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Filling Gaps in the Full Annual Cycle of the Black-Crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax Nycticorax)

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Filling Gaps in the Full Annual Cycle of the Black-Crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax Nycticorax) Filling gaps in the full annual cycle of the Black-crowned Night-Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax) Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Kristie A. Stein, B.S. Graduate Program in Environment and Natural Resources The Ohio State University 2018 Thesis Committee: Christopher Tonra, Advisor Jacqueline Augustine Suzanne Gray Laura Kearns Copyrighted by Kristie A. Stein 2018 Abstract Migratory birds carry out different stages of their life cycle in geographically disparate locations, complicating our ability to track individuals over time. However, the importance of connecting these stages is underscored by evidence that processes occurring in one stage can influence performance in subsequent stages. Over half of migratory species in North America are declining, and it follows that understanding the factors limiting population growth is a major focus of current avian conservation. Globally, Black-crowned Night-Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) are common and widespread, but populations across the Great Lakes region are in long-term decline. Within Ohio, Black-crowned Night-Herons historically nested at 19 colonies but currently occupy only five of those sites. The largest colony, West Sister Island, represents an important breeding area for many species of wading birds and currently hosts the majority of the night-heron breeding population in Ohio. The number of nesting pairs at West Sister Island has been monitored since the 1970s, but little is known about the population outside of the breeding season. My research is the first to examine multiple stages of the full annual cycle of Black-crowned Night-Herons. My overall objectives were twofold: (1) to examine how conditions experienced in the nest carry over to influence survival during the post-fledging period and (2) to describe the migratory behavior and nonbreeding ecology of Black-crowned Night-Herons. To examine rates of reproductive success, I monitored Black-crowned Night- Heron nests at two mixed-species breeding colonies in Lake Erie. I found that nest ii success rates were high in relation to breeding colonies in other parts of the range and predation events were uncommon. Additionally, I identified potential limiting factors to individual nestlings by confirming that youngest nestlings within a brood are at a disadvantage in terms of growth rates, and those with slow growth were also less likely to survive to fledging. Black-crowned Night-Herons that occupied nests higher in the canopy produced more offspring to fledging. I utilized an automated telemetry array in Ohio and Michigan to track post-fledging movements and survival. I did not find evidence that carry-over effects were present from pre- to post-fledging, but female birds experienced higher mortality rates compared to males during the six months following fledging. Aside from a small number of recoveries of banded birds, little information exists on the migratory or stationary nonbreeding portions of the annual cycle of Black-crowned Night-Herons. To measure movements throughout the annual cycle, I deployed satellite transmitters on adult night-herons during the post-breeding season. All Black-crowned Night-Herons exhibited migratory movements and two strategies were evident, where the total duration of migration was greatly influenced by the time spent at stopover locations. These different strategies indicated that stopover habitat requirements vary between individuals during both autumn and spring migration. Migratory routes followed the same general patterns in autumn and spring, and the majority of Black-crowned Night-Herons spent the nonbreeding season in the southeastern United States, but the spread of locations spanned five countries. Unlike many migratory species, where the nonbreeding period is characterized by stationary behavior, Black-crowned Night-Herons made large iii scale movements during the nonbreeding period, relocating up to 902 km from one home range to the next. The information that our research has provided fills large gaps in our knowledge of the full annual cycle and can be used to inform conservation planning both within Ohio and in other declining populations. iv Acknowledgments Funding for this research was provided by the Federal Aid in Wildlife Restoration Program (W-134-P, Wildlife Management in Ohio), jointly administered by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service and the Ohio Division of Wildlife. Thank you to Ohio’s sportsmen and -women for contributing to wildlife conservation in Ohio. Most importantly, thanks to my advisor, Dr. Chris Tonra, for taking me on as a student and for your