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Aquaculture Presentation.Pptx Aquaculture Wild fisheries on the Bay are increasingly being augmented with aquaculture systems to meet the demands for Chesapeake Bay seafood. New technologies are being developed worldwide to farm seafood in a sustainable manner. The unique challenges of designing aquaculture systems for the Bay are presented along with examples of working systems. 0 Aquaculture Overview Aquaculture refers to the breeding, rearing, and harvesng of plants and animals in all types of water environments including ponds, rivers, lakes, and the ocean. Aquaculture accounts for 40% of all fish products worldwide. Almost 90% of aquaculture acvity takes place in Asia. In the U.S., which currently imports 78% of its seafood, aquaculture has seen a 400% increase in past 20 years. Farm raised seafood is viable because 75% of world wild fisheries are fully or overfished. However, there is concern about fish that escape into the wild and water quality issues associated with Conceptual Offshore Sustainable Aquafarm aquaculture. [hp://www.whoi.edu/fileserver.do?id=6798&pt=2&p=9550] 1 Aquaculture Overview Food and Agriculture Organizaon of the United Naons 49.8 million tons of finfish in 2014 [www.mdsg.umd.edu/sites/default/files/images/Fish-in-hand.jpg] 16.1 million tons of mollusks in 2014 [www.bbsrc.ac.uk/bbsrc/cache/file/14E1CEDB-E11C-4B2C- B7F62405FE3D8D60.jpg] 6.9 million tons of crustaceans in 2014 [hp://www.freshfromflorida.com/var/ezdemo_site/storage/ images/divisions-offices/aquaculture/agriculture-industry/ World Aquaculture Producon Volume and Value of Aquac Animals and aquaculture-products/crustaceans/marine_shrimp_banner/ Plants (1995-2014) [hp://www.fao.org/3/a-i5555e.pdf] 2 1622245-1-eng-US/marine_shrimp_banner_banner.jpg] Aquaculture Overview Aquaculture species can be produced in marine or freshwater environments using various producon systems. Closed systems can incorporate water-recirculaon systems that reduce the reliance on large quanes of water to maintain water quality and the health of cultured organisms. Sea cages Racks Marine aquaculture systems include: • Sea ranching • Surface lines Subsurface lines • Subsurface lines Surface lines • Racks • Sea cages • Ponds • Hatcheries [hps://www.daf.qld.gov.au/fisheries/aquaculture/overview/types] 3 Aquaculture Overview Sea Ranching or Open Aquaculture Systems (acve feeding) Open sea-cage aquaculture refers to the rearing of aquac species, within enclosures in natural waterways. Floang mesh cages are anchored to the seafloor and vary in size depending on the scale of operaon and the species cultured. Juvenile stock is sourced either from hatcheries or wild populaons and grown out in pens unl a marketable size has been reached. A worker stands on a mobile plaorm on the fish farm's sea cage off Australia’s Geraldton coast (photo by Kathryn Diss) [hp://www.abc.net.au/news/2011-03-01/ the-sea-cage-contains-yellowtail-kingfish/2666510] [hp://goodfishbadfish.com.au/?page_id=33] 4 Aquaculture Overview Scks, Ropes, Racks and Cages (passive feeding) The culture of numerous shellfish species is carried out in systems open to natural waterways. Larval stages may be collected from the wild or produced in hatcheries. These are then placed into the water column by methods including aachment to scks or ropes, or containment in racks or cages. Oyster racks in South Australia [hLps:// adelaidefoodies.com/2014/05/16/world-aquaculture- conference-2014-2-port-lincoln-eyre-peninsula/] [hp://goodfishbadfish.com.au/?page_id=33] 5 Aquaculture Overview Semi-closed Aquaculture Systems Semi-closed aquaculture refers to the land-based producon of a species, in which water is exchanged between the farm and a natural waterway. Wastewater is released from the ponds into the local waterway, whilst the farm is replenished with fresh water pumped back into the system. Land-based aquaculture typically involves digging out large ponds, which are then filled saltwater. The easiest way to fill a pond with is to build it close to the sea. This land is now needed for nursery habitats, flood abatement, nutrient filtering, etc. and other compe;ve uses. [hp://www.speakupforblue.com/predator- resistant-aquaculture] [hp://goodfishbadfish.com.au/?page_id=33] 6 Aquaculture Overview Closed Aquaculture Systems Closed system aquaculture refers to the land-based rearing of aquac species in raceways, tanks and ponds. Recirculaon technology is implemented which cycles water through filtraon processes and returns it back into the aquaculture system. This process aids in maintaining water quality whilst ensuring minimal exchange with natural waterways. Marine Harvest’s new state-of-the-art recirculang aquaculture hatchery on Vancouver Island has been stocked with more than a million Atlanc salmon. [hps://aquaculturedirectory.co.uk/first-fish-enter-marine- harvest-hatchery/] [hp://goodfishbadfish.com.au/?page_id=33] 