’In fact, Migration...... the image of the 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. drowning4.3 From man Guest was Workers just the to Unwelcome materialization Guests of ...... her desire to see the 82 death of her tyrannical husband and to be freed from him: 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 “All sorts of contrivances in my mind – but all so difficult. And I 4.5 Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90 fought against them – I was terrified at them – I saw his dead face” –

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... here her voice sank almost to a whisper close to Deronda’s ear – 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according “ever so long ago I saw it; and I wished him to be dead. And yet it 5. Colombia:terrified me. Including I was like Emigrant two creaturess in .Their I could Societies not speak of –Origin I wanted...... to 101 Urskill Watter– it was as strong as thirst – and then directly – I felt beforehand I had done something dreadful, unalterable – that would make me like 5.1an Stateevil spirit. Interest And and it cameResponsibility – it came.” (VII: 56, 592) towards“I saw mytheir wish Citizens outside Living me.” Abroad...... (VII: 56, 596) 102

Thus,5.2 AppliedGwendolen’s Ethics ...... journey to Genoa brought about much more 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper than5.3 aMigration tragic accident, Policy and which Ethics put ...... an end to her disastrous marriage 106 to Grandcourt. It was a revelation too, but of a different kind from 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 Deronda’s. In pre-Freudian terms, George Eliot conveys the dreadful experience5.5 “Colombia of Gwendolen’s nos une”...... split psyche – her secret wish to 109kill Grandcourt5.6 Alianza and País her ...... resistance to active murder. As we have seen, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It this experience results in a terrible feeling of guilt, even though Deronda5.7 Challenges tries to ...... persuade her that her “murderous thought” (VII, 114 56:Bibliography...... 597) could have no outward effect and that Grandcourt’s death 116 was inevitable. However, Gwendolen cannot help seeing the link Workingbetween theTogether dead facefor the of Well-beingGrandcourt of and Migrants her own...... deep-seated fear, 119 representedBarry Halliday by the picture hidden behind a panel in her mother’s rented house at Offendene, which aroused her terror on two occa-

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sions: “the picture of an upturned dead face, from which an obscure 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

This4.4 dreamSelective symbolically Policies and thereflects Brain Gwendolen’sDrain...... presence in hell 87– which4.5 Equal perhaps Opportunity accounts and forDenied the Oppormysterioustunities ...... heat, although it 90is simply the hell of her married life – and her desire to escape from it. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are The dream also foreshadows the part played by Deronda in ontribution is published according Gwendolen’s future liberation, an experience which Thompson 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 compares with the special relationship between Dante and Virgil in Urs Watter the Divine Comedy: 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Thetowards strangely-mixed their Citizens dream Living evokes Abroad...... the dreamlike opening of 102 Inferno I where Dante, finding himself in a dark wood, rushes back 5.2the Applied way he Ethicshad come ...... only to be stopped by Virgil in the “strangely- 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3mixed Migration dream” Polic whichy and is Ethithe csComedy ...... Dante’s first words to Virgil 106 on his headlong descent down the slope are “‘Have pity on me, 5.4whoever Migration thou Policy art,’ inI cried Colombia to him ...... ‘shade or real man’!” (65-66): 108 5.5Gwendolen’s “Colombia nosproud une”...... nature has refused “to say to the world ‘Pity 109 me’” [V, 35: 366], but in these scenes paralleling the opening of 5.6Inferno Alianza, she País is ...... asking for pity and guidance from Daniel whose 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It presence, like Virgil’s, signifies that “other road” passing through 5.7Hell Challenges to emerge, ...... as Dante had done, to ascend Mount Purgatory. 114 Bibliography...... Gwendolen, like Dante-character with Virgil, becomes like a child 116 dependent upon the support of Daniel for her actions during the Workinginfernal Together part of forher thejourney Well-being and, like of MigrantsDante, she...... too fears being 119 Barryforsaken. Halliday (150-51)

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3. 3.4The The significance Human Rights’ of Approach...... Genoa in the novel 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av After3.5 Conclusion...... this description of the part played by Genoa as a background 59 forBibliography...... two essential experiences of the main characters of the novel, 60 the question remains: why did George Eliot choose such a place? 4.Here The we Ethics have of no Migration. direct answer, and our arguments will necessarily remainReflections speculative. on Recent It seemsMigration evident Policies that Genoa was selected, in part,and because, “Non-policies” in the nineteenthin Italy and cen Europetury, ...... it was the gateway to Italy 61 andLaura a famous Zanfrini resort for English tourists, as is exemplified by Dickens’s long stay there. Besides, it was a big harbour for cargo s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 ships, packet boats, sailing ships and yachts, not far from La Spezia, another4.2 Initiatives popular for resort Governing for tourisFamilyts andand Humanitarian sailors. Moreover, Genoa was aMigration: cosmopolitan Labour city, Migration with buta Jewishnot Workers’ community Migration...... and clearly 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. associated4.3 From withGuest Jewish Workers history. to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 George Eliot visited Genoa herself on four occasions. The first time4.4 wasSelective in 1849, Policies after an dthe the death Brain ofDrain...... her father, when her Coventry 87 friends,4.5 Equal the OpportunityBrays, took and her Denied on a continentalOpportunities tour ...... to rest and divert 90 her. She arrived in Genoa from Nice and stayed for about a week, d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors beforeBibliography...... going through Milan to Lake Como and Lake Maggiore 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according (Haight 68-70). We may imagine that the city left a permanent 5.impression Colombia: on Including her, for Emigrantit was hers in first Their experience Societies ofof Origin foreign...... travel 101 Urs Watter and her first contact with Italy. The second time, in March 1860, after5.1 sheState had Interest finished and Responsibility The Mill on the Floss, she visited the city with hertowards companion their Citizens Lewes, Living coming Abroad...... through the Mont Cenis Pass 102 and5.2 Turin, Applied before Ethics ...... going by sea to Rome, Naples, and back 104 to to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Florence, on a long Italian tour (Letters III: 311). In her Journal, she to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper has5.3 a Migration section entitledPolicy and “Recollections Ethics ...... of Italy, 1860”, where 106she mentions5.4 Migration the sunshine Policy in Colombiaof Genoa ...... , their sightseeing, the Palladian 108 streets, the Palazzi and the tower of Santa Maria di Carignano which5.5 “Colombia they climbed nos une”...... to view the city, of which she gives a very 109 positive5.6 Alianza image: País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It

5.7We Challenges lost no time ...... in turning out after breakfast into the morning 114 Bibliography...... sunshine. George was enchanted with the aspect of the place, as we 116 drove or walked along the streets. It was his first vision of anything corresponding to his preconception of Italy. After the Adlergasse in Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Nuremberg, surely no streets can be more impressive than the Barry Halliday Strada Nuova and S. Nuovissima at Genoa. In street architecture, I can rise to the highest point of the admiration given to the Palladian

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style. And here in these chief streets of Genoa, the Palaces have 3.4two The advantages Human Rights’ over those Approach...... of Florence: they form a series, creating 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5a generalConclusion...... impression of grandeur of which each particular palace 59 gets the benefit; and they have the open gateway, showing the Bibliography...... cortile within – sometimes containing grand stone staircases. And 60 all this architectural splendour is accompanied with the signs of 4. Theactual Ethics prosperity: of Migration. Genoa la Superba is not a name of the past, Reflectionsmerely. (Journals on Recent 338) Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 SheLaura also Zanfrini describes a night at the Genoa opera, where the singers were not quite first rate: s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 4.2We Initiatives went to the for operaGoverning in the Family evening. and It Humanitarian was a benefit night for the basso,Migration: and we Labour had aMigration series of but selections not Workers’ – one Migration...... scene from the 73 Barbiere containing the Calumnia – very ill sung, and two acts of ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3Rigoletto, From Guest in which Workers the toKing’s Unwelcome part was Guests presented ...... by a fat robust 82 tenor. An incompetent and ugly soprano, who sang “Una Voce”, 4.4 Selective Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 was hissed first and then warmly applauded, perhaps from an 4.5alternation Equal Opportunity of candour and and Denied pity. (Journals Opportunities 338) ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors In Bibliography...... spite of this minor disappointment, to which Eliot and Lewes 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according responded appropriately with a humorous attitude, they seem to 5.have Colombia: really enjoyed Including this Emigrant stay, fors inthey Their returned Societies there of Origin the following...... 101 year,Urs inWatter late April 1861, after George Eliot had finished Silas Marner5.1 State. They Interest came and Responsibilityfrom Mentone by vetturino and stayed in Genoatowards for two their days Citizens before Living going Abroad...... on to Florence, where they 102did research5.2 Applied for RomolaEthics ...... Lewes describes this second visit (for him, 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are

perty. and third for her) in a very humorous letter sent to his eldest son to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Charles,5.3 Migration who wasPolic theny and aEthi studentcs ...... at a private school in German- 106 speaking5.4 Migration Switzerland: Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5Monday “Colombia we got nos to une”...... Genoa by 2 o’clock having stopped to lunch en 109 route. We were so enraptured with Genoa last year that I feared lest 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It a second visit should be a disappointment. But a “thing of beauty is 5.7a joyChallenges for ever, ...... its loveliness increaseth” [Keats, Endymion I, 1] 114 (as I remark to Mutter [Charles’s nickname for George Eliot, his Bibliography...... stepmother] respecting my own beauty) and our stay at Genoa was 116 again intoxicating (not alcoholic). […] At Genoa, where we stayed WorkingMonday Together and Tuesday, for the we Well-being went to the of opera Migrants and heard...... Verdi’s Attila 119 Barrybawled Halliday with great vigour. The “scourge of god” was represented by a basso with the shortest arms and the most obtrusive stomach I ever

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saw, doch war es immer nicht der Held! [Though he was not heroic 3.4at Theall!] HumanThe Mutter Rights’ conceived Approach...... a violent passion for him. The tenor 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5laboured Conclusion...... under a deficiency of voice and a redness of nose. The 59 prima donna was a vigorous little fat Jewess, not bad at all. Bibliography...... Mutter sternly resisted Genoese velvets, and Genoese bracelets, 60 so that we bought nothing at Genoa but a few volumes of Italian 4. Thelit[erature] Ethics ofand Migration. history. On Wednesday, May 1 […] we started again Reflectionswith our vetturino on Recent […] Migration reaching Sestri Policies at 5. […] Next day we got to andSpezia, “Non-policies” which is very in beautifulItaly and – EuropeI mean the...... bay and Carrara marble 61 Lauramountains, Zanfrini which rise on one side of it. (Letters VIII: 283-84) s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, A 4.1last Restrictive visit to the Policies city in and March Structural 1869, Demand on their for way Immigrant to Florence, Labour ..was 65 less4.2 pleasant Initiatives because for Governing then, itFamily was pouringand Humanitarian with rain (Letters VIII: 448). Migration:Of necessity, Labour both Migration their butday- not and Workers’ night-time Migration...... outings were 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. severely curtailed. That stay was far from memorable. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Thus, in the novelist’s mind, the city was associated with many things.4.4 Selective First it Policieswas linked and thewith Brain the Drain...... history of the Jews. It called up 87 images4.5 Equal of Opportunityopera singers, and Deniedher recollections Opportunities showing ...... that singers 90 performing in Genoa were not always the very best, although the

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors audienceBibliography...... were particularly demanding. The little Jewess, who 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according played the part of prima donna, may have been the germ of the 5.character Colombia: of theIncluding Alcharisi. Emigrant In Lewes’ss in Their memory, Societies the of placeOrigin was...... also 101 associatedUrs Watter with La Spezia and its bay – where the Romantic poet Shelley5.1 State was Interest drowned and Responsibility while yachting, a possible connection with Grandcourt.towards Wetheir may Citizens be sure Living that Abroad...... George Eliot, too, was thinking 102 of Shelley when she was writing the Genoa episodes of her novel, 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 since her epigraph for chapter 54 is taken from Shelley’s The Cenci. to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3Two Migration last possible Policy and connections Ethics ...... may be mentioned here. First, 106 among5.4 Migration the great Policy figures in Colombia of the ...... city, one is of special interest: 108 Andrea Doria, the famous admiral of the Renaissance, who had a splendid5.5 “Colombia palace nosnear une”...... the sea, with beautiful gardens where 109the Leweses5.6 Alianza spent País ...... some time reading in 1861 (Thompson 46). 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Although he has no direct link with the novel, there is a striking detail5.7 Challengesabout him, ...... which might be relevant to the events of the book. 114 JaneBibliography...... Irwin tells us that among the many books that George Eliot 116 read when she was researching on the history of the Jews was WorkingHenry Hart Together Milman, for theThe Well-being History ofof Migrantsthe Jews...... from the Earliest 119 PeriodBarry HallidayDown to Modern Times, whose fourth edition in three volumes was published by John Murray in 1866. And among

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Milman’s sources, there is a chronicle which he often cites, The 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of chronicler writes of the battles and exploits of the Admiral Andrea stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Doria and the “wicked count”, his nephew, who was “cast a second 4.2time Initiatives into the forsea”: Governing “the count Family is drowned, and Humanitarian and he is no more who thoughtMigration: to posse Labourss dwelling-places Migration but thatnot Workers’were not his” Migration...... (II, 430, 432). 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3(296) From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 This4.4 descriptionSelective Policies might an fitd theGrandcourt, Brain Drain...... who is not quite a count, but, 87 indeed,4.5 Equal a wicked Opportunity aristocrat, and Denied who covetsOpportunities the title ...... and the heritage 90of Sir Hugo Mallinger, his uncle. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... The second connection with Genoa would be the great Italian 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according patriot, Giuseppe Mazzini (1805-1872), clearly mentioned in the 5.novel, Colombia: because Including Deronda Emigrant has reads in him Their and Societies may have of Origin been inspired...... 101 by Urshis Watterexample. This is, at any rate, how the young man supports Mordecai5.1 State Interestin the and debate Responsibility about Jewish independence in the Philosophers’towards their Club: Citizens Living Abroad...... 102

5.2“If Applied we look Ethics back ...... to the history of efforts which have made great 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3changes, Migration it is Polic astonishingy and Ethi howcs ...... many of them seemed hopeless to 106 those who looked on in the beginning. Take what we have all heard 5.4and Migration seen something Policy inof Colombia– the effort ...... after the unity of Italy, which we 108 5.5are “Colombia sure soon nosto see une”...... accomplished to the very last boundary. Look 109 into Mazzini’s account of his first yearning, when he was a boy, 5.6after Alianza a restored País ...... greatness, and a new freedom to Italy, and of his 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It first efforts as a young man to rouse the same feelings in other 5.7young Challenges men, and ...... get them to work towards a united nationality. 114 Bibliography...... Almost everything seemed against him: his countrymen were 116 ignorant or indifferent, governments hostile, Europe incredulous. WorkingOf course Together the forscorners the Well-being often seemed of Migrants wise. Yet...... you see the 119 Barryprophecy Halliday lay with him. As long as there is a remnant of national consciousness, I suppose nobody will deny that there may be a new

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stirring of memories and hopes which may inspire arduous action.” 3.4(VI, The 42: Human 457) Rights’ Approach...... 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5 Conclusion...... 59 In Genoa, Daniel learns about his real identity and receives his missionBibliography...... because he has been prepared for it by his meeting Mirah and 60 then her brother Mordecai, an experience which has radically changed 4.his The vision Ethics of the of Migration.Jewish world and the part he might play in it: Reflections on Recent Migration Policies andFeelings “Non-policies” had lately inbeen Italy at workand Europe within him...... which had very much 61 Lauramodified Zanfrini the reluctance he would formerly have had to think of himself as probably a Jew. And, if you like, he was romantic. That s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 young energy and spirit of adventure which have helped to create 4.2the Initiatives world-wide for legends Governing of youthful Family andheroes Humanitarian going to seek the hidden tokensMigration: of their Labour birth and Migration its inheritance but not Workers’of tasks, gave Migration...... him a certain 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. quivering interest in the bare possibility that he was entering on a 4.3like From track Guest – all Workers the more to because Unwelcome the trackGuests was ...... one of thought as 82 4.4well Selective as action. Policies (VI, 41: an d439) the Brain Drain...... 87 Beyond4.5 Equal the Opportunity romantic inspirationand Denied Opporof Daniel’stunities ideas, ...... one may look 90 here for the influence of Mazzini (born and bred in Genoa), who d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according became aware of his patriotic mission in Genoa, as he tells us in his 5.autobiography, Colombia: Including a work Emigrantwhich wass in familiar Their Societies to George of Origin Eliot ...... – a fact 101 whichUrs WatterThompson reminds us of: 5.1This State generalized Interest and account Responsibility of going forth to seek “the hidden tokens of towards[…] birth their and Citizens its inheritance Living Abroad...... of tasks” parallels the specific 102 Mazzinian subtext to which Daniel refers, and there is even an echo 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 of Mazzini’s motto “thought and action” in Daniel’s speculation to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3that Migration his “track Polic [mighty and be] Ethi onecs of ...... thought as well as action”. Genoa, 106 then, becomes for Daniel, as it had been for Mazzini, a starting 5.4point, Migration a place Policy charged in Colombiawith possibilities, ...... where old categories and 108 5.5identities “Colombia are brokennos une”...... down and new ones established. There is, I 109 believe, a tribute to Mazzini intended in Eliot’s placing of the 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It defining event in Daniel’s life in Genoa, the birthplace of the 5.7Risorgimento Challenges “prophet ...... of Italy”. (177) 114 Bibliography...... 116 Conclusion Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 TheBarry importance Halliday of Genoa in George Eliot’s Daniel Deronda should not surprise us. Because the novelist was a great traveller, because

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she enjoyed going to Italy as often as she could, it is only natural 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according References 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Eliot, George. Daniel Deronda. 1876. Ed. Graham Handley. Oxford World’s Classics. Urs Watter Oxford: Oxford UP, 1988. ---.5.1 The State George Interest Eliot Letters and Responsibility. Ed. Gordon S. Haight. 9 vols. New Haven and London: Yaletowards UP, 1954-78. their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 Haight,5.2 Applied Gordon S.Ethics George ...... Eliot: A Life. Oxford: Clarendon P, 1968. 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. Harris, Margaret and Judith Johnston, eds. The Journals of George Eliot. Cambridge: to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3Cambridge Migration UP, Polic 1998.y and Ethics ...... 106 Irwin,5.4 Jane,Migration ed. George Policy Eliot’s in Colombia Daniel Deronda ...... Notebooks. Cambridge: Cambridge 108 UP, 1996. 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 Thompson, Andrew. George Eliot and Italy. Literary, Cultural and Political 5.6Influences Alianza from País Dante ...... to the Risorgimento. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 6. Intercultural Crossings ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 317-328 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Gift and Narrative in Charles Dickens’s “The Italian Prisoner”

Gerald Majer – Villa Julie College, USA s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Hearing the story of a good, charitable man, presumably one will be prompted to admiration and perhaps emulation. But there may be a

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. sense as well of something dubious in such storytelling, a feeling that both teller and auditor are basking in a light to which they have no right, or, in a more appropriate analogy for this tale from Charles Dickens’s The Uncommercial Traveller, a suspicion that arriving at a feast to which they have invited themselves, they are proceeding d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors to get drunk on another man’s wine. In talking about generosity ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according there is, perhaps inevitably, the danger of excess and intemperance. A sense of unease, then, like that registered near the beginning of “The Italian Prisoner” where Dickens the traveller states that having played a very minor part in the drama, he “may relate its story without any fear of being suspected of self-display” (180). A questionable disclaimer, since it is he who narrates the tale, and to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are indeed later he will put on display his cleverness, enterprise, and perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper British doggedness. I want, however, to take this worry about self- display as a hint in exploring Dickens’s treatment of issues of power in “The Italian Prisoner”. My guiding idea: as “The Italian Prisoner” tells a story of the power to save, it also exposes the susceptibilities of that power, its excesses and its vulnerabilities. sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It These susceptibilities are characteristic both of “the English gentleman” and of the narrative Dickens offers to commemorate the English gentleman’s singular compassion and generosity. In the course of his memorial, Dickens engages a familiar and rather thorny paradox characterized by the New Testament phrase: “But when thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth” (Matthew 6:3). One must give without thinking that

318 Gerald Majer 10 Table of Contents

one is giving, without calculating the gift or the reward, and without 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. “sweet and sound” (189), and for many years the bottle occupies a to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper place5.3 Migrationof honour Polic at hisy and table, Ethi Dickenscs ...... remembering fondly, now 106the gentleman5.4 Migration is gone, Policy the in memento Colombia of ...... Carlavero’s rescue. 108 In one respect, it is a simple tale of British generosity and Italian gratitude;5.5 “Colombia nearly nos contemporary une”...... with John Ruskin’s Unto This Last 109 and5.6 Dickens’s Alianza País Our ...... Mutual Friend, “The Italian Prisoner” also 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It speaks, albeit indirectly, to late-Dickens issues of nation-making, 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 power, and bio-economics. Italy’s troubled past and its recent historyBibliography...... suggest instructive parallels to Britain’s own internal and 116 imperial struggles; Italy’s corrupt and antiquated ways of law and Workingpunishment Together affirm forthe the necessity Well-being of British of Migrants as well...... as Italian reform; 119 theBarry importance Halliday of not only securing Carlavero’s liberty but also alleviating his physical sufferings is characteristic of mid-Victorian

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constructions of the social body that imagine the individual’s 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. associated” (182). The English gentleman recognizes a gentle or to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper genteel5.3 Migration character Polic iny the and Italian Ethics ...... prisoner, who later appears “a well 106 favoured5.4 Migration man of Policy good in stature Colombia and ...... military bearing, in a great cloak” 108 (181). Carlavero is suffering in quite literally the lowest of conditions:5.5 “Colombia his cell,nos une”...... under the ground and under the waters of 109the harbour,5.6 Alianza is plunged País ...... into utter darkness and is “insufferably foul”, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It the air poisonous and nearly asphyxiating (182). The Italian prison 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 resembles the London underworld of Dickens’s reform-minded gentlemenBibliography...... (and Dickens himself), the hovels of a sunken lane or 116 a cul-de-sac alley in Shoreditch or Bethnal Green, precincts of Workingmaterial andTogether moral for filth, the of Well-being damps and of diseaseMigrants and...... crime. 119 BarryHaving Halliday encountered Carlavero, the gentleman himself suffers in his mind and affections, as if a contagion of suffering has infected

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him. While he is a man accustomed to command, the image of 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. indulge in self-praise, displaced vanity, or sentimental idolatry? to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Dickens’s5.3 Migration orchestration Policy and of Ethi thecs English ...... gentleman’s story by way 106 of the5.4 narrative Migration framing Policy inof Colombia “The Italia ...... n Prisoner” is one strategy, and 108 we will consider it after first making two further points about the gentleman.5.5 “Colombia As the nos story une”...... moves to its climax, the English gentleman 109 has5.6 for Alianza several País months ...... waited for word from an Italian Advocate 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It whose secret efforts he has enlisted on Carlavero’s behalf, paying 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 him one hundred pounds though with no guarantee of obtaining the prisoner’sBibliography...... pardon. Several months pass without any word, but one 116 day the gentleman receives a letter from the Advocate requesting an Workingadditional Together fifty pounds for the and Well-being suggesting of aMigrants last effort...... may be effectual. 119 BelievingBarry Halliday he has been thoroughly swindled, the gentleman is determined to part with no more of his money. In addition, it has

Gift and Narrative in Charles Dickens’s “The Italian Prisoner” 321 10 Table of Contents

only been desperation that has led him to the Italian Advocate, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. accounting he solicits. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3The Migration left hand Polic hasy andnot Ethiknowncs ...... what the right is doing, it seems, 106 and5.4 while Migration the English Policy in gentleman, Colombia ...... Dickens tells us, has not sought 108 or gained any earthly recognition or reward, certainly he has gained the5.5 heavenly “Colombia one nos promised une”...... in the Gospel of Matthew: “Without 109 a doubt,5.6 Alianza GOD Paíshas ...... recompensed him” (185), Dickens writes. Yet 112the sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It people and events of the tale also encompass the doubtful, with 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 important details left to the reader’s speculations and perhaps awakening,Bibliography...... as they do for the curious English gentleman, a desire 116 for a fuller accounting. Such uncertainties or suppressions regarding Workingthe events Together of the storyfor the suggest Well-being Dickens of Migrants crosses...... into the realm 119 of fictionBarry inHalliday this narrative essay where all the characters except Carlavero lack proper names and where key events and information

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are undefined or withheld. It may be, as Phillip Allingham remarks, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. what the other is doing; unlike a history, story and fiction must to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper disavow5.3 Migration calculation Polic yand and accounti Ethics ...... ng, measure and weighing (we 106can grant5.4 Migrationof course Policy that inin Colombia other places ...... Dickens exposes the fictive 108 character of history as well). Dickens’s narrator is the uncommercial traveller,5.5 “Colombia whose nos only une”...... interest is “Human Interest”, an interest that 109 may5.6 byAlianza definition País ...... be incalculable. The gift of story is a matter 112 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It disregarding or exceeding measure, rather as in one of the New 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Testament parables: the Prodigal Son or, closer to home in this storyBibliography...... of a bottle of wine, the Parable of the Workers in the Vineyard, 116 where even “unto this last”, whom calculative equity would pay the Workingleast, the Togetherfull day’s for wages the Well-being are rendered. of Migrants (The Parable...... supported one 119 of Barrythe most Halliday scandalous and most contested points in Ruskin’s critique

Gift and Narrative in Charles Dickens’s “The Italian Prisoner” 323 10 Table of Contents

of political economy, which appeared in Cornhill’s in 1860, the year 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. of the English gentleman’s story. The story is told within a narrative to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper frame5.3 Migration that first Polic presentsy and Ethi thecs ...... event of Dickens’s the traveller’s 106 meeting5.4 Migration with Carlavero Policy in Colombiaand, immediately ...... following the story of 108the gentleman, presents Dickens’s adventures travelling with the Bottle of 5.5wine. “Colombia We can nos first une”...... note that this narrative structure effects 109 a containment5.6 Alianza Paísof the ...... story of the English gentleman’s generosity, 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It muting the claims it may seem to make to special virtue, embedded 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 as the story is between two more or less comic episodes. At the sameBibliography...... time, the first part of the narrative frame starts a plot that 116 is engaged prior to the English gentleman’s story and so lays dramatic Workingemphasis Togetherelsewhere. for theThe Well-being main dramatic of Migrants question...... in “The Italian 119 Prisoner”Barry Halliday is not whether the English gentleman will save Carlavero; the outcome of those events is summarized early on. This is an

324 Gerald Majer 10 Table of Contents

unusual move because it shifts the narrative emphasis when 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. perspective that develops from the English gentleman’s story, the to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper image5.3 Migration of Carlavero Polic yspilling and Ethi forthcs ...... his heart’s gratitude suggests two 106 things:5.4 Migration one, that Policy the English in Colombia gentle ...... man’s susceptibility to feeling, 108 to tender-heartedness, to unaccountable gambles on life and death, is as 5.5gratuitous “Colombia and nos uncalculating une”...... as that of his Italian counterpart; 109 two,5.6 thatAlianza in compassionPaís ...... and generosity there is a loss of mastery 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It which encompasses not mere weakness but a noble sort of moral 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 susceptibility, careless of one’s own interests and instead exercised byBibliography...... the distress of others. 116 The second part of the narrative framing advances similar themes, Workingbut in Dickens’s Together advent for theures Well-being with the of notoriousMigrants ...... Bottle of wine 119the questionBarry Halliday is turned around: rather than being invited to consider what spillage means, we are invited to consider containment and reserve.

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These of course are familiar British virtues often staged in contrast 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. effect, or superior knowingness. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 “Here Migration were Polic his ykisses and Ethi oncs my ...... hands, because they had touched 106 [his]5.4 hands”:Migration along Policy with in Colombia its narrativ ...... e displacements, “The Italian 108 Prisoner” thrives on other kinds of substitution and exchange, Dickens5.5 “Colombia the traveller nos une”...... as the English gentleman’s agent and proxy 109 himself5.6 Alianza receiving País ...... Carlavero’s tears and tokens of gratitude, and 112 in sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It his later adventures becoming something like the gentleman’s comic 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 double: “Still I stuck to my Bottle, like any fine old Englishman all of theBibliography...... olden time. The more the Bottle was interfered with, 116the stauncher I became […]” (188). The Bottle is insistently, perhaps Workingincontinently, Together given for overthe Well-being to trope, ofDickens’s Migrants text...... with a certain 119 rhetoricalBarry Halliday drunkenness proposing a toast to proposing toasts. If one is tempted to imagine metaphors and narratives as a reserve or

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container of meanings and feelings, the Bottle proves those meanings 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. diminution of one’s power to hold it as one’s own. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3In Migrationthe course Polic of ya andstory Ethi ofcs genero ...... sity, the Bottle appears to spin 106 out5.4 of Migration control, Dickens’sPolicy in Colombia language ...... also susceptible to one hand 108not knowing what the other is doing. The Bottle: pondering it, one might5.5 “Colombia consider thenos zero-valueune”...... of the floating signifier, the liberties 109 and5.6 liberality Alianza País of language ...... in which Dickens so often delights. If 112 a sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It major concern of Dickens’s writing is to tell stories of compassion 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 and generosity, that writing itself must be liable to losing account evenBibliography...... as accounts are offered. We have already noted the apparent 116 drift into fiction and allegory in “The Italian Prisoner” and how it Workingraises questions Together offor thenarrative Well-being reliability: of Migrants if Dickens’s...... traveller 119 withholdsBarry Halliday or lacks certain information, it may be the case that his history is indeed a false account, a fantastic traveller’s tale. As

Gift and Narrative in Charles Dickens’s “The Italian Prisoner” 327 10 Table of Contents

fiction, it loses credit; as an instructive factual history, however, it 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. the Bottle occupies a point of transition where matters of liberty are to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper being5.3 Migrationtransposed Polic toy andmatters Ethi csof ...... biology, the political vintages 106 of classical5.4 Migration liberalism Policy being in Colombia transubstantiated ...... into the life’s blood 108 of the social body. As such new wine burst the old bottles, that body was5.5 ministered “Colombia tonos by une”...... new species of English gentlemen, and among 109 those5.6 Alianzacivil servants, País ...... military men, physicians, and scientists whose 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It public character attempted to join the power to rule with the power 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 to save, one might imagine a toast being raised to bare and susceptibleBibliography...... “life”, over which is to be exercised a gentler power, 116 one itself susceptible to finer pains and perhaps finer pleasures. The Workingtaste of suchTogether wine, for whether the Well-being ultimately of Migrants that of ...... mere vinegar, like 119 Carlavero’sBarry Halliday vintage on its arrival in England, or really and truly as

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good as Claret, as Dickens’s traveller also remarks, in either case 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Derrida, Jacques. Specters of Marx: The State of the Debt, the Work of Mourning, 4.3and From the NewGuest International. Workers to UnwelcomeTrans. Peggy GuestsKamuf...... New York and London: 82 4.4Routledge, Selective 1994. Policies and the Brain Drain...... 87 ---. The Gift of Death. Trans. David Wills. Chicago and London: U of Chicago P, 4.51995. Equal Opportunity and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Dickens,Bibliography...... Charles. “The Italian Prisoner”. The Uncommercial Traveller. Ed. Peter 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Ackroyd. London: Mandarin, 1981. 180-89. ontribution is published according 5.Levinas, Colombia: Emmanuel. Including Collected Emigrant Philosophicals in Their Papers Societies. Trans. of AlphonsoOrigin...... Lingis. 101 UrsDordrecht, Watter Boston, and Lancaster: Martinus Nijhoff, 1987. 109-126. Poovey, Mary. Making a Social Body: British Cultural Formation, 1830-1864. 5.1Chicago State andInterest London: and UResponsibility of Chicago P, 1995. towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 329-338 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Speech, Ghost Language, and Heteroglossia in Two Italian Translations of A Christmas Carol

Stefania Parisi – Milan, Italy s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work,

The popularity of A Christmas Carol around the world results from ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. its being – and has caused it to be – translated into more languages than any other of the works of Charles Dickens. Such success suggests that there is something about this particular ghost story that speaks to generation after generation of readers in many

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors languages, almost in spite of the complexity and idiosyncrasies of ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Dickens’s prose. Figures of speech, ironic turns, comic asides, and the varying registers of the narrator’s language (not to mention that of the ghosts) are among the many challenges translators face; the ways that translators meet these challenges reveal, of course, their different attitudes towards the original text. Two Italian translations of A Christmas Carol – the first, published in 1888, by Federico Verdinois; the second, in 1981, by Maria Luisa Fehr – illustrate the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper kinds of choices translators make and the ways these very choices shed light on what precisely makes Dickens’s original prose Dickensian.1 The dates of publication account for some differences in terms of the language used by the two translators. Verdinois’s translation

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It dates back to the end of the nineteenth century, whereas that of Fehr is still in print. Indeed, Verdinois’s text is one of the first Italian versions of the Carol, and the translator’s attitude towards Dickens is sometimes more daring than in the more recent version. Verdinois is

1 New translation aids – not available to either Verdonois or Fehr – make the present analysis possible, including on-line corpora and Wordsmith Tools, a software especially useful for this study.

330 Stefania Parisi 10 Table of Contents

translating a text by one of his most brilliant contemporaries, but the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. in which three ghosts convey to Scrooge and to the readers the to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper message5.3 Migration that an Polic individualy and Ethi cancs learn ...... from past mistakes and has 106the opportunity5.4 Migration to changePolicy in the Colombia future...... 108 The subtitles go beyond the mere annunciation of the theme – they5.5 also“Colombia tell the nos reader une”...... about the language used in the narration 109 – and5.6 in Alianza this Christmas País ...... book the language is that of ghosts. Such 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It language must create the gothic atmosphere for the reader and, even 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 more, scare the miser Scrooge. Nevertheless, this story is one for theBibliography...... holidays; thus, the narrator must also convey the humour and 116 happy atmosphere that belongs to the season, pointing out the Workingdifferences Together between for Scrooge’s the Well-being way ofof Migrants passing ...... time and everyone 119 else’s,Barry characteristics Halliday of the tale that somehow must be maintained in translations as well. There are other important features of the

Speech, Ghost Language, and Heteroglossia in Two Italian Translations… 331 10 Table of Contents

narrator’s style in the Carol, including imagery, figurative language 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Old4.2 Marley Initiatives was as deadfor Governing as Il vecchio Family Marley and era HumanitarianIl vecchio Marley era morto a door-nail. proprio morto per quanto è come il chiodo di un uscio. Mind! Migration:I don’t mean toLabour say Migrationmorto, come butdiciamo not noi,Workers’ un Badate: Migration...... non voglio dire di 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. that I know, of my own chiodo di porta. sapere, per mia personale knowledge,4.3 From what Guest there Workers is Badiamo! to Unwelcome non voglio micaGuests ...... esperienza, che ci sia 82 particularly dead about a dare ad intendere che io qualcosa di particolarmente door-nail.4.4 Selective I might havePolicies been ansappiad the molto Brain bene Drain...... che cosa morto nel chiodo di un uscio. 87 inclined, myself, to regard a ci sia di morto in un chiodo Sarei, anzi, tentato io stesso coffin-nail4.5 Equal as the Opportunity deadest diand porta. Denied Per conto Oppor mio,tunities sarei di ...... considerare piuttosto un 90 piece of ironmongery in the stato disposto a pensare che chiodo di bara come il più d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors trade.Bibliography...... il pezzo più morto di tutta la defunto pezzo di ferro 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according ferrareccia fosse un chiodo manufatto che esista sul 5. Colombia: Including Emigrantdi cataletto. s in Their Societiesmercato: of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter The5.1 narrator’s State Interest words and focusResponsibility on a charac ter that will very soon appear in thetowards shape their(or shade) Citizens of Living a ghost: Abroad...... Marley’s ghost will be the first 102 supernatural vision, who tells Scrooge about the imminent arrival of the5.2 three Applied Christmas Ethics ...... Ghosts. In the example, the narrator shares 104his to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper thoughts5.3 Migration about Policthe originy and Ethiof acs strange ...... saying. It is, in fact, a simile 106 in its structure, but it becomes playfully alliterative in the very first sentence5.4 Migration of the Policynarration. in Colombia Through ...... this mixture of figures of speech 108 and5.5 sounds, “Colombia Dickens’s nos une”...... narrator frequently aims at ironic effects that 109 2 counterbalance5.6 Alianza País the ...... seriousness of the very statement he is making. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116 2 Both figurative language and irony, especially when intertwined with puns, pose translation problems. Paul Newmark, in his Approaches to Translation, analyses Workingseven ways Together of translating for themetaphors, Well-being similes of andMigrants comparisons,...... according to 119 the kindBarry of relationship Halliday they have with the part of text to which they belong, and it is not difficult to apply these rules to the translation of puns, which are strictly connected with figurative speech.

332 Stefania Parisi 10 Table of Contents

Even though the two versions belong to two different centuries, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97 Dickens’s Original Text Translation by Verdinois Translation by Fehr ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according

5.“[…] Colombia: You’re particular, Including for EmigrantSiete un tantinos in pedante, Their miSocieties Sei pignolo of Origin per essere...... 101 a shadeUrs Watter”. He was going to pare, per essere un’ombra. un’ombra […] say “to a shade”, but Stava per dire “all’ombra”, substituted5.1 State this, Interest as more and Responsibility ma cambiò la frase per appropriate.towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... renderla più appropriata. 102

5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 Here we notice how Verdinois is able to keep the general ironic to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper tone5.3 ofMigration the original Policy andtext Ethi withoutcs ...... creating the Fremdheit seen 106 in Fehr’s5.4 Migration translation, Policy which in Colombia is sometimes ...... too exhaustive in its attempt 108 to translate each part of Dickens’s wordplay literally. On the other hand,5.5 “Colombiathough, Verdinois nos une”...... cuts a considerable part of text, losing 109 some5.6 Alianzaof the meaning País ...... of the original, since he does not reproduce 112 in sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Italian the irony contained in the punning on “shade”. 5.7Another Challenges issue ...... for the translator of Dickens is the treatment 114 of realiaBibliography...... , so often relied upon to create ironic effects. By realia 116 is meant words that are part of the Victorian British culture and that Workingare not likely Together to be for recognized the Well-being by a foreign of Migrants reader...... 119 Barry Halliday

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Dickens’s3.4 The HumanOriginal Rights’Text Approach...... Translation by Verdinois Translation by Fehr 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av There’s3.5 Conclusion...... more of gravy than c’è in voi più della marmitta c’è in te più del sugo di 59 of grave about you che della marmotta! carne che della tomba Bibliography...... 60

4.Here The Dickens Ethics of plays Migration. with realia to reach an ironic effect that has to beReflections transmitted on toRecent the Migrationreaders of Policies a translation. For the English punningand “Non-policies” on “gravy” and in Italy “grave”, and Europe Verdinois...... substitutes a new one 61in Italian,Laura whichZanfrini if, on the one hand, loses the background of the original, on the other hand, preserves the irony that is predominant s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, in 4.1this Restrictive part of the Policies text. andHe Structuralcreates nonsense Demand forin ImmigrantItalian, playing Labour with .. 65 the4.2 words Initiatives marmitta for Governing (saucepan) Family and and marmotta Humanitarian (marmot), enabling the readerMigration: to get Labour a certain Migration sound but effect not Workers’ even though Migration...... he recognizes 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. words that do not belong to the context of the story. Fehr makes a 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 different choice when she translates this pun verbatim, adding a footnote4.4 Selective that explainsPolicies an thed the meaning Brain Drain...... of the English words “gravy” 87 and4.5 “grave”. Equal Opportunity This solution and Denied allows Oppor the tunitiesreader ...... to enter the English 90 culture, but at the cost of the irony in the original English. Once

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors again,Bibliography...... the choices betray the different attitudes of the translators 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according towards Dickens: the earlier translation is more audacious, producing 5.a newColombia: phrase Including through the Emigrant usage ofs in personal Their Societies skills and of Origin creativity;...... 101the secondUrs Watter one opts for a safer solution in order to avoid modifying a somewhat5.1 State Interestsacred text.and Responsibility Rivallingtowards theirthe translationalCitizens Living problems Abroad...... of figurative speech in 102the Dickensian Carol is the language of the supernatural, a distinctive 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 aspect of this particular narrative. Dickens’s narrator uses the to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper language5.3 Migration of ghosts Polic toy andcreate Ethi thecs ...... gothic atmosphere of a ghost story, 106 but5.4 he Migration uses the Policy familiar in Colombia genre to ...... offer his readers a moral lesson. 108 Ghost stories belonged, at first, to the oral tradition and became widespread5.5 “Colombia in nosprint une”...... culture after the Gothic novel introduced 109 3 readers5.6 Alianza to the País uncanny ...... and the supernatural. Curiously, in most 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It gothic tales, ghosts do not speak very often or very much, a reason why,5.7 Challengeswhen the ...... language of the ghosts is under discussion, 114the languageBibliography...... to be considered must include not only words spoken116 by ghosts, but also, and with particular attention, all the words that Workingcontribute Together to create for the the supernatural Well-being atmosphereof Migrants of...... the text. 119 Barry Halliday

3 For a study of the supernatural in English fiction, for one example, see Scarborough.

334 Stefania Parisi 10 Table of Contents

It can be immediately seen that a certain degree of ambiguity 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

Dickens’s4.4 Selective # Policies% anTranslationd the Brain # Drain...... % Translation # % 87 Original by Verdi- by Fehr 4.5Text Equal Opportunity andnois Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Spirit/sBibliography...... 27 0.477 Spirito/i 41 0.831 Spirito/i 38 0.454 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according 5.Ghost Colombia: 8 Including0.147 FantasmaEmigrant s 10in Their0.202 SocietiesFantasma of Origin22 ...... 0.263 101 SpectreUrs Watter3 0.055 Spettro 1 0.020 Spettro/i 4 0.048

Phantom5.1 State Interest10 0.183 and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. The table shows some mismatches in the total number of occurrences to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper of 5.3the Migration words Policin they and two Ethi languages,cs ...... due to the overlapping 106of Germanic5.4 Migration and LatinPolicy roots.in Colombia Both ...... the words ghost and phantom 108are translated with the Italian word fantasma, since ghost (Old English 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 gast) comes from Gemanic ghoizdoz (supernatural being) and only 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It afterwards appeared in Christian writings as a translation of the Latin word5.7 Challengesspiritus (originally ...... meaning “breath”, later “vital principle”), 114 from which the English spirit and the Italian spirito are derived. The modernBibliography...... meaning of “spirit of a dead person” often overlaps with 116the semantic field of phantom, which comes from the Latin phantasma Working(probably Together from an for unrecorded the Well-being Ionic ofform Migrants of the...... Greek phàntasma 119 meaningBarry Halliday “illusion”, “unreality”) and which acquired the sense of ghost from around 1400. Furthermore, the word spectre is used,

Speech, Ghost Language, and Heteroglossia in Two Italian Translations… 335 10 Table of Contents

from 1800 on, in the meaning of ghost, but it mainly occurs in the 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. their work. In the following example, the two translators respond to to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper the5.3 difficulties Migration surroundingPolicy and Ethi thecs repetition ...... of entire phrases. 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 Dickens’s Original Text Translation by Verdinois Translation by Fehr 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 At this the spirit raised a A questo lo Spettro diè uno A queste parole lo spirito frightful5.6 Alianza cry País ...... strido orrendo emise uno spaventoso urlo 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Again5.7 Challengesthe spectre raised ...... Qui lo Spettro mise un altro Di nuovo lo spettro emise 114 un a cry strido grido Bibliography...... 116 The Ghost, on hearing this, Udendo queste parole lo A queste parole il fantasma set up another cry Spettro mise un altro strido lanciò un altro grido Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119

Barry Halliday

336 Stefania Parisi 10 Table of Contents

In the original English, the same expression appears in the first two 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av examples, but not in the third, where the verb raised is substituted by3.5 set Conclusion...... up. Verdinois’s translation maintains the repetition in the 59 secondBibliography...... and the third example; Fehr’s, however, leaves the same 60 structure of Dickens’s original. Thus, it is important to highlight 4.that The both Ethics translations of Migration. keep the repetition. Even if they show some minorReflections differences, on Recent the Migrationtranslations Policies permit the reader to recognize theand same “Non-policies” expression croppingin Italy and up Europe again. In...... this case, therefore, both 61 versionsLaura Zanfrinipreserve one of Dickens’s rhetorical techniques, whose purpose was to create connections between two parts of the text. s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1These Restrictive talkative Policies ghosts and are Structural not the Demand only device for Immigrant through Labour which ..the 65 narrator4.2 Initiatives conveys for Governinghis Christmas Family messageand Humanitarian of love and charity. Another,Migration: and one Labour of theMigration most important,but not Workers’ is heteroglossia, Migration...... a term 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Bakhtin4.3 From defines Guest inWorkers The Dialogic to Unwelcome Imagination Guests, ...... when he analyses the 82 different levels of discourse in Little Dorrit. A similar kind of analysis4.4 Selective can be Policies applied an dto the A BrainChristmas Drain...... Carol, considering the fact 87 that,4.5 throughEqual Opportunity heteroglossia, and Denied the na Opporrrator tunitiescan make ...... his characters the 90 spokespersons of his thoughts. The reverse is also possible: through d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors theBibliography...... words of the narrator, the characters’ thoughts can be perceived 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according as well. On some occasions heteroglossia may be relatively easy to 5.translate, Colombia: but Includingon many Emigrantothers, it sis in opaque Their Societiesor not always of Origin identifiable...... 101 as Ursdistinctive Watter to a specific part of the text. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Dickens’stowards Original their Text Citizens Translation Living Abroad...... by Verdinois Translation by Fehr 102 Up5.2 Scrooge Applied went, Ethics not ...... Scrooge andava su, senza Ma Scrooge, senza curarsi 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. caring a button for that. curarsene un fico secco: minimamente di ciò, to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Darkness5.3 Migration is cheap, andPolic y andl'oscurità Ethics costa ...... poco, e a continuava a salire. Il buio 106 Scrooge liked it. Scrooge gli piaceva. costa poco, e per questo gli 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... piaceva. 108 The5.5 inexorable “Colombia finger nos une”...... Il dito inesorabile stette L’inesorabile dito non mutò 109 underwent no change. saldo. direzione. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It In 5.7the Challenges first example, ...... the language of the narrator mimics the words 114 (or verbalized thoughts) of Scrooge; similar to the story’s beginning, Bibliography...... 116 when Scrooge appears sceptical and positively denies that anything Workingcould ever Together scare him, for the least Well-being of all the of Migrantsdarkness ...... in his own house. 119 Dickens’sBarry Halliday original makes clear that those words could very likely be uttered by an old, harsh man, who prefers darkness only because

Speech, Ghost Language, and Heteroglossia in Two Italian Translations… 337 10 Table of Contents

it is a way to save money. Here the two Italian texts show some 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. heteroglossia inevitably forces readers and translators to take to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper intrinsic,5.3 Migration often soughtPolicy and for, Ethi ambiguitycs ...... into consideration. 106 5.4The Migration two Italian Policy translations in Colombia of ...... the Carol show the importance 108 of the message in Dickens’s original and of its preservation. Preserving the5.5 message, “Colombia though, nos une”...... sometimes clashes with the necessity 109of maintaining5.6 Alianza thePaís all-inclusive, ...... richly varied language used by 112the sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It author. Each choice by a translator leads to consequences: it is very 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 difficult to avoid losses, and the translators must choose what to sacrifice.Bibliography...... However, this challenge is part of the translators’ task, 116 since they are mediators of the message an author transmits and, in Workingfact, become Together the author’s for the Well-beingvoice in another of Migrants language...... If a translation 119 is oftenBarry Hallidayconsidered a manipulation of the text, it is also true that the translators’ work is one of continual cooperation with an author.

338 Stefania Parisi 10 Table of Contents

New translations, as a matter of fact, help authors, like Dickens, to 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 etext/46. ---.4.2 Canto Initiatives di Natale for. Trans. Governing Maria Luisa Family Fehr. and Milano: Humanitarian Rizzoli Libri, 2001. ---. CanticoMigration: di Natale Labour. Trans. Migration Federico butVerdinois. not Workers’ Liberliber, Migration...... January 2007. 73 ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. 4.3http://www.liberliber.it/bibl From Guest Workers toioteca/d/dickens/index.htm. Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Humboldt, Wilhlem von. “Einleitung zur Agamennon – Übersetzung in Introduzione 4.4alla Selective traduzione Policies dell’Agamennone and the Brain di Eschilo Drain...... di Gio Batta Bocciol”. La teoria 87 4.5della Equal traduzione Opportunity nella storia and. Ed.Denied Siri Nergaard. Opportunities Milano: ...... Bompiani, 1993. 90 Newmark, Paul. Approaches to Translation. Oxford: Pergamon P, 1981.

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Scarborough, Dorothy. The Supernatural in Modern English Fiction. New York ontribution is published according and London: G. P. Putnam’s and Sons, 1917. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Urs Watter 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility towards their Citizens Living Abroad...... 102 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper 5.3 Migration Policy and Ethics ...... 106 5.4 Migration Policy in Colombia ...... 108 5.5 “Colombia nos une”...... 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

A. Vescovi, L. Villa and P. Vita (eds), The Victorians and Italy: Literature, Travel, Politics and Art, 339-346 © 2009 Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher Monza/Italy Table of Contents and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av Dickens and Italian Cinema

Grahame Smith – University of Stirling, UK

s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of My title and the subject of this paper are of course provocative. stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Highlighting only a few facts might suggest that attempting to link Dickens and Italian cinema is a desperate enterprise. It is surprising, for example, to discover that Dickens has not been widely adapted ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. in the Italian media. As far as cinema is concerned there have been only three Italian silent film versions of Dickens’s novels and stories, and no sound adaptations at all. He has not fared much better in television with only four programmes, between 1958 and

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors 1968, two of them with eight episodes of 60 minutes duration, all ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according produced by RAI, the Italian state television. If we turn to translations of Dickens’s work, we might think the situation is much the same, that is if we consult standard reference works. The Oxford Reader’s Companion to Dickens states that few “Italian translations of Dickens’s works were available during the lifetime of the novelist” (Schlicke 568). However, this picture has been altered by the research of Luisa Carrer which “pushes back the first to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper recorded translations by half a century” (3). She demonstrates, for example, that a translation of Oliver Twist was published in 1840 and also brings out the important role played in Dickens translations by the Triestine periodical La favilla which appeared for ten years from 1836. The magazine published two translations

sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It of Dickens’s works in 1845, the most important of which was The Chimes, which was written during his stay in Genoa. These are major discoveries although they leave unchanged the judgement of Ellis Gummer on Dickens’s reception in Germany, that “the immediate and lasting success of Dickens’s work in Germany is without parallel” (9). In other words, although Italy may have occupied a powerful place in Dickens’s imagination, it can hardly

340 Grahame Smith 10 Table of Contents

be said that he figured deeply in the inner life of a place that he 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. that is uninterested in rigid categorization of the arts. What I am to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper trying5.3 Migration to draw Policon theny and is Ethithecs readiness ...... of certain historical periods 106 to 5.4think Migration of the arts Policy in holisticin Colombia terms...... 108 An attitude of mind similar to Leonardo’s is revealed by Baudelaire,5.5 “Colombia who noswas une”...... committed to the view that “the best account 109 of a picture5.6 Alianza may País well ...... be a sonnet or an elegy” (ix), a mixing of forms 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It entirely in the spirit of my own attempt to link film and literature. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 To come at the issue from another direction, I can only hint at the reconditeBibliography...... nature of the system of correspondences worked out 116by Ernst Robert Curtius in his magisterial European Literature and the WorkingLatin Middle Together Ages for, a themajor Well-being aspect of of whichMigrants is “the...... establishing 119 of parallelsBarry Halliday between biblical history and Greek mythology” which “led to the establishment of parallels between the teachings of the Bible

Dickens and Italian Cinema 341 10 Table of Contents

and pagan myths” (219). One of Curtius’s key analogies may help 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Seen4.2 fromInitiatives the ground,for Governing as it were, Family Dickens and Humanitarian and Italian cinema could not beMigration: more different, Labour Migration but even but a notslight Workers’ degree Migration...... of elevation may 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. reveal connections that are worth pursuing. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Bringing Dickens and Italian cinema together is not, then, a question4.4 Selective of influences. Policies an Itd is,the rather, Brain Drain...... an attempt to show that within 87 a relatively4.5 Equal small Opportunity segment and ofDenied artistic Oppor culturetunities it ...... is possible to trace 90 parallels and similarities that may enhance our understanding of,

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors andBibliography...... pleasure in, works of art and artists who are superficially quite 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are ontribution is published according disconnected. I want at this point to attempt to get closer to the 5.heart Colombia: of my Includingsubject by Emigrant meanss ofin Theira brilliant Societies essay of Origin with ...... another 101 provocativeUrs Watter title, “You Must be Joking” by Guido Bonsaver. Bonsaver5.1 State analysesInterest and Rossellini’s Responsibility Francesco giullare di Dio [Francis, God’stowards Jester] their of Citizens1950 Livingin an Abroad...... attempt to define the director’s 102 philosophy and also what he calls “a national trait and a cultural 5.2 Applied Ethics ...... 104 climate”. Bonsaver sees the film as characterized by a “blend of to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper innocence5.3 Migration and Policirrationality”y and Ethi csand ...... as a celebration of the “joyful 106 madness”5.4 Migration of the Policy Franciscans. in Colombia Fellini’ ...... s participation in the film 108 is important for him because this “blend of innocence and irrationality […]5.5 can “Colombia be found nos in une”...... a string of Fellinian characters”, including 109the girl5.6 on Alianza the beach País ...... at the end of La dolce vita [The Sweet Life] with 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It whom Marcello is unable to communicate. Bonsaver widens his argument5.7 Challenges to include ...... aspects of the work of de Sica in, say, 114 MiracoloBibliography...... a Milano [Miracle in Milan] of 1951, and he suggests that 116 this tradition, if that is what it is, is continued in the work of WorkingRoberto Benigni,Together whofor the acted Well-being in one ofof Fellini’sMigrants later...... films and who 119 bringsBarry what Halliday Bonsaver calls “this type of dysfunctional character into the twenty-first century in films such as La vita è bella [Life is

342 Grahame Smith 10 Table of Contents

Beautiful]”. Bonsaver offers two explanations for the phenomenon 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Oxford Companion to Dickens points out, he weaves into the “very to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper texture”5.3 Migration of his Polic novelsy and “an Ethi csarray ...... of characters who lack sanity, 106 common5.4 Migration sense, Policy or rationality” in Colombia (362)...... David Copperfield’s Mr Dick, 108 for example, seems quite simply mad in his kite-flying and obsession with5.5 King“Colombia Charles’s nos une”...... head, but he is also a moral centre with 109 a perception5.6 Alianza of Paísgood ...... and evil often denied to the sane. Dickens is 112 in sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It touch with a very old tradition here, that of the Holy Fool, a figure 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 who has one of his most powerful expressions in Shakespeare’s King Lear.Bibliography...... This is, of course, a European tradition and, if we adopt 116 Curtius’s position of looking down on the European scene from Workingabove, we Together may be for able the to Well-being accept th atof similaritiesMigrants ...... between Dickens 119 and,Barry say, Halliday Fellini are not merely accidental even if they are not a matter of direct influence.

Dickens and Italian Cinema 343 10 Table of Contents

There is, however, another pervasive correspondence between 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. inventing the figure of the clown in the English tradition, and it is to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper significant5.3 Migration at this Polic pointy and that Ethi onecs ...... of the many tasks that Dickens took 106 on5.4 as Migrationa rising young Policy inwriter Colombia was the ...... editing of Grimaldi’s memoirs 108 in which he was able to express the joy of his childhood memories of 5.5seeing “Colombia Grimaldi nos perform.une”...... 109 5.6La Alianza Strada País [The ...... Street] is a particularly potent film to bring into 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It play at this point. With Gelsomina and the Fool we encounter again 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bonsaver’s blend of innocence and irrationality, this time with the forceBibliography...... of a moral centre, while the brutality of the wandering artiste 116 Zampanò makes him a fitting inhabitant of some of the bleakest Workingsettings in Together Italian cinema,for the Well-being or any other of Migrants if it comes...... to that. Another 119 correspondenceBarry Halliday that comes immediately to mind is The Old Curiosity Shop with its galaxy of examples of human goodness, from the

344 Grahame Smith 10 Table of Contents

slightly shop-soiled Dick Swiveller through the human decency of 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Umberto D is mitigated by two emotional relationships, with his to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper beloved5.3 Migration dog and Polic they and pathetic Ethics ...... little servant, what Dickens would 106 have5.4 calledMigration a skivvy, Policy inwho Colombia has two ...... potential fathers for her unborn 108 child. There is, again, a rich field for parallels and interpenetration here.5.5 “ColombiaThe skivvy, nos or une”...... household drudge, appears in Dickens’s work 109 over5.6 andAlianza over País again, ...... from the Marchioness in the early The Old 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Curiosity Shop to the Guster of the mature Bleak House. And these 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 figures share with de Sica’s example a human decency that is often missingBibliography...... from those higher up the social scale. Umberto D himself 116 is a representative figure from an earlier world, now superseded by Workingthe dominance Together of forthe thecomputer, Well-being for ofwhen Migrants he cries...... out that he was 119 employedBarry Halliday by a government ministry for thirty years, we can be sure, I think, that he was a clerk, and the clerk is an important

Dickens and Italian Cinema 345 10 Table of Contents

presence in all of Dickens’s writing, journalism as well as fiction, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. might permit a conclusion to my exploration of the correspondences to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper between5.3 Migration apparently Policy dissimilarand Ethics ...... cultural worlds. Neorealist cinema 106 was5.4 oftenMigration characterized, Policy in Colombia especially ...... on its early appearances, 108as taking a rigorously dark and austere view of human possibilities, but5.5 the “Colombia passage nosof timeune”...... seems to me to have modified this picture. 109 The5.6 brutal Alianza Zampanò’s País ...... breakdown in tears on the beach at the end 112 of sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It La Strada, a collapse engendered by the memory of Gelsomina; 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Umberto D’s pursuit of his tiny dog just before the film’s final imageBibliography...... of the screen filled with the running of playful children; 116the ultimate reconciliation of father and son at the climax of Ladri di Workingbiciclette Together– all of these for the display Well-being a quality of Migrants of sentiment,...... sentimentality 119 even,Barry highly Halliday characteristic of Dickens’s view of the world. Scenes of heightened feeling, within a moral context, designed to elicit an

346 Grahame Smith 10 Table of Contents

emotional response from the reader regularly punctuate his work, 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, 4.1 Restrictive Policies and Structural Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Afton, Charles, ed. Eight and a Half Federico Fellini, Director. London: Rutgers 4.2UP, Initiatives 1987. for Governing Family and Humanitarian Baudelaire,Migration: Charles. Labour “Leonardo Migration Da Vinci”. but notThe Workers’Painter of Migration...... Modern Life and Other 73

ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Essays. Trans. and Ed. Jonathan Mayne. London: Phaidon, 1964. 4.3 From Guest Workers to Unwelcome Guests ...... 82 Bonsaver, Guido. “You Must be Joking”. Sight&Sound (May 2007): 28-30. Brooke,4.4 Selective Michael. Policies “Rosselini an ind theContext”. Brain Sight&SoundDrain...... (May 2007): 30. 87 Carrer,4.5 Equal Luisa. Opportunity“Trieste’s Early and Role Denied in the Oppor Italiantunities Reception ...... of Charles Dickens”. 90 Review of English Studies, 2003: 1-10. d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Bibliography...... 97

ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are Curtius, Ernst Robert. European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages. Trans. ontribution is published according Willard R. Trask. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1954. 5. Colombia: Including Emigrants in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Dickens,Urs Watter Charles. American Notes and Pictures from Italy. Ed. Leonee Ormond. London: Everyman, J. M. Dent, 1997. Gummer,5.1 State Ellis. Interest Dickens’s and WorksResponsibility in Germany . Oxford: Clarendon P, 1940. Hollington,towards Michael. their “Dickens Citizens and Living Italy”. Abroad...... Journal of Anglo-Italian Studies (1) 1991: 102 5.2126-136. Applied Ethics ...... 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty.

to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Schlicke, Paul, ed. Oxford Reader’s Companion to Charles Dickens. Oxford: Oxford 5.3UP, Migration 1999. Policy and Ethics ...... 106 Smith,5.4 MigrationGrahame. “The Policy Travelling in Colombia Lanternist ...... and the Uncommercial Traveller: 108 An Experiment in Correspondences”. Literature and the Visual Media. Ed. David 5.5Seed. “Colombia Essays and nos Studies une”...... 2005. Cambridge: D. S. Brewer, 2005. 29-47. 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

10 Table of Contents

Index3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58 and electronic format and by any other mean format and and electronic not allow use of the contents of the work for commercial purposes or profit. for Polimetrica Publisher has the exclusive right the possibility to di License B” gives anyone The electronic edition of this book is not sold and is made av 3.5 Conclusion...... 59 Bibliography...... 60

4. The Ethics of Migration. Reflections on Recent Migration Policies and “Non-policies” in Italy and Europe ...... 61 Laura Zanfrini s of publication. Additional rights on the cont s of

stribute the contents of the work, provide stribute the contents of work, Adair4.1 Restrictive Fitzgerald, Policies S. J.: 176,and Structural 177, 179. Demand for Immigrant Labour .. 65 Afton, Charles: 346. 4.2 Initiatives for Governing Family and Humanitarian Ainsworth,Migration: William Labour Henry: Migration 170. but not Workers’ Migration...... 73 Alighieri, Dante: 6, 14, 181-192, 292, 293, 298, 299, 307, 313. ailable in free access. Every c ailable in free access. Allingham,4.3 From Guest Philip: Workers 319, 322, to Unwelcome 328. Guests ...... 82 Andrews,4.4 Selective Malcolm: Policies 178, and 179.the Brain Drain...... 87 Aniello, Tommaso da Amalfi: See Masaniello. Anninger,4.5 Equal Anne: Opportunity 258, 260. and Denied Opportunities ...... 90

d that the authors of the work and the p of the work and d that the authors Ariosto,Bibliography...... Ludovico: 297, 298. 97 ents of the work are the author’s pro the ents of the work are

ontribution is published according Aristotle: 136, 137. 5.Armellini, Colombia: Claudio: Including 101. Emigrant s in Their Societies of Origin...... 101 Armstrong,Urs Watter Isobel: 87, 97. Arnold, Matthew: 12, 85, 86, 99, 110, 111. 5.1 State Interest and Responsibility Arnold,towards Thomas: their 158,Citizens 159. Living Abroad...... 102 Arru, Francesco: 186, 191. Artom5.2 Applied Treves, Ethics Giuliana: ...... 84, 97, 132. 104 to the terms of “Polimetrica License B”. “Polimetrica ublisher are always recogni ublisher are perty. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Auber,5.3 Migration Daniel: Polic284, y285. and Ethics ...... 106 Bacigalupo, Massimo: 15. Badham,5.4 Migration Charles Policy David: in Colombia 10, 11, 45-60...... 108 Baedeker,5.5 “Colombia Karl: nos19, une”...... 26, 29, 48, 64, 67, 78. 109 Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhailovich: 247, 336, 337, 338. 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Balbo, Cesare: 185. Balfe,5.7 Challenges Michael W.: ...... 154, 174. 114 Balzac,Bibliography...... Honoré de: 187. 116 Bandi, Giuseppe: 94. WorkingBann, Stephen: Together 41, for 50, the 51, Well-being 56, 59. of Migrants ...... 119 Baring,Barry ThomasHalliday George: 256. Barocchi, Paola: 181, 191. Barrett Browning, Elizabeth (see Browning, Elizabeth Barrett).

348 Index 10 Table of Contents

Barthes, Roland: 26, 41. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Boucher-Rivalain, Odile: 7, 13, 213. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Bowen,5.3 Migration John: 322, Polic 328.y and Ethics ...... 106 Bradlaugh,5.4 Migration Charles: Policy 76. in Colombia ...... 108 Braham, John: 175, 176. Brand,5.5 “Colombia Charles Peter:nos une”...... 21, 42, 280, 286, 289. 109 Brattin,5.6 Alianza Joel J.:País 7, ...... 13, 291. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Brooke, Michael: 343, 346. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Browning, Elizabeth Barrett: 11, 12, 20, 21, 30, 41, 65, 83-97, 128, Bibliography...... 132, 225-235, 266, 267, 268, 276. 116 Browning, Robert: 20, 29, 42, 62, 65, 84, 86, 92, 114, 132, 187, Working238, 245. Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Bryant,Barry Dorothy:Halliday 93. Bullen, J. B.: 41, 59.

Index 349 10 Table of Contents

Buloz, Charles: 73. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Cavour, Camillo Benso (Count of): 92, 120, 131. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Cayley,5.3 Migration Charles Polic Bagot:y and 188. Ethi cs ...... 106 Cecilia5.4 Migration Metella: Policy 122. in Colombia ...... 108 Cerutti, Toni: 6, 12, 113, 174, 179. Chadwick,5.5 “Colombia Edwin: nos 22, une”...... 39. 109 Chapman,5.6 Alianza Alison: País ...... 42, 62, 63, 78, 97, 179, 235. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Charles I Stuart: 342. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Charles V (Emperor): 147. CharlesBibliography...... VIII of France: 202. 116 Chateaubriand: 154. WorkingChatto, Andrew: Together 63, for 64, the 66, Well-being 73, 74, 78. of Migrants ...... 119 Cherubini,Barry Halliday Luigi:174. Chesterton, G. K.: 132.

350 Index 10 Table of Contents

Chopin, Frédéric: 172. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Curtius, Ernst Robert: 340, 341, 342, 346. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper D’Agnillo,5.3 Migration Renzo: Polic 5,y and12, 99.Ethi cs ...... 106 D’Almaine,5.4 Migration George: Policy 240.in Colombia ...... 108 Dante: See Alighieri. David,5.5 “Colombia Deirdre: nos83. une”...... 109 Davidoff,5.6 Alianza Leonore: País ...... 268, 276. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Davies, James: 111, 116, 256, 260. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Dawson, Graham: 25, 42. deBibliography...... la Rue, Augusta: 6, 237-245. 116 de la Rue, Emile: 237-245. WorkingDe Nie, Michael: Together 24, for 42.the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 de BarryRosas, Halliday Juan Manuel: 93. De Sica, Vittorio: 341, 344.

Index 351 10 Table of Contents

del Lungo, Isidoro: 198, 206. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Edel, Lion: 132. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Egg,5.3 Augustus:Migration Polic 244.y and Ethics ...... 106 Eigner,5.4 Migration Edward: Policy 281, in289. Colombia ...... 108 Eliot, George (Mary Anne Evans): 6, 7, 13, 62, 65, 83, 192-197, 200- 5.5207, “Colombia 291-313. nos une”...... 109 Elliotson,5.6 Alianza John: País 240-242...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Ellis, Steve: 183-186, 188, 192, 339. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Emerson, Caryl: 338. Emerson,Bibliography...... Ralph Waldo: 183, 184, 192. 116 Evans, Joan: 224. WorkingEvans, Mary Together Anne for or theMarian Well-being (see also of Eliot,Migrants George):...... 194, 230. 119 Fawkes,Barry Halliday Guy: 156. Featherstonhaugh, George William: 153.