guidance, encouragement, and friendship throughout the years. Your confidence in me gave me space to learn and grow as a scientist. Thank you to my committee for your constant support and insight, and thank you to Dr. Jackie Augustine for your willingness to join the team late in the process. I am incredibly grateful to my fellow Tonra Lab mates – Liz Ames, Jay Wright, Alicia Brunner, and Jo Kingsbury – I could not have done this without your support and kindness. And to all the TWEL graduate students, especially Jim Hansen and Phil Gould, for your friendship and advice. Thanks to Kate Donlon for her time and patience with genetic sexing analysis. Thank you to SENR and TWEL for providing the opportunity of funding for conference travel, allowing me to share my research with the broader scientific community. I extend a huge amount of gratitude to my wonderful field technicians, Kiera Kauffman, Emily Scott, Megan Kruse, and Sam Saunders for all their hard work and dedication to this research. Thank you to the many volunteers that helped with nest monitoring at the breeding colonies, especially Liz Ames, Jay Wright, Alicia Brunner, Jim Hansen, Bruce Buckingham, Patricia Rodrigues, Anna Crouser, Brendan Woodall, v Sarah Zaleski, Mike Picciuto, Nicole Hengst, and Trey McClinton – for your willingness to get puked on for science. Thanks to Dave Sherman for advice on capture techniques and for assisting with night-heron capture in my absence. I am extremely grateful to everyone at Winous Point Marsh Conservancy, especially John and Becky Simpson for providing housing and fieldwork support. Thanks to Brendan Shirkey for training in capture and transmitter attachment techniques. To the staff at Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Michigan Department of Natural Resources, U.S. Fish and Wildlife and Black Swamp Bird Observatory including Ron Huffman, Jim Schott, Pat Baranowski, Joe Barber, Greg Norwood, Tammy Giroux, Eddy Pausch, and Dave Sherman for allowing access to field sites and other logistical support, especially for facilitating trips out to the islands. Lastly, I owe much to my family for their endless encouragement during my time in Ohio. Thank you, mom for always being my biggest supporter, and for sending me care packages when I forgot what jambalaya tasted like; and thank you, dad for instilling your love and appreciation of nature in me. I will carry it with me always. vi Vita Education May 2009…………………………………....Diploma, Archbishop Chapelle High School Metairie, LA May 2013……………………………………B.S. Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA Professional Experience Jan 2016 - present…………………………...Graduate Research Assistant, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH Aug 2015 to Nov 2015……….……………..Field Biologist, University of British Columbia, Peru Jul 2015 – Aug 2015………………………..Research Assistant, The Ohio State University, OH Apr 2015 – Jun 2015………………………..Field Biologist, University of Minnesota, Northeastern US Jan 2015 – Feb 2015………………………...Field Biologist, Auburn University, AL Sept 2014 – Dec 2014……………………….Field Biologist, McMaster University, Puerto Rico, US May 2014 – Aug 2014………………………Field Biologist, Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, IN Sept 2013 – Nov 2013.……………………...Americorps Intern, US Fish and Wildlife vii Service, MS May 2013 – Aug 2013…..…………………..MAPS Bird Bander, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, LA May 2012 – May 2013……………………...Undergraduate Researcher, Entomology Department, Louisiana State University, LA Jan 2012 – May 2013…………………….....Soybean Entomology Lab Assistant, Louisiana State University, LA May 2011 – Dec 2011……………………....Forest Entomology Lab Assistant, Louisiana State University, LA Fields of Study Major Field: Environment and Natural Resources Specialization: Fisheries and Wildlife Science viii Table of Contents Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………...ii Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………..iv Vita……………………………………………………………………………………….vi Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………..viii List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………...x List of Figures…………………………………………………………………………...xiii Chapter 1: Ecological correlates of growth and survival in juvenile Black-crowned Night- Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax)…………………………………………………………...1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..1 Methods……………………………………………………………………………5 Results……………………………………………………………………………12 Discussion………………………………………………………………………..16 Chapter 2: Migration strategies and nonbreeding ecology of Black-crowned Night- Herons (Nycticorax nycticorax)……….…………………………………………………38 Introduction………………………………………………………………………38 Methods…………………………………………………………………………..43 Results……………………………………………………………………………49 Discussion………………………………………………………………………..52 Chapter 3: Conservation and Management Implications………………………………...72 Literature Cited…………………………………………………………………………..78 ix Appendix
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