Toll Facilities in the United States
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TOLL FACILITIES U.S. Department of Transportation IN THE UNITED Federal Highway Administration STATES 1111111111111111111111111111111 PB99-148959 BRIDGES-ROADS-TUNNELS-FERRIES REPRODUCED BY; NTIS. u.s.Department of ccmmerca-r-r-r- National Technical Information Service Springfield, Virginia 22161 February 1999 Publication No. FHWA-PL-99-011 Internet: http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/ohim .. LeeWay: Located in Lee County, Florida, half price tolls are offered during discount times as part of the Variable Pricing Program. Photo courtesy of Margie Byers, LeeWay. TOLLFACILITIES IN THEUNITED STATES Bridges - Roads - Tunnels - Ferries • PROTECTED UNDER INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE February 1999 Publication No: FHWA-PL-99-011 Internet: http://www.tbwa.dot.gov/ohim • •• • APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS TO SI UNITS APPROXIMATE CONVERSIONS FROM SI UNITS Symbol When You Know Multiply By To Find Symbol Symbol When You Know MUltiply By To Find Symbol LENGTH LENGTH in inches 25.4 millimeters mm mm millimeters 0.039 inches in It feet 0.305 meters m m meters 3.28 feet ft yd yards 0.914 meters m m meters 1.09 yards yd mi miles 1.61 kilometers km km kilometers 0.621 miles mi AREA AREA Z 2 in squareinches 645.2 square millimeters mmz mm squaremillimeters 0.0016 squareinches in2 2 ftZ squarefeet 0.093 square meters m2 m squaremeters 10.764 squarefeet ft2 2 ydZ squareyards 0.836 square meters m2 m squaremeters 1.195 squareyards yrJ2 ac acres 0.405 hectares ha ha hectares 2.47 acres ac 2 2 mil squaremiles 2.59 square kilometers km2 km squarekilometers 0.386 squaremiles mi VOLUME VOLUME floz fluidounces 29.57 milliliters mL mL milliliters 0.034 fluidounces fl oz _. gal gallons 3.785 liters L L liters 0.264 gallons gal _. 3 III fP cubic feet 0.028 cubicmeters m3 m cubic meters 35.71 cubic feet ft3 yeP cubicyards 0.765 cubicmeters m3 m3 cubic meters 1.307 cubicyards yeP 3 NOTE: Volumesgreaterthan 1000I shall be shownin m • MASS MASS oz ounces 28.35 grams g g grams 0.035 ounces oz Ib pounds 0.454 kilograms kg kg kilograms 2.202 pounds Ib T shorttons(2000lb) 0.907 megagrams Mg Mg megagrams 1.103 shorttons (2000Ib) T (or "metric ton") (or or) (or "t") (or "metric ton") TEMPERATURE (exact) TEMPERATURE (exact) of Fahrenheit 5(F-32)/9 Celcius °C °C Celcius 1.8C + 32 Fahrenheit of temperature or (F-32)11.8 temperature temperature temperature ILLUMINATION ILLUMINATION Ie foot-candles 10.76 lux Ix Ix lux 0.0929 foot-candles fc fI foot-Lamberts 3.426 candelalm 2 cdlm2 cdlm2 candelalm2 0.2919 foot-Lam berts fl FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS FORCE and PRESSURE or STRESS Ibf poundforce 4.45 newtons N N newtons 0.225 poundforce Ibf IbfJinZ poundforce per 6.89 kilopascals kPa kPa kilopascals 0.145 poundforce per Ibflin2 squareinch III squareinch • SI is the symbolfor the International System of Units. Appropriate (Revised September1993) rounding shouldbe madeto complywith Section 4 of ASTM E380. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS Anth Authoritv Jet Junction Ave Avenue Mi Mile AVI Automatic Vehicle Identification Mtn Mountain Brd~ Bridze N/A Not Available BC British Columbia, Canada NHS National Highway System Cnty County NS Nova Scotia, Canada Co Company ON Ontario, Canada Com Commission Pkwy Parkway Const Construction Rd Road Corp Corporation Rdway Roadway Dept Department Sec Section Dev Development Serv Service Dist District SH State Hiahwav Dr Drive St Street Env Environmental Sys System Etc Electronic Toll Collection TIRIS Texas Instruments Registration Exnwav Expressway Identification System Ext Extension Traf Traffic FHWA Federal Hiahwav Administration Trans Transportation Hazmat Hazardous Materials Trnnke Turnpike Hwv Hiahwav US United States Id Identification Veh Vehicle Internatl International Vet Veteran IS Interstate System 4R Resurfacing, Restoring, ISTEA Intermodal Surface Rehabilitation, Reconstruction Transportation Efficiencv Act IV Table of Contents History and Current Policy VB Data Explanation xiv Fact Sheet 1 Toll Mileage Trends 2 • Table T-l: Part 1, Interstate System Toll Bridges and Tunnels in the United States 3 Part 2, Non-Interstate System Toll Bridges and Tunnels in the United States 4 Part 3, Interstate System Toll Roads in the United States 9 Part 4, Non-Interstate System Toll Roads in the United States 13 Part 5, Vehicular Toll Ferries in the United States ,............. 17 Table T-2, Other Proposed Toll Facilities 21 Tables from 1997 Highway Statistics: SF-3B, Receipts of State-Administered Toll Road and Crossing Facilities 23 SF-4B, Disbursements of State-Administered Toll Road and Crossing Facilities 25 LGF-3B, Receipts of Local Toll Facilities 27 LGF-4B, Disbursements of Local Toll Facilities 29 Appendix 31 Toll Facility Listing 33 Bibliography 37 V Toll Roads in the United States: History and Current Policy History The early settlers who came to America found a land of dense wilderness, interlaced with creeks, rivers, and streams. Within this wilderness was an extensive network of trails, many of which were created by the migration of the buffalo and used by the Native American Indians as hunting and trading routes. These primitive trails were at first crooked and narrow. Over time, the trails were widened, straightened and improved by settlers for use by horse and wagons. These became some of the first roads in the new land. After the American Revolution, the National Government began to realize the importance of westward expansion and trade in the development of the new Nation. As a result, an era of road building began. This period was marked by the development of turnpike companies, our earliest toll roads in the United States. In 1792, the first turnpike was chartered and became known as the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike in Pennsylvania. It was the first road in America covered with a layer of crushed stone. The boom in turnpike construction began, resulting in the incorporation of more than 50 turnpike companies in Connecticut, 67 in New York, and others in Massachusetts and around the country. A notable turnpike, the Boston-Newburyport Turnpike, was 32 miles long and cost approximately $12,500 per mile to construct. As the Nation grew, so did the need for improved roads. In 1806, the Federal Government passed legislation to fund the National Road, known as the Cumberland Road. This road would stretch from Maryland through Pennsylvania, over the Cumberland Mountains, to the Ohio River. For a period of time, these roads served the new Nation well. However, with the use of heavier wagons and the large movements of entire families across the country, a strain on the infrastructure was evident. The roads in this country were still dirt and gravel--paved, rutted, and impassable in bad weather. ' Toward the 1880s, America began to see the increased use of bicycles as a form of transportation, which led to the "Good Roads Movement," mainly through bicyclist clubs across the country. In addition, with the advent of the automobile, new and better roads were required. The Federal Government responded by creating the Office of Road Inquiry in 1893. This agency was responsible for collecting data, answering questions, and assisting in road improvements. Later, this infant agency grew to help finance road construction (Post Office Appropriation Act of 1912)--the beginning of the Federal-aid roads. Soon, connecting highways emerged from contributions of State and local governments as well as Federal financing. People were traveling further and more frequently. World War I saw greater dependence on these vital roadways, especially manufacturing centers. Following the war, the Federal Highway Act of 1921 provided financial assistance to the States to build roads and bridges. The need for a nationwide interconnecting system of highways became clearer. By the end of the InOs, more than half of all American families owned automobiles. Engineers were kept busy building highways, bridges, and tunnels, especially in the larger cities such as New York, Boston, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. Tolls were used on many roads, bridges, and tunnels to help pay for this building boom. The Holland Tunnel in New York was completed in the mid-lnOs and opened up routes into the heart of New York City. It was referred to as the "Eighth Wonder of the World." The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, built in the 1930s, provided access into San Francisco from across the bay. vii World War II created even greater reliance on our vital highway systems. The roads, bridges, and tunnels served as defense routes for the war effort. After the war, the growth of the suburbs increased the use of the automobile. The use of the automobile grew to include not only trips to work but to social activities and recreational outlets as well. In the immediate post-World War II era, several States recognized that modem, high quality highway systems were needed to meet this demand. The Pennsylvania Turnpike was the first of these roads, and was an immediate success. From around 1945 to 1955, many States, mainly located in the North and East, began to build State turnpikes on their primary long-distance travel corridors. Beginning around the time of World War I, the Federal Government, for primarily military reasons, began to study the possibility of building high-quality roads across the Nation. One option for the financing of these roads was to collect tolls. However, the Federal-Aid Highway Act, enacted in 1956--which provided for a coast-to-coast highway system, connecting important cities and industrial centers to one another-was legislated as a tax-supported system, not a toll system. With the implementation of Federal-aid to States to build the Interstate System, proposals for additional toll roads languished.