7 History of Aquaculture Large-scale, commercial aquaculture started in the mid-20th century but there are worldwide archeological findings that show aquaculture itself goes back thousands of years. While many cite China as the home of aquaculture, evidence indicates aquaculture started in many areas at various mes. Australia, 8000 – 6000 BC China, 3500 BC In China, waters subsiding aer annual river floods le carp The Gunditjmara people engineered channels to bring water and young eels from behind. Shown here is a net enclosure system on Tiam Giang to low lying areas. They created ponds and wetlands linked by channels lagoon (Ariel Lucerna) [hp://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_mrdT5tyxrU/ containing weirs. Woven baskets were placed in the weir to harvest mature eels. VEbPV7nsl0I/AAAAAAAAKJk/J96IDmhBxRw/s1600/ [hp://www.gunditjmirring.com/naonalheritagelisng] Enclosures_in_Tam_Giang.png] 8 History of Aquaculture Egypt, 2000 BC Hawaii, 300 – 800 Ancient Egypans devised a land-reclamaon method sll in use. During the spring, large ponds are constructed in saline soils and flooded with fresh water for two weeks. The ponds are stocked with fish caught in the sea. Shown is a lapia in an Egypan frieze. (Nikola Fijan). [hp:// voices.naonalgeographic.com/2013/07/11/sustainable-ancient-aquaculture/] Early Hawaiians farmed fish and crustaceans using various farming techniques including freshwater ponds, brackish water ponds, seawater ponds and shoreline fish traps. [hp:// wesisland.blogspot.com/2010/09/ancient-hawaiian-fish- ponds.html] 9 History of Aquaculture France, 1750 – 1850 Ohio, 1853 In the mid 1800s, an oyster farm was built in France using collected oyster spawn. As Two Cleveland physicians, Theodatus Garlick and H. A. illustrated above, wild oyster fishing was well Ackley, performed the first successful arficial ferlizaon established in Europe by the late 1700s. of fish eggs in the United States in 1853. Shown is a New ["L'Encyclpédie" 1771] York hatching house (ca 1879) [hp://www.heartlandscience.org/agrifood/aquac] 10 Oyster Aquaculture Reproduc2on and development Oysters are dioecious, with sexes separate; however, they exhibit alternate sexuality. The sexual cycle begins with spawning which is triggered by water temperature. Spawned eggs are heavier than water and quickly sele to the boom where they are transported by currents and waves. Aer ferlizaon, cell division proceeds rapidly and within hours, the swimming trochophore stage is formed and the oysters are called veliger larvae. When the veliger develops two eye spots that are on each shell, it is called an eyed- pediveliger. The eye spots aid in selecng Life cycle of the Eastern oyster, Crassostrea virginica an acceptable locaon for aachment. [hp://aqua.ucdavis.edu/DatabaseRoot/pdf/432FS.pdf] 11 Oyster Aquaculture Seed Sources The two primary sources of seed oysters are naturally occurring seed and hatchery seed. Collecon of natural spat is accomplished by placing bags of clean oyster shell or other cultch material in the water prior to the forecasted selement of the planktonic oyster larvae. If the collecon is successful, the spaed cultch is transferred to a nursery area. Hatchery producon includes the condioning and spawning of adult oysters, seng the spat and growing the young oysters in nursery tanks. The majority of oyster hatcheries produce either bags of cultched oyster seed or single (cultchless) oyster seed. So-called “eyed” larvae, which are ready to sele onto cultch, can also be acquired from hatcheries. [hps://wsg.washington.edu/wordpress/wp-content/ An aquaculturist holds a batch of oyster seeds. (Dave Harp) [hp://www.bayjournal.com/images/ uploads/publicaons/Small-Scale-Oyster-Farming.pdf] arcle_images/large/2014_06_OysterZone.jpg] 12 Oyster Aquaculture Triploid Diploid Triploid Oysters In 1979, researcher Standish Allen created a new kind of oyster with three sets of chromosomes, making them triploids. Those extra chromosomes helped Allen's oysters grow fat faster. A triploid oyster, with its triple set of chromosomes, was designed to avoid the market drawbacks of tradional oysters. hps://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/food/oyster-vs-oyster/2012/07/31/ gJQA4Us1MX_graphic.html?utm_term=.25f2f99f5471 Nature's oysters are diploids, and they are seldom sold or eaten during the summer months when they're growing gonads to produce sperm and eggs. Triploids are sterile oysters. They usually don't grow gonads and don't bother spawning, leng them put all their energy year-round into growing meat. [hp://ww2.mdsg.umd.edu/CQ/ V09N2/main2/] 13 Oyster Aquaculture Growing Methods Boom culture is the most common method of oyster farming because of the low maintenance and simple preparaon requirements. Cultched seed is placed
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