352 Index 10 Table of Contents

Fehr, Maria Luisa: 329-338. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Garibaldi, Anita (Grand-daughter to Anita Ribeiro Garibaldi): 94, 97. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Garibaldi,5.3 Migration Giuseppe: Policy 84, and 92-96, Ethics 97, ...... 101, 121, 127, 128, 130, 131, 181. 106 Garibaldi,5.4 Migration Menotti: Policy 93. in Colombia ...... 108 Garland, Lauren: 94, 97. Garrow,5.5 “Colombia Joseph: nos 184. une”...... 109 Garrow,5.6 Alianza Theodosia: País ...... 184. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Ghiberti, Lorenzo: 182. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Gigante, Giacinto: 255. Gilbert,Bibliography...... Sandra: 83, 97. 116 Gilmour, Robin: 34, 42. WorkingGimonde, Together Pietro: 282. for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 GiottoBarry (Giotto Halliday di Bondone): 181, 182, 184-89, 221. Giusti, Giuseppe: 184.

Index 353 10 Table of Contents

Glavin, John: 176, 179. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Harding, Claud: 72. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Hare,5.3 MigrationAugustus: Polic 65,y 66, and 78. Ethi cs ...... 106 Harris,5.4 Migration Leigh Coral: Policy 83, in Colombia97...... 108 Harris, Margaret: 313. Hartley,5.5 “Colombia John Pritt: nos 177.une”...... 109 Haworth,5.6 Alianza Miss: País 225...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Hawthorne, Nathaniel: 113, 181, 266, 269, 277. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Heineman, Helen: 113, 132. Hemans,Bibliography...... Felicia: 268, 277. 116 Hempstead, Colin A.: 138, 148. WorkingHill, Donald: Together 203. for207. the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Hill,Barry Thomas Halliday W.: 171, 176, 179. Hogarth, Catherine: 170, 239 (see also Dickens, Catherine).

354 Index 10 Table of Contents

Hogarth, George: 174, 179. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Jenkin, Henrietta: 12, 135, 137, 138, 140-48. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Johnson,5.3 Migration Edgar: Polic 171,y and179, Ethi 279,cs ...... 285, 289. 106 Johnson,5.4 Migration Eleanor: Policy 171, in 179.Colombia ...... 108 Johnston, Judith: 313. Johnstone,5.5 “Colombia Christine: nos une”...... 211, 224. 109 Jordan,5.6 Alianza Jane: País5, 11, ...... 61. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Jordan, John: 15. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Jumeau, Alain: 7, 13, 301. Jung,Bibliography...... Carl Gustav: 249, 253, 260. 116 Kaplan, Cora: 83, 268, 277. WorkingKaplan, Fred: Together 237, for 242, the 246. Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Keats,Barry John: Halliday 190, 299, 309. Keith, W. J.: 21, 42.

Index 355 10 Table of Contents

Kemp, Wolfgang: 29, 42. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Lewis, C. S.: 190. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Lewis,5.3 Migration Matthew: Polic 286.y and Ethics ...... 106 Linowitz5.4 Migration Wentz, Policy Debra: in Colombia 172, 179...... 108 Lippi, Filippino: 200. Lowe,5.5 “Colombia Phillip: 21, nos 43. une”...... 109 Lukács,5.6 Alianza György: País ...... 195, 207. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Luther, Martin: 156. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Luzzi, Joseph: 265, 277. Lyell,Bibliography...... Charles: 183, 185, 192. 116 MacCannell, Dean: 47, 60. WorkingMachiavelli, Together Niccolò: for the38, Well-being197. of Migrants ...... 119 MackBarry Smith, Halliday Denis: 106, 111, 280, 289. Maclise, Daniel: 241.

356 Index 10 Table of Contents

Macready, William Charles: 241, 239, 284. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Milman, Hart Henry: 310. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Milnes,5.3 Migration Richard Polic Monkton:y and Ethi 61.cs ...... 106 Milton,5.4 Migration John: 30, Policy 92, 151,in Colombia 153...... 108 Mingay, G. E.: 21, 42, 43. Montagu,5.5 “Colombia Mary nosWortley, une”...... Lady: 170. 109 Montaigne,5.6 Alianza Michel País ...... de: 170. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Montgomery, Michael: 258, 260. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 More, Thomas: 203. Moretti,Bibliography...... Franco: 166, 286, 288, 289. 116 Morgan, Marjorie: 55, 60. WorkingMurray (Publishing Together for House): the Well-being 19, 26, 29, of Migrants 47, 48, 55,...... 64, 108, 223. 119 Murray,Barry HallidayJohn: 310. Musset, Alfred de: 62.

Index 357 10 Table of Contents

Napoleon (see Bonaparte, Napoleon). 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Pacini, Giovanni: 284. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Paget,5.3 Migration Lady Walpurga: Policy and 61. Ethi cs ...... 106 Pagetti,5.4 Migration Carlo: 179.Policy in Colombia ...... 108 Palgrave, Francis T.: 103, 109. Pallotta,5.5 “Colombia Augustus: nos 153,une”...... 154, 166. 109 Palmerston,5.6 Alianza Henry País ...... John Temple, Lord: 258-259. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Palumbo, Angelica: 7, 10, 247. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Panizzi, Antonio: 170. Papetti,Bibliography...... Viola: 172, 180. 116 Parisi, Stefania: 7, 15, 329. WorkingParker, David: Together 280, for 289. the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Parnell,Barry HallidayCharles Stuart: 71. Parnet, Claire: 249, 260.

358 Index 10 Table of Contents

Paroissien, David: 15, 47, 49, 60. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Puccini, Douglas: 251, 261. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Pugin,5.3 Migration A. W.: 220, Polic 221.y and Ethics ...... 106 Pusey,5.4 Migration Edward PolicyBouverie: in Colombia 155, 156...... 108 Putnam, George W. 240. Radcliffe,5.5 “Colombia Ann ( nosnée une”...... Ward): 20, 114, 258, 286. 109 Raphael:5.6 Alianza 229, País 231, ...... 294. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Raphael, Sylvia: 277. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Razzi, Serafino: 198, 199, 207. Reynolds,Bibliography...... Matthew: 83, 86, 97. 116 Rhys, Ernest: 111. WorkingRiall, Lucy: Together 94, 97, for 131, the 132. Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Ricasoli,Barry Halliday Bettino (Baron): 121. Richa, Giuseppe: 198, 199, 207.

Index 359 10 Table of Contents

Ridolfi, Roberto: 198, 207. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Saffi, Aurelio: 101. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Sala,5.3 Madame:Migration Polic170.y and Ethics ...... 106 Sand,5.4 Migration George Policy(Amandine in Colombia Aurore ...... Lucile Dupin, later Baroness 108 Dudevant): 62, 172, 179. Sand,5.5 “ColombiaMaurice: 172.nos une”...... 109 Sanders,5.6 Alianza Andrew: País ...... 156, 160, 166. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Savonarola, Girolamo: 193, 195, 197-207. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Scala, Flaminio: 177. Scarborough,Bibliography...... Dorothy: 333, 338. 116 Schino, Mirella: 172, 180. WorkingSchlicke, TogetherPaul: 339, for 346. the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Schnitzer,Barry Halliday Giuseppe: 198, 207. Schoenbauer Thurin, Susan: 256, 261.

360 Index 10 Table of Contents

Schor, Esther: 83, 97. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Stendahl (Henri-Marie Beyle): 172, 180. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Sterne,5.3 Migration Lawrence: Polic 170.y and Ethics ...... 106 Stocking,5.4 Migration George Policy W.: in 23, Colombia 24, 43, ...... 267, 277. 108 Stone, Thomas: 159. Stonehouse,5.5 “Colombia John nos Harrison: une”...... 170, 180. 109 Storey,5.6 Alianza Graham: País 59, ...... 179, 246, 289. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Storey, John: 14, 43. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Stuart, Lord Dudley Coutt: 319. Sussman,Bibliography...... Herbert: 37, 43. 116 Swan, Charles: 153. WorkingTasso, Torquato: Together 76, for 176, the Well-being177. of Migrants ...... 119 Taviani,Barry Halliday Ferdinando: 172, 180. Taylor, Isaac: 277.

Index 361 10 Table of Contents

Taylor, Jane: 268, 277. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Turner, Cornelia: 138, 139, 140, 145, 147, 148. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Turner,5.3 Migration Tom: 139. Polic y and Ethics ...... 106 Turner,5.4 Migration William Policy J. M.: in 212, Colombia 255...... 108 Tylor, Edward: 24, 33, 267, 277. Ubersfeld,5.5 “Colombia Anne: nos 178, une”...... 180. 109 Urry,5.6 AlianzaJohn: 47, País 48, ...... 60. 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It Valerio, Anthony: 93. 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Vasari, Giorgio: 182, 192. Vasoli,Bibliography...... Carlo: 198, 199, 207. 116 Verdi, Giuseppe: 143, 176, 309. WorkingVerdinois, Together Federico: for 329-338. the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Verini,Barry Philip:Halliday 170. Vescovi, Alessandro: 5, 6, 9, 14, 151,167, 179.

362 Index 10 Table of Contents

Victor Emmanuel of Savoy, King of Italy: 130. 3.4 The Human Rights’ Approach...... 58

perty. Wohl, Anthony: 29, 43. to publish and sell the contents of the work in paper Wollner,5.3 Migration Thomas: Polic 188.y and Ethics ...... 106 Woolf,5.4 Migration Virginia: Policy 83, 91. in Colombia ...... 108 Worth, George: 286, 290. Yates,5.5 “Colombia Edmund: nos63, une”...... 79. 109 5.6 Alianza País ...... 112 sed and mentioned. It does sed and mentioned. It 5.7 Challenges ...... 114 Bibliography...... 116

Working Together for the Well-being of Migrants ...... 119 Barry Halliday

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