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Church Or Museum? Tourists, Tickets and Transformations

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CHURCH OR MUSEUM? TOURISTS, TICKETS AND TRANSFORMATIONS Jennifer Ann Ryde A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy June, 2013 Early Image of San Lorenzo - Codex Rustici. Dedication This thesis is dedicated to my parents Jack and Sheila Ryde who were always unwavering in their support and encouragement in my life choices. This project would not have been possible without their love and care. Acknowledgements My profound thanks go to my supervisors Dr Pamela James and Dr Russell Staiff for their outstanding mentorship throughout this endeavour. They have provided me with insight, guidance, valuable discussions, enthusiasm for my research and the determination to complete. I also thank Dr Carol Liston whose encouragement was crucial to commencing this thesis. Thanks also go to my family, friends and colleagues who have been a constant source of support and encouragement especially during difficult moments of self- doubt. Particular thanks go to my Italian colleague Dr Bruno Di Biase who has been a mentor since my early days in academia and without whose ongoing support I would not have embarked on this journey. My research would have been more difficult if not for the support of the University of Western Sydney librarians, especially Ms Narelle Oliver, always most generous with her time and energy, and also Ms Jenny Davis who sought out obscure Italian texts for me. Finally, special mention goes to my wonderful daughter Alessandra for her unwavering encouragement and unconditional support as well as her technical advice and expertise. Statement of Authentication The work presented in this thesis is, to the best of my knowledge and belief, original except as acknowledged in the text. I hereby declare that I have not submitted this material, either in full or in part, for a degree at this or any other institution. …………………………………………………….. Table of Contents List of Appendices ii List of Figures iii Abbreviations vi Abstract viii Introduction 1 Chapter 1: Heritage Tourism in Florence 30 Chapter 2: Cultural Heritage Policy in Italy - Historical Overview 59 Chapter 3: Cultural Heritage Policy and the Italian State 85 Chapter 4: Cultural Heritage Policy and the Catholic Church 110 Chapter 5: Case Studies One and Two - Santa Trìnita and the Pieve di San Pietro 133 Chapter 6: Case Study Three - The Laurentian Complex 176 Chapter 7: Case Study Four - The Santa Croce Complex 209 Summary of Findings and Conclusions 240 Reference List 256 Guide Books Consulted 288 Appendices 290 Appendix A 291 Appendix B 292 Appendix C 293 Appendix D 294 Appendix E 297 i List of Appendices Appendix A: CD Rom Interviews 1-9 Interview Documentation Appendix B: Staiff Model of Tourist Attractions Appendix C: Detailed List of Museum Attributes Appendix D: List of Museums and Monuments in Florence Appendix E: Historic Documents ii List of Figures Frontispiece: Early image of San Lorenzo-Codex Rustici c.1448-50. (Source: © Biblioteca del Seminario Maggiore, Florence) Figure 1: Map of Italy showing location of Tuscany. (Source: © A. Ryde) 7 Figure 2: Map of Tuscany showing Cascia in relation to Florence. (Source: © A. Ryde) 7 Figure 3: Map of Florence showing location of the case study sites. (Source: © A. Ryde) 8 Figure 4. Plan of the historic centre of Florence. (Source: © A. Ryde) 52 Figure 5. Italian State: Institutional structure for cultural heritage administration. (Source: © J. Ryde) 104 Figure 6. Administrative Framework of Church and State. (Source: © J. Ryde) 130 Figure 7. Site Selection Matrix. (Source: © J. Ryde) 135 Figure 8. Model of Tourist Attractions.(Source: © R.Staiff) 136 Figure 9. Façade of the Church of Santa Trìnita. (Source: © J. Ryde) 138 Figure 10. Plan of Santa Trìnita. (Source: © A. Ryde) 141 Figure 11. Santa Trìnita in relation to the principle tourist routes. 148 Figure 12. Text Panel at entrance. (Source: © J. Ryde) 152 Figure 13. Santa Trìnita Image Set 1. (Source: © J. Ryde) 153 Figure 14. Santa Trìnita Image Set 2. (Source: © J. Ryde) 155 Figure 15. Map of Reggello showing Cascia. (Source: © A. Ryde) 156 Figure 16. Exterior: Pieve di San Pietro. (Source: © Museo Masaccio) 157 Figure 17. Fifteenth Century Fresco of the Pieve. (Source: © J. Ryde) 158 Figure 18. Plan of the Pieve di San Pietro. (Source: © A. Ryde) 160 Figure 19. Triptych of San Giovenale. (Source: © J. Ryde) 162 Figure 20. Exterior of the Church of San Giovenale. (Source: © J. Ryde) 163 Figure 21. Poster advertising the return of the Triptych in 1988. (Source: © J. Ryde) 165 Figure 22. The Triptych in its original location inside the Pieve. (Source: © J. Ryde, 2006) 168 iii Figure 23. Location of the Museum in relation to the Pieve. (Source: © J. Ryde) 168 Figure 24. Museum Interior: Display Room and Text Panels. (Source: © J. Ryde) 172 Figure 25. Museum Interior: Security Door, Computer Station. (Source: © J. Ryde) 172 Figure 26. Entrance to Museum with publications display. (Source: © J. Ryde) 173 Figure 27. Aerial view of the Laurentian Complex. (Source: © J. Ryde) 177 Figure 28. Basilica of San Lorenzo. (Source: © J. Ryde) 177 Figure 29. Plan of the Laurentian Complex. (Source: © A. Ryde) 179 Figure 30. Early Image of San Lorenzo-Codex Rustici c.1448-50. (Source: ©Biblioteca del Seminario Maggiore, Florence) 181 Figure 31. Exterior of the Basilica of San Lorenzo. (Source: © J. Ryde) 181 Figure 32. Administrative Structure, Laurentian Complex, 1867-1907. (Source: © J. Ryde) 189 Figure 33. Administrative Structure, Laurentian Complex, 1907. (Source: © J. Ryde) 191 Figure 34. Current Management Structure of the Laurentian Complex. (Source: © J. Ryde) 193 Figure 35. Ticket booth. (Source: © J. Ryde) 199 Figure 36. Exit turnstile. (Source: © J. Ryde) 199 Figure 37. Current position of the ticket booth. (Source: © J. Ryde) 200 Figure 38. Entrance reserved for parishioners with text panel. (Source: © J. Ryde) 201 Figure 39. Dedicated space for religious functions. (Source: © J. Ryde) 201 Figure 40. Text panels. (Source: © J. Ryde) 203 Figure 41. Visitor desk (Source: © J. Ryde) 203 Figure 42. Small text panels and audio slot machine. (Source: © J. Ryde) 203 Figure 43. Current shop in the crypt of the Medici Chapels. (Source: © J. Ryde) 204 Figure 44. Exterior: crowds and rubbish (Source: © J. Ryde) 205 Figure 45. Images of exterior degradation. (Source: © J. Ryde) 206 Figure 46. Exterior of Santa Croce. (Source: © J. Ryde) 209 Figure 47. Early façade. (Source: © J. Ryde) 209 Figure 48. Anonymous drawing of Santa Croce and the Monastery. (Source: © OSC) 210 iv Figure 49. Plan of the Santa Croce Complex. (Source: © A. Ryde) 211 Figure 50. Dante’s Tomb. (Source: © J. Ryde) 215 Figure 51. Michelangelo’s Tomb. (Source: © J. Ryde) 215 Figure 52. Restoration works in the Chancel. (Source: © J. Ryde) 218 Figure 53. Crowd images. (Source: © J. Ryde) 223 Figure 54. Area reserved for religious functions. (Source: © J. Ryde) 227 Figure 55. Roped off areas. (Source: © J. Ryde) 228 Figure 56. Multimedia room in Pazzi Chapel; Multimedia room in Crypt. (Source: © J. Ryde) 231 Figure 57. Pietro Parigi Exhibition space; conference space in refectory. (Source: © J. Ryde) 231 Figure 58. Existing funerary loggia. (Source: © J. Ryde) 232 Figure 59. Santa Croce Image Set 1. (Source: © J. Ryde) 234 Figure 60. Examples of signage. (Source: © J. Ryde) 236 Figure 61. Piazza Santa Croce. (Source: © J. Ryde) 237 Figure 62. Shops. (Source: © J. Ryde) 237 Figure 63. Site Marker Matrix. (Source: © J. Ryde) 243 Figure 64. Matrix of Characteristics of Site Management Structures. (Source: © J. Ryde) 245 Figure 65. Revised Site Selection Matrix. (Source: © J. Ryde) 246 Figure 66. Enhancement of Site Selection Matrix. (Source: © J. Ryde) 246 Figure 67. Composite Set of Museum-like Attributes. (Source: © J. Ryde) 248 Figure 68. Composite representation of primary indicators. (Source: © J. Ryde) 253 Figure 69. Indicative landscape for the Case Study Sites. (Source: © J. Ryde) 254 Figure 70. Hypothetical landscape of sites for Tuscany. (Source: © J. Ryde) 254 v Abbreviations ACI: Automobile Club d’Italia APT Azienda Promozione Turistica. BAPSAE Soprintendenza per i Beni Architettonici, Paesaggistici, Storici, Artistici ed Etnoantropologici per le province di Firenze. (Superintendency for Architectural, Landscape, Historical, Artistic and Ethno-anthropological Assets for the provinces of Florence) CAI: Club Alpino Italiano CEI Conferenza Episcopale Italiana (Italian Episcopal Conference) CIPE Comitato Interministeriale per la Programmazione Economica. (Inter- ministerial Committee for Economic Planning) D.L. Decreto Legge D.Lgs. Decreto Legislativo D.P.R. Decreto del Presidente della Repubblica (Decree of the President of the Republic EIU Economist Intelligence Unit ENIT Ente Nazionale per l’Incremento delle Industrie Turistiche EPT Ente Provinciale del Turismo FEC Fondo Edifici di Culto (Foundation for Religious Buildings) ICCD Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo e la Documentazione. (Central Institute for Cataloguing and Documentation) ICOM International Council of Museums ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites IRPET Istituto Regionale Programmazione Economica della Toscana (Regional Institute for Economic Planning of Tuscany) L Legge (Law) LNI: Lega Navale Italiano MiBAC Ministero per i Beni e le Attività Culturali (Ministry for Heritage and Cultural Activities) vi Mons. Monsignor OML Opera Medicea Laurenziana ONLUS Organizzazione Non Lucrativa di Utilità Sociale (Non-profit Organisation for the Public Good) ONT Osservatorio Nazionale del